The table compiled by students based on the materials of the textbook “The main events of history Ancient Rus' in the 9th – early 13th century” may have the following form.
The main events in the history of Ancient Rus' in IX – beginning XIII century
Year | Domestic political events | Foreign policy events |
Beginning of Rurik's reign in Novgorod | ||
Prince Oleg's campaign against Kyiv. Unification of the north (Novgorod) and south (Kyiv). Formation of the Old Russian state | ||
Prince Oleg's campaigns against Tsargrad (Constantinople). Signing a trade agreement beneficial for Rus' |
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Unsuccessful campaigns of Prince Igor against Constantinople |
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Prince Igor was killed by the rebellious Drevlyans | ||
Prince Svyatoslav's campaign against the Khazar Khaganate. The defeat and death of the Khazar Khaganate. Russian control over the Volga trade route |
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Embassy of Rus' in Constantinople. Baptism of Princess Olga. Political union of Rus' and Byzantium |
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Russian-Byzantine war. Death of Prince Svyatoslav |
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Adoption of Christianity in Rus' under Prince Vladimir | ||
Lyubech Congress of Princes. Legalization of political fragmentation | ||
The defeat of the Polovtsians by Prince Vladimir Monomakh |
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The assault and defeat of Kyiv by the combined troops of Russian princes and Polovtsian khans. The weakening of the all-Russian significance of Kyiv |
Lessons #14-15. Rus' between East and West.
During the lessons:
to reveal the process of formation of the Mongolian state, noting the features in comparison with the Old Russian state;
determine the reasons for the military successes of the Mongols during the formation of the Mongol Empire;
note the role of the struggle of Rus' with the Mongol invasion for medieval European civilization;
characterize the significance of the struggle of Rus' with the German and Swedish invaders;
draw conclusions about the significance of the choice of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in favor of an alliance with the Horde against the Catholic West.
Lesson plan:
The formation of the Mongolian state and its conquest.
Mongol invasion of Eastern and Central Europe.
Mongolian state in the XIII century.
Rus' under the rule of the Golden Horde.
Rus' between the West and the Horde.
Means of education: textbook §12-13, historical map No. 7 "Russian lands in the XII - early XIII centuries."
Recommended methods and techniques for conducting lessons: independent work of students with the text of the textbook, a historical map with elements of a generalizing characteristic, solving cognitive tasks, work on compiling the table "The struggle of Rus' against the invasion of the Mongols and repelling the aggression of the West."
Personalities: Genghis Khan, Batu, Alexander Nevsky.
Main dates: 1223 - the battle on the Kalka River.
1237-1242 - Batu's invasion of Rus'.
1240 - Battle of the Neva.
Questions for follow-up conversation:
Reveal the causes of political fragmentation in Rus'.
Prove that the period of political fragmentation was accompanied by the economic and cultural upsurge of the Russian lands.
Compare the development of the Novgorod land and the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, in terms of natural, economic, social and political features.
Describe the activities of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. Why did his contemporaries call him "autocratic"?
There are two lessons for this topic. It is advisable in the first lesson to focus on the consideration of the first three points of the lesson plan. Dedicate the second lesson to the characterization of the most difficult issue - Rus' under the rule of the Golden Horde and the problem of choosing the princes of North-Eastern Rus' for civilizational development.
Option number 1 . Since a significant part of the material of the paragraph is event-driven and largely familiar to students, the first lesson organizes independent work of students with the text of the textbook and map No. 7 to prepare answers to questions. In order to save time in the lesson, it is possible to work in groups.
Comparative characteristics of the formation of the state among the Mongols and Eastern Slavs.
Reasons for the successful conquests of the Mongols.
Baty's invasion of Rus' and the consequences.
Rus' between East and West.
The work on the first question will make it possible to repeat the process of formation of the Old Russian state and, on this basis, note the main feature of the Mongols' state - "nomadic feudalism", in which cattle was the main value. This question is best entrusted to the most prepared group of students, since comparative analysis complicated enough. The last question of the assignment is completed by students and considered in the second lesson.
Reference point! Regarding the historical development of nomadic societies in domestic science, many different points of view have been expressed. There has been a discussion among historians about nomadic feudalism". Some scientists believed that the nomads developed according to the same laws as the agricultural peoples, and the basis of their feudal relations was land ownership(pasture). Their opponents argued that the pastures of the nomads were collectively owned, and the basis of feudalism was livestock ownership.
Option number 2. After a conversation with the class about the formation of the Mongol state and the reasons for the successful conquests of the Mongols led by Genghis Khan, students conduct independent work with the text of the textbook, map No. 7 (task No. 1, p. 93). In the course of the work, the table “The struggle of Rus' against the invasion of the Mongols and the reflection of the aggression of the West” is filled in, followed by a discussion of the results. In the process of this work, it is necessary to use the analysis of the task document No. 2 of the textbook.
date | Who did you fight? | Events | Result |
Mongolian state | The Polovtsy turned to the Russian princes for help. The united Russian-Polovtsian army and the Mongols met in a decisive battle near the Kalka River. | The military superiority of the Mongols, disagreements among the Russian princes, the unexpected flight of the Polovtsy led to a terrible defeat for the Russian squads. |
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December 1237 | The invasion of the Mongol army led by Batu Khan. | The defeat of the troops of the Ryazan prince at the borders of the principality. Capture of the city of Ryazan. | Other principalities did not help the people of Ryazan. The defeat of the Ryazan principality. |
January 1238 | The battle of the Vladimir-Suzdal troops with the Mongols near Kolomna. | The defeat of the Vladimir-Suzdal troops. Siege by the Mongols of the city of Vladimir. |
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February 1238 | The assault and capture of Vladimir by the Mongols. | Another 14 cities of North-Eastern Rus' were taken by the Mongols. |
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March 1238 | The defeat of the Vladimir troops on the City River. | Most of the Russian soldiers and Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich died. Before reaching Novgorod, the Mongols turned into the steppe. |
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April 1238 | Siege of the city of Kozelsk 7 weeks. "Evil City" | Only by the beginning of summer did the Mongols manage to break out into the southern steppes. |
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Autumn 1239 | The ruin of the lands and principalities of Southern Rus'. | Invasion of Poland and Hungary. |
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The Swedish fleet along the Neva invaded the Novgorod possessions. The defeat of the Swedes on the Neva from the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky). | The Swedes failed to block the trade route across the Baltic to the Novgorodians. |
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Livonian Order | "Battle on the Ice". | The regiments of Alexander Nevsky inflicted a crushing defeat on the ice of Lake Peipsi. |
Question. Prove that the soldiers and inhabitants of Rus' put up fierce resistance to the invaders.
As homework, tenth graders can be asked to complete historical facts and examples of textbook material. For the purpose of preliminary acquaintance, students at home get acquainted with the material of the textbook devoted to the issues of "Rus under the rule of the Golden Horde" and "Rus between the Mongols and the West."
In the second lesson, in the course of the conversation, conclusions are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the consequences of the Mongol invasion of Rus' and the significance of the choice of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in favor of an alliance with the Horde against the Catholic West.
What consequences did Mongol invasion for Rus'?
Economic, social and cultural backwardness of Rus' from the countries of Western Europe.
Heavy material damage, mass death of the population, ruin of cities. The decline of crafts, trade, cities.
Students should pay attention to the fact that this is the third factor that hindered the development of the country. Remember, what other factors hindered the development of Rus', determined its lagging behind the countries of Western Europe? Schoolchildren, answering this question, should name the natural-geographical factor (see § 6, pp. 44 and 46) and the absence during the formation of the Old Russian state, unlike the countries of Western Europe, on the territory in antiquity of a highly developed civilization, the inability to directly use the achievements of ancient civilization (see §8, p. 59).
The military defeat delayed the political unification of the northeastern lands.
The connections of the Russian lands with the Orthodox countries, the countries of Europe, have ceased.
It contributed to the development of despotic forms of power in Rus'.
Another point of view! What are the positive aspects of the dependence of the northeastern principalities on the Golden Horde noted by the historian Klyuchevsky V.O.? “In the devastated public consciousness (of the North-Eastern princes), there was only room for the instincts of self-preservation and capture. Only the image of Alexander Nevsky somewhat covered the horror of savagery and fraternal bitterness, which too often erupted among Russian rulers, relatives or cousins, uncles and nephews. If they were left completely to their own devices, they would smash their Rus' into incoherent, eternally hostile appanage rags. But the principalities of the then Northern Rus' were not independent possessions, but tributary "uluses" of the Tatars; their princes were called serfs of the "free king", as we called the Horde Khan. The power of this khan gave at least the specter of unity to the smaller and mutually alienated patrimonial corners of the Russian princes. True, even in the Volga Sarai it was in vain to look for rights. The Grand Prince's table of Vladimir was there the subject of bargaining and rebidding; the purchased khan's label covered all falsehoods. But the offended did not always immediately grab a weapon, but went to seek protection from the khan, and not always unsuccessfully. The storm of Khan's wrath held back the bully; mercy, that is, arbitrariness, more than once warned or stopped a devastating strife. The power of the khan was a rough Tatar knife, cutting the knots into which the descendants of Vsevolod III were able to confuse the affairs of their land. It was not in vain that the Russian chroniclers called the filthy Hagarians the batog of God, admonishing sinners in order to lead them to the path of repentance.
What was the dependence of Rus' on the Golden Horde?
The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed the Grand Dukes. All princes were to receive from the khan labels to own their lands. Contributed to the development of despotic forms of power in Rus'.
Dependence on the Golden Horde preserved political fragmentation.
The payment of tribute - "Tatar exit". Census of the population, established norms for the collection of tribute. It made it difficult to restore and develop the economy of the north-eastern lands.
The administration of the Horde in the Russian principalities (until the middle of the XIV century) - Basques.
Punitive raids of the Golden Horde, during which the Horde took artisans and young people into slavery. The decline of crafts, trade, cities.
Was North-Eastern Rus' part of the Golden Horde?
From the point of view of the text of the textbook, North-Eastern Rus' became dependent on the Golden Horde, that is, it had "autonomy" - "the conquerors retained the system of government that had developed here, the army and religion." However, in the “to summarize” section, it is said that North-Eastern Rus' turned out to be “within the framework of the formed Mongol Empire.” The complete personal dependence of the princes on the Mongol khan, who gave them the right to manage their own territories, the confirmation of this dependence by regular "outputs", the supply of troops for joint military operations, the presence of the Horde administration (Baskaki), can hardly serve as a good reason for recognizing "autonomy »Russian lands within the Golden Horde (ulus of Jochi).
Solutiondilemmas (see page 91)(i.e. a difficult choice between two equally unpleasant possibilities) princes. Solving the dilemma by Prince Alexander Nevsky.
1 point of view. The prudent policy of Alexander Nevsky, who understood the futility of resistance to the Mongols, on the union and subordination of Odre, relying on the help of the Mongol khans against the Catholic West, made it possible to maintain their own statehood.
2 point of view. Relying on the help of the Mongol khans, Alexander Nevsky consolidated the despotic traditions of governing North-Eastern Rus'. At the same time, he actually put an end to the effective resistance of the Russian princes to the Golden Horde for many years to come.
Lesson number 16. Final repetition and generalization the historical material of chapter 2 is conducted with the help of questions and tasks proposed in the textbook (pp. 93-94). The volume of oral and written work, the forms of conducting the final iterative-generalizing lesson are determined by the teacher, based on the level of preparation and other characteristics of a particular class. The organization of work in this lesson can be built using various methods and forms - a seminar, a lesson-test, writing a micro-essay (see Thematic Planning).
Questions for final repetition and generalization:
The influence of natural and geographical conditions on the formation and development of Ancient Rus'.
Highlight and justify the features of the emergence and development of the state among the Eastern Slavs.
Expand the main periods of the political development of Ancient Rus' in the 10th - 13th centuries.
Describe the ancient Russian society, its main groups.
Determine the features of the development of the culture of Ancient Rus' of this period.
Why do scientists call this period of development of Ancient Rus' the pre-Mongolian period? What has changed in Rus' as a result of the invasion of the Mongols led by Batu Khan?
Tests:
1). The Eastern Slavs were characterized by an economic and cultural type
nomadic pastoralists;
Farmers and settled pastoralists;
Nomadic pastoralists.
2). On the eve of the formation of the state, the worldview of the Eastern Slavs was
pagan;
Not religious;
3). Read an excerpt from the work "Strategikon" and determine the social system of the Eastern Slavs.
“They do not keep those who are in their captivity, like other tribes, for an unlimited time, but, limiting (the term of slavery) to a certain time, they offer them a choice: whether they want to return home for a certain ransom or remain there in the position of free ?
slaveholding;
Feudal;
Tribal.
4). Most Russian epics are associated with the name:
Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich;
Prince Svyatopolk the Accursed;
Prince Igor Svyatoslavich.
5). What event in the history of Russia took place in 882?
Calling for the reign of Rurik;
The death of Prince Igor from the Drevlyans;
Prince Oleg's campaign against Kyiv.
6). Which of these events happened later than all the others?
Baptism of Rus';
Prince Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad;
The death of Prince Igor as a result of the uprising of the Drevlyans.
7). The consequence of the adoption of Christianity by Russia was
Acquaintance with the heritage of antiquity;
The split of Russian society along religious lines.
8). Who owns the words mentioned in the annals? "If someone does not come to the river tomorrow - whether it be rich, or poor, or a beggar, or a slave, he will be my enemy."
Prince Yaroslav the Wise;
Prince Alexander Nevsky;
Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.
9). The event to which the phrase refers: "Let everyone keep his fatherland" took place in
1. 1097; 2. 1113; 3. 1237.
10). Hereditary land ownership in medieval Rus' is called:
1. Estate; Rope; Graveyard.
eleven). The Code of Laws of Ancient Rus' was called:
"Salic Truth";
"Russian Truth";
"Ladder".
12). Servant, purchase, serf in Ancient Rus' belonged to
dependent population;
free population;
notable population.
13). Which of the main groups of the population of the Old Russian state owns the article in Russkaya Pravda?
“If __________ hits a free person and runs away to the mansions, ... and after that, if a person beaten by him finds ________ somewhere, let him kill him like a dog.”
14). Establish a correspondence between the genres of ancient Russian literature and the titles of works.
A). "The Word" 1. "The Tale of Boris and Gleb"
B). Life 2. "The Tale of Bygone Years"
C) Chronicle 3. "Instruction" by Vladimir Monomakh.
15). Read the passage from the chronicle and determine to which event the information given in it relates.
“Why are we destroying the Russian land, raising enmity against ourselves, and the Polovtsy are tearing our land to pieces and rejoice that there are wars between us to this day. From now on, we will unite in one heart and will protect the Russian lands. Let everyone keep his fatherland ... "and on that they kissed the cross ... and taking an oath, they went home ... ".
16). Establish a correspondence between concepts and their definitions.
A). Expansion 1. Detour by the prince and the retinue of the lands subject to Kyiv with
purpose of collecting tribute.
B). Heresy 2. Expansion, capture of new territories.
IN). Votchina 3. A creed other than a system of religious
beliefs accepted by the church.
G). Polyudie 4. Hereditary land ownership in medieval Rus'.
17). Read an excerpt from a historian's work and determine which of the princes of the 12th century it was dedicated to.
“Having not only a good heart, but also an excellent mind, he clearly saw the cause of state disasters and wanted to save at least his region from them: that is, he abolished the unfortunate system of destinies, reigned autocratically and did not give cities to either brothers or sons ... "
Key to test tasks:
Lyubech congress | Andrey Bogolyubsky |
Topic 3. Western Europe in the XI-XV centuries
The material of this topic gives an idea of the formation of the foundations of European civilization. The historical material of the chapter of the textbook examines important problems of economic (city development, handicraft small-scale production), political (formation of centralized states) and social (bourgeois and the formation of new bourgeois values) processes in the countries of medieval Europe. The historical material of the chapter, which is insignificant in volume, is important from the point of view of studying similar processes in Russia and for determining the features, differences that are similar, but only at first glance, the directions of the historical development of medieval Russia and Western countries.
Lesson number 17. Economic and political development.
During the lesson:
- Guidelines
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PROFILEEDUCATIONMETHODOLOGICALRECOMMENDATIONS on the use of the textbook "GEOMETRY" author I.M. ... to the main and additional material. Represented methodologicalrecommendations fully complies with the new standards for...
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PROFILEEDUCATION A. V. Ignatov methodicalrecommendations on the use of the textbook by O. V. Volobuev, V. A. Klokova, M. ... the manual includes a certain amount recommendations profileeducation. The content of the course...
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note the important changes in the economic life of the medieval society of Western Europe and their consequences for the rapid development of cities;
learning specializedlearningSocio-economic development of Russian lands
By the end of the XIII - the beginning of the XIV century. Rus' has a new political system. Vladimir became the capital. There was a separation of North-Eastern Rus'. Galicia-Volyn land turned out to be independent from it, although it also submitted to the power of the khans. In the west arose Grand Duchy of Lithuania , under the influence of which the western and southwestern lands of Rus' fall.
Most of the old cities of North-Eastern Rus' - Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir - fell into decay, losing political supremacy to the outlying ones: Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow. Serious changes are taking place in the socio-economic field. In the second half of the 13th century, agriculture was being restored in Northeastern Rus', handicraft production was being revived, the importance of cities was increasing, and fortification was actively underway.
In the XIV century. in Rus', water wheels and water mills became widespread, parchment began to be actively replaced by paper, and the size of the iron parts of the plow increased. Salt production is gaining ground. There are copper foundry workshops, the art of filigree and enamel is being revived. IN agriculture field arable land is replacing slashing, double-field cultivation is widespread, and new villages are being built.
Large landholding
Late XIII - early XIV century. - the time of the growth of feudal landownership. Numerous villages are owned by princes. There are more and more boyar estates - large hereditary land holdings. The main way for the appearance of the patrimony at this time was the grant of land with the peasants by the prince.
Along with the boyars, there were also small feudal landowners - servants under courtiers . Courtiers are the managers of the princely economy in separate volosts. They were subordinated to small princely servants, who received from the prince small plots of land for service and for the duration of the service. Out of their land ownership, the manor system subsequently developed.
Peasantry
In the XIII - XIV centuries. most of land still belonged to the peasant communities. Black peasants (free) paid tribute and other taxes on their own, and not through the feudal lords, and lived in villages that did not belong to individual feudal lords. The level of exploitation of the dependent peasantry in the XIII-XIV centuries. not yet tall. Quite in kind was the main type of feudal rent. Labor rent existed in the form of separate duties. New categories of feudal-dependent population appear: silversmiths- paid cash rent in silver; ladles- gave half of the harvest; door-keepers- lived and worked in other people's yards. Since the XIV century, the entire rural population began to be denoted by the term "peasants"("Christians").
The struggle of the Moscow and Tver principalities
By the 70s of the XIII century, 14 principalities emerged from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, of which the most significant were Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Tver and Moscow. At the head of the feudal hierarchy was the Grand Duke of Vladimir. He remained at the same time the head of his own principality. The princes waged a fierce struggle for the label issued in the Horde to the throne of Vladimir. The main contenders in the XIV century were the princes of Tver and Moscow.
In the XIV century, there were trends of political unification of the lands. In the struggle for the throne of Vladimir, it was decided which principality would lead the unification process. The possibilities of the Moscow and Tver principalities were approximately equal. Their capitals stood at the crossroads of trade routes. The territories were well protected by dense forests and other principalities from enemy attacks. Both principalities arose in the 13th century: Tver in the 40s was received by the younger brother of Alexander Nevsky - Yaroslav Yaroslavich, Moscow - in the 70s younger son Alexander Nevsky Daniel. Yaroslav and Daniel became the founders of the Tver and Moscow princely dynasties. The Moscow principality was one of the smallest, but Daniil Aleksandrovich managed to expand it significantly. He annexed Kolomna and the Principality of Pereyaslavl. A densely populated area with developed feudal land ownership fell into the hands of the Moscow princes.
At the end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th century, the label belonged to the Tver dynasty. In 1319, the Moscow prince Yuri Danilovich, married to the sister of the khan, for the first time received a grand ducal label. But after his death, the label returned to the princes of Tver.
Ivan Kalita
In 1325, the second son of Daniil became prince of Moscow - Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Ivan Kalita strengthened his principality with the help of the Horde. In 1327, an uprising broke out in Tver against the Horde. The prince of Tver, who was trying to dissuade the townspeople from the uprising, was forced to join them. Ivan Kalita took over the suppression of the popular movement. As a reward for suppressing the uprising, he received a label for a great reign and became the main collector of tribute in Rus'.
Under Ivan Kalita, the Moscow principality became the strongest in Rus'. The collection of tribute gave him the opportunity, withholding a part, to get rich significantly. He significantly expanded his possessions by joining the Galich, Uglich, Belozersky principalities. No one dared to challenge his great reign. Metropolitan Peter made Moscow his permanent residence. Strengthening the Moscow principality, Ivan Kalita did not set himself large state tasks. He sought only to enrich and strengthen personal power. However, the strengthening of the Moscow principality allowed his grandson to enter into an open struggle with the Horde.
Moscow at the head of the struggle to overthrow the Mongol-Tatar yoke
The policy of Ivan Kalita was continued by his sons - Simeon Ivanovich Proud and Ivan Ivanovich Krasny. Under them, new lands entered the Moscow principality. In 1359, Grand Duke Ivan Ivanovich died, leaving a 9-year-old heir Dmitry. The child has never received a label for a great reign. The label was received by the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince. However, the Moscow boyars and Metropolitan Alexei decided to defend the interests of the Moscow dynasty. Their efforts were crowned with success: at the age of 12, Dmitry received a label. The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince forever renounced the throne of the Grand Duke and subsequently married off his daughter to Dmitry. The Tver prince remained the main rival.
In 1371, Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tver received a label for a great reign. But the inhabitants of Vladimir were already accustomed to the power of the Moscow princes and did not let Mikhail into the city. Dmitry did not obey the Horde either, declaring that he would not give up the label. Khan decided not to interfere. The Moscow-Tver war began. Other principalities and Novgorod the Great took the side of Moscow. Mikhail Alexandrovich admitted defeat. The throne of Vladimir was declared a patrimony - the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes.
These events showed that the balance of power has changed, and the fate of the Vladimir throne is now decided in Rus', and not in the Horde. In the Horde itself, strife continued from the 1950s. For 20 years, more than 20 khans have changed on the throne. In the mid-70s, the strife stopped. Power seized one of the commanders - Mamai . He was not a descendant of Genghis Khan and had no right to the throne, but became the de facto ruler of the Horde. Mamai managed to partially restore the military power of the Horde.
In 1375, Mamai's troops raided the Nizhny Novgorod principality. In response, the joint Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod squad attacked the Horde city of Bulgar. The city paid a large ransom. In 1378, the Moscow squad defeated the Tatar detachment on the river Vozha.
Mamai needed to take revenge. The reason for the campaign was the demand to increase the tribute. Mamai's army was very large. His allies were Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagiello And Ryazan prince Oleg Ivanovich . The Ryazan principality was the first on the way from the horde to Rus', the most swipe. The alliance with Mamai was a means to save the principality from a pogrom. It was Oleg Ivanovich who informed Dmitry about the approach of the Horde army and the path of its advance.
Dmitry's army was also unusually large. In addition to soldiers from the Grand Duchy of Vladimir and Moscow, it included squads of other principalities and the people's militia.
Before the start of the move, the Russian troops blessed Sergius of Radonezh - a prominent church figure, the founder of the Trinity Monastery, who enjoyed great prestige in Rus'. In Kolomna, the Moscow troops united with the rest of the squads and moved towards Mamai, to the Don.
Battle of Kulikovo
Dmitry sought to engage in battle with Mamai before the allies approached him. Jagiello and Oleg Ivanovich were in no hurry and did not participate in the battle. On the night of 7 to 8 September 1380 Russian regiments crossed the Don to the Kulikovo field. Along the edges of the field, Dmitry managed to cover the ambush regiment. The battle started early in the morning September 8, 1380 and was extremely violent. The outcome of the battle was decided by the ambush regiment. When fresh troops entered the battle, Mamai's tired warriors could not stand it and fled from the battlefield. After this battle, the Moscow prince Dmitry was nicknamed Donskoy .
The Battle of Kulikovo was an event of great historical significance. This was the first victory over the main forces of the Horde, and not over individual units. The Battle of Kulikovo showed that victory can be achieved only by uniting all forces under common leadership. Moscow became the national capital.
However, the Battle of Kulikovo did not end the Horde yoke. Mamaia overthrew from the throne Tokhtamysh , one of the descendants of Genghis Khan. Mamai fled to the Crimea and was killed there. Tokhtamysh demanded tribute from the Russian princes. He argued that it was not the Golden Horde who lost the battle on the Kulikovo field, but Mamai, whose resistance was justified. IN 1382 In the year Tokhtamysh set out on a campaign against Rus'. He reached Moscow before Dmitry gathered troops and burned it down. The Horde yoke was restored.
Dmitry Donskoy died in 1389. His will was not only traditional economic, but also political in nature. He handed over to his eldest son the throne of Vladimir as his fiefdom, not mentioning the khan's label in a word.
The beginning of the state association of Russian lands
The heir of Dmitry Donskoy - Vasily I Dmitrievich (1389-1425) successfully continued his father's policy. He managed to annex the Nizhny Novgorod, Murom and Tarusa principalities. By the end of the reign of Vasily Dmitrievich, the power of the Grand Duke of Moscow and Vladimir increased even more. In terms of the size of his territory, he far exceeded all other princes. Some princes moved to the position of grand ducal servants, received appointments as governors and governors, although they retained princely rights in their lands. The princes, who retained their sovereignty, were compelled to obey him. The Moscow prince led all the armed forces of the country. Gradually, the entire management system is being rebuilt, turning from a local, Moscow, into an all-Russian one. Administrative-territorial units appear - counties, former independent principalities. The uyezds are ruled by grand ducal governors.
The process of political unification of the Russian lands into a single state was slowed down by the feudal war that lasted about 30 years in the second quarter of the 14th century. The reason for it was the dynastic conflict between the son of Vasily I Vasily II and his uncle Yuri Dmitrievich, and then his sons Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka. During the war, Vasily II was blinded and lost the throne of Moscow, but thanks to the support of the boyars, he managed to win. The feudal war, in the long run, strengthened the grand ducal power. Vasily the Dark more and more authoritatively disposed of the affairs of all Rus'. Thus, at the end of the XIV - the first half of the XV centuries. the foundations were laid for the final elimination of feudal fragmentation and the creation of a unified state.
The most complete reference table main dates and events in the history of Russia from the 13th to the 14th century. This table is convenient to use for schoolchildren and applicants for self-study, in preparation for tests, exams and the exam in history.
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Major events of the 13th -14th century |
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Trade agreements between Novgorod and the German Hanseatic cities |
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Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality |
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Capture by the Order of the Sword-bearers (founded in 1202) of the lands of the Livs, Estonians, Semigallians, and others in the Baltic |
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The campaign of the Galician-Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich against the Polovtsians |
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1205 - 1264 intermittently |
Reigning in Galicia and Volhynia Daniil Romanovich |
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The first chronicle evidence of Tver |
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The division of the Vladimir-Suzdal land between the sons of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest |
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The great reign of Yuri Vsevolodovich in the Vladimir-Suzdal land. |
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Battle on the river Lipice. The victory of Prince Konstantin Vsevolodovich over the brothers Princes Yuri and Yaroslav in the struggle for the Vladimir Grand Duchy |
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Founding by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich in the land of the Mordovians of Nizhny Novgorod - an outpost for the fight against the Volga Bulgaria |
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The defeat by the Tatars of the Russian-Polovtsian squads on the river. Kalka |
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Capture by the Order of the Swordsmen of Yuryev, a Russian fortress in the Baltics |
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Posadnichestvo in Novgorod of Stepan Tverdislavich - a supporter of orientation towards Vladimir |
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Reigning in Novgorod of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky |
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The invasion of the Mongol-Tatar troops led by Batu Khan to Rus' |
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The destruction of Ryazan by the Mongol-Tatars |
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The capture and destruction by the Mongol-Tatars of Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir, Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Uglich, Galich, Dmitrov, Tver, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yuriev, Torzhok and other cities of North-Eastern Rus' |
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The defeat of the united army of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in the battle with the Mongol-Tatars on the river. Sit. The death of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich |
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Great reign in Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich |
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The invasion of Batu's troops into the South Russian lands. The ruin of Pereyaslavl, Chernigov |
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The capture by the knights of the Livonian Order (founded in 1237 as a result of the merger of the Teutonic Order and the Order of the Sword) of the Russian fortresses of Izborsk, Pskov, Koporye |
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1240, Sept. – Dec. |
The siege and capture of Kyiv by the troops of Batu |
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Neva battle. The defeat of the army of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky Swedish army |
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The defeat of the knights of the Livonian Order by the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky on Lake Peipsi (“Battle on the Ice”) |
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Formation of the state of the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi) |
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Grand reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Vladimir |
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Population census ("number"), organized by the Mongol-Tatars with the aim of introducing a centralized tax system |
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Uprising in Novgorod against the census |
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Establishment of an Orthodox diocese in the capital of the Golden Horde - Saray |
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Uprisings in Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir, Yaroslavl against Mongol-Tatar tribute collectors and tax-farmers; tribute collection transferred to Russian princes |
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Treaty between the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Mindovg on a joint fight against the Livonian Order |
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Great reign in Vladimir of Yaroslav Yaroslavich of Tverskoy |
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Participation of Russian princes in the campaigns of the Golden Horde in the Caucasus, Byzantium, Lithuania |
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The campaign in Livonia and the victory of the troops of Pskov, Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal over the German and Danish knights at Rakovor |
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Campaign of the Livonians to Pskov. Peace with the Livonian Order. Stabilization of the western borders of Novgorod and Pskov |
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Between 1276 and 1282 - 1303 |
The reign of Daniil Alexandrovich in Moscow. Founding of the first Danilov Monastery in the vicinity of Moscow (circa 1282) |
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1281 - 1282, 1293 - 1304 intermittently |
Grand reign of Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky in Vladimir |
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The reign of Mikhail Yaroslavich in Tver; Grand Duke Vladimirsky (1305 - 1317) |
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Moving Metropolitan Maxim from Kyiv to Vladimir-on-Klyazma |
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Accession to Moscow of Kolomna and Mozhaisk |
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The reign of Yuri Danilovich in Moscow. The beginning of the struggle between Moscow and Tver for the great reign |
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The campaign of Prince Mikhail of Tver and the Horde troops against Novgorod. The defeat of the Novgorodians at Torzhok |
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Great reign in Vladimir Yuri Danilovich of Moscow |
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Murder in the Horde of Prince Mikhail of Tver |
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The reign in Tver of Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes |
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Bookmarking by Prince Yuri of Moscow and the Novgorodians of the Oreshek fortress at the head of the river. Neva |
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The murder by Prince Dmitry of Tverskoy in the Horde of Prince Yuri of Moscow. The execution of Dmitry Tverskoy by order of Khan Uzbek |
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Great reign in Moscow of Ivan I Danilovich Kalita; from 1328 - Grand Duke of Vladimir |
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Moving to Moscow from Vladimir Metropolitan Peter |
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Great reign of Alexander Mikhailovich of Tverskoy |
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Construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow |
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Uprising in Tver against the Horde |
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Construction of the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow |
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The murder in the Horde of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich of Tverskoy |
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Great reign of Simeon Ivanovich the Proud of Moscow |
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Foundation of Sergius of Radonezh Trinity-Sergius Monastery |
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Treaty of Pskov and Novgorod on the recognition of the independence of the Pskov Republic |
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plague epidemic |
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Great reign in Moscow and Vladimir of Ivan II the Red |
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Appointment to the Russian Metropolis of Alexy, a native of the Moscow boyar family |
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Great reign of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy; from 1362 - Grand Duke of Vladimir |
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Construction of the stone Kremlin in Moscow |
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Reigning in Tver of Mikhail Alexandrovich |
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1368, 1370, 1372 |
Campaigns of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd to Moscow |
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The appearance in Novgorod of the heresy of the Strigolniks, who advocated the worship of the laity |
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Uprising in Nizhny Novgorod against the Horde |
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The campaign of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich to Tver. Refusal of Tver's claims to the great Vladimir reign |
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Compilation of the Laurentian Chronicle |
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The victory of the Moscow-Ryazan troops over the Horde on the river. vozhe |
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Baptism by Stefan of Perm Zyryan (Komi) |
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Kulikovo battle. The victory of the united Russian army led by Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy over the Horde army of Mamai on the Kulikovo field (at the confluence of the Nepryadva river into the Don river) |
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The campaign of the Tatar-Mongolian army led by Khan Tokhtamysh to Moscow. The siege and ruin of Moscow and other cities of North-Eastern Rus' |
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The first mention of firearms in Rus' |
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Beginning of minting coins in Moscow |
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Grand reign in Moscow of Vasily I Dmitrievich |
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Accession of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal and Murom principalities to Moscow |
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The defeat of the troops of Timur (Tamerlane) of the Golden Horde. The ruin of the outlying lands of Rus'. Destruction of Yelets |
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Transfer of the icon of Our Lady of Vladimir to Moscow |
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Establishment of vassalage of Smolensk from Lithuania |
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Accession of Novgorod possessions - Bezhetsky Verkh, Vologda, Veliky Ustyug to Moscow |
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The reign in Tver of Ivan Mikhailovich. Strengthening Tver |
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Late 14th century |
Accession of the Komi lands to Moscow. The campaign of the Moscow army against the Volga Bulgars and the capture of their capital |
13th c. in the history of Rus' began without any special external upheavals, but in the midst of endless. The princes divided the lands, fought for power. And soon the danger from the outside joined the internal troubles of Rus'. Cruel conquerors from the depths of Asia, led by Temujin (Genghis Khan, which means "great khan") began their actions.
The troops mercilessly destroyed people and conquered lands. Soon the Polov khans asked for help from the Russian princes, and they agreed to oppose the approaching enemy.
In 1223 took place. Due to the fragmentation of the actions of the princes and the lack of a unified command, the Russian warriors suffered heavy losses and left the battlefield. The troops of the Mongols pursued them to the most outlying lands of Rus'. Having plundered and devastated them, they did not move further.
In 1237, the troops of Temuchin's grandson, Batu, entered the Ryazan principality. Ryazan fell. The conquests continued.
In 1238 on the river. The city army entered into a battle with the army of the invader, but lost to the Tatar-Mongols. At the same time, the South Russian princes and Novgorod remained on the sidelines, did not come to the rescue.
In 1239-1240, having replenished the army, Batu undertook a new campaign against the Russian lands. At this time, the unaffected northwestern regions of Rus' (Novgorod and Pskov lands) were endangered by the crusader knights who settled in the Baltic states, who wanted to spread the Catholic faith in the territory of Rus' by force. The Swedes and the German knights were going to unite in the name of a common idea, but the Swedes were the first to act.
In 1240 (July 15) happened: the Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the river. Not you. Novgorodians turned to the great Vladimir prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich for help. His son - young - set off with the army, counting on the suddenness and speed of the onslaught. Although his army was outnumbered by his rival (even with Novgorodians and commoners joining in), Alexander's strategy worked. In this battle, Rus' won, and Alexander received the nickname Nevsky.
Meanwhile, the German knights gained strength and began military operations against Pskov and Novgorod. Once again, Alexander came to the rescue.
On April 5, 1242, the troops converged on the ice of Lake Peipsi. Alexander won again - thanks to a change in the order of the system and coordinated actions. And the uniforms of the knights played against them: when they retreated, the ice began to break under their weight.
In 1243, it was formed. Formally, the Russian lands were not part of this state, but were subject to it: they were obliged to replenish the treasury of the Horde, and the princes were to receive labels for reigning at the khan's rates.
During the second half of the 13th c. The Horde more than once made devastating campaigns against Rus'. Cities and villages were destroyed.
1251-1263 - reign of Alexander Nevsky.
Due to the invasions of the conquerors, during which the settlements were destroyed, many monuments of the 10th-13th centuries were lost. Churches, cathedrals, icons, as well as works of literature, religious objects and jewelry remained intact.
Heritage is at the heart of ancient Russian culture. It was influenced by nomadic peoples, the Varangians. In addition, the features of the development of culture are associated with, as well as the influence of Byzantium and the countries of Western Europe.
With the adoption of Christianity, literacy began to spread, writing developed, enlightenment began, and Byzantine customs began to take root.
These changes also affected the clothing of the 13th century. in Rus'. Her cut was simple and uniform, things differed mainly in fabric. The suit has become longer and freer, not emphasizing the figure, but giving it a static look.
The nobility wore expensive foreign fabrics (velvet, brocade, taffeta, silk) and furs (sable, otter, marten). Ordinary people used canvas fabric, hare and squirrel fur, as well as sheepskin in their clothes.
Yaroslav the Wise tried to prevent civil strife after his death and established between his children order of succession to the throne of Kyiv by seniority: from brother to brother and from uncle to eldest nephew. But even this did not help to avoid a struggle for power between the brothers. IN 1097 Yaroslavichi gathered in the city of Lyubich ( Lubian Congress of Princes) And forbade princes to move to reign from principality to principality. Thus, the prerequisites for feudal fragmentation were created. But this decision did not stop internecine wars. Now the princes took care of expanding the territories of their principalities.
For a short time, the world was restored to the grandson of Yaroslav Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125). But after his death, war broke out with renewed vigor. Kyiv, weakened by the constant struggle against the Polovtsy and internal strife, is gradually losing its leading role. The population seeks salvation from the constant plunder and moves to more peaceful principalities: Galicia-Volyn (Upper Dnieper) and Rostov-Suzdal (interfluve of the Volga and Oka). In many ways, the boyars, who were interested in expanding their patrimonial lands, pushed the princes to seize new lands. Due to the fact that the princes established the Kievan order of succession in their principalities, processes of fragmentation began in them: if at the beginning of the 12th century there were 15 principalities, then by the end of the 13th century there were already 250 principalities.
Feudal fragmentation was a natural process in the development of statehood. It was accompanied by the revival of the economy, the rise of culture and the formation of local cultural centers. At the same time, during the period of fragmentation, the awareness of national unity was not lost.
Reasons for fragmentation: 1) the lack of solid economic ties between the individual principalities - each principality produced everything necessary within itself, that is, it lived by subsistence farming; 2) the emergence and strengthening of local princely dynasties; 3) weakening of the central power of the Kyiv prince; 4) the decline of the trade route along the Dnieper "from the Varangians to the Greeks" and the strengthening of the importance of the Volga as a trade route.
Galicia-Volyn principality located in the foothills of the Carpathians. Trade routes from Byzantium to Europe passed through the principality. In the principality, a struggle arose between the prince and the big boyars - landowners. Poland and Hungary often intervened in the struggle.
The Galician principality was especially strengthened under Yaroslav Vladimirovich Osmomysl (1157–1182). After his death, the Galician principality was annexed to Volhynia by the prince Roman Mstislavovich (1199–1205). Roman managed to capture Kyiv, declared himself the Grand Duke, and pushed the Polovtsy from the southern borders. Roman's policy was continued by his son Daniel Romanovich (1205–1264). During his time, the Tatar-Mongols invaded and the prince had to recognize the power of the khan over himself. After the death of Daniel, a struggle broke out between the boyar families in the principality, as a result of which Volyn was captured by Lithuania, and Galicia by Poland.
Novgorod principality stretched throughout the Russian North from the Baltic to the Urals. Through Novgorod there was a lively trade with Europe along the Baltic Sea. The Novgorod boyars were also drawn into this trade. After uprisings of 1136 Prince Vsevolod was expelled and the Novgorodians began to invite princes to their place, that is, a feudal republic was established. Princely power was significantly limited city council(meeting) and Council of gentlemen. The function of the prince was reduced to organizing the defense of the city and external representation. The one elected at the veche actually ruled the city posadnik and the council of gentlemen. Veche had the right to expel the prince from the city. The veche was attended by delegates from the city ends ( Konchan veche). All free citizens of this end could participate in the Konchan veche.
The republican organization of power in Novgorod had a class character. Novgorod became the center of the fight against German and Swedish aggression.
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality It was located between the Volga and Oka rivers and was protected from the steppes by forests. Attracting the population to the desert lands, the princes founded new cities, did not allow the formation of urban self-government (veche) and large boyar land ownership. At the same time, settling on princely lands, free community members became dependent on the landowner, that is the development of serfdom continued and intensified.
The beginning of the local dynasty was laid by the son of Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky (1125–1157). He founded a number of cities: Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Moscow. But Yuri sought to get to the great reign in Kyiv. The real owner of the principality became Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky (1157–1174). He founded the city Vladimir-on-Klyazma and moved the capital of the principality there from Rostov. Wanting to expand the boundaries of his principality, Andrei fought a lot with his neighbors. The boyars, removed from power, organized a conspiracy and killed Andrei Bogolyubsky. Andrey's policy was continued by his brother Vsevolod Yurievich Big Nest (1176–1212) and son of Vsevolod Yuri (1218–1238). In 1221 Yuri Vsevolodovich founded Nizhny Novgorod. The development of Rus' was slow Tatar-Mongolian invasion of 1237–1241.
Rus' in XII - XIIIcenturies. political fragmentation.
IN 1132 The last powerful prince Mstislav, the son of Vladimir Monomakh, died.
This date is considered the beginning of the period of fragmentation.
Reasons for fragmentation:
1) The struggle of the princes for the best principalities and territories.
2) The independence of the boyars-patrimonials in their lands.
3) Subsistence economy, strengthening the economic and political power of cities.
4) The decline of the Kyiv land from the raids of the steppes.
Characteristic features of this period:
The aggravation of relations between the princes and the boyars
Princely strife
The struggle of the princes for the "Kiev table"
The growth and strengthening of the economic and political power of cities
The heyday of culture
Weakening of the military potential of the country (fragmentation caused the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongols)
The main centers of political fragmentation:
Novgorod land
The supreme power belonged to the veche, which called the prince.
Officials were elected at the veche: the posadnik, the thousand, the archbishop. Novgorod feudal republic
Vladimiro - Suzdal Principality
Strong princely power (Yuri Dolgoruky (1147 - the first mention of Moscow in the annals), Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Big Nest)
Galicia-Volyn principality
Powerful boyars that fought for power with the princes. Famous princes - Yaroslav Osmomysl, Roman Mstislavovich, Daniil Galitsky.
Before the Mongol invasion - the heyday of Russian culture
1223 - the first battle with the Mongols on the Kalka River.
The Russians tried to fight back along with the Polovtsy, but were defeated
1237-1238 - the campaign of Batu Khan to North-Eastern Rus' (the Ryazan principality was the first to be defeated)
1239-1240- to South Rus'
Reasons for the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars
- Fragmentation and strife between the princes
- The superiority of the Mongols in the art of war, the availability of experienced and large army
Consequences
1) The establishment of a yoke - the dependence of Rus' on the Horde (payment of tribute and the need for princes to receive a label (a khan's letter that gave the prince the right to manage his lands) Baskak - a khan's governor in Russian lands
2) The ruin of lands and cities, the deportation of the population into slavery - undermining the economy and culture
Invasion of German and Swedish knights to the northwestern lands - Novgorod and Pskov
Goals
*seizure of new territories
* Conversion to Catholicism
Novgorod prince Alexander Nevsky at the head of the Russian troops won victories:
Russian principalities and lands in the XII-XIII centuries
on the river Neve over the Swedish knights
1242 on Lake Peipsi over the German knights (Battle on the Ice)
1251 -1263 - the reign of Prince Alexander Nevsky in Vladimir. Establishing friendly relations with the Golden Horde to prevent new invasions from the West
Work plan.
I. Introduction.
II. Russian lands and principalities in the XII-XIII centuries.
1. Causes and essence of state fragmentation. Socio-political and cultural characteristics of Russian lands in the period of fragmentation.
§ 1. The feudal fragmentation of Rus' is a natural stage in the development of Russian society and the state.
§ 2. Economic and socio-political reasons for the fragmentation of Russian lands.
Vladimir-Suzdal principality as one of the types of feudal state formations in Rus' in the XII-XIII centuries.
§ 4 Features geographical location, natural and climatic conditions of the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
Russian lands and principalities in the XII - the first half of the XIII century.
Features of the socio-political and cultural development of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
2. Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' and its consequences. Rus' and the Golden Horde.
§ 1. The originality of the historical development and way of life of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia.
Batu's invasion and the formation of the Golden Horde.
§ 3. The Mongol-Tatar yoke and its influence on ancient Russian history.
The struggle of Rus' against the aggression of the German and Swedish conquerors. Alexander Nevskiy.
§ 1. Expansion to the East of Western European countries and religious and political organizations at the beginning of the XIII century.
§ 2. The historical significance of the military victories of Prince Alexander Nevsky (Battle of the Neva, Battle of the Ice).
III. Conclusion
I. INTRODUCTION
XII-XIII centuries, which will be discussed in this control work, are barely distinguishable in the fog of the past.
In order to understand and understand the events of this most difficult era in the history of medieval Rus', it is necessary to get acquainted with the monuments of ancient Russian literature, study fragments of medieval chronicles and annals, read the works of historians related to this period. It is historical documents that help to see in history not a simple collection of dry facts, but the most complex science, the achievements of which play important role in the further development of society, allow a deeper understanding major events national history.
Consider the reasons that led to feudal fragmentation - the political and economic decentralization of the state, the creation on the territory of Ancient Rus' of practically independent from each other, independent state formations; to understand why the Tatar-Mongol yoke on Russian soil became possible, and what was the domination of the conquerors for more than two centuries in the field of economic, political and cultural life, and what consequences it had for the future historical development of Rus' - this is the main task of this work.
XIII century, rich in tragic events, to this day excites and attracts the eyes of historians and writers.
After all, this century is called the “dark period” of Russian history.
However, its beginning was bright and calm. The vast country, larger than any European state, was full of young creative power. The proud and strong people who inhabited it did not yet know the oppressive gravity of the foreign yoke, did not know the humiliating inhumanity of serfdom.
The world in their eyes was simple and whole.
They did not yet know the destructive power of gunpowder. Distance was measured by the span of arms or the flight of an arrow, and time was measured by the change of winter and summer. The rhythm of their life was unhurried and measured.
At the beginning of the XII century, axes were knocked all over Rus', new cities and villages grew. Rus' was a country of masters.
Here they knew how to weave the finest lace and build soaring cathedrals, forge reliable, sharp swords and draw the heavenly beauty of angels.
Rus' was a crossroads of peoples.
On the squares of Russian cities one could meet Germans and Hungarians, Poles and Czechs, Italians and Greeks, Polovtsy and Swedes... Many were surprised how quickly the “Russians” assimilated the achievements of neighboring peoples, applied them to their needs, enriched their own ancient and unique culture.
At the beginning of the XIII century, Rus' was one of the most prominent states in Europe. The power and wealth of the Russian princes were known throughout Europe.
But suddenly a thunderstorm approached the Russian land - a hitherto unknown terrible enemy.
A heavy burden fell on the shoulders of the Russian people, the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The exploitation of the conquered peoples by the Mongol khans was ruthless and comprehensive. Simultaneously with the invasion from the East, Rus' also faced another terrible misfortune - the expansion of the Livonian Order, its attempt to impose Catholicism on the Russian people.
In this difficult historical era, the heroism and love of freedom of our people manifested itself with particular force, people whose names were forever preserved in the memory of descendants were exalted.
II. RUSSIAN LANDS AND PRINCIPALITIES IN THE XII-XIII CENTURIES.
1. CAUSES AND ESSENCE OF STATE Fragmentation. SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RUSSIAN LANDS
THE PERIOD OF Fragmentation.
§ 1. FEUDAL Fragmentation of Rus' - A NATURAL STAGE
DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND THE STATE
From the 30s of the XII century, the process of feudal fragmentation began in Rus'.
Feudal fragmentation is an inevitable step in the evolution of feudal society, the basis of which is a subsistence economy with its isolation and isolation.
The natural economy system that had developed by that time contributed to the isolation from each other of all individual economic units (family, community, inheritance, land, principality), each of which became self-sufficient, consuming all the product it produced. There was practically no trade in goods in this situation.
Within the framework of the unified Russian state, independent economic regions have developed over three centuries, new cities have grown, large patrimonial farms have arisen and developed, and the possessions of many monasteries and churches.
Feudal clans grew up and rallied - the boyars with their vassals, the rich top of the cities, church hierarchs. The nobility was born, the basis of whose life was the service to the overlord in exchange for a land grant for the time of this service.
The vast Kievan Rus, with its superficial political cohesion, necessary, first of all, for defense against an external enemy, for organizing long-range campaigns of conquest, now no longer corresponded to the needs of large cities with their branched feudal hierarchy, developed trade and craft strata, and the needs of votchinniki.
The need to unite all forces against the Polovtsian danger and the mighty will of the Grand Dukes - Vladimir Monomakh and his son Mstislav - temporarily slowed down the inevitable process of fragmentation of Kievan Rus, but then it resumed with renewed vigor.
“The whole Russian land was irritated,” as the chronicle says.
From the point of view of general historical development, the political fragmentation of Rus' is a natural stage on the way to the future centralization of the country, the future economic and political rise on a new civilizational basis.
Europe also did not escape the collapse of the early medieval states, fragmentation and local wars.
Then the process of formation of secular nation-states, which still exist, was developed here. Ancient Rus', having gone through a period of disintegration, could come to a similar result. However, the Mongol-Tatar invasion disrupted this natural development of political life in Rus' and threw it back.
§ 2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIO-POLITICAL REASONS
Fragmentation of RUSSIAN LANDS
We can single out the economic and socio-political reasons for feudal fragmentation in Rus':
1.Economic reasons:
- the growth and development of feudal boyar land ownership, the expansion of estates by seizing the lands of smerds-communists, buying land, etc.
All this led to the strengthening of the economic power and independence of the boyars and, ultimately, to the aggravation of the contradictions between the boyars and the Grand Duke of Kyiv. The boyars were interested in such a princely power that could provide them with military and legal protection, in particular in connection with the growing resistance of the townspeople, smerds, contribute to the seizure of their lands and intensify exploitation.
- the dominance of subsistence farming and the lack of economic ties contributed to the creation of relatively small boyar worlds and the separatism of local boyar unions.
- in the XII century, trade routes began to bypass Kyiv, "the path from the Varangians to the Greeks", which once united the Slavic tribes around itself, gradually lost its former meaning, because.
European merchants, as well as Novgorodians, were increasingly attracted to Germany, Italy, and the Middle East.
2. Socio-political reasons :
- strengthening the power of individual princes;
- weakening the influence of the great Kyiv prince;
- princely strife; they were based on the Yaroslavl appanage system itself, which could no longer satisfy the overgrown family of Rurikovich.
There was no clear, precise order either in the distribution of inheritances or in their inheritance. After the death of the great prince of Kyiv, the "table" according to existing law did not go to his son, but to the eldest prince in the family. At the same time, the principle of seniority came into conflict with the principle of “fatherland”: when the princes-brothers moved from one “table” to another, some of them did not want to change their homes, while others rushed to the Kiev “table” over the heads of their older brothers.
Thus, the preserved order of inheritance of the "tables" created the prerequisites for internecine conflicts. In the middle of the XII century, civil strife reached an unprecedented severity, and the number of their participants increased many times due to the fragmentation of princely possessions.
At that time in Rus' there were 15 principalities and separate lands. In the next century, on the eve of Batu's invasion, there were already 50.
- the growth and strengthening of cities as new political and cultural centers can also be considered the reason for the further fragmentation of Rus', although some historians, on the contrary, regard the development of cities as a consequence of this process.
- the fight against nomads also weakened the Kiev principality, slowed down its progress; in Novgorod and Suzdal it was much calmer.
Feudal fragmentation in Rus' in the 12th-13th centuries. Specific Rus'.
- Feudal fragmentation– political and economic decentralization. The creation on the territory of one state of independent independent principalities, formally having a common ruler, a single religion - Orthodoxy, uniform laws of "Russian Truth".
- The energetic and ambitious policy of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes led to the growth of the influence of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality on the entire Russian state.
- Yuri Dolgoruky, son of Vladimir Monomakh, received the Vladimir principality in his reign.
- 1147 Moscow first appears in chronicles. The founder is boyar Kuchka.
- Andrei Bogolyubsky, son of Yuri Dolgoruky. 1157-1174. The capital was moved from Rostov to Vladimir, the new title of the ruler is Tsar and Grand Duke.
- The Vladimir-Suzdal principality flourished under Vsevolod the Big Nest.
1176-1212. The monarchy was finally established.
Consequences of fragmentation.
Positive
- the growth and strengthening of cities
– Active development of crafts
— Settlement of undeveloped lands
- laying roads
— Development of internal trade
— The flourishing of the cultural life of the principalities
Strengthening the local self-government apparatus
Negative
— continuation of the process of fragmentation of lands and principalities
- internecine wars
- weak central government
- Vulnerability to external enemies
Specific Rus' (XII-XIII centuries)
With the death of Vladimir Monomakh in 1125.
the decline of Kievan Rus began, which was accompanied by its disintegration into separate states-principalities. Even earlier, the Lubech Congress of Princes in 1097 established: “... let each one keep his fatherland” - this meant that each prince becomes the full owner of his hereditary principality.
The collapse of the Kievan state into small principalities-patrimonies, according to V.O.
Klyuchevsky, was caused by the existing order of succession to the throne. The princely throne was not passed from father to son, but from the elder brother to the middle and younger. This gave rise to strife in the family and the struggle for the division of estates. External factors played a certain role: nomad raids devastated the southern Russian lands and interrupted the trade route along the Dnieper.
As a result of the decline of Kiev in southern and southwestern Rus', the Galicia-Volyn principality rose, in the northeastern part of Rus' - the Rostov-Suzdal (later Vladimir-Suzdal) principality, and in northwestern Rus' - the Novgorod Boyar Republic, from which in the XIII century stood out Pskov land.
All these principalities, with the exception of Novgorod and Pskov, inherited the political system of Kievan Rus.
They were led by princes, relying on their squads. The Orthodox clergy had great political influence in the principalities.
Question
The main occupation of the inhabitants of the Mongolian state was nomadic cattle breeding.
The desire to expand their pastures is one of the reasons for their military campaigns. It must be said that the Mongol-Tatars conquered not only Rus', it was not the first state they took. Prior to that, they subjugated Central Asia, including Korea and China, to their interests. From China, they adopted their flamethrower weapons, and because of this they became even stronger. The Tatars were very good warriors. They were armed "to the teeth", their army was very large.
They also used psychological intimidation of enemies: in front of the troops were soldiers who did not take prisoners, brutally killed opponents. The very sight of them frightened the enemy.
But let's move on to the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus'. The first time the Russians faced the Mongols was in 1223. The Polovtsy asked the Russian princes to help defeat the Mongols, they agreed and a battle took place, which is called the Battle of the Kalka River. We lost this battle for many reasons, the main of which is the lack of unity between the principalities.
In 1235, in the capital of Mongolia, Karakorum, a decision was made on a military campaign to the West, including Rus'.
In 1237, the Mongols attacked the Russian lands, and the first city captured was Ryazan. There is also in Russian literature the work “The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu”, one of the heroes of this book is Yevpaty Kolovrat. The Tale says that after the ruin of Ryazan, this hero returned to his native city and wanted to take revenge on the Tatars for their cruelty (the city was plundered and almost all the inhabitants were killed). He gathered a detachment of the survivors and rode after the Mongols.
All wars fought bravely, but Evpaty distinguished himself with special courage and strength. He killed many Mongols, but in the end he himself was killed. The Tatars brought the body of Yevpatiy to Batu, talking about his unprecedented strength. Batu was struck by the unprecedented power of Yevpaty and gave the body of the hero to the surviving tribesmen, and ordered the Mongols not to touch the Ryazans.
In general, the years 1237-1238 were the years of the conquest of northeastern Rus'.
After Ryazan, the Mongols took Moscow, which resisted for a long time, and burned it. Then they took Vladimir.
After the conquest of Vladimir, the Mongols split up and began to ravage the cities of northeastern Rus'.
In 1238, a battle took place on the Sit River, the Russians lost this battle.
The Russians fought with dignity, no matter what city the Mongol attacked, the people defended their homeland (their principality). But in most cases, the Mongols still won, only Smolensk was not taken. Kozelsk also defended for a record long time: as many as seven weeks.
After a trip to the north-east of Rus', the Mongols returned to their homeland to rest.
But already in 1239 they returned to Rus' again. This time their goal was the southern part of Rus'.
1239-1240 - the campaign of the Mongols in the southern part of Rus'. First they took Pereyaslavl, then the Principality of Chernigov, and in 1240 Kyiv fell.
This ended the Mongol invasion. The period from 1240 to 1480 is called the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'.
What are the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the yoke?
- Firstly, this is the backwardness of Rus' from the countries of Europe.
Europe continued to develop, but Rus' had to restore everything destroyed by the Mongols.
- Second is the decline of the economy. A lot of people were lost. Many crafts disappeared (the Mongols took artisans into slavery).
Russian lands and principalities in the 12th - first half of the 13th centuries
Also, farmers moved to more northern regions of the country, safer from the Mongols. All this hindered economic development.
- Third- the slowness of the cultural development of Russian lands. For some time after the invasion, no churches were built in Rus' at all.
- Fourth- termination of contacts, including trade, with the countries of Western Europe.
Now the foreign policy of Rus' was focused on the Golden Horde. The Horde appointed princes, collected tribute from the Russian people, and, in case of disobedience of the principalities, carried out punitive campaigns.
- Fifth consequences are highly controversial.
Some scientists say that the invasion and the yoke preserved the political fragmentation in Rus', others argue that the yoke gave impetus to the unification of Russians.
Question
Alexander is invited to reign in Novgorod, he was then 15 years old, and in 1239 he marries the daughter of the Polotsk prince Bryachislav.
With this dynastic marriage, Yaroslav sought to consolidate the union of the northwestern Russian principalities in the face of the threat looming over them from the German and Swedish crusaders. The most dangerous situation developed at that time on the Novgorod borders. The Swedes, who had long competed with the Novgorodians for control over the lands of the Finnish tribes of Em and Sum, were preparing for a new onslaught. The invasion began in July 1240. The Swedish flotilla under the command of Birger, the son-in-law of the Swedish king Eric Kortavy, passed from the mouth of the Neva to the fall of the river.
Izhora. Here the Swedes made a stop before advancing on Ladoga, the main northern fort of the Novgorodtsev post. Meanwhile, Alexander Yaroslavich, warned by the sentinels about the appearance of the Swedish flotilla, hastily left Novgorod with his squad and a small auxiliary detachment. The calculation of the prince was based on the maximum use of the factor of surprise. The blow should have been delivered before the Swedes, who outnumbered the Russian army, had time to completely disembark from the ships. On the evening of July 15, the Russians swiftly attacked the Swedes' camp, trapping them on a cape between the Neva and Izhora.
Thanks to this, they deprived the enemy of freedom of maneuver and at the cost of small losses, all 20 people. This victory secured the northwestern border of the Novgorod land for a long time and earned the 19-year-old prince the glory of a brilliant commander. In memory of the defeat of the Swedes, Alexander was nicknamed Nevsky. In 1241, he expelled the Germans from the fortress of Koporye, and soon freed Pskov. The further advance of the Russian troops to the northwest, bypassing Lake Pskov, ran into fierce resistance from the Germans.
Alexander retreated to Lake Peipsi, pulling up all available forces here. The decisive battle took place on April 5, 1242. The battle formation of the Germans had the traditional wedge shape for the crusaders, at the head of which were several rows of the most experienced heavily armed knights. Knowing about this feature of knightly tactics, Alexander deliberately concentrated all his forces on the flanks, in the regiments of the right and left hands. He left his own squad - the most combat-ready part of the army - in ambush in order to bring it into battle at its most critical moment.
In the center, along the very edge of the Uzmeni bank (channels between Lake Peipsi and Pskov), he placed the Novgorod infantry, which could not withstand the frontal attack of the knightly cavalry. In fact, this regiment was initially doomed to defeat. But having crushed and thrown it to the opposite shore (to the island of Voronii Kamen), the knights inevitably had to substitute the weakly protected flanks of their wedge under the blow of the Russian cavalry.
In addition, now the Russians would have a shore behind their backs, and the Germans would have thin spring ice. The calculation of Alexander Nevsky was fully justified: when the knightly cavalry broke through a pig regiment, it was taken in pincers by the regiments of the Right and Left hands, and a powerful attack by the prince's squad completed the rout.
The knights turned into a stampede, while, as Alexander Nevsky expected, the ice could not stand it, and the waters of Lake Peipus swallowed up the remnants of the crusading host.
World around 4th grade
Hard times on Russian soil
1. Circle the border of Rus' at the beginning of the 13th century with a red pencil.
Mark on the map with arrows the path of Batu Khan in Rus'.
Write down the dates when Batu Khan attacked the cities.
Ryazan- end of 1237
Vladimir- in February 1238
Kyiv- in 1240
3. Read the poem by N. Konchalovskaya.
Previously, Rus' was specific:
Each city separate
Avoiding all neighbors
Ruled by a specific prince,
And the princes did not live together.
They would need to live in friendship
And one big family
Protect your native land.
I would be afraid then
Horde attack them!
Answer the questions:
- What does specific prince mean?
Rus' by the middle of the XII century broke up into separate principalities, which were ruled by specific princes.
- How did the princes live? The princes did not live together, there were civil strife.
- Why were the Mongol-Tatars not afraid to attack Russian lands? The Russian princes were unable to unite to repulse the enemy because of the fragmentation of the Russian principalities.
Match the battle with its date.
5. Read the description of the battle on Lake Peipus.
The Russians fought furiously. Yes, and how not to fight without rage, when children and wives were left behind, villages and cities were left, native land with a short and sonorous name Rus was left.
And the crusaders came like robbers.
But where there is theft, there is cowardice side by side.
Fear took the dogs-knights, they see - the Russians are pushing them from all sides. Heavy horsemen cannot turn around in a crush, do not escape.
And then the Russians used hooks on long poles. They will hook the knight - and off the horse. He crashes on the ice, but he cannot get up: it hurts awkwardly in thick armor. Here he is off his head.
When the battle was in full swing, the ice suddenly crackled under the knights and cracked. The crusaders went to the bottom, pulled their heavy armor.
The crusaders did not know such a defeat until that time.
Since then, the knights have looked eastward with fear.
They remembered the words spoken by Alexander Nevsky. And this is what he said:
(O. Tikhomirov)
Answer the questions:
- Why did the Russians fight furiously? They defended their native land
- Why was it hard for the crusader cavalry in battle?
Russian lands and principalities 12-13 century (p. 1 of 6)
The Crusader cavalry were heavy, clumsy.
- What did the Russians use hooks for? They hooked the knights with hooks and dragged them off the horse.
- What words of Alexander Nevsky did the knights remember? Underline these words of the Russian prince in the text. Remember them.
The social, political and cultural development of the Old Russian state took place in close interaction with the peoples of the surrounding countries. One of the first places among them was occupied by the mighty Byzantine Empire, the closest southern neighbor of the Eastern Slavs. peaceful economic, political and cultural ties, and sharp military clashes On the one hand, Byzantium was a convenient source of military booty for the Slavic princes and their warriors On the other hand, Byzantine diplomacy sought to prevent the spread of Russian influence in the Black Sea region, and then try to turn Russia into a vassal of Byzantium At the same time, there were constant economic and political contacts. Evidence of such contacts is the existence of permanent colonies of Russian merchants in Constantinople, known to us from Oleg’s agreement with Byzantium (911). Trade exchange with Byzantium is reflected in a large number of Byzantine items found on the territory our country After Christianization, cultural ties with Byzantium intensified
Russian squads, crossing the Black Sea on ships, raided coastal Byzantine cities, and Oleg even managed to take the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople (in Russian - Tsargrad) Igor's campaign was less successful
In the second half of the 10th century, some Russian-Byzantine rapprochement was observed. Olga's trip to Constantinople, where she was friendly received by the emperor, strengthened relations between the two countries. Byzantine emperors sometimes used Russian squads for wars with their neighbors.
A new stage in Rus''s relations with both Byzantium and other neighboring nations falls on the time of the reign of Svyatoslav, the ideal hero of Russian chivalry Svyatoslav conducted an active foreign policy He clashed with the powerful Khazar Khaganate, which once levied tribute from the territory of Southern Russia Already under Igor, in 913, 941 and 944, Russian warriors made campaigns against the Khazars, achieving a gradual release of the Vyatichi from paying tribute to the Khazars. Svyatoslav (964- 965), defeating the main cities of the Khaganate and capturing its capital Sarkel. The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate led to the formation of Russian settlements on the Taman Peninsula. Tmutarakan Principality and to the liberation from the power of the Khaganate of the Volga-Kama Bulgarians, who after that formed their own state - the first state formation of the peoples of the Middle Volga and Kama region
The fall of the Khazar Khaganate and the advance of Rus' in Pricher- 54
In an effort to mutually weaken Russia and Danubian Bulgaria, against which Byzantium pursued an aggressive policy, the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phocas offered Svyatoslav a campaign in the Balkans Svyatoslav won a victory in Bulgaria and captured the city of Pereyaslavets on the Danube This result was unexpected for Byzantium There was a threat of uniting the Eastern and Southern Slavs into one state, with which Byzantium would not have been able to cope. Svyatoslav himself said that he would like to transfer the capital of his land to Pereyaslavets
To weaken Russian influence in Bulgaria, Byzantium used Pechenegs This Turkic nomadic people was first mentioned in the Russian chronicle under 915. Initially, the Pechenegs roamed between the Volga and the Aral Sea, and then, under pressure from the Khazars, they crossed the Volga and occupied the Northern Black Sea region. then Byzantium from time to time managed to “hire” the Pechenegs for attacks on the other side. So, during Svyatoslav’s stay in Bulgaria, they, apparently at the instigation of Byzantium, raided Kiev. Svyatoslav had to urgently return to defeat the Pechenegs, but soon he again went to Bulgaria , a war with Byzantium began there. Russian squads fought fiercely and bravely, but the Byzantine forces were too outnumbered.
a peace treaty was concluded, Svyatoslav's squad got the opportunity to return to Russia with all their weapons, and Byzantium was satisfied only with the promise of Russia not to attack
However, on the way, on the Dnieper rapids, apparently having received a warning from Byzantium about the return of Svyatoslav, the Pechenegs attacked him. Svyatoslav died in battle, and the Pecheneg prince Kurya, according to chronicle legend, made a bowl from Svyatoslav's skull and drank from it at feasts. According to the ideas of that era , this manifested, paradoxically as it may seem, respect for the memory of the fallen enemy, it was believed that the military prowess of the owner of the skull would go to the one who drinks from such a bowl
A new stage of Russian-Byzantine relations falls on the reign of Vladimir and is associated with the adoption of Christianity by Russia. Shortly before this event, the Byzantine emperor Vasily II turned to Vladimir with a request to help with the armed forces in suppressing the uprising of the commander Barda Foki, who captured Asia Minor, threatened the field of Constantine and claimed to the imperial throne In exchange for help, the emperor promised to marry his sister Anna to Vladimir
was in no hurry with the promised marriage.
This marriage was of great political importance. Just a few years earlier, the German emperor Otto II had failed to marry the Byzantine princess Theophano. Byzantine emperors occupied the highest place in the feudal hierarchy of the then Europe, and marriage to a Byzantine princess sharply raised the international prestige of the Russian state.
In order to achieve the fulfillment of the terms of the agreement, Vladimir laid siege to the center of the Byzantine possessions in the Crimea - Chersonese (Korsun) and took it. The emperor had to fulfill his promise. Only after that, Vladimir made the final decision to be baptized, because, having defeated Byzantium, he ensured that Russia did not have to follow in the wake of Byzantine policy. Rus' became on a par with the largest Christian powers of medieval Europe.
This position of Rus' was also reflected in the dynastic ties of the Russian princes.
So, Yaroslav the Wise was married to the daughter of the Swedish king Olaf - Indigerda. Yaroslav's daughter - Anna was married to the French king Henry I, another daughter - Elizabeth became the wife of the Norwegian king Harald. Hungarian queen was the third daughter - Anastasia.
The granddaughter of Yaroslav the Wise - Eupraxia (Adelheida) was the wife of the German Emperor Henry IV.
Russian lands and principalities 12-13 century
One of the sons of Yaroslav - Vsevolod was married to a Byzantine princess, the other son Izyaslav - to a Polish one. Among the daughters-in-law of Yaroslav were also the daughters of the Saxon margrave and Count Stadensky.
Rus' also had lively trade relations with the German Empire.
Even on the remote periphery of the Old Russian state, on the territory of present-day Moscow, was found dating back to the 11th century. a lead trade seal originating from some Rhenish city.
The constant struggle of Ancient Rus' had to be waged with the nomads. Vladimir managed to establish a defense against the Pechenegs. Nevertheless, their raids continued. In 1036, taking advantage of the absence of Yaroslav, who had left for Novgorod, in Kiev, the Pechenegs laid siege to Kiev.
But Yaroslav quickly returned and inflicted a severe defeat on the Pechenegs, from which they were never able to recover. They were forced out of the Black Sea steppes by other nomads - the Polovtsy.
Polovtsy(otherwise - Kipchaks or Cumans) - also a Turkic people - back in the 10th century.
lived in the territory of North-Western Kazakhstan, but in the middle of the X century. moved to the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region and the Caucasus. After they ousted the Pechenegs, a huge territory came under their rule, which was called the Polovtsian steppe or (in Arabic sources) Desht-i-Kipchak.
It stretched from the Syr Darya and the Tien Shan to the Danube. For the first time, the Polovtsians are mentioned in Russian chronicles under 1054, and in 1061.
first encounter with them. 56
“The Polovtsy came first to the Russian land to fight” The second half of the XI-XII centuries - the time of the struggle of Rus' with the Polovtsian danger
So, the Old Russian state was one of the largest European powers and was in close political, economic and cultural relations with many countries and peoples of Europe and Asia.
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