Transitive and intransitive verb in Russian. Ways of verbal action. Transitivity of polysemantic verbs

). Grammatically opposed to an intransitive verb. Transitivity- grammatical category of the verb, expressing its aspect. From this point of view, a transitive verb is a verb of valency 2 or more:

I grow potatoes- the verb "grow" is transitive, that is, it requires the addition of a patient (object of action). Without such an action is impossible (as a rule, they grow “something”).

The meaning of transitivity is that the agent (subject of action) and patient (object of action) are separated, I perform an action with something.

I'm going- the verb is intransitive, since the attachment of the patient is impossible (in fact, you can "something is", but you can not "something go").

The meaning of intransitivity - the agent and the patient are connected - roughly speaking, "I force myself to act."

It often happens, however, that a verb has several meanings, some of which are transitive, while others are not.

I run - I am running(verb in intransitive form).
I run a company - I run a company(the same verb in transitive form).

Transitivity is interesting, firstly, by its connection with the semantics of the verb, secondly, by a rare plan of expression, and thirdly, by its kinship with the categories of voice and reflexivity.

In semantic terms, many verbs with the meaning of the direct impact of the subject on the object are transitive ( beat, caress), sensory relationship ( be in love, hate), etc. Verbs with the meaning of movement are almost never transitive, since they cannot have a direct object.

The transitivity expression plan is interesting in that it goes beyond the word form, since its sign is the presence of a controlled noun. Transitive verbs are not verbs in passive voice And reflexive verbs. For example, correct: “Vasya saved Dorimedont”, incorrect: “Vasya saved Dorimedont”, “Vasya saved Dorimedont”. This is because the verb in the passive voice describes the state of the object, and not the actions of the subject in relation to it. Recurrence, on the other hand, marks the direction of the subject's action towards itself, the mutual direction of the action, etc., which also excludes the presence of a direct object.

Stylistically, transitive verbs are often culturally marked. for example, in Russian it is considered uncivilized to use a transitive verb without mentioning the object if it is not implied (for example: “What are you doing?” “Byu”); although there are exceptions (“What are you doing?” “Eating”). At the same time, some transitive verbs used without a corresponding noun acquire an additional euphemistic meaning. P. A. Vyazemsky wrote: “It is remarkable that in our common language the verb to take already implies bribes ... The verb to drink also by itself equals the verb to get drunk” (See: Vyazemsky P. A. Poems, memoirs, notebooks. M , 1988).

Literature

Beloshapkova V. A. Modern Russian language. (any edition).
Grammar of the modern Russian language. M, 1970.
Grammar of the modern Russian language in 2 vols. M, 1980.

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See what "Transitive Verb" is in other dictionaries:

About the verb as a part of speech in the languages of the world, see the article "Verb". In modern Russian, the infinitive is considered the initial (dictionary) form of the verb, otherwise called the indefinite form (according to the old terminology, the indefinite mood) of the verb. ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Verb (meanings). The verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions what to do? what to do? what did (a, and, o) do?. The verb can be ... ... Wikipedia

verb- ▲ part of speech expressing, change verb part of speech expressing change or state (he sleeps. he fell asleep. turns white). participle. gerund. bundle. transition. intransitive. verbal (# noun). inclination:… … Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

transition- I B/ and A/ pr; 109 claim see Appendix II = transitional (designed to move to another place, to another class, to another course, cf. ; 109 see Appendix II… … Dictionary of Russian accents

Verbs are independent parts of speech denoting the action of an object. They, like any part of speech, have constant features, that is, those that are characteristic of them in any form, no matter how the word is changed. One of these properties is transitivity.

What is the transitivity of the verb, how to determine the transitivity of the intransitiveness of the verb, what methods to use for this?

What is a transitive verb?

Transitive verbs denote an action that is directed to an object, "passes" to it. Such verbs have or may have words in the accusative case without a preposition.

Words with transitive verbs can also be in the genitive case in two cases:

When denoting a part of a whole, for example: drink milk (it is easy to replace with the accusative case - drink milk).
If there is a negation with the verb: do not complete the task (it is also easy to replace with the accusative case: do not complete the task).

Difficulties may arise in determining the transitivity of a verb. How to determine the transitivity of a verb? We propose an algorithm for how this can be done.

Algorithm for determining the transitivity of a verb

We find the verb. See if there are words in the sentence to which you can ask questions accusative(whom? what?), such words are called direct objects. If questions are asked and the words do not have a preposition, then these are transitive verbs. Remember that these additions are expressed by nouns or pronouns. Examples: "I read (what?) a book."; "I saw (whom?) him."
If there is no direct object with the verb, then we still ask questions of the accusative case and try to find a word that would answer these questions. It was said above that transitivity is a constant feature. This means that it will be characteristic of a transitive verb without an addition. For example: He said (what?) - we will easily pick up the word (truth); "I noticed (who?) them." BUT: "Hurry (whom? What?)" - the word is not selected, the verb is intransitive. "Laugh (of whom? What?)" - also intransitive.
If the complement of the verb is in the genitive case, has no preposition and denotes part of the whole, or the verb has a negation, then the verb will also be transitive. For example: "Drink (what?) Water."; "Don't write (what?) letters."

Remember: all reflexive verbs, that is, having the suffixes "-sya", "-s" - are intransitive, since the action is not directed at something or someone, but "returns" to the subject of the action: it seems, it seems, it is decided

In Russian, certain categories of verbs can attach a direct object. In this case, we are talking about transitive verbs. The article describes in detail the features of transitive and intransitive verbs with illustrative examples.

What is verb transitivity?

Transitivity of the verb- the grammatical category of verbs, reflecting the ability of the verb to attach a direct object. That is, transitivity indicates whether the verb can control non-prepositional nouns denoting the object of action (object, person, animal, etc.).

For example: visit the exhibition, eat sweets(direct object); grow before our eyes, stand near the door(indirect addition).

In Russian, there are transitive and intransitive verbs that differ in meaning and control features.

Features of transitive verbs

transitive verbs- these are verbs denoting a relationship or an action aimed at a specific object (object, person) and passing to this object. Transitive verbs govern the non-prepositional form of a noun in the accusative case.

If the verb is in the negative form, then the control is carried out by the noun in the genitive case. Also, the control of the genitive case is possible when it comes to part of the object.

Transitive and intransitive verbs. Lexical meaning

To determine transitivity, it is necessary to identify a key feature that acts as an object with a verb and has a certain case marking.

A transitive verb is a verb that has the meaning of an action that is directed at an object and changes or produces it (check work, dig a hole).

Intransitive verb - denotes movement or position in space, or moral state, or physical.

There are also so-called labile verbs. They can act as both transitive and intransitive (the editor rules the manuscript - the world is ruled by the person himself).

Syntactic difference

The syntactic difference between transitive and intransitive verbs is connected with lexical meaning. Transitive and intransitive verbs usually combine:

In addition, the object of action with transitive verbs can also be expressed in the genitive case, but only in such cases:

when designating a part of an object: buy water, drink tea;
if there is a negation with the verb: I have no right, I have not read the book.

Transitive and intransitive verbs (table) have such basic differences.

Morphological features

As a rule, these verbs do not have special ones. But still, certain types of word formation act as indicators of the transitivity or intransitivity of the verb. So a transitive verb is:

all verbs with the affix -sya (make sure);
denominative verbs in which the suffix -e- or -nicha- (-icha-) stands out: picky, exhaust, greedy.

Transitive verbs can be attributed, which were formed from adjectives with the help of the suffix -i-: green, blacken.

There are some cases when, by adding a prefix to intransitive non-prefixed verbs, they form transitive verbs. Examples: harm and neutralize.

If there is no object in the sentence, then the transitive verb performs the function of an intransitive one: The student writes well (the property inherent in this person is indicated).

Intransitive verbs contain a special group of reflexive verbs, their formal feature is the suffix -sya (wash, return).

Reflexive verbs. Peculiarities

Reflexive verbs are studied in the school curriculum, just like transitive verbs (Grade 6).

A reflexive verb denotes an action directed at oneself. It is formed with the help of a particle (postfix) -sya (-s).

We can distinguish the following main features of these verbs:

Firstly, they can come from both transitive verbs (put on - dress up) and intransitive ones (knock - knock). But still, reflexive (transitive verbs after adding the postfix -s (-sya)) in any case become intransitive (dress - dress).
Secondly, these postfixes are added: -sya - after consonants (wash, wash, wash), -s - after vowels (dressed, dressed). It is worth noting that participles are always written with the postfix -sya (dressing, washing).
Thirdly, reflexive verbs are formed in three ways: suffixal-postfixal - by adding a suffix and a postfix to the stem (rez + vi (t) sya), prefixed-postfixal (on + drink_sya), postfixal (wash + sya).

Formation of derivatives in -sya and passive participles

Since the main morphological properties of transitive verbs are the formation of derivatives into -sya and which is not typical for intransitive verbs, let's get acquainted with this process in more detail.

In most cases, a transitive verb is one that forms a passive participle or derivatives with the ending -sya, which can have a reflexive (hurry up), passive meaning (to be created), decausative (break).

The exceptions are the verbs add (in weight), cost, weigh, and most semelfactives in -nu (pick). In addition, these verbs do not form passive and reflexive derivatives.

But still, there are intransitive verbs that can form passive constructions. For example, the verb expect. It forms a passive from an intransitive construction with the addition of I expect Vasily to come - Vasily is expected to come.

Verb transitivity correlation

That transitivity does not have a single formal expression, there are still tendencies that associate the category of transitivity with the formal properties of the verb, for example, with verbal prefixes:

The vast majority of non-reflexive verbs with the prefix raz- are transitive (blur, push). The exceptions are: verbs denoting movement with the suffix -va- / -iva- / -a- (waving, driving around); verbs expressing spontaneous changes in the properties of an object, in particular containing the suffix -nu-, formed from intransitive verbs (to get wet, melt, swell); verbs containing thematic vowels -e-, which denote a change in properties (get rich, get rich); including - call, think.
Almost all containing the prefix from- are transitive (exceptions: get wet, dry out, please, and others).

Semantic properties of transitive verbs

The Russian language has a large class. In addition to those that are significantly affected by the situation, the verb can have a direct object that plays a different semantic role (for example, see, have, create - with these transitive verbs, nothing happens to the object, it is not destroyed, does not change).

So it turns out that the opposition in terms of transitivity should not be rigidly connected with the semantic class of the verb. This means that a transitive verb does not have to denote an agent-patient situation. However, some trends can still be noted.

So a transitive verb is:

Semantic properties of intransitive verbs

Having singled out the semantic properties of transitive verbs, we can determine the properties of all the others, that is, intransitive ones:

Single-place verbs that do not have additions, that is, they characterize a change in the state of the patient (direct object, significantly affected by the situation), which was not caused by the agent. Or a case is possible when the agent plays an insignificant role: die, rot, fall, get wet.
Double, having an indirect addition. That is, the verbs of help (with the exception of support): promote, help, indulge, help.
Verbs that are used with an object acting integral part agentive participant of the verb (move, move, wave).
Verbs of perception of a fictitious situation (count on, expect (what), hope for, hope for).

Non-canonical direct object types

It has been said more than once that the key property of transitive verbs is the ability to interact with a direct object in the accusative case. But there are such classes of verbs that are used not only with nouns and pronouns in the accusative case, but also with a word or expression of another part of speech, semantically identical to it to one degree or another. It can be:

prepositional phrase (I scratched behind his ear);
genitive group (grandfather did not read this newspaper);
adverbial group (he drinks a lot, I decided so);
sentential actant (infinitive turnover - I like to go to the theater; subordinate clause used together with the union -to or -that - I understand that he will go to the sea; subordinate clause together with the union -when - I don't like it when it rains).

Some of the constructions listed can not only replace the direct object used with transitive verbs, but can also be used to express a similar function with intransitive verbs. Namely:

Analogues of the above additions in the accusative case have to varying degrees the prototypical properties of direct additions.

Summing up

Despite the fact that this topic is one of the difficult ones, we were able to determine what a transitive verb means. They also learned to distinguish it from the intransitive and to single out the recurrent ones among the latter. And to prove this, let's give an example of phrases with transitive verbs, with intransitive and reflexive:

transitional: paint walls, treat a patient, read a book, sew a suit, expand a sleeve, buy tea, drink water, has no right, pump a child;
intransitive: walking the streets, believing in good, walking in the park, exhausted from fatigue;
recurrent: achieve a goal, disagree, get closer to each other, obey the boss, think about being, vouch for a brother, touch on an issue.

, "responsible" for the designation of actions. He has not only changeable signs, but also constant ones - those that do not disappear when inflecting. Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian differ in the presence or absence of one of these permanent features - transitivity.

In contact with

The concept of transitivity of the verb

Transitivity is understood as a grammatical category indicating the ability of the verb form manage direct complement, that is, to attach nouns (objects) in the accusative and, less often, the genitive case, which does not have a preposition.

This is the formal side of the definition. But what is a semantic transition?

The meaning of transitive verb forms is that they denote “non-independent” actions that cannot be performed without a controlled object. Here are some examples:

Write (what?) a play, serve (whom?) a client, didn’t earn (what?) money - transitive verbs (just “write” or “serve” is impossible, and “earn” without a controlled object is a verb with a different meaning).
Sitting (on what?) on a chair, washing, suffering (from what?) from an illness are intransitive verbs (you can just “sit” or “suffer”).

Transition is what it is rescheduling from the subject (subject) to the object (called the direct object).

What cases to put nouns in

transitive verbs are able to control the object both in the form of the accusative case and in the form of the genitive, in both cases without a preposition. But how to understand which of the two cases to use in each case?

The accusative is basic. The form of the genitive object acquires in the following cases:

If it means “a certain amount of something”: “drank water” (genus p.) - that is, some part of the poured liquid; but “drank the water” (vin. p.) – that is, all the water in the given vessel or reservoir.
IN negative sentences, if the meaning is “at all”: “I didn’t eat your carrots” (just didn’t eat) - “I didn’t eat your carrots” (didn’t eat at all, not a piece).
In negative sentences, if there is an intensifying particle "neither": "We have no idea."

The accusative case in negative sentences weakens the negation, while the genitive, on the contrary, strengthens it.

Important! Some nouns in transitive verb forms take on the form of the genitive case, which differs from the main one: “I’ll take sugar”, “not knowing the ford, don’t stick into the water” (instead of “sugar”, “ford”).

How to determine the transitivity of a particular verb

How to define transition? This often causes problems. You can find out about the presence or absence of transitivity using the following method.

First you need to find the verb form in the sentence. Then find nouns or to which you can ask the question "who?" or "what?".

If there is such a word and there is no preposition with it, then this is a direct object; before us transition.

If the sentence is incomplete, then the direct object may not be available, but it is implied; in this case, you also need to ask the question of the accusative case from the verb: “Do you understand me? “I understand (whom? what?).” If such a question cannot be asked, then this intransitive: Where have you been all week? - I was sick" (it is impossible to ask "who?" or "what?").

Important! All reflexive and verbal forms in the passive voice are not transitive, that is, those that have the suffix “-s” or “-s”: it seems, washes, is located.

Observing this rule, one must also keep in mind the meaning of the noun - it must denote the object of the action. There are situations when a noun in the form of an accusative case without a preposition stands next to the verb and is related to it, but it cannot be transitive: “Ride an hour”, “live a week”.

Transitivity of polysemantic verbs

The verb forms of the word can have multiple meanings. Moreover, in the first meaning there is a transitional type, and in the second meaning the same word is an intransitive type. “He is telling (what?) lies” is transitive, but “the child is already talking (talking)” is intransitive. “The orchestra is playing (what?) march” is transitive, but “the child is playing (busy playing)” is intransitive.

In humorous texts, a situation is possible when normally intransitive acquires transitivity: “Drink vodka and hooligan discipline.”

This builds a comic effect; verbs at the same time, as it were, acquire the meanings of those in place of which they are placed- “hooligan” instead of “violate”, etc.

Obsolete meanings of intransitive verb forms can be transitive.

“To trade” is an intransitive verb in modern Russian, but earlier, meaning “to ask the price”, it was transitive: “To trade a horse”. This usage has remained in folklore.

Differences between transitional and intransitive

Now we need to find out what is the difference between the transitional from intransitive. First of all, this is its meaning. Transitional usually means:

Creation, modification or destruction of objects (built a house, reduced the dose);
Sensory perception of objects (I hear music, I see the city);
Contact with the object without changing it (touched the wall, stroked the cat);
Attitude to the object (I love science fiction, I love contrast showers).

It is also possible to distinguish the transitive by trying to form a passive from it. If it works out - the verb is transitive, if it doesn't work out - intransitive.

Collocations with transitive verbs always consist of a verb form and a direct object, sometimes a definition, a circumstance can be included: cut down trees, drive a bus, find a pirate treasure, quickly learn a lesson.

Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian

Learning Russian - types of verbs, examples

Conclusion

It is not so difficult to attribute the verb form to any of the groups. One has only to remember that the meaning of the main and dependent words should be analyzed to a greater extent, and not the external form: the same verb in a different context can be both transitive and intransitive.