Children's bench technology project. Creative project “Making a bench. I. product design

Zaitseva Ludmila Vladimirovna
Job title: technology teacher
Educational institution: MBOU "Verkhne-Idinskaya secondary school"
Locality: village Tikhonovka
Material name: Methodical development. Creative project.
Subject: Making a bench
Publication date: 20.03.2016
Chapter: secondary education

Municipal budgetary educational institution"Upper-Idinskaya secondary school"
Creative

project

technologies

bench

»
Performed by a student of the 7th "B" class Temirkhazhiev Ramzan Technology teacher of the 1st qualification category Zaitseva Lyudmila Vladimirovna. Tikhonovka. 2014
explanatory

a note
:
1. Relevance of the topic. 2. Collection of information. 3.Tools and materials. 4. Graphic documentation. 5.Technological documentation: Route map. 6. Economic justification project. 7. Conclusions. 8. List of used sources. 9. Applications: Presentation: "Bench"
1. Relevance of the topic.

2. Collection of information.
The apartment in which we live, work and relax should be comfortable, cozy and, of course, beautiful. To achieve this, it is not at all necessary to spend large sums of money. To do this, you need to do a lot with your own hands. The main thing in this project is that the product can be made independently. The history of chairs goes back to ancient times. Even ancient people realized the usefulness and necessity of such a thing, on which one could sit down and
relax. The chairs of the primitive man were a flat stone with jagged edges. Subsequently, people began to improve the chair, adding some details to it. Gradually, he began to take, albeit remotely, a modern look. In more recent times, chairs adorned with precious stones and made of expensive materials have become a luxury item. Royal chairs (thrones) were hollowed out from a huge block of marble, inlaid with diamonds and other precious stones, and trimmed with gold. Hunters and fishermen also use chairs, and a wide variety of objects can play their role: boxes, even stones, logs, etc. Every home has chairs. Their designs in different times were different and corresponded to different ideas of people about beauty and convenience. These were the chairs different varieties wood, ranging from cheap pine to extremely expensive mahogany. There are also several more popular modifications of the chair - armchairs, rocking chairs, sofas, ottomans. And although they look different, their purpose is exactly the same. The traditional wooden chair most commonly uses four-legged designs, but you can find specimens that have only three legs or even two. The product that I decided to make should be neat, beautiful and durable. I decided to make a bench from wood, in this case is best made from pine wood waste materials. Pine - refers to coniferous wood species. Pine wood is soft, has a beautiful texture and color. It is used in carpentry and furniture production. Having studied the theoretical material, the history of the emergence and development of the issue, I decided to make a product using the woodworking technique, with which it would be possible to make a bench from wood for my mother, so that it would be convenient for her to sit down and do work in the kitchen, for example, peel potatoes, or just relax.

3.Tools and materials:
electric planer, electric jigsaw, electric grinding, electric screwdriver Ruler, square, template, pencil, Needle file, sandpaper,sandpaper - grain size 180 and 100, putty on wood, self-tapping screws 35mm long Blanks from waste wood (pine) 200mm wide, 150mm long, 15mm thick

LakNTs, brush

4. Graphic documentation.
Bench seat 1 piece 300mm Bench leg 2 pieces 150mm 150mm
Bench cross 1 piece
5. Technological documentation:

Manufacturing route map

benches
Stool Materials: wood(pine)
No. Sequence of execution

technological operations

Tools and fixtures

1
Select a workpiece with a processing allowance, process it to size Ruler, template, electric planer
2
Mark and cut the workpiece Pencil, ruler, square, electric jigsaw
3
Cut parts according to the template Templates, pencil, electric jigsaw
4
Details sanded Electric sanding, sanding - grit 180 and 100
5
Connecting the parts of the bench: cross bars with legs, then bench seats with a cross bar, 2 screws each Electric screwdriver, 35 mm self-tapping screws
6
Finishing: sanding, putty, varnishing Sandpaper, putty, varnish, brush 180mm 600mm 190mm

6. Economic justification of the project
This bench is easy to manufacture, made from waste materials. It can be used all the time, at home and in the garden. It is made from materials that will last long and reliably. All connections are made with self-tapping screws without pre-drilling, since pine is a soft tree. The product was painted with a brush, without the use of airbrushes, work with electric tools was carried out for only 1 hour, at a rate of 0.504 rubles per kWh, so the cost of paying for electricity is approximately 19 rubles.
Costs for the manufacture of benches Name of materials Price per unit of measurement of materials Cost of materials Wood 0.012m 3 66.6 rub. 865 rub. Lacquer NTs 20 ml 20 rub. 40 rubles Sandpaper 1pc. 40 rubles 40 rubles Self-tapping screws 8 pcs. 50kop. 40 rubles Total 984 I spent 6 lessons on making a bench, and spent 984 rubles on the material, so I value my work at 1200 rubles. If I sell this bench, I will make a profit of 216 rubles. That means: making the product yourself is much cheaper than buying it in a store.
7. Conclusions.

During the manufacture of this bench, I received great aesthetic pleasure. When making such products, a person develops artistic, aesthetic taste, creative thinking, accuracy, accuracy in the execution of details are brought up. I improved my woodworking skills. I learned a lot historical facts, for example, how chairs gradually changed and turned into very interesting things, the houses of rich people were decorated. Now very beautiful chairs have become available to any person, you just need to have the desire and diligence. 8.
Route map:
making benches
1. Select a blank from a board 15-20 mm thick ruler, pencil 2. Mark and cut out the outline of the product Pencil, ruler, electric jigsaw, template
3.Clean the product, round sharp edges and corners: electric grinding, sandpaper 4. Fastening and assembly of the product: drill, self-tapping screws
5. Product finishing: sandpaper 6. Product painting: varnish, brush
9. List of used sources.
1. Myznikov V.A. "Carpentry 1 and 2 hours" 2. Derkachev A.A., Karabanov I.A., Shchur N.K., Gulak K.G. "Technical work grades 5-7"
3. Fedotov G.N. "Give people beauty" 4. "Decorative and applied art." O.N.Markelova. (additional education) 5. Technology "Creative projects". A.V. Zhadaeva, A.V. Pyatkova. 6. 3oo responses to amateurs artwork on wood.V.D.Tusarchuk. 7. Directory of carpenters and carpenters V.P. Zhukov, Leontiev P.A. 8. Technical creativity of students Yu.S. Stolyarov., D.M. Komskoy. 9. Technology of wood processing. 5-9 I.A. Karabanov

"Metal cutting" - The position of the locksmith's body. Machine edit. Editing hardened parts. Tooth alignment. Hand scissors. Cold and hot straightening. Square hammer head. Cutting types. Metal bending. Saw blade. Editing technique. When cutting, do not allow the blade to heat up. Correct plates. Teeth angle values.

"Metal cutting" - It is not always possible to complete the cutting. High quality work. Metal cutting. Chisel and hammer. Before cutting, the workpiece is fixed in a vice slightly to the left of the right edge. The movement of the hacksaw forward is working. Cutting metal with a hacksaw. Getting started, you should adjust the tension of the canvas.

"Chasing" - Varieties of chased works. Chasing. Foil stamping. Artistic coinage. Sheet metal. Chaser's tools. Making a photo frame from foil. Materials for chased works. Chasing (stamping on foil). Novgorod chasers. Finishing operation. Ancillary materials. Connect the cardboard frame and the foil frame.

"Filing metal" - Scheme of the movement of the file. Types of sawing. Inspection of appearance. Manual filing rules. File. Tool for control. Final briefing. topic learner. Target rounds. Reception of filing a wide plane. filing flat surfaces. Formation of skills. Filing techniques.

"Electrical Engineering at School" - Electric wires. Practical work. Types of lamps. Winding the wire of the electromagnet. Electricity. Electrical measuring instruments. heating elements. Probe. Safety regulations. Sealed heating element. Electrical tools. Thermal relay. Thematic planning.

"Technology at school" - We must learn to understand labor as creativity. Technology modules. Cooking. Sandwich fantasy. Materials Science. Professional self-determination. Modeling, designing and manufacturing of clothes. Engineering. Needlework. material technology. Everything that is in the furnace - swords on the table.

Total in the topic 32 presentations

Introduction

Chapter 1. Product Design.

1.1. Characteristics of the design of furniture for various purposes

1.2. Requirements for the construction of joinery products.

1.3. The procedure for the manufacture of joinery

1.4. Technical features project.

Chapter 2. Economic justification of the project

2.1. Marketing plan

2.2. Organizational plan and risks

2.3. Financial plan

Chapter 3 Routing product manufacturing (Appendix No. 1).

INTRODUCTION

Objects and ensembles of the material environment created by man are one of the oldest areas of artistic creativity. Already at the dawn of civilization, simultaneously with the improvement of the first tools of labor, household items, collective symbolic actions, early forms of artistic comprehension of the surrounding, transformed world were also formed. Throughout the history of mankind, a diverse technique of artistic processing of products has been developing, new materials have been mastered, the scope of the applied artist's activity has expanded, and his tasks have become more complicated.

From the first steps, applied art revealed its characteristic close connection with the material and technical culture of society, on the one hand, and phenomena of specifically artistic activity, primarily fine arts, on the other hand. In the future, in the era of the highest prosperity, the trend of an organic alloy of utilitarian utility and beauty of products, spiritual and stylistic commonality with works of architecture, painting, sculpture, music, and poetry is preserved and intensified in it. Development in close unity with all other types of art is one of the laws of applied art.

There are carpentry wood processing manually, partially mechanized, as well as fully mechanized, carried out in factories with serial or mass production.

Tools for manual and mechanized processing differ in different shapes and different nature of its movement.

In the production of furniture by mechanization, there are such phases as cutting, drying, material preparation, machining of parts, assembly of semi-assemblies, assemblies and finished products, as well as finishing. With manual furniture manufacturing, all these operations are often performed by one worker. It takes much more energy and time to complete than mechanized or partially mechanized production.

Behind last years in sawmilling, large-scale production of sawn timber packaging and aggregate processing of large timber products are organized. In the wood-based panel industry, production capacities have increased significantly due to the intensification of production and its technical re-equipment. Plywood enterprises are gradually switching to the production of efficient large-format plywood. For many years, the furniture industry has ensured a stable increase in the volume of furniture production, mainly due to the technical re-equipment of enterprises, the intensification of production, and the improvement of its organization.

At present, tens of thousands of woodworking machines of more than 800 models are produced annually, mechanized and automated production lines for woodworking, specialized equipment for the production of particle boards, near-machine and transport equipment, as well as auxiliary equipment for sharpening and preparing wood-cutting tools have been created.

The continuous improvement of woodworking production and the use of in-line processing methods place increased demands not only on equipment, machines, but also on the organization of its maintenance.

I. PRODUCT DESIGN

1.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DESIGN OF FURNITURE FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSE

Any furniture should be comfortable to use, durable, and appearance and dimensions correspond to its purpose; it must also meet sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic requirements at a price that is affordable to the general consumer.

Ease of use depends on the correct choice of design and shape of furniture. Furniture should be light and adapted to the room in which it is used. Based on scientific research and practical data, the most appropriate dimensions of furniture and its constituent parts, therefore, all enterprises produce furniture in standard sizes.

The shape of the furniture should provide ease of use. For example, the back of a chair should have a slope of 10° - 14°, the back of a chair 10° - 15°. Chair and bench seats should be tilted down 1.5° - 2° towards the backrest. Chair and stool seat height and depth, table height, etc. must exactly match the size and shape of the human body. Desk drawers and bureaus should be placed so that the person sitting behind them can conveniently pull them out. For convenience, in two-pedestal desks, a middle drawer is often not made between the cabinets; at single-pedestal tables, the cabinet should be placed on the left side of the person sitting at the table.

In written and kitchen tables the kings are made in such a way as not to interfere with the person sitting behind them.

Bedroom furniture and furniture intended for culture houses and clubs should create conditions for relaxation.

The strength of furniture depends on the design, dimensions of parts, methods of connecting parts and assemblies. It also depends on the quality of the materials and their processing.

The components are not subjected to the action of forces in compression and bending, less often in tension and shearing.

Wood is more resistant to compression and tension along the fibers, and to shear forces - across the fibers. When designing furniture, you need to connect the parts in such a way that they are in the most favorable conditions.

To obtain durable furniture, it is necessary to design it so that the direction of the fibers and layers in individual parts coincides with the direction of compressive and tensile forces and is perpendicular to bending. If you do not adhere to this rule, then the product will quickly collapse, even if you increase the cross section of the composite parts.

The side of the chair, stool, bench and table is subjected to bending, so it is also necessary that the direction of the drags in the component parts of the side is perpendicular to the forces acting on it.

The cross section of individual structural parts of furniture is set depending on the quality of the material from which they should be made. Therefore, when designing furniture, you need to keep fixed dimensions, which will provide the desired strength of the product and at the same time economical use of wood.

During use, individual structural parts of furniture in the event of drying and cracking of wood change shape and size. Therefore, the furniture must be designed so that the change in the size of the components occurs freely. Failure to comply with this rule may result in a reduction in the period of use of furniture, a decrease in its artistic value, or damage to individual parts and even the entire item. For example, the seat of a stool with the base must be connected in such a way that the deformation of the seat from changes in temperature and humidity of the surrounding air proceeds freely, without changing the shape and strength of the entire product. If we connect such a seat tightly, then it will deform and quickly wear out.

1.2. STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS
JOINERY PRODUCTS

The design of joinery products depends on the conditions of their use and on the material from which they must be made. When designing, advanced technology of joinery products, the possibility of mechanization of work, and economical consumption of materials should be provided. This can be achieved by unifying the component parts and bringing their sizes closer to the normalized sizes of lumber. The shape and dimensions of the designed product must comply with the specifications.

Basically, all joinery is made of wood, which, as you know, changes shape and size under the influence of moisture and temperature. Depending on the conditions in which this product is used, these changes may occur to a large extent. Therefore, they must be taken into account when designing.

The change in the shape and size of wood under the influence of moisture and temperature depends on many factors, such as the structure of the wood, the direction of the fibers, etc. For example, let's say that a glued table top with dimensions of 700x750 mm can change the width up to 15 mm. If the free change of wood is prevented, then the stress that occurs in it can reach up to 100 kg / cm and will cause complete or partial damage to the product. Therefore, it is necessary to design products in such a way that the deformation proceeds freely without damaging the structure. In order for the entire product to have the necessary strength, it must have as much strength as possible. component parts, and the change in their shape and size should not be significant. The strength of the product is insufficient if the direction of the wood fibers in the individual components is not taken into account in the design and implementation.

The legs of the bench are subjected to longitudinal compression and bending. If the fibers are directed along the axis of the leg, then it will be strong. On the contrary, if the fibers are directed at a certain angle to the axis of the stem, then it will be the weaker, the larger this angle. Such a leg breaks easily during the fall of the bench, as well as when moving the loaded bench along the floor.

The shape and dimensions of the designed product must comply with the specifications.

The cost of joinery products largely depends on the production technology. To make products as cheap as possible, it is necessary to mechanize production processes. With the current level of technology and production technology, all components of various joinery products can be machined with great accuracy.

Furniture must also meet special requirements: technical, economic, aesthetic, hygienic.

Technical requirements. It is necessary to strive for the smallest number of component parts of the product and the mechanized method of their production; extensive unification of component parts and the possibility of their replacement.

economic requirements. It is necessary to strive to reduce the labor intensity of manufacturing joinery products and reduce material costs.

aesthetic requirements. Joinery should be distinguished by the proportionality of individual parts, a pleasant appearance and a beautiful finish. Furniture should be in harmony with everything else in the room.

hygiene requirements. Furniture during use should not adversely affect the normal functioning of the human body, should be comfortable and of appropriate size. Furniture should not have areas in which dust could clog and settle.

1.3. PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURING JOINER'S PRODUCTS

Joinery products, despite their external differences, are made according to one generally accepted plan. Usually the work is done in the following sequence:

1) calculation and preparation for work;
2) procurement of parts;
3) planing of blanks;
4) marking of parts;
5) processing of parts;
6) pre-assembly, fitting and checking of the product frame;
7) cleaning;
8) final assembly;
9) finishing.

Calculation and preparation for work. Regardless of whether one or many identical products will be made, whether they will be carried out by one or many workers, before proceeding with their implementation, it is necessary to think carefully about the following questions: what material should the product be made of, how many parts it contains, what they are size and shape, how they are connected to each other, what equipment and tools will be required and how to set them up; how to do a thing; how to process details; in what order to collect them one with the other; how to finish the product, how and how to decorate it.

Only by carefully thinking through each of these issues, you can ensure productive and successful work.

The simplest furniture includes benches and stools. Benches are made mostly of wood. conifers to the width of one board (200–300 mm). The most common species is Scots pine. It grows from the western borders of the country to the Amur and Ussuri rivers in the east, in the north it reaches the Far North; in the south it borders on the black earth belt, grows in the Crimea and the Caucasus.

Pine from the northern regions of the European part has higher rates: fine-layer, dense wood with high content late zone, narrow sapwood.

On the territory of Siberia best wood in a pine tree that grows in the western part (Irkutsk Region, Krasnoyarsk Territory). Pine wood is used in ship, car, bridge, construction, agricultural engineering, etc.

Pine wood occupies a major place in timber exports (exported in the form of sawn timber).

Any soft wood, it is advisable to paint the product oil paint or varnish. Oil varnishes are solutions of natural or synthetic resins in drying oils with the addition of synthetics and thinners. Resins in the composition of oil varnishes increase the hardness and gloss of the formed varnish films and improve their adhesion to the finished surface (adisium).

Drying of oil varnishes is different than that of alcohol varnishes, it lasts longer: it takes from 3 to 12 hours to dry from dust, and from 1 to 3 days to dry completely.

Films of oil varnishes differ in gloss, strength, water and weather resistance, and these properties largely depend on the ratio of oil and resin in the varnish.

Greasy varnishes contain 2-5 times more oils than resins. They form elastic films with high water and weather resistance, therefore they are used mainly for finishing outdoor products.

Skinny varnishes contain, 5 to 1.25 parts oil to 1 part resin. They dry faster, form films compared to fatty oils, are no less weatherproof and elastic, but are distinguished by good gloss and high hardness. Skinny varnishes are used for finishing products that are indoors.

The industry produces oil varnishes in a ready-to-use form. They can be diluted only to a small extent with turpentine or thinner gasoline. For the preparation of oil varnishes, compacted oil (polished or oxidized) and natural or synthetic resins are used. To make the varnish film dull, 2-3% wax, paraffin or ceresin is added to the composition of the oil varnish.

The spill of oil varnishes in comparison with the spill of spirit varnishes is slower, but should end in 10 minutes; varnishes with a longer pour are considered to be of poor quality.

Oil varnishes are packaged at paint factories and transported in the same way as alcohol varnishes. When storing oil varnishes, one should take into account their combustibility, in particular, the ability of spontaneous combustion of rags impregnated with it.

The bench consists of a seat board of legs and planks connecting the legs. Depending on the length of the bench, it is supplied with two or three pairs of legs with a cross section of 50–60 mm. The legs are connected to the seat board with hidden tires on glue or through tires with wedging. The legs are interconnected with planks with a section of 40x60 mm and through tires on glue. Often there are benches whose legs are made of boards, and not of bars. In this case, the benches have a stronger structure, and the longitudinal bar is replaced by supports.

Bench making. One version of the bench is shown in Fig. 1. Knitting methods are visible in the drawing.

Veneering should not be done, since a bench may be needed both in the bathroom and in the front garden under the window; children will certainly use it for their games.

The most difficult will be knitting in one spike. Joiners and model makers draw the entire future product, its components and parts on large sheets of plywood, trying to fit all the details on one sheet, including cuts in different directions. In a drawing made on an arbitrary scale, dimensions are not indicated; in a full-size drawing, they will be superfluous. So it is easier to imagine the sequence of manufacturing blanks, parts, methods of connection, assembly. According to the drawings, the marking of the blanks is also done. If there is no suitable sheet of graph paper, use a newspaper sheet, the colored pencil will be clearly visible. Convenience is also in the fact that the rulers and lines on newspaper pages, transverse and longitudinal, are always located with great accuracy at right angles.

We note right away that in this method of working drawings, the canons of the geometric construction of three-dimensional figures, the standards of drawing art, are deliberately violated. But it is known that in recent years, architects and design engineers have widely used volumetric modeling methods when a residential building or a factory building on a certain scale is first designed, made up of wooden squares, cubes, triangles and details of other configurations, and only then, when a rational grain is found , the layout is transferred to paper, drawn, detailed.

When making a full-size drawing, the largest contours are first drawn, in this case it will be a top view of the seat, because the height of the bench and the length do not exceed the dimensions of the cover. Then a contour is drawn with a pencil of a different color, as it is visible from the wide side, and, finally, the contour of the butt. It remains to make cuts, show how to connect parts into nodes. For complex products, it will not be superfluous to detail the nodes, especially those that have not yet been encountered in practice.

The design of a bench of 13 parts is widely known: four legs, four legs, four drawers (upper, more massive legs) and a seat. In the proposed version of the bench 11 parts, two less, but the stability and strength are compensated by the "spread" fit of the legs. And here is the payment for savings, for the retreat of the centuries-old proven scheme of a stool, a chair: in eight knots, not simple straight lines are used, but beveled at a small angle of connection of parts. More complex markings, not straight, but beveled nests, specific features of pressing “wrong” corner joints in clamps and clevises designed for compression at a right angle - all this is justified by the end result of labor. No one will say that a bench is a shortened stool, a low chair. No, this is exactly a bench, a comfortable footrest when working while sitting.

Sawing and planing blanks is no different from the usual. All workpieces have a rectangular section, only the ends of the transverse sides are sawn at an angle of 30–40°. And the sequence of operations for sawing spikes, marking, gouging lugs is somewhat different than in the manufacture of, for example, a square, clamps. In two longitudinal parts (prong and tsarga), the spikes are made straight, marked with a square according to the marks made by overlaying blanks on a full-size drawing. Through spikes on the legs are marked according to the marks on the edges of the workpieces, the marks are connected by lines using a ruler into a square.

Three prolegs are marked differently (one longitudinal and two transverse). The first one has straight through rectangular spikes, during assembly and gluing they are wedged for strength, all the others are also wedged to form square-section spikes, they are marked along the edges by superimposing on the drawing, the marks are transferred to the plate at a right angle. The marking of the spikes in the longitudinal direction in thickness is carried out only with a thickness gauge.

In the transverse direction, the spikes are sawn down, in the longitudinal direction they are chipped off with a chisel from four sides. At the same time, in order not to cut off the excess, it is necessary to take into account the direction of the wood fibers. Spikes on curly wood are best sawed in the longitudinal direction, for which the workpieces are clamped in a vice in a vertical position.

The eyes are formed only after all the spikes are made, verified according to the drawing, cleaned with a chisel. Nests are marked by imposing blanks with finished tires on blanks, which should have lugs. First, pencil marks are placed on one side, then, with the help of a square and a thickness gauge, they are transferred to both edges of the prolegs and plates, tsargs and legs. It is recommended to gouge nests located at an angle on both sides of the workpieces.

When all the tires and lugs are made, it is necessary to make a trial assembly of the parts into units, first in pairs of legs with prongs and drawers, then with longitudinal drawstrings and prongs. Possible distortions can be easily eliminated during pressing in clamps. If the connections are made more or less cleanly, there are no significant distortions, then you can do without pressing: it will be replaced by wedging through spikes, the only exception is the longitudinal side. The corners are oval, sawn with a jigsaw according to preliminary marking using a template cut out of cardboard. The marking of ovals can also be done with a compass, but the easiest way is along the contour of a suitable round object superimposed on plywood.

It is necessary to prepare in advance wooden wedges of such sizes: length 20–25, width 8–10, thickness no more than 3 mm. They are made from a piece of oblique wood, which is split with a wide chisel or an ordinary knife, the ends are sharpened. Wedges will need more than a dozen - according to the number of nests.

When everything is ready, you can start assembling the nodes for gluing. The order is the same as during the trial assembly, the glue should not be too thick and cold, since it will take at least 10 minutes for all work with pressing, during which time the cold and thick glue will turn into a gelatinous mass and will not be absorbed well into the pores of the wood.

Glue is applied both to the spikes and to the eyes. The spikes of the legs glued in pairs are immediately wedged. Wedges lubricated with glue are best hammered not along the edges of the nests, even if there are gaps, but into the ends of the spikes, having previously made notches with a narrow chisel. Great efforts should not be made when driving wedges; their ends must be cut down with a chisel immediately after gluing only on the sides.

Then pairs of legs with a proleg are glued together, the spikes are wedged, the spikes of the longitudinal tsarga, cutouts in the transverse tsargs, as well as the layers of all three tsargs, to which the seat cover is glued, are glued. The latter should be pressed with clamps. A piece of wood or plywood is placed under the screws, or even better, a plank for the entire length of the lid. If one side of the plank is convex, then it is with this side that it is placed on the seat, then the clamp will be more reliable.

As a rule, one adhesive bond happens to be enough. However, if it turns out that the edges of the cover do not fit snugly against the ends of the transverse sides, then they can be strengthened with four screws no longer than 22 mm. The glued bench should be put on its legs to dry for 4–5 hours. First, the parallelism of the parts is checked by eye. Existing deviations are corrected with light blows of a hammer or simply by hand.

Finishing consists in trimming protruding spikes and wedges, cleaning dried glue with a chisel, puttying the ends, cleaning all surfaces with sandpaper, and painting. The ends of the legs, after alignment with two parallel rulers, as was done when checking the correct planing, must be sawn off at an appropriate angle so that the ends are parallel to the plane of the cover, floor. Bevels are made on the edges.

Garden bench. Second option. Varnish for finishing is unsuitable, only oil painting is possible. The blanks should be glued not with skin, but with casein glue.

But for the design of a garden bench, the creative scope is boundless. They are made of wood and wicker, of stumps and logs, metal and brick, concrete and ceramics. There are even grass benches. With and without backs, stationary and mobile, with a folding back and a seat that folds down in case of rain, low, like children's, and high, with a retractable or reclining additional footstool. Do not count the ways of finishing. But we offer one version of a portable, very light wooden garden bench, and then only to show the possible ways and techniques of carpentry joints that will be constantly exposed to the damaging effects of moisture and sun.

To make such a bench, you will need up to a cheek 1200 mm long, 40 to 80 mm wide and up to 20 mm thick; bars for legs with a section of 50x50 and short boards or bars for drawers and prolegs with a section of 60x20 mm. The design is dominated by spike knitting of parts at a certain angle, since the four legs will not be vertical, but beveled to the sides. This position of the legs ensures good stability of the bench on uneven ground, in the grass. The marking of through spikes and nests will require high accuracy, so it is better to do it according to the drawing in full size.

As you can see from the drawing, all the spikes are wide enough to provide a strong bond. All tires are through, this allows the use of wedging, which will also increase the strength of the bench, made from lightweight materials. It can be carried and rearranged by a preschooler. Being well, tastefully painted, it can take its rightful place in holiday table on the terrace.

The material for blanks can be wood of any kind of wood, but without large and through knots. The strength of the joints involves the processing of all the main parts with a jointer, the accurate sawing of the spikes and the selection of sockets for them. Wedges are best made from hardwood, they should be wide enough, at least 20 mm, and sharpened with a chisel at an angle of no more than 25 °.

The boards for the seat are cut out from three sides, all other blanks from four. The markup is made by imposing on the drawing. First, the tongs are filed, then, after checking them, they are marked according to the drawing and the eyes are hollowed out. Trial assembly before gluing is required.

The final assembly on the glue is performed by knots. First, in pairs of bench legs. After pressing them in, drying for 6-8 hours, stripping the glue and wedges, the entire bench is re-assembled “dry”, checking the corners and, if necessary, additional adjustment.

For working on strawberry beds, a small, light bench is convenient, which is placed not on the side of the ridge, but across, above it, its legs rest on two aisles. The height of the bench depends on the height of the ridge, it is approximately 300 mm, the length of the seat is equal to the width of the ridge. The legs are splayed and tied on spikes or in a half-tree way with drawstrings. there are no prongs. Stability is provided by two planks nailed to the ends of the legs parallel to the row spacing.

Finishing - oil painting for two times.

1.4. TECHNICAL FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

The design of the product consists of:

1) Leg.
2) Cross bar.
3) Longitudinal plank.
4) Bar seat.

Parts manufacturing technology:

1) For the manufacture of legs, four bars are needed with dimensions of length 160 mm, height 410 mm, thickness 45 mm.
2) The transverse bar is made from a workpiece with dimensions of length 320 mm, height 40 mm, thickness 35 mm.
3) The longitudinal bar is made from a workpiece with dimensions of length 1400 mm, height 80 mm, thickness 20 mm.
4) The seat bar is made from a blank with dimensions of length 1800 mm, height 45 mm, thickness 80 mm.

The sequence of manufacturing parts is detailed above.

The material used is pine, the physical and technological properties of which are displayed above.

Calculation of the consumed amount of materials.

TOTAL: 0.0342 m 3

II. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT

2.1. Marketing plan

The distribution of the product at the initial stage will be carried out through its own warehouse-salon, 50 square meters will be allocated for this. area of the leased premises. In the future, it is planned to organize salons-shops in different districts of the city and in other large cities.

The firm applies a pricing approach: prices depending on competitors' prices. Average prices for custom-made pine furniture in Russia range from 6000 rubles. up to 15000 r. for 1 running meter. It is planned to enter the market with a price of 6000 rubles. for 1 running meter. But the price may rise depending on the complexity of manufacturing products and on the availability of fittings. We believe that such a price allows our products to be competitive and corresponds to the company's image as a manufacturer of high-quality and reliable products.

There will be a system of discounts:

when ordering more than 20,000 rubles. – 5% discount,
large wholesale partners (orders from 100,000 rubles) - up to 15%.

2.2 Organizational plan and risks

To establish stable work, you need to recruit the following staff:

To stimulate labor productivity, it is advisable, in addition to rates, to apply a system of interest.

2.3.Financial plan

1. When planning the volume of output for 2004, the following should be taken into account:

potential market capacity (according to the newspaper "Business" manufacturing firms with a production capacity of about 50 linear meters / month. (this is exactly the capacity our shop will have) per month (50x12=600 linear meters per year) they do not have time to satisfy demand);
the market capacity will increase by 20% in 2004 and 25% in 2005 due to a decrease in demand for imports;
our production at fully loaded can produce products, about twice as much.

2. Calculation of the cost price (in rubles) 1 unit. furniture (bench).

When calculating the cost, we use the following formula:

S=S (pack) / N + S (trans.), where

S is the cost;
S (pack) - conditionally fixed costs;
N is the planned annual output;
S (per) - variable costs.

Semi-fixed costs in rubles. (per year)

Variable costs (calculated per unit of production)

Cost calculation for 2004

S1 \u003d 35567, 40/360 + 156.38 \u003d 239.47 rubles.

2005

S2 \u003d 35567.40 / 432 + 156.38 \u003d 228.56 rubles.

2006

S3 \u003d 35567.40 / 540 + 156.38 \u003d 222.10 rubles.

Break even point calculation:

T 2004 = R post. / C-R per. = 35567.40 / 200.00 - 156.38 = 231.30 units

That. the break-even of our enterprise will be ensured by the implementation of 231.3 running meters. in 2004.

breakeven point chart

To ensure normal operation during the first year, it is necessary to attract investments in the amount of 50,209 rubles. Suppose that a bank loan will be received with the condition of repayment at the end of the first year 20%, at the end of the second year 25% and at the end of the third year 55% and 15% per annum (taking into account the return on the loan).

Calculation of loan amounts:

date	Loan received	Repayment of a credit	%
December 20, 2003	50209
December 31, 2004		10041,80	7531,35
December 31, 2005		12552,25	6025,08
December 31, 2006		27614,95	4142,24
TOTAL

Profit/loss calculation

2004

№	Indicators	Profit	Losses
1	Revenue	72000
2			50209,2
3	Profit from sales	24937,80
4	Loan interest paid		7531,35
5	Taxable income	17406,45
	income tax		5221,94
	Net profit	12184,52

2005

№	Indicators	Profit	Losses
1	Revenue	86400
2	Cost price finished products		55537,92
3	Profit from sales	30862,08
4	Loan interest paid		6025,08
5	Taxable income	24837
6	income tax		7451,10
	Net profit	17385,90

2006

№	Indicators	Profit	Losses
1	Revenue	108000
2	Cost of finished products		60534
3	Profit from sales	47466
4	Loan interest paid		4142,24
5	Taxable income	43323,76
6	income tax		12997,13
	Net profit	30326,63

Calculation of the financial assessment coefficients for 2004:

Product profitability \u003d Sales profit / Cost price \u003d 24937.80 / 50209.2 \u003d 0.50

Rate of return = Net profit / Investment = 12184.52 / 50209.2 = 0.24

Payback period:

Year	Net profit	Loan balance
		50209
2004	12184,52	38024,48
2005	17385,9	20638,58
2006	30326,63	0

2004: 20638.58/30326.63=0.68 years=8 months.

That. payback period of the project is 2 years 8 months.

Bibliographic description: Galashkin N. E., Romensky A. D. Creative project "Making a bench" // Young scientist. 2016. №6. S. 125-128..05.2019).

The sequence of the creative project.

Setting the task and goals;
The relevance of the project;
Theoretical information;
Selection and description of the project;
product requirements;
Equipment, tools and materials;
Product estimate;
Specification;
Manufacturing technology;
Safety precautions;
Ecological justification.
Self-esteem;
Glossary of terms;
List of references and other sources;
Leader's review.
Conclusions.

1. Statement of tasks and goals of the project.

Tasks:

‒ Development of independence and ability to solve creative problems.

- Cultivate diligence in yourself.

- Proper use of tools and equipment.

Goals: Learn how to use power tools and various devices.

2. Relevance.

Working with wood is a very interesting, albeit laborious, activity, which, like any creative activity, needs to be given in full. He, of course, needs to devote a lot of free time, he needs to set himself up for a good mood and perceive his work as useful and refined work that will come in handy at home.

3. Theoretical information

The product that I decided to make should be beautiful, neat and durable. I preferred to make a bench from wood, or rather from pine wood. Pine is a softwood, inexpensive, strong enough and has a beautiful texture

4. Choice andproject description.

First of all, my project should be beautiful, inexpensive, aesthetic, functional, small in size, useful at home.

5. Requirements for the product.

The product must be carefully crafted.
The product must comply with the specification.
The product must be beautiful.
The product must be durable.

6. Equipment, tools andmaterials

At work I needed:

Equipment:

- Workbench

Tools:

- electric jigsaw;

- electric drill;

- screwdriver;

- wood saw for electric jigsaw;

- a file for wood;

- square;

- roulette;

- drill;

- pencil;

- sandpaper;

- glass jar;

- gloves.

Materials:

- board 18*200*1200;

- board 18*200*800;

- universal screws for wood 4.5 * 20-10 pieces;

- universal screws for wood 5 * 40-10 pieces;

– mounting angles 20*40*40–8 pieces;

‒ Lacquer -0.5 l., color - oak.

7. Estimate of the product.

- board 18 * 200 * 1200 - 162 rubles;

- board 18 * 200 * 800–109 rubles;

- universal screws for wood 4.5 * 20–14 rubles;

- universal screws for wood 5 * 40–9 rubles;

- mounting angles 20 * 40 * 40–40 rubles;

- Varnish -0.5 l., - 111 rubles;

‒ Brush -40 rubles;

- sandpaper - 50 rubles;

- drill and file - 60 rubles;

- gloves - 15 rubles;

‒ electricity - 45 rubles.

Total: 655 rubles.

8. Specification.

A specification is a document that fully describes a design element. In our case, Figure 1 shows a detailed work instruction that describes exactly how something needs to be made.

9. Manufacturing technology

I make markings on wood with a pencil, a square and a tape measure according to the size of the blanks.
I cut wood on a workbench with an electric jigsaw and get blanks: a seat, two sidewalls, a jumper.
I mark the places for drilling and connect the legs with a jumper.
For greater reliability, in the sidewalls of the bench and in the connecting jumper, I drill guide holes for self-tapping screws with a drill that is smaller in diameter than the diameters of the self-tapping screws.
I connect the sides of the bench with a jumper using self-tapping screws with a screwdriver.
I connect the sides of the bench with the jumper with mounting corners using self-tapping screws and a screwdriver.
I mark out places for mounting corners on the seat and legs, attach the seat to the legs with a jumper.
clean up ready product sandpaper.
I varnish the finished product in two layers and leave to dry.

Rice. 1 Specification "Bench"

10. Safety

During work

Use the tool only for its intended purpose, serviceable, well-adjusted and sharpened.
The hacksaw must be sharply sharpened, the teeth are divorced.
Planer tools must be sharp
Technological operations (sawing, grinding, chiselling, drilling, joining parts) should be carried out on a workbench in designated places using fixtures, stops and backing boards.
Do not allow the workbench to be cluttered with waste, shavings.
Do not be distracted while working.
In case of damage to the tool during operation, immediately replace it.

After finishing work

Throw the rest of the materials, unfinished products into the trash bin.
Check the condition of the tools and put them back in place.

11. Environmental rationale

Natural wood product is environmentally friendly. It does no harm environment and are completely recyclable. A small environmental problem can be created by the use of furniture varnish. In general, my product is completely safe for humans and the environment.

12. Self-esteem

In my opinion, the project I developed turned out to be quite successful. It didn’t take me long to make it, it’s easy to use, it has small size, improves the interior of the room and one of the most important advantages is that it did not take a lot of money to make it.

It seems to me that I reasonably set a brief formulation of the problem, since I proceeded from my own needs and capabilities. The specification I compiled is very easy to understand.

The manufacturing process as a whole went well. To summarize my work, I am satisfied with the process of developing and manufacturing my project.

13. Glossary of terms

Wood is a tissue of plants, consisting of cells with lignified walls. Widely used as a structural material.

A workpiece is a subject of production from which a part is made by changing the shape, size, surface roughness and material properties.

Product - an object or a set of objects to be manufactured.

The main types of products are parts, assembly units and kits.

Jumper - a reinforcing part of the structure, necessary for the strength of the product.

14. Supervisor review

The undoubted advantage of the project is that it is easy to manufacture, has a low weight, and all it takes is just a little patience. He will delight others with his beauty for a long time. The very idea of unobtrusiveness of the project is important.

15. Conclusions:

‒ while working on the project, the student gets acquainted with the history of the manufacture of all kinds of different types of furniture;

- learn how to make various furniture projects;

- the student learns to use different types of tools;

‒ decorate the technology office and any living space.

Literature:

Kovalenko, V. I. Objects of labor: wood and metal processing / V. I. Kovalenko, V. V. Kulenenok. - M.: Enlightenment, 1990.
Richvik, E. V. We make woodwork: a book for students in grades 5–8 of secondary schools. - M .: Education, 1998.
Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Technician / comp. B. V. Zubkov, S. V. Chumakov.- M.: Pedagogy, 1980
Kovalenko V.I., Kulenenok V.V. Objects of labor: - M .: Education, 1990.
Pereplyotov A. N. Joinery 10–11 classes:-M. Humanite. ed. center VLADOS.

MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
KRASNNOZNAMENSKY BASIC EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL

EDUCATIONAL PROJECT ON TECHNOLOGY
"GYMNASTIC BENCH"

Supervisor:
technology teacher Budaev G.A.

2012-2013 academic year

Introduction
Chapter 1. Product Design.
1.1. Definition of needs.
1.2. Brief formulation of the problem.
1.3. Description of the project.
1.4. Environmental analysis of the project.
1.5. Advantages and disadvantages.
1.6. Criteria that the bench must meet.

Chapter 2. Economic justification of the project.

Chapter 3

Application.

Introduction

Currently, worldwide attention is paid to the formation of healthy lifestyle human life. Our country is actively promoting the system of popular Olympic education, especially in light of the preparations for the Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in 2014. Technology lessons at school can also help with this important task.

Chapter 1. PRODUCT DESIGN.

Our school gym has very little equipment, which makes it difficult for students to develop their physical abilities. Therefore, I decided to analyze the lack of equipment and concluded that some equipment can be made by hand. Based on our conditions, the equipment of the training workshops and the available material, I decided to make a gymnastic bench. Here, first of all, convenience, preservation of health, aesthetics are important.

1. Make a bench, suggest new creative improvements and interesting decorative solutions.
2. Ensure the cost of the product below the market.

I chose to make a bench because it is a necessary item in the gym to perform gymnastic and general developmental exercises. It should be noted that the main part of the bench are its legs. Their smallest number ensures stability. In the bench, the main load-bearing part that provides strength is the seat.

Before completing the project, I got acquainted with the different types of benches.
Despite the small number of parts, you can combine and design a large number of various options benches. The assembly of the product is often carried out on PVA glue with an additional screed using a cord and twist, of course, before that, it is necessary to check the product for squareness with a rail, measuring the diagonals of the frame, which should be the same length.
Having studied different kinds benches, I stopped on a bench with curly legs, fastening on screws and a seat. The assembly of my product is made on self-tapping screws. The legs of the bench are firmly connected with ties, which are located with an edge in relation to the seat, so that the seat does not sag under load.

For the manufacture of this bench, natural wood without chemical treatments. Painting does not pose any threat to the health of those involved.

The benefits of my product are:
1. The bench is handmade.
2.Cheaper than in the store.
3. The design of the product corresponds to the purpose.
4. Beauty.
5. Reliable fastenings (work on conscience).

Flaws:
In the event of a breakdown, there is no warranty card.

Materials for manufacturing - wood.

The product must be environmentally friendly and easy to manufacture.

The name is a gymnastic bench.

The volume of production is a single product.

Requirements for the product - the bench must correspond to the functional purpose.

The shape should more or less fit modern furniture. The product must be made in a workshop, the cost of a bench should not be large.

Aesthetic and moral values - satisfaction from the result of work. Creates additional opportunities for sports training.

Chapter 2. ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION OF THE PROJECT.

To calculate the cost of manufacturing a bench, you need to find out the cost of the material from which the legs, back, seat of the bench are made. The material for the bench can be selected, or you can buy. The volume of the wooden blank will be:
Two boards:
Board length 1.6m
Board width 30cm
Board thickness 45mm
Volume \u003d 1.6 x 03 x 0.04 \u003d 0.019 sq.m.
Let's calculate the cost of C1 wood, taking into account that 1 cubic meter. will cost 5000 rubles. We make a proportion
1 cubic meter = 5000 rubles.
0.019 x 5000 \u003d 95 rubles - the cost of one board
Also, my product is varnished, everything took half a bottle.
A bottle of varnish costs an average of 30 rubles
Therefore, I spent 15 rubles on varnish.
Self-tapping screws 6pcs = 18 rub.
95+18+15=128 rub.
So, the cost of making a bench is 128 rubles. If I sold the bench, I would get a good profit.
500-128 \u003d 372 rubles - benefits.
Where the market price is 500 rubles. As a result, my project turned out to be profitable, because when taking into account the costs and materials, it turned out that they were insignificant and the profit from the received bench turned out to be more than zero.
The cost of the bench does not include labor and electricity.