from lat. terror - fear, horror), ideology and policy of intimidation, suppression of political opponents by violent means; violence or the threat of its use against individuals or organizations, as well as the destruction (damage) or the threat of destruction (damage) of property and other material objects, creating the danger of death of people, causing significant property damage or other public dangerous consequences carried out for the purpose of violating public security, intimidating the population, or influencing the adoption of decisions by the authorities that are beneficial to terrorists, or satisfying their illegal property and (or) other interests; encroachment on the life of a statesman or public figure, committed in order to terminate his state or other political activities or out of revenge for such activities; an attack on a representative of a foreign state or an employee of an international organization enjoying international protection, as well as on office premises, or vehicles persons enjoying international protection, if this act is committed for the purpose of provoking war or complicating international relations . T. can be resorted to both by state power, which establishes a totalitarian, authoritarian dictatorship regime in the country, and by various informal structures and organizations that seek to suppress the will and neutralize the activity of certain social or national groups of the population through threats and acts of violence. Escalation of terrorist activities at the end of the twentieth century. is largely associated with the activation of aggressive nationalism and gives rise to numerous acts of ethnic violence. Technological terrorism, the use or threat of use of nuclear, chemical and bacteriological weapons, radioactive and highly toxic chemical and biological substances, as well as attempts by extremists to seize nuclear and other objects that pose an increased danger to human life and health, in order to achieve political or material goals. Measures to prevent possible acts of technological terrorism include: determining the most likely actions of persons who have set the task of using nuclear, radiological, chemical or bacteriological weapons; highlighting the signs of preparing terrorists to commit crimes using radioactive, chemical, highly toxic or bacteriological materials, etc. Lit .: Fundamentals of the sociology of terrorism. Collective monograph. M., 2008; Drozdov Yu., Egozarian V. World terrorist... M.: Paper Gallery, 2004; America: a view from Russia. Before and after 9/11. M., 2001; Antonyan Yu.M. Terrorism. Criminological and criminal law research. M., 2001; Budnitsky O.V. Terrorism in the Russian liberation movement: ideology, ethics, psychology (second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries). M., 2000; Geopolitics of terror (geopolitical consequences of terrorist acts in the USA on September 11, 2001). M., 2002; Karatueva E.N., Ryzhov O.A., Salnikov P.I. Political terrorism: theory and modern realities. M., 2001; Kozhushko E.P. Modern terrorism: An analysis of the main directions. Minsk, 2000; Fonichkin O., Yashlavsky A. September 11, 2001: The first day of a new era. M., 2001; International terrorism: origins and counteraction: Proceedings of the international. scientific-practical. conf., 18-19 Apr. 2001: Sat. Art. ed. E.S. Stroeva, N.P. Patrushev. St. Petersburg: Secretariat of the Interparliamentary Council. assembly of the states - participants of the CIS, 2001; Morozov G.I. Terrorism is a crime against humanity: (International terrorism and international relations). Moscow: IMEMO, 2001; Pidzhakov A.Yu. International legal regulation of the fight against modern terrorism. St. Petersburg: Nestor, 2001.
Terrorism is a global threat. He strikes not only at Russia, but also at many other countries of the world. Despite this, many countries still maintain a policy of double standards with respect to Russia, condoning the growth of terrorist activity in our country.
Terrorism is now the greatest threat to the sovereignty and integrity of Russia. Each of the Russians can become a victim of a terrorist attack. Terrorists do not and cannot have any other goals than sadistic, commercial or dirty political ones. These goals can be no less global than the Nazis had 65 years ago. Terrorists realize their goals by the most brutal methods, striking at civilians.
Against the backdrop of the intensification of terrorism (only in 2004, about 250 terrorist attacks were committed in the country), nationalist, religious extremist movements are also becoming more active, which are a breeding ground for terrorists. Society and the state must together declare a crusade, a war against terror.
There can be no negotiations with terrorists. They must be totally and everywhere destroyed. As soon as the authorities show weakness, follow the terrorists, the losses for Russia and for every Russian will be much greater, which in the end can lead to disaster. There can be no concessions to terrorists, bandits and separatists.
Why should we get involved in the fight against international terrorism? I think that Russia should first of all deal with terrorists inside the country.
RUSSIA DOES NOT GET INVOLVED in the fight against international terrorism. A terrorist war has been declared on her. Russia was the first of the great European countries to experience the blows of this war, long before New York, Madrid and London.
The international terrorist alliance has long since become a reality, and an adequate response to international terrorism can only be given by the joint efforts of the world community based on UN instruments and international law.
Terrorism is fueled by extremism. Young people, drawn into extremist actions of a radical political nature by irresponsible leaders, create fertile ground with their "innocent" actions for even more destructive terrorist methods to achieve political goals.
A tough fight is needed against the practice of double standards, against the attempts of some Western allies of Russia in the antiterrorist coalition to choose their enemies among the terrorists, awarding others with the title of fighters for national freedom.
It is absolutely unacceptable when European officials try to put a spoke in the wheels of Russia in the fight against terrorists on its sovereign territory, urging to sit down at the negotiating table with criminals who have long been representing no one but themselves.
If terrorist aggression is being carried out against Russia, then why are we not fighting abroad?
POWER STRUCTURES of Russia reflect the international terrorist aggression directed against the country on the territory of Russia. However, Russia is also fighting terrorist aggression abroad. The form of such struggle is participation in the international antiterrorist coalition.
It is not at all necessary to send troops to Afghanistan or Iraq to perform their functions in the global fight against terrorism. Moreover, sometimes the thoughtless use of force leads to a surge in terrorism: the United States did not listen to Russia and European countries when launching a campaign in Iraq, and as a result, terrorism received a new impetus.
International terrorism is fueled by unresolved conflicts. For example, the role of Russia in achieving peace in the Middle East is so great that our opponents are ready to resort to direct provocations. Such a provocation against Russia was the arrest and conviction in Qatar of two Russian citizens on charges of a terrorist act in which one of the leaders of the former Chechen separatists, Yandarbiev, was killed.
Even the richest and most prosperous countries of the world are unable to confront alone the global threats and challenges that humanity faces at the beginning of the 21st century. The united front of the states confronting these threats today has already become a real factor in world politics.
Isn't it too early to introduce jury trials and other, obviously alien, costly and inefficient ways for us to evade punishment? Society is not yet ready to punish criminals, and these obstacles will only hinder the authorities.
Both the STATE and the society have their own part of this task.
For the state, this is, first of all, the principle of equality of all before the law, a fair trial and the inevitability of punishment. What is important is the inevitability of punishment, the severity of punishment in itself is not capable of stopping the criminal.
However, no law enforcement system is able to cope with crime in the conditions of indifference of society, which entails the “addiction” of the population to committing crimes, especially domestic and economic ones, reducing the overall level of moral exactingness, weakening intolerance towards offenses and offenders.
In a free and just society, every law-abiding citizen has the right to demand for himself reliable legal guarantees and state protection. Therefore, the most important task is to build a free and just society in which there is an atmosphere of mutual trust between the population and the law enforcement system. Only in such an alliance can crime be defeated.
Great Definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Terror (intimidation, fear-mongering) -
- a method of waging war for the subjugation of the population of the attacked side (and not its organizational or military structures), consisting in a deliberate demonstration of extreme cruelty (not determined by direct necessity and not distinguishing between the guilty and the innocent, i.e. making the entire population hostages).
Terrorism in its modern form
- a method of forcing the attacked side (usually superior in strength) to make the decisions necessary for the terrorist side, consisting in deliberate demonstration and maximum use of the advantages of its complete unbound by universal moral norms - which presumably binds the more civilized attacked side. Specifically, this translates into moral blackmail of the attacked side: one form or another of the use of hostages (persons not guilty of the conflict), the responsibility for whose life is shifted to the blackmailed and should force him to these decisions.
Terrorism of the XIX - early XX centuries, in particular Russian "bombers" -
- a method of waging war with the existing social regime, which consists in demonstrating the complete rejection of the rule of law and is expressed in the lynching of officials (to a large extent becoming hostages of the regime and the goals of terrorists). With the general conviction of those terrorists in the absolute priority of public interests over individual ones, people who were not at all responsible for the existence of the regime, for example, the servants of these officials or bystanders, could become such hostages.
To carry out powerful terror, or to commit terrorist acts alone, means -
- to force submission by fear, for example, by demonstrative crimes.
Any violence, therefore, is already "terrorism" - even if you were simply "terrorized" in the entrance with brass knuckles, extorting a wallet. But actually terrorism is the one that is somehow connected with politics or administration. Here, violence not only violates the correct social order, however one may imagine it, but puts oneself in its place; This -
- outright arbitrariness, violence that does not bind itself with any obligations, as a means of putting pressure on the authorities or completely usurping and exercising power.
A lone terrorist or a group, by the unrestrained savagery of their crimes ("acts of terrorism"), achieves the decisions they need from the legitimate authorities (of their own state or someone else's). A terrorist-power, or tyranny, trampling on natural ideas of justice and punishing those who are simply unlucky (for example, organizing repressions on grounds in which a person is not free, such as national or class) - "keeps in fear" the so-called "population" and administers his arbitrariness over him. A chain of crimes by which a government waging war, let's say a revolutionary or occupying power, forces people into obedience - that's terror or "repressive" terrorism.
Here you can see that the most characteristic feature of terrorism, unlike any other political violence - a feature that is becoming more and more pronounced -
- to fight with opponents, violating not only the accepted rules of this struggle, but defiantly using as an advantage complete unbound by ordinary moral norms in general.
How special case- to win not in a direct struggle, but by forcing the enemy to yield to the demands of humanity, which you resolutely renounce yourself. -
In everyday life, this readiness to benefit for oneself from the opponent's morality, which is obviously higher than one's own, is called meanness. Indeed, if it were necessary to name the worst meanness on earth, it would be a modern terrorist attack.
However, today's most malicious terrorist opposes universal human morality not with simple personal self-interest, like an everyday scoundrel, but with an idea, ideology, most often his own only true religion. A synonym for such terrorism, or terrorism with an ideological lining, is extremism. This -
- the maximum use of the advantages given by the unconnectedness of the ideology professed (by a fanatic) with universal human values.
The archaic “God” is not bound by any universal human values (this “God” is inherited by the “idea”), for he (she herself) establishes his values for a person. If so, what kind of cruelty towards a non-believer or a heretic is not allowed, not holy? What could stop the inquisitor, and what can stop the current fundamentalist?
The notorious “end justifies the means” as a genuine slogan of terrorism-extremism means: faith (in Allah, in the communist Tomorrow, in the Third Reich, etc.) is higher than humanity. That is, a holy deed can be something that not every bastard dares to do. Ideological and, in particular, religious terrorism is the logical conclusion of the denial of humanism as the priority of "unprincipled" universal human values (life and good neighborliness) over any "higher", ideological or divine ones.
But further. The moral and psychological essence of a terrorist action is most fully embodied in hostage-taking. This is where terrorism, as they say, "found itself"! Truly presence hostage, explicit or implicit - a sign of a terrorist attack. Using as a victim, a human weapon or a human shield people who are not involved in his goals, or who may not have known about them, the terrorist goes, as was said, not only beyond the rules of the struggle, but beyond the limits of any morality in general. Morality remains solely the business of the attacked, it is she, if not animal fear, that should force him to surrender - this is the essence of the technique. Take over, say, a hospital; you are civilized people, you feel sorry for people, but we don't care. So follow the rules...
It can be said that terrorism
- moral blackmail different types, from primitive intimidation with examples of one's cruelty to hostage-victims to sophisticated blackmail, when the attacked is forced to submit mainly by his own conscience or pity - figuratively speaking, when the very morality of the attacked side is taken hostage.
Romanova Olga Nikolaevna
(13.05.1976 - 24.10.2002)
voluntary victim of terrorists
(events at Dubrovka, Moscow)
Photo from the website of the Memory of Olga Romanova
. “The victims of terrorists are innocent People!" – More than the innocent – the uninvolved – because those who oppose terrorism are also right, innocent. But the terrorist must show absolute freedom from conscience. Let under the ruins of residential buildings in Moscow or Buynaksk, those who were ready to justify the separatists in almost everything (Russian public opinion was set up) will surely find death, and Muslims will die in American skyscrapers, it doesn’t matter ...
. (Sympathy for the Chechen separatists was with us, and still remains, almost a rule of good taste - despite the fact that neither the ideology, nor the methods, nor the personal composition of their leaders clearly give the slightest reason for this. I see the main reasons for the emergence of this sympathy two. The first is the traditional distrust of our intelligentsia in power, inherited from the past. The second and most important is the barbarism called "draft" or "universal military service". one cannot dream of the fairness of estimates under these conditions.)
Interestingly, the psychology of terrorism - the imposition of moral responsibility solely on the attacked - is imbued with outside observers. They say, for example, that the Americans should not bomb the Taliban positions during the holy month of Ramadan - one must respect other people's religious feelings! Normal logic suggests that the pious Bin Laden could look into the calendar and set the date of the explosion of New York skyscrapers so that the infidels could not overshadow the holiday of good Muslims with retaliatory bombing. But it turns out that the infidels themselves should take care of this!
The Taliban complain that Afghan civilians are dying under American bombs (however, figures are given that are an order of magnitude smaller than the victims of destroyed skyscrapers). Surprisingly, the Taliban understand the category itself - "civilians". But no one is surprised anymore why the Taliban themselves did not worry about peaceful Afghans: it is absurd to oblige terrorists with conscience.
The "Islamic communist" Dudayev made his own people hostage to personal love of power, but they do not blame him for the torment of the Chechens (I personally have not heard), here - "bribes are smooth" ...
It is clear that shelling regular troops from residential buildings is not military, but terrorist actions, taking hostage of their own civilians. True, from the point of view of the extremists themselves, no one has the right to remain outside the ideology - neither the elderly, nor women, nor children - "civilians" do not exist for them.
Guerrilla warfare inevitably makes civilians hostage and therefore must be qualified as terrorism. Except for the case when the enemy starts the war against civilians first (like Hitler with his planned genocide).
The victims of the blown up planes and houses are the executed hostages, the hostages of the terrorists' goals.
About the principle adopted in Israel not to enter into negotiations with terrorists, even those holding hostages. “A terrorist is a blackmailer of the worst kind; he deliberately puts the attacked in a moral conflict. Any way out of the conflict is terrible, but one should choose the one that promises an arithmetically smaller number of victims; there is no good solution, but there is a lesser evil. If the attack is not isolated and a long-term terrorist war is declared, the principle under discussion is obviously correct.
. (“If the enemy does not surrender, they destroy him” - it sounds creepy, because it is not specified: which enemy is the one which attacked, or the one to which attacked?.. The aggressor makes an enemy out of his victim and, not seeing in him a desire to surrender, destroys him. This is exactly what the Bolsheviks did with the masses, hitherto considered law-abiding citizens, declaring them "class enemies." “But the terrorist is precisely the enemy who made himself so, the first to start a war without rules. So, if our writer said “if the terrorist does not surrender and it is safest to destroy him, then this is what should be done” - there would be no dispute. Another option - "if the terrorist does not give up, you have to make concessions to him (surrender yourself)" - this is the slogan of the terrorist himself.
Of course, for the sake of the life of the hostages, one can capitulate, but this act of surrender will not have any legal or moral force - let go, but immediately chase.)
. hunger strike, as a clear case of moral blackmail - an act, at least half, terrorist. If the subject of such an “attack” is absolutely right, then he is not obliged to yield; however, a “terrorist” who has taken himself hostage is hardly ever completely wrong... The authorities have the right to ignore a hunger strike with purely political demands unconditionally, just as they have the right to use special forces against ordinary terrorists, because political decisions are not a private matter of presidents or prime ministers.
About State Terror. – In fact, no mass repression can be considered a struggle with opponents(and thus at least partly be justified), but only by reprisals against hostages(hostages of the goals pursued by such a state), only pure atrocity - for guilt is only individual.
This can be seen especially clearly in the example of Stalin's repressions. Almost the majority of those who suffered were loyal communists and Stalinists, who often had special merits before the regime; they were made guilty by the arbitrariness of the sacralized Soviet power. And it was scary and compelling. - But the same applies, of course, to Hitler: what opponents of his tasks could Jewish or Gypsy children be? ..
Incidentally, the soldiers of all the belligerents in the war are direct hostages of the aggressor state. The physical elimination of a single criminal in power, starting a war or other evil - formally a terrorist act - looks more logical and even, if this word is suitable here, more humane than an honestly accepted and ongoing war. But here there are problems of their own (the main one: who are the judges?), which there is no place to go into here.
. "International terrorism" - if you need a definition - terrorism, secretly or openly fed by some states against others. In general, any terrorism is directed against everything human (a crime against humanity).
The assassination of Caesar or the attempt on Lenin’s life is terrorism only in the narrow sense of “violence against a political opponent in power”, which violence both Brutus and Kaplan could, moreover, justify by the fact that their victims themselves were the first to disregard the rules of political struggle. Although the law, given arbitrarily by the authorities, was violated, however, not without formal grounds and, most importantly, without involving the hostages of this struggle, people who were not involved in the matter.
Vera Zasulich's assassination attempt on Trepov, who ordered a humiliating execution for an irreverent student prisoner: that, too, seems to be terrorism. In the sense that she forced the authorities to remember the conscience by force, by crime. However, to the written private laws, which the mayor did not violate, Zasulich opposed the universal basic law of absolute human dignity; it was an incident, resolvable only by a jury, which acquitted the terrorist. – Here one can argue about the adequacy of her self-inflicted punishment for the committed crime, talk about the danger of a precedent, etc., but the jury's decision leaves satisfaction.
. ... In general, the idea of the Russian revolutionaries was to oppose the formally legal untruth of the authorities with the terror of justice (as they understood it), to oppose the bad state order by force with the highest moral order. After all, no uniform should free from conscience! The scoundrel (that is, who appeared to be a scoundrel) in power was not allowed to hide behind the rules invented by him "for himself", and the attacks were the execution of the decisions of a special revolutionary court. That was, so to speak, moral terrorism. Morality was also emphasized by the indispensable self-sacrifice of the “bombers”.
The worst vice in the conduct of these revolutionaries was not even that their judgment was doubtful, while the value of life is absolute; not in the fact that the law was violated and this opened the way to the worst disaster, arbitrariness. He was associated with the fact that justice as a path to future happiness for all perceived by them as higher than mere justice in relation to to each here and now - so that, along with the tsars and officials, coachmen, lackeys, passers-by fell under the bombs. The individual became a hostage to the situation, the political struggle, in which he himself was not involved. (To say nothing of the fact that the kings and officials themselves were in many respects hostages of the situation, the state structure.) And then the beginning of malicious terrorism, this worst of the crimes, as we know it from Moscow or New York.
No matter how unpleasant it is to present arguments to conservatism, it must be admitted that every existing order, even a bad one, has a certain right to self-defense, because revolutions put too many people in the position of hostages, make them guilty without guilt.
Not every revolution, in principle, is terror (just as not every act of force is violence), but none, obviously, can avoid it.
The cursed question of "noble terrorism": is it possible bad law oppose good outrage? (Despite the fact that bad law Same arbitrariness, only codified, and good outrage there is, apparently, law goodness, which, in principle, cannot be codified?..) - There is no answer to this question, except perhaps: “it is impossible, except in cases where it is necessary.” Moreover, a mistake on this path is equal to a crime, and unforgivable.
One way or another, the principle of "there are no good terrorists" itself can and should be taken as law. Because the good that is sought by terror is debatable at best, while the evil is obvious.
With a noble (perhaps, let's say!) goal, terrorism justifies its vile means: from noble terrorism to vile - not even a step ...
. “Is an idea worth something,” they ask, referring to suicide bombers, “for which people sacrifice their own lives?”
Can this question be understood as: “Such an idea cannot be bad”? ..
Well, if we only agree to consider good and kind that which contributes to life, its preservation and evolution, then I answer: all world practice shows with terrifying clarity that ideas that stimulate maximum self-denial among the masses are the worst. All these are ideas, or “ideals”, sacralizing a certain human community (religious, national, communist) due to the depreciation of the individual, that is, precisely, due to the devaluation of life itself. Greed is not as criminal as ideals are. Fanatical in people is herdism, “publicity”, and humanity is personal and humane and requires bloody self-sacrifice only in exceptional cases.
So it is from the objective side.
But even from the subjective side, explicit self-denial - renunciation of life - is not yet evidence of the good impulse behind it. I'm not talking about the fact that a person can make mistakes, take bad for good, but about his feelings, subjectively good or evil. So, suicide in its ordinary case is an act of denial, devaluation of life, and, most importantly, not only one's own, but first of all life in general; although this act deserves regret and compassion, but according to the psychological and moral impulse, it is just revengeful, evil. It is known that a person with a penchant for suicide should not be allowed to drive public transport - such a person, if he decides to ruin his life that is disgusting to him, most likely will not leave it to those who like it. The suicide, morally and psychologically, accomplishes end of the world- kills the world with it.
As for those and those like those who flew the ill-fated Boeing on September 11, their psychology is, apparently, a combination of a consecrated “idea” and a herd that devoured an individual with natural anger, “fighting spirit”, plus dullness of the imagination and some, basically conceited, incentives. And the “idea” itself, theoretically not worth a penny, practically costs exactly as much as humanity has to pay for its terrible manifestations.
(By the way: Bin Laden did not commit suicide, he did not betray himself to the Americans, although this could have neutralized their reaction. But an idea was his...)
. ... Similarly, the question "what is the reason for the current revelry of international terrorism" sounds strange. How do you say, what is the reason for meanness?.. However, one can answer: here meanness is sanctioned by an "overvalued idea" - ideology. Another thing is the reasons for the increasing influence of this ideology (archaic religiosity). These reasons, apparently, are the increased economic and military strength of the socially backward states and groups.
(Attempts to explain terrorism as desperate antics of the starving poor against the rich who have eaten them are clearly dishonest: how much does a terrorist attack cost? And a war? ..)
. ... The situation has been determined: the world is divided not between some "superpowers", but split into more or less civilized and more or less criminal. And the "third world" is already underway, but there is rather an exchange of bandit and police actions. Where will it end? Hopefully, "God will not give out - the pig will not eat" ...
Terrorism and totalitarianism. – Totalitarianism is the non-recognition of morality except for the “only correct” ideology, in other words, the non-recognition of the values of life and human community in themselves. And therefore terrorism (like the Socialist-Revolutionary) and terror (like the "red"), at the time of the struggle of ideology for domination, is the most natural manifestation of totalitarianism.
As a matter of fact, totalitarianism that has triumphed (founded the state) and remains the same terrorism, extremism, only it no longer hijacks planes and tortures women in childbirth in provincial hospitals, but builds fighters and bombers in factories and holds all its subjects hostage; here terror is exercised by "legitimate" power. And just as there are no guilty or innocent for totalitarianism - reprisals against innocent people, the so-called repressions - such a kind of "order".
Is it possible to compare the well-known phenomenon of sympathy of hostages with “their” captors (in whom, apparently, they love the very possibility of staying alive) with the indispensable adoration by the subjects of totalitarian states of “their” system and leader? ..
. “How do you have to believe in this bloodthirsty deity and his ridiculous paradise, where as many women and dollars as you want (according to the testimony of one of the Palestinian suicide bombers, in paradise, among other miracles, 70,000 dollars were waiting for him) in order to go for a murder for him and death!" - Another thing is more surprising: how it is necessary in this world not to love anything, not to regret, how stupid and vicious to be, so that such an obviously worthless mirage would be able to inspire such a thing!
Plant a bomb somewhere in the train station: it looks like mischief, but with subsequent tragedy. The dumber the performer, the more, for him subjectively, it looks like mischief ...
For "telephone terrorists" (like students who disrupt exams with their calls), I would introduce the article "hooliganism simulating a terrorist attack." To, after all, "as for hooliganism."
Technological progress has increased the scale of tragedies and crimes, made chance and human baseness infinitely dangerous. A savage could kill himself by falling from a palm tree and terrorize his neighbor with a stone. Nowadays, hundreds of people are dying in a plane that crashed due to someone's oversight, and someone's mental and spiritual squalor can kill thousands and millions.
An archaic deity subjugates souls with fear, paralyzes the will of the individual, which is considered primordially vicious; "mass repression" with which it convinces trembling creature in its absolute power - floods, retribution of children for the sins of their fathers, etc. is his usual mode of action. The end of the world, the Last Judgment - the idea, so to speak, is spiritually terrorist. Therefore, every new self-proclaimed god like Asahara, Krivonogov or Koresh instills "God's fear" without fail begins with eschatology, and, as a rule, tries to realize the apocalypse in practice. Here is "religious terrorism" in the exact sense of the word. As for the terrorism of fundamentalists, parodying divine terrorism, there is more politics in it, here religion is only an excuse, an instrument.
(Should we believe in the exceptional piety of the Soviet generals Dudayev and Maskhadov? There was a smell of power, piety, an “idea” also appeared.)
No self-interest is worth the life that one has to risk in war; no, for nothing else, as soon as for the idea - that is, for the power of those who inspire and subjugate the masses with this idea - no one fights, it is only for the savage man that he brings his human sacrifices. And not because he really believes, but because he does not want to think, and, as a result, cannot be without obedience. All wars are essentially religious...
If we take the most monstrous atrocities of the terrorists, one thing is striking: they are truly irrational, bringing obvious harm to their authors and their goals. This is so obvious that it gives food to nightmarish (and does not stand up to calm criticism) suspicions about special services affected side, be it Russia, America...
Really. Explosions in Russian cities crossed out the fruits of the separatists' victory in the first Chechen campaign and ruined the real possibility of international recognition of Ichkeria. Bin Laden's actions in America and the Taliban's support for him left the civilized world no choice - to destroy the Taliban government in Afghanistan or not to destroy it. For those who remember here about some satanic special services, I will continue: just like on the eve of the war, Stalin's terror hit, say, military specialists and military leaders loyal to the regime, and fascist atrocities deprived Hitler of his main support - the opportunity to pacify people in the occupied territories. And just as Asahara and others like him, with their self-made doomsdays, sign sentences for their sects and for themselves.
So how can this be explained? - Yes, because calculation in human behavior is never the main thing. Not the main thing, no matter what the materialists say, and self-interest. Both Basayev and Bin Laden simply did what they want and like do what im doing Interesting. The absolute power is what attracts this type, and in nothing the power of a person over a person does not manifest itself more strongly than in the ability to instill mortal horror in him and kill him. What is power manage(administrate)! – can you imagine Basayev dealing with teachers and pensions?.. Here is the power deal with(torture and kill whomever you want) - this is power! This is what the terrorist manifests, turning secret inclinations into a terrible reality.
A short report on terrorism will briefly tell you all about this policy of violence and help you prepare for the lesson.
"Terrorism" report on life safety
Terrorism is a policy based on the systematic use of violence and intimidation.
Types of terrorism:
- By the nature of the subject of this activity, there are:
- Individual or unorganized. The attack is committed by one or two people (for example, Vera Zasulich, Dmitry Karakozov, Ravachol).
- Collective or organized. The attack is planned and implemented by the organization. This type of terrorism is most widespread in the world (IRA, Al-Qaeda, ETA, SRs).
- By goals:
- Nationalist, which pursues national liberation or separatist goals.
- Religious, which is associated with the struggle within one faith or different religions among themselves (Muslims and Christians, Protestant Catholics). Their goal is to undermine secular power by establishing religious power.
- Ideologically social, which aims to partially or radically change the political, economic system of the country in order to attract public attention to an acute problem (fascist, anarchist, socialist-revolutionary terrorism).
The researchers identified special forms terrorism. This:
- Terror
Threat and direct use of force strong point towards the weaker side.
2. Left terrorism
Formed under the influence of radical left views. The attack is seen as a form of class struggle.
3.Leaderless terrorism
This is when independent or small groups, individuals, commit terrorist acts.
Fight against terrorism
Experts identify 2 strategies to combat this phenomenon - "conservative" and "progressive". The "conservative" strategy stipulates the unconditional destruction of any manifestation of terrorism and its supporters. Those who wish to cooperate with the state in the fight against this problem are encouraged by protection and even financial assistance.
But the “progressive” strategy implies some concessions on the demands of the terrorists - the payment of a ransom, moral and territorial concessions in the form of recognition of the terrorists' values, recognition of their leaders as negotiating partners.
Causes of terrorism:
- exacerbation of contradictions in the economic, ideological, political, social, legal and ethno-national spheres
- the unwillingness of certain groups, individuals and organizations to use the generally accepted system of lifestyle and the desire to obtain all advantages through violence
- the use of terrorist methods to achieve economic, social and political goals.
We hope that the report on the topic "Terrorism in the Modern World" helped you prepare for the lesson. And you can add an essay on the topic “Terrorism is a threat to society” in the form of comments below.
One Russian journalist expressed the opinion that terrorism is hatred: a person for a person, a person for humanity. No matter how this social concept is called, the conclusion still suggests itself: a terrorist is an enemy of humanity. As long as they exist in our world, no one can feel safe, because the number of terrorist attacks is growing every day with great speed. According to statistics, the actions of these bandits occur every two or three days in the world, and these illegal actions bring only death.
The concept of "terrorism"
Translated from Latin, the concept of "terror" means fear and horror. Based on this, terrorism must be understood as a social phenomenon, the purpose of which is to intimidate the enemy and suppress him by all means. possible ways up to and including physical destruction. Historically, terror is not only intimidation, its essence is reflected in the moral and physical impact. A terrorist is a subject who performs certain actions aimed at intimidation and violence. The subjects of this violence can be an individual, an organization, a group of people, or just bystanders who have nothing to do with the purpose of committing a terrorist act, but simply ended up in the wrong place. Most often, these people are associated by bandits with the whole society, with some state body or public structure. Individuals (or groups of individuals) who commit these terrible acts most often have the goal of destabilizing the situation in the country or in society. A terrorist is a person who wants fear and distrust of the authorities to drive people to revolutionary measures, to influence the decision of government officials. Fear and misunderstanding of the situation can cause the unleashing of a war with another state, a civil war, an acute desire for independence.
Terrorists are not just individuals. Illegal intimidating activities can be carried out by huge organizations and groups, including those with funding and support from entire states.
The essence of terrorism is an illegal activity, therefore, it has a number of specific features:
- This activity entails great danger, having a direct intent to cause death to one, several or a large number of people.
- It has a public nature of performance. About this act should become known to a large number of people.
- The purpose of illegal actions is the direct desire to create an environment in which fear and depression reign.
- When performing actions, bandits, influencing some, pursue the goal of influencing completely others.
If we compare the concepts of "terror" and "terrorism", then we can say that the first concept is broader, more massive, and a large number of people suffer from terror.
International terrorism: its subjects and significance
International terrorism is directed against individual states or a certain circle of citizens. Its main goal is a serious violation of the normal activities of the state, undermining the stability of its relations with other countries. Its subjects are entire countries, citizens of a particular nationality, government facilities, politicians or diplomats. This type of terrorism is called the economic version of war. This method is the most effective: people die, the country's economy and its position in the world are undermined, and everything happens with minimal military costs and casualties on the part of those who organize and carry out everything.
The main principles of this type of banditry are:
- All military means for committing a terrorist act are located on the territory of the enemy, that is, they were bought on this territory.
- Those who are engaged in subversive activities are located in different parts of the enemy state, it is difficult to detect them, because most often the bandits legally reside in this country.
- The organizers of terrorist attacks are also difficult to find because a system of network leadership is created to manage them, in which it is difficult to reach the very top.
The main instruments of terrorism, both international and domestic, are psychological elevation above the enemy, because the organizers always have a clear and well-thought-out plan, and it is very difficult to detect what kind of blow will be dealt in the future.
History of terrorism
If we follow the emergence of terrorism, we can conclude that it appeared a very long time ago. That is, violence directed against a person appeared long ago, and the generally accepted concept arose only in the 20th century. Its first manifestation, according to some historians, is the partisan movement in some countries of Latin America. A group of individuals, after dispersing the partisan movement in these countries, began to act, carrying out several subversive acts, which were later called "urban guerrillas." In the early 60s, a similar action took place in the Israeli army. During these years, Palestinian terrorists blew up military equipment, hijacked planes with passengers, then blew them up, seized vehicles with hostages or occupied buildings with people, created sabotage in crowded places. For decades, the country was captured by a wave of terrorism-extremism. In the same years, similar manifestations began in the countries of Western Europe, when the so-called Italian "red brigades", separatist ETA groups in Spain, and the republican army in Ireland appeared. The list of terrorists is very long. The most feared of them is Osama bin Laden, who was eliminated in early May 2011. This terrorist number 1 brought a lot of evil and tears to this world, ruining many lives. His name was associated with a huge number of crimes, explosions and attacks. He has been wanted since 1998. The following known terrorists were named: Ayman al-Zawahiri, who organized the "Egyptian Islamic Jihad", Adam Ghadan, Daniel Andres San Diego, the alleged participant in the organization of bombings of office buildings in the United States, Ali Atwa, who is engaged in air piracy, blowing up planes, hostage-taking, Fahd Mohammed Ahmed al-Kuso and many others.
Types of terrorism
This social phenomenon is classified according to several criteria. If we consider territorially, we can distinguish between international and domestic terrorism.
Depending on the motive for carrying out illegal actions, political, religious and national are distinguished.
The most manageable, according to many historians, is its main direction is the expression of dissatisfaction with the existing political structure within the state. This type of banditry appeared very first. State bodies have basically learned to adequately cope with such bandit groups. The ones that have been around for years are starting to fade away: the older leaders of the active groups are already serving their sentences, and the new generation is not so dangerous and professional. Political terrorist actions are rather limited in nature, they can be influenced not only by government bodies but also society as a whole.
National terrorism is the illegal actions of a group of people who are aimed at creating their own independent state. Groups that want to create their own separate state structure are armed and trying to defend their interests with the use of weapons. The financing of terrorism in this case occurs at the expense of other states, structures, people who are interested either in creating a new political system, or in seriously undermining the economic or social sphere of the existing one, against which the actions of the bandits are directed. Often the basis for financing is not only the political side, but also the financial one. Over the past century, the most striking example of national terrorism has been the struggle of the Kurds advocating the creation of a new state of Kurdistan, which took place on the territory of four states at once: Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria.
Another example is the struggle of a group of people in southern France and Spain, the so-called Basques, who wanted to become completely independent. In the UK, nationalist terrorists were members of the IRA - the Irish army - who, with the help of terrorist attacks, are trying to create an independent state. A certain manifestation of this type of terror, according to some part of society, is the struggle of the southeastern part of Ukraine for the possibility of creating its own federal unit within another state. The most terrible type of this social phenomenon is considered to be one that is based on religious views. Religious fanatics are ready to easily give their lives in the struggle for their ideals. The main manifestation of this type of terror is the struggle of the Palestinians, which takes place in Israel. Speaking about the leaders of gangster groups, it is necessary to single out the already destroyed Osama bin Laden, who gave his life to create a world. This terrible man was able to unite a large number of people who became a threat to other people's innocent lives, collect huge sums of money to organize the struggle, establish a rescue fund " Al Qaeda". Under his auspices, suicide bombers were trained, for whom nothing is sacred. They are united only by a common goal.
suicide bombers
Suicide bombers cause controversial opinions among experts. There are many approaches to this concept. A well-known specialist in the field of studying the essence of terrorism A. Merari believes that there is no general concept for this definition. It is impossible to bring all suicide bombers under the same brush. A suicide bomber may be a normal person, but under the influence of certain factors, attitudes and beliefs, he is ready for self-sacrifice. Recruits are engaged in the preparation of such persons. First, they find a person with a suitable psychological portrait, then they process him and gradually lead him to perform certain actions that take the life of not only a suicide bomber, but also a large number of people. All this, in their opinion, is done in the name of a common goal, most often it is religion. In second place is nationalism.
A suicide bomber can also be a person whose brain is clouded by national or religious ideas. This is a kind of tool in the hands of the leaders of terrorist groups, who, as a rule, do not understand the true goals of their actions, but believe that they are doing it for the good of mankind.
Another specialist who studies the concept of "suicide bomber", Aarkus, has a different opinion. According to his teachings, there are two types of suicide bombers. The first type includes precisely religious or national fanatics, and the second - artificially created suicide bombers who, under the influence of religion or national views, are capable of self-sacrifice.
But Professor Ross from an American university, studying the psychological side of the actions of a suicide bomber, argues that their formation is influenced by various factors, both social and psychological and national. Favorable conditions for the development of terrorism are the social problems existing in a certain society, the development of democracy, a predisposition to suicide, the cult of kamikaze, fear of lack of demand in life and society, aggression, guilt towards others, and much more.
Forms of terrorism
The phenomenon of terror has various forms manifestations. All of them are taken into account in the drafting of criminal legislation. The division into forms is conditional, since often a terrorist act is a combination of several forms. Most often there are mixed forms - for example, the seizure of vehicles with people. In this case, several actions are combined: hostage-taking and transport seizure.
One of the most widespread and dangerous forms of terrorism is the use of explosive devices in order to cause maximum harm. The weapons of terrorists are the most diverse, including explosive devices. These can be both homemade bombs and factory ones. The reasons why the bandits use it are clear: when they are used, the damage is colossal. Homemade devices do not require significant costs, in addition, you can use remote control them, which increases the level of security of the terrorists themselves.
The second most important form is the hijacking of air, sea or other, including railway. This form is often combined with the explosion of a hijacked vehicle, so it results in many casualties, especially if the hijacked vehicle can accommodate many passengers.
This form of terrorism, as an act, consists of several stages: first of all, capture and subsequent hijacking. Capture is called the mastery of transport by violence. A terrorist is a criminal who uses force both on the crew of a ship or aircraft, and on passengers. Basically, after the capture of a transport (ship), the criminals change their course, choosing their direction.
Hostage-taking is considered the third form of terrorism, although it is combined with other forms. In theory, hostages are people who are forcibly held in a certain place as guarantors of the fulfillment by state or other persons of the demands of terrorists. Hostage-taking, as a form of this type of banditry, has the following objective data:
- capture planning with determination of the purpose of the action;
- search for accomplices in the crime;
- search for the necessary means to achieve the goal;
- determining the place of the seizure, studying the presence of guards, means of communication between the guards, the time and direction of their movement;
- commission of acts, the purpose of which is the capture and illegal retention of people;
- making demands;
- terrorist negotiations.
Quite a serious form is psychological terrorism, which is a moral violence against people. This is psychological blackmail, the use of deadly weapons or violence.
IN modern society cyberterrorism has appeared, which is a deliberate criminal attack on information that is processed by computer equipment or programs, and is of great importance to the public or the state. This form can also harm the health and life of the population.
The state of terrorism in the world
This topic has become very relevant in last years. The news is simply overflowing with facts about terrorist attacks. It seems that all the terrorists of the world have begun to act actively, achieving their political, national or religious goals. Experts attribute the main reason for the activity of such organizations to the times of crisis in Europe and in the world. Any terrorist operation can lead to the destruction of the existing regime. Terrorist fighters take over entire territories, shoot down planes and do other terrible things. Human lives become a weapon to achieve national or religious goals.
The situation with terrorism in Russia
In Russia, the topic of terrorism occupies a significant place in the daily news. in Russia took place immediately after the collapse of the Union, in 1994-1995, they did not stop later. The most large-scale act in recent years in the Russian Federation was the terrible capture of Beslan in North Ossetia, when children became victims. Terrorists are people who do not have any morality, that's why they encroached on the lives of children. In the school, which was seized by criminals on September 1, 2004, there were about 1200 people in total, 326 people died during the three days of terror. According to the investigation of the special services, 32 people took part in that terrible action, 31 of whom were killed in the process of releasing people. Only one of the bandits survived. You can also remember Nord-Ost, the capital's palace of culture, which was mined by terrorists along with 700 spectators and employees of the institution. The terrorists held the hostages for three days, morally mocking the relatives of poor people. The act ended with an assault, which, according to the official version, began after the bandits started shooting people. In this struggle, the special forces against terrorists acted professionally, but they had to use lethal gas. Unfortunately, many innocent people died from its effects.
Another terrorist threat to modern Russia is the Arab Wahhabis. This group carries out acts of religious terror, from which Russians may suffer. Terrorists, whose photos are in the dossiers of international and Russian services dealing with this problem, can live among us and at the same time plan their atrocities.
Methods of combating terrorists
Much can be said about the fight against terrorism in the current situation. First of all, I would like to say about which bodies are directly fighting criminal groups or individual terrorists in Russia. The main fighter is the Russian Federation. In addition to this service, there are departments for combating terrorism in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Service foreign intelligence Russian Federation, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation and the Russian Ministry of Defense.
Anti-terrorist units have been created in the Russian Federation, the main of which are the Alfa and Vympel groups. Also, special services that are fighting terrorism have been created under the army, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Vega group), and under power structures.
Terror can only be avoided by working together different countries, which are set to seriously resolve the problem. It is necessary to develop an integrated approach to combating this phenomenon through not only legal and forceful influence, but also by identifying the main causes of its occurrence. The most important thing is not to look for justifications for terrorism, not to divide it into right and wrong. It is necessary to fight against any of its manifestations. At the legislative level, in all countries it is necessary to strengthen the criminal liability for an act of terror. The law on combating terrorism and criminal legislation must be tightened, up to the introduction of the death penalty.
Laws that contribute to the fight against terrorists
The fight against terrorism in Russia is assisted by the law "On Combating Terrorism", adopted in March 2006. The law establishes the basic principles of struggle, developed various methods of prevention.
