Plants and animals of reservoirs: description and their significance in nature. Aquatic plants for the pond - all about fresh water plants

aquatic plants or hydrophytes growing in natural reservoirs are not only their decoration, but also perform the functions of cleaning and creating a biological microclimate. Their use in the improvement of a pond or pool on the territory country house or garden plot will help decorate the landscape.

Adaptation of plants to the aquatic environment

In any pond, river or other body of water, there are always many various plants which grow and reproduce well in their natural environment. They are characterized by leaves with a large surface, sometimes dissected. The root system is usually weak and is designed to be fixed on the bottom soil, some species do without roots. The stems have cavities and a system of intercellular spaces, which helps to consume oxygen when immersed in water, this also keeps them afloat.

Hydrophytes are divided into several species, each of which has its own habitat and performs a specific function in a given biozone. They are also characterized by such a method of reproduction, in which the seeds spread under water: when they fall to the bottom, they begin to germinate.

Species of aquatic plants differ from the zone of their location:

• coastal, which are located along the coast, exposing part of the stems and leaves above the surface: horsetail, arrowhead, cattail, reeds, reeds;
• near-water: irises, pondeteria, susak, marigolds, etc.;
• aquatic, in which all life passes at the depth of the reservoir: water moss, hornwort, hara, nitella;
• floating on the surface or in the water column: pistia, moss-fontinalis, water ranunculus, duckweed, vodokras, marsh flower, water chestnut;
• deep or submerged, which take root in the ground, and above the surface there are flowers: a capsule, a water lily, an orontium, a lotus;
• oxygen generators - plants immersed in water and actively releasing oxygen necessary to ensure the vital activity of all the inhabitants of the reservoir: water star, hornwort, marsh turkey, spiked urt.

Plants of natural water bodies

All natural reservoirs are surrounded by thickets of coastal vegetation, which grows in a strip along the banks of rivers, lakes and ponds. An exception can only be the leeward side, which is devoid of large plantings.

Various types and forms of aquatic plants are grouped or arranged in bands depending on the direction of the current or depth. Along the coast, as a rule, there are dense thickets of reeds or reeds with hard leaves. Fish prefer to live among plants with softer stems and leaves.

The species composition of underwater plants in natural water bodies can change quite significantly over time, since some of them deplete the soil, release into the bottom harmful substances and then die. They are also influenced by climate or weather changes, anthropogenic impact, environmental pollution.

coastal

Plants growing along the perimeter of the reservoir define the border with the shore. These include:

1. Aquatic arrowhead plant (sagittaria or common bog) - widely used for landscaping ponds, its root is represented by cord-like processes with rounded tubers, immersed in water, the stem has a porous tissue filled with air bubbles, its length is 0.2-1.1 m. part has a petiole, the leaves are triangular in shape, similar to an arrowhead up to 30 cm long. In mid-June, the sagittaria blooms and blooms until the end of summer with white flowers with a spherical middle, there may be red or cherry spots inside the petal. In total, there are about 40 types of bog, including and ornamental varieties. Many of them are used for decoration and design of man-made reservoirs, and goes well with other aquatic plants.
2. Reed or ocheret - herbaceous plant from the Cereal family, which is found in middle lane in all water bodies with a depth of up to 1.5 m, has hard stems that scare away fish, has long rhizomes, from which long hollow stems grow up to 5 m high. The reed inflorescence is a purple-silvery panicle. Used in oriental medicine.
3. Skyrpus or reeds - a perennial plant of the reservoir, growing up to 3.5 m tall, has a strong cylindrical stem and a paniculate / capitate inflorescence, prefers swampy places. Many people confuse it with cane.
4. Cattail, which is often confused with reeds, has a hard stem with long leaves, at the end of which is a beautiful brown velvet cob with seeds. It grows in water bodies up to 1.5 m deep.

Near water

Submerged or semi-aquatic plants are common in the wild and are available for cultivation in artificial ponds.

Examples of aquatic plants growing in or near shallow water:

• Marsh iris - distinguished by bright yellow flowers with a brown pattern, prefers sunlit areas and fertile soil, stem height up to 1.5 m, suitable for reservoirs, planted at a depth of 40 cm.
• Iris smooth - blooms from June to October with blue or purple flowers, up to 1 m high, goes well with other aquatic plants.

• Marigold (Caltha) (swamp, thin-cup, fistulate, etc.) - winter-hardy unpretentious plant(poisonous!), prefers sunny places, tolerates flooding up to 20 cm, has golden, white-yellow flowers, planting depth depends on the variety (20-120 cm).
• Pondeteria - decorated with blue or purple flowers, loves the sun and nutritious soil, a capricious and non-winter-resistant plant (transferred indoors for the winter), planting depth is about 8 cm.
• Susak (Butomus) - an unpretentious plant, blooms with small pink-raspberry flowers, grows very quickly, planting depth is 10 cm.
• Highlander amphibian (Persicaria) - blooms all summer with bright pink small flowers arranged in a cone, when planted they are buried up to 0.5 m, it is better to plant in containers, winter-hardy and unpretentious.

oxygen generators

One of the most important types of underwater plants that supply the entire body of water with additional oxygen. Many of them are also used as fish food. Their advantage is also the improvement of sanitary conditions and biological treatment water.

Names of aquatic plants-oxygenerators:

• Common bogweed (Callitriche), which is also called the water star.
• Urut (Myriophyllum) belongs to the perennials of the Slanoberry family, has shoots rising above the water, a creeping rhizome. Long stems (up to 1.5 m) are covered with thin leaves and form an elegant lace of thickets under water, for which it is called the "pinnate". It is grown as a coastal plant, propagated vegetatively, its parts can be planted directly into the ground to a depth of 1.2 m in the spring and summer. It looks great in small ponds, where it forms beautiful patterns under water.

• Turcha (Hottoni) - is a relative of primroses, has about 100 species in the Primrose family. The second name - "water pen" is given for a rosette consisting of dissected pinnate leaves floating in the water. In the summer months, flower stalks appear, which rise 15-30 cm above the water and are decorated with flowers, dies off in autumn and winters at the bottom in buds.

• Hornwort (Ceratophyllum) is dark green, has a long stem, branching at the top. Leaves dissected into segments, grows at a depth of up to 9 m, has a unique aquatic pollination, thanks to which it has spread widely in the water bodies of Russia and other European countries. Instead of roots, it has stems that hold the plant on the ground in the silt. In autumn, the upper part dies off, and shoots with buds hibernate at the bottom of the reservoir.
• Elodea - belongs to the perennials of the Vodokrasov family, lives completely under water, shoots branch up to 1 m long, has small leaves located along the entire stem. It blooms very rarely with small white flowers with red sepals.

floating plants

Such plants can be successfully used to decorate an artificial pond. They do not require care at all, only it is necessary to carefully monitor the growth rate so that the pond is not completely overgrown with them. The difference between these aquatic plants: the roots are not fixed and therefore float freely, and the leaves and flowers are located on the surface.

The most popular floating:

• Duckweed covers the entire surface of the reservoir with a green carpet, represents small plants consisting of stems fastened in several pieces (leaves). It blooms only in artificial reservoirs, propagates vegetatively when young fronds separate from the mother ones, hibernates at the bottom.
• Vodokras (Hydrocharis) is a perennial plant with small rounded leaves, at the base in the form of a heart, from which fleshy roots hang down. The flowers are small, white, located 3-5 cm above the surface of the water above the leaves.

• Azolla (Caroline or fern) came to Europe from the tropical reservoirs of America, resembles openwork moss, grows very quickly, which is why it has to be taken out of the pond with a net, by autumn the leaves become reddish in color.
• Eichhornia (Eichhornia), which has the name "Water Hyacinth", is a floating heat-loving plant with dark green leaves, at the end of summer it blooms with lilac-blue or yellow flowers similar to orchids. In autumn, it must be transferred indoors to the aquarium, placing it in an annular float, where the plant successfully winters. According to scientists, it has a fantastic ability to process organic pollutants (that is, it loves dirty water bodies).

• Water chestnut (Chilim) - an annual, has original fruits, decorated with horns (for which it received the names "damn" and "rogulnik"), with which it clings to the bottom. Floats thanks to the leaves having swellings with an air-bearing layer. It reproduces by self-pollination, but only in regions with a warm climate: in the second half of summer, white flowers appear, protruding above the water, by autumn, hard drupes of 1-15 pieces ripen. on each plant, which gradually sink to the bottom.

deep sea

These aquatic plants have rhizomes buried in the bottom of the reservoir, and stems, leaves and flowers are located above its surface. Their main food is organic matter in the bottom soil. Leaf plates are usually large. This creates a shade and prevents the water from heating up, which helps to prevent the active reproduction of small algae. The main advantage of deep-sea species is beautiful flowering.

Some types of deep sea plants:

• Orontium or "Golden Club" (Orontium) - a perennial with green-blue leaves, silvery below, blooms in April-May with cob inflorescences sticking out of the water (12-15 cm long), consisting of small yellow flowers, similar to white-yellow pencils.
• Capsule (Nuphar) is a perennial, widely used for landscaping large ponds with shading. Its roots are fixed in the bottom soil, and leaves and yellow flowers float on the surface, located on thick peduncles.

Water lily and lotus

These 2 types of deep-water plants are among the most spectacular and spectacular, having bright beautiful flowers, large leaves. When planting them in a home pond, they will be a wonderful decoration.

The water lily flower (Nymphaea) is named after water nymphs in various European mythologies. It has 35 species and is divided into 2 groups: tropical and winter-hardy. The latter are suitable for cultivation in open water bodies of central and northern Russia, preferring sunny places with stagnant water. The required area for each plant is 0.5-4 square meters. m.

The most common winter-hardy varieties water lily:

• The white water lily, which is often found in natural reservoirs, has powerful roots up to 5 cm thick, petioles and peduncles are located on the surface, which begin flowering in May and continue until frost. The leaves are round and wide up to 25 cm, the flowers are snow-white, each lasts 4 days, after which the fruit is tied under water. After ripening, the seeds from the boxes spill out and gradually sink to the bottom, where they then germinate.

• The fragrant water lily flower is white, emitting a pleasant aroma, the leaves are bright green in color, reddening in the lower part with time. Some cultivars produce yellow (spotted Sulphurea), pink or cream flowers.
• Water lily (nymphea) hybrid - become an adornment of any reservoir, thanks to beautiful flowers and heart-shaped bright leaves (some with spots or red tints).

Lotus (Nelumbo) - a perennial aquatic plant, the leaves of which are located both under water and on the surface, funnel-shaped and large, up to 70 cm in diameter. The lotus is decorated with large fragrant flowers (up to 30 cm) with pink-white petals, brightly placed in the center - yellow stamens. The fruits are dark brown in color with 30 seeds, the germination of which lasts for tens and hundreds of years. In the East, this plant is worshiped and told by ancient legends and traditions. In Europe, it has been grown in greenhouses and artificial ponds since the 18th century.

Creating a reservoir: rules

The use of aquatic plants to decorate an artificial reservoir on garden plot or on the territory of a country house will allow you to create a unique natural landscape and give you the opportunity to admire beautiful leaves and flowers throughout the warm season.

Regardless of the size of such a reservoir, it is necessary to select several types of plants at once with different flowering periods, sizes and shapes of leaves, also taking into account their height and planting depth. The main rule is to maintain biobalance in an artificial pond, in which for the successful coexistence of all plants, fish and microorganisms, it is necessary to make sure that the vegetation covers the water surface by half or more.

The center of the reservoir is given to beautifully flowering plants - water lilies, the variety of which is selected based on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe pond. Coastal species (arrowhead, calamus, susak) are planted along the edge, forget-me-nots or marshmallows are planted in shallow water, moisture-loving plants (sedges, irises, daylilies) with a strong root system can be placed on the ground along the edge, which will help save the coast from erosion.

Free-floating species (duckweed, teloris, vodokras) under favorable conditions multiply very quickly and can occupy the entire surface, so they must be periodically removed with a net.

Planting aquatic plants in the pond

Landscaping of an artificial reservoir can be done in 2 ways:

• planting plants in the ground in recesses made along the perimeter of the pond, which is more suitable for steep banks;
• in special containers that are placed on stands or ledges, this method allows you to move them if necessary.

The planting depth depends on the species: for water lilies it is up to 1.5 m, for coastal or marsh ones - 5-20 cm. Optimal planting time: from April to July. Oxygenerators are usually planted first, when water is heated, water lilies are planted, then floating ones, and lastly, they populate the coastal zone.

If desired, fish can be released into the pond, but only after 4-6 weeks, when all the plants take root and the water settles.

Basic rules for planting aquatic plants and arranging a pond:

• place away from deciduous trees so that the falling parts do not clog the reservoir;
• ideal is sunlight in the morning and in the afternoon, and at noon the plants will be comfortable in a small shade;
• fast-growing species should be thinned periodically so that they do not obscure other plants and the surface of the reservoir.

At correct selection types and varieties of hydrophytes, their growth zones and flowering periods, you can reduce the effort to care for an artificial reservoir. Bright green and blooming throughout warm season plants will decorate the entire surrounding landscape.

Municipal budgetary institution of additional education

"Children's Ecological and Biological Center", Kolpashevo

« Flora of fresh water »

Kovaleva T.D. - extracurricular teacher

education,Iqualification category

Kolpashevo

2016

Subject: Flora of fresh water.

Target: acquaintance with variety of fresh water flora.

Tasks:

Educational: to reveal the features of vital activity of aquatic plants.

Developing: continue the formation of skills and abilities independent work; promote the development of comparison skills.

Educational: cultivate respect and love for nature.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Equipment: cut pictures, texts about plants with pictures, tables, slide presentation, microscopes, glass slides, living specimens of duckweed.

Course progress.

I . Organizing time.

II . Knowledge update

a) Blitz poll. - What reservoirs do you know?

(Slide 2)

What is the difference between artificial and natural?

Let's remember what natural reservoirs exist? River, stream, sea, lake.- Which artificial reservoirs know? Pond, reservoir, canal.

Humans use water to:

Household needs - drinking - transportation of goods - watering and irrigation - for recreation - for food (fish and seafood)

III . Learning new material.

1. Our green friends - plants have populated the aquatic environment. Plants grow and develop in rivers, streams, channels, lakes and ponds. The flora of reservoirs is very diverse.Today we will get acquainted with some of them, learn their features.

Goal (Slide 3). Try to remember the plants and learn to recognize them in nature. In their research, the researchers concluded thatall plants of fresh water bodies can be divided into groups depending on the conditions of their growth: (Slide 4)

Coastal aquatic plants:-sedge, cattail, reed, arrowhead, reed.

Free floating: duckweed, water color, pondweed.

Attached to the bottom: water lily, egg capsule.

2. Working with cut pictures . Collect puzzles and match texts to your drawings.

3. Acquaintance with the text for further presentation.

After each performance, the guys fill out the table.

free floating

Turn a hare into a plant by replacing the letter "P" with "C" (Slide 5).

WITH mustache umbrella- a perennial herbaceous aquatic plant with a leafless and erect stem up to 60-120 cm high and a creeping thick rhizome with numerous thin roots. The leaves are thin, oblong-lanceolate, dark green in color, extending directly from the rhizome. Susak blooms in early summer, the flowers are light pink and white-pink, on long round peduncles, collected in an inflorescence - an umbrella. Fruit - prefabricated leaflet. Grows along the banks of lakes, rivers , streams and other bodies of water, but only in clean water not contaminated with organic impurities. fat, rich rhizomes have long been eaten by different peoples, and among before acquaintance with Russian bread, they served as the main source of plant food. The rhizomes are dried, ground into flour and bread is baked; they also eat in steam and baked. The old name of this plant is "bread box" . Leaves can be used to make mats, mats and other wickerwork. Seeds and rhizomes are used as folk medicinal product. (Slide 6)

Solve the rebus (Slide 8).

Arrowhead common . Grows in stagnant and slowly flowing wateralong the coast; often forms extensive thickets. It can go to a depth of 5 m, but at great depths it does not form flowers and has only underwater leaves. The triangular leaf is very reminiscent of an arrowhead. Its leaves and stems die off by winter, and only the rhizome remains alive. A short rhizome forms thin long lateral shoots ending in buds. By autumn, the end of the lateral shoot begins to thicken and turns into a nodule the size of a small nut, with a bud-spout. These nodules will overwinter, and in the spring they will give new plants. The tubers contain up to 35% starch, and the rhizome itself is also edible. It is eaten baked or boiled.

Pollinated by various insects and snails. Arrowhead fruits have an airy tissue, therefore, they have the ability to float on the surface of the water for several months, spreading with the help of water birds, and carried with soil lumps on the legs of an animal or person. The pedicels of the plant contain milky juice, and if you tear off a leaf or flower, a whitish liquid will flow from the stem (Slide 9).

Solve the rebus (Slide 11).

cattail broadleaf - an inhabitant of the coastal waters of various reservoirs. From its powerful long rhizomes, cylindrical stems up to 2 meters high with long broad-linear leaves, which usually rise above the inflorescence, go up. On the transverse section of the sheet, air channels are clearly visible. They enable the cattail to live "knee-deep" in the water. The inflorescence is an ear up to 30 centimeters long. By autumn, fruits ripen, surrounded by hairs - fluffs. Thanks to these hairs, small cattail fruits are driven by the wind over the surface of the water for several days. When the hairs get wet, the fruits fall to the bottom of the reservoir, where they germinate. In rhizomescattaila lot of starch, they are edible. Leaves, and especially the "fluff" of mature cobs are used as packaging material. "Down" stuffed pillows, mattresses. Mats, baskets and even shoes are woven from the stems and leaves of cattail: light house slippers. Like reed, cattail is suitable for roofing and fuel. (Slide 12, 13).

Practical work.

The plant is in the Petri dishes.

– What is the name of this plant? (Duckweed)

Examine duckweed under a microscope. And answer the question: how did the duckweed adapt to life in the water. (There are bubbles filled with air)

Onsurfaces of many reservoirs, we can meet a plant such asduckweed , which is a small flowering plant. It looks like a dark green leaf, reaching 1 cm in diameter. But itthe green plate is not a leaf, but a leafless stem. A thin spine extends vertically down from it, enclosed in a so-called bag. Spine length up to 10 mm. The role of this root is not so much in nutrition, but in giving stability on the water surface. Blooms rarely.Reproduction of duckweed occurs by wintering buds, which spend the winter at the bottom of reservoirs, and by budding. The most common habitat for duckweeds are ponds with stagnant water. The growth rate of this plant is high, so over time it completely covers the surface of the water. But it grows fastest in polluted water bodies (Slide 15).

Solve the puzzle (Slide 17)

Vodokras , found in slowly flowing or stagnant waters,floating freely on a surface. Sometimes it completely covers large areas, but more often it grows in small groups along with duckweeds. Juicy green leaves are almost round, with a deep heart-shaped notch at the base, up to seven, five centimeters wide. Their upper side is smooth with a wax coating.The long adventitious roots of the water color are covered with fine hairs.flowers are up to 2 centimeters in diameter, three white petals with a yellow tint. breedsby the formation of long shoots in the axils of the leaves, at the ends of which buds appear, developing into daughter plants.So many daughter plants are formedthat in a short time they, like duckweeds, can cover a significant surface. In autumn, overwintering buds appear on the plant, whichsink to the bottom and rise in the spring.This plant reproduces by seeds, the flowers are pollinated by wind and insects. Ripened fall to the bottom of the pond and germinate (Slide 18).

Guess : There is not a soul in the swamp, only .. .(Slide 20)

Bulrush forms extensive thickets in the coastal parts of slowly flowing and stagnant water bodies. The plant is often submerged in water, sometimes up to a depth of one meter. This is a perennial herbaceous plant 100-200 cm high, with a long rhizome. The stem of the reed is almost leafless, cylindrical. On the cross section of the stem, you can see the air passages - voids in which there is always air. - Since air-conducting bundles are present not only in the stem, but also in the rhizome, oxygen freely enters the roots, and it reaches the most distant underground organs, flooded with water and deeply buried in silt. Thus, he receives enough oxygen for breathing. - The flowers are small, greenish, collected in corymbose-paniculate inflorescences up to 10 cm long. (Slide 21, 22).

Solve the rebus (Slide 23).

Yellow capsule - perennial herbaceous plant. It has a very powerful creeping rhizome, reaching a length of 3-4 m. A large number of roots depart from the rhizome. The rhizome is located horizontally, it is cylindrical in shape, flattened from top to bottom, greenish above, whitish below, covered with numerous scars from dead petioles and pedicels. Some leaves float on the surface of the water, others are underwater. The surface leaves are dark green, leathery, have very long petioles (up to 2.5 m), oval-round in shape with a heart-shaped base. The leaves that are in the water column are slightly folded, translucent, and have wavy edges. The stomata are located on the top of the leaves. The flowers are yellow, solitary, large, located on long peduncles protruding from the water. Sepals five, they are yellow and large, serve to attract pollinators. They are often mistaken for petals. The yellow pod can bloom all summer. The fruit is a prefabricated nut covered with a juicy shell resembling a jug in shape.Seeds have an air sac with which they spread through the water over fairly long distances.The plant reproduces both by seeds and vegetatively (rhizomes).This plant is especially appreciated by fishermen, because its presence is the first sign of the presence of fish in a reservoir, because pike, perch and other types of predatory freshwater fish like to hide in the thickets of the egg-pod (Slide 24).

Solve the rebus (Slide 25).

Common reed High, up to 2, rarely up to 3 m. perennial coastal aquatic herbaceous plant. Grows mainly in shallow part reservoirs, forming extensive thickets. The rhizome is long, horizontal, thick. The stems are leafy to the top and end with a large (up to 50 cm long), spreading, dense, drooping, with dark brownish or purple, less often yellowish. Under gusts of strong winds, they can bend down to the water surface, practically touching it, while never breaking. The leaves are linear, long and flat, rigid, sharp along the edge, cutting. Seeds are dispersed by wind and water. In addition, it is known that it is carried out through. Reed thickets are of great ecological importance: having settled in swampy or swampy places, reed eventually turns them into drier areas: a large mass of leaves and stems evaporates a lot of moisture, as if pumping it out of damp soil. Common reed is an excellent material for the production of baskets, mats, light furniture for summer cottages. This is a natural raw material for the manufacture of cardboard and paper (Slide 26).

Water lily white, or water lily , has a flower of incredible beauty, truly worthy of worship. That's why white water lily bears the proud titles of "Queen of the Waters" and "Northern". The habitat is stagnant and slowly flowing waters. In the bottom of the reservoir, it develops a powerful rhizome with a tuberculate surface, reaching 5 cm in thickness. White cord-like roots go down from the rhizome, and flexible juicy petioles and peduncles rise to the surface of the water. Leaves 20-25 cm in size, rounded and with a deep cut at the base. petals of dazzling white color with a delicate aroma, reaching 10, and sometimes even 15 cm in diameter. Flowering of water lilies sometimes continues until the first frost, flowering peaks in July-August. Each water lily flower lasts approximately 4 days. After flowering, a fruit develops under water, which resembles a jug. When ripe, the boxes open, seeds dressed with mucus and resembling fish eggs, spill out of them, they float for some time, and after the destruction of the mucus they sink to the bottom and germinate. The water lily also reproduces vegetatively (Slide 27).

Solve the rebus (Slide 28).

Pemphigus vulgaris - a plant floating, very fond of the sun and clean water. The stem of the plant is completely in the water and reaches a height of up to 1 meter, while it is highly branched and has no roots. Leaves pinnate, dissected. Peduncle, 20-40 cm long, it can show off from 5 to 15 bright yellow flowers with orange veins. The stems are almost completely covered with leaves, and they store many rounded bubble traps about 3-4 mm long. Each trap has a greenish valve that opens inwards. When the prey touches the sensitive bristles, the valve opens and the fry or fish is trapped. The careless flower lover dies and begins to decompose. Pemphigus has the fastest reaction among other carnivorous plants. Scientists claim that in order to catch prey, it will take only 0.5 milliseconds. Overwintering buds form in autumn. They break away from the main stem, gather into a lump, are covered with a thin layer of mucus and sink to the bottom. In the spring, new pemphigus will develop from them (Slide 29).

Ponds - perennial aquatic plants. In the ground, they develop a long rhizome. It overwinters, and in the spring, elongated shoots grow from wintering buds. Individual shoots or parts of them may come off andswim freely in water, continuing its development. Aquatic mollusks, insects, and fish feed on pondweed. In thickets of pondweeds, many fish spawn. Dead shoots fall to the bottom. As they decompose, they turn into fertile sludge. Ponds represent an exceptional variety of leaf patterns - from oval to ribbon-shaped. At the base of the leaf, transparent membranous stipules stick out or fused with the petiole. They bloom in the air, exposing spike-shaped marsh-colored inflorescences of unsightly flowers above the water in July - August (Slide 30).

Importance of aquatic plants : release oxygen necessary for breathing, purify water from pollution. In addition, aquatic plants serve as food and shelter for some animals.

Fizminutka (Slide 31).

IV . Consolidation of knowledge.

1. Checking the table (Slide 32)

2. Correct mistakes in the text (Slide 33).

How beautiful and interesting is our lake! Bright yellow water lilies are visible from afar. Attract the attention of plants with leaves that look like arrows. This is bubble gum. Reeds float on the surface of the water from one bank to another. Here is a pike lurking in the thickets of duckweed. And the frog is resting on a wide leaf of reeds, having eaten fish. At night, the special beauty of the lake is given by egg-pods, which attract night butterflies with their whiteness and their aroma.

3. Mark aquatic plants. F yalka, duckweed, chamomile, pine, water lily, raven eye, pemphigus, pondweed, St. John's wort, maple (Slide 34).

4. Learn the plants on the slide (Slide 35, 36, 37).

5. On which side of the leaf are the stomata of the water lily (Slide 38).

V . Outcome.

Features of the plants of the reservoir (Slide 39).

Aquatic plants are classified according to the conditions in which they grow. Many of their biological features are also associated with this indicator.

Perennial herbs, the main reproduction is vegetative, inthey feed water-soluble nutrients with their entire surface, many stomata are only on the upper surface of the leaf, they have air bundles.

Leaves - long narrow or flat leathery oval, "lying" on the water.

stems - dlinear flexible strong.

Roots (rhizomes) - Tthick long branched, attached to the ground or small thin short ones - an organ of balance, allows the plant to stay on the water.

Flowers - Tolarge bright or small inconspicuous.

VI . Reflection (Slide 40).

Circle your palm and paint over the nail of the finger that matches the text on slide 40.

Annex 1

Handout

1. Cut pictures of plants

2. Tasks for consolidation

1. Correct the mistakes in the text.

How beautiful and interesting is our lake! Bright yellow water lilies are visible from afar. Attract the attention of plants with leaves that look like arrows. This is bubble gum. Reeds float on the surface of the water from one bank to another. Here is a pike lurking in the thickets of duckweed. And the frog is resting on a wide leaf of reeds, having eatenfish. At night, water lilies add special beauty to the lake, which attract night butterflies with their whiteness and aroma.

2. Mark aquatic plants. Fyalka, duckweed, chamomile, pine, water lily, crow's eye, pemphigus, pondweed, St. John's wort, maple.

3. Table

Coastal water (shallow)

Attached to the bottom (deep water)

free floating

In the tables below, we have systematized and presented for you the most common coastal and submerged plants available for cultivation in the middle lane. Both of them, as a rule, need moist soil and a sunny place, and the depth of planting is also important.

The table also shows other important parameters for the selection of plants: height, color of leaves and flowers, care requirements. We hope that the compiled table will be useful to you.

Please visit our "Aquatic Plant Baskets" section of our catalog for a selection of planting containers.

In the second table you will find plants that are planted on land, some of them require shelter for the winter, and most of them also need good, resource-rich soil. Therefore, you may be interested in such sections of our catalog as:, and Fertilizers and preparations for plants

Name	flowering time	Height	coloring flowers	Landing place	Comments	Image
Hedgehog	July August	up to 80 cm	yellow	Sunny area and fertile soil	It is advisable to plant in a container to limit spreading. Submerged 5-50 cm. For large and small water bodies, including those with running water.
Iris yellow, or marsh (Iris pseudacorus)	June, April-October	up to 150 cm	Yellow with brown pattern	Sunny area and fertile soil. Does not bloom in partial shade	In nature, you can find forms with different brightness of color, for example, cream. Suitable for any reservoir as a coastal and submerged plant up to 40 cm.
	June-July, April-October	up to 1 m	Bright blue or purple with a yellow streak	As well as for the yellow iris. Tolerates flooding up to 20 cm	Irises are an undeniable decoration for any body of water, they go well with any plants.
Marsh marigold (Caltha palustris)	April-May, April-June	up to 40 cm	Golden	Sunny area and fertile soil. Coastal plant. During flowering, it can tolerate flooding up to 20 cm.	Winter-hardy and unpretentious. All parts of the plant are poisonous.
	April-May, April-June	up to 20 cm	Often alone, but large White flower, decorated with a wreath of bright yellow stamens	As well as for the marsh marigold, but the thin-cup does not tolerate shading	For the coastal zone, the plant is small and neat, rarely found.
	April-May, April-June	1.2 m	yellow	As well as for the marsh marigold	Good winter hardiness. Use similarly to the marsh marigold.
	July-August, May-October	up to 2.5 m	greyish green	Undemanding, tolerates partial shade	Coastal or submerged up to 20 cm plant. Looks better in large bodies of water. When planting, it is better to plant in a container so that they do not spread.
	July, May-October	up to 1.5 m	Green	Unpretentious, light-loving. Immersion up to 20 cm	Easily spreads rhizomes into adjacent containers. May damage the pond film. Grows stronger on light moist soils, can suppress other plants.
Pontederia cordifolia	Mid July - early October	up to 60 cm	Blue-violet or blue	A very tough plant. Prefers open sunny places on fresh nutrient soil. Does not tolerate freezing soil. Recommended planting depth - 8 cm below the water level	It does not hibernate in the conditions of the Moscow region, it is recommended to renew it for winter storage indoors.
	June August	25 - 100 cm	Three inner leaves are pale pink, with thin raspberry veins, three outer ones are reddish-greenish with purple tint	Sunny, with silty nutrient soil. It is recommended to plant at a depth of 8-10 cm	Susak requires almost no care, but can grow too much. Therefore, when planting, it is recommended in one way or another to limit the area occupied by this plant.
	July, April-October	up to 30 cm	Creamy white	Sun or partial shade. Can grow even without water on moisture-intensive permeable soils	Variegated brightly colored leaves of the hauttuynia are, of course, its main decoration. The leaves of this variety are painted in the colors of a traffic light - green, yellow, red with their different shades, nuances and smooth transitions.
	July August	10-70 cm	White, pale pink with yellow marigold	Sun or partial shade. Shallow water or swampy shore with fertile and clay soil. Planted at 5-20 cm	Has good winter hardiness
	June August	up to 60 cm	hot pink	Unpretentious, light-loving. Immersion up to 50 cm	Best planted in a container to prevent sprawl. Has good winter hardiness
	July, May-September	90-120 cm	Brown, green, purple	In the sun and in partial shade. Coastal or submerged up to 20 cm	Grows fast, weedy. It has long been widely cultivated in landscape parks as a ground cover plant.

coastal plants

Name	flowering time	Height	coloring flowers	Landing place	Comments	Image
	June July	up to 1 m	greenish yellow	Open, sunny places. Moist garden area with humus-rich, light, silty soil	Perennial frost-resistant herbaceous plant. They are distinguished from the leaves of other aquatic plants by a “frill” along the edge.
Valerian officinalis (Valeriana officinalis)	July-August, May-October	120-180 cm	White, pale purple or pink	Wet patch of soil	How medicinal raw materials are used collected late autumn, less often in early spring, peeled, washed and dried rhizomes with roots.
	June-July, May-October	50-120 cm	golden yellow	Wet patch of soil	perennial herbaceous plant, traditional medicine used for medicinal purposes.
	June-July, April-October	30-70 cm	Purple		A long-lived and trouble-free plant. Very fragrant on a hot summer day.
	June-July, August-October	up to 80 cm		Wet, loose soil in shade and partial shade	Perennial medicinal and ornamental plant.
	May-June, May-August	30-60 cm	dark purple	Sunny, moist soil	Perennial herbaceous plant. Listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
	May-June, May-October	up to 1 m	Pink	Sunny, moist soil	perennial herbaceous medicinal plant with a straight fistulate unbranched hollow stem.
	April May	up to 1.5 m	pinkish white	Wet, loose soil in partial shade	Darmer is used to decorate the shores of reservoirs, where they go well with Rogersia, Astilba and iris iris.
	July, May-October	0.8-1.4 m	purple red	Wet, loose soil in sun and partial shade	Domestic shrub for gardens with moist soil. We love bees and butterflies.
	June-July, April-October	30-100 cm	Lilac purple or violet	Sunny, moist soil	Groups of multi-colored iris in the so-called natural gardens. It also goes well with marsh iris.
	June-July, April-October	up to 80 cm	dark blue	Sunny, moist patch of fertile, cultivated soil	Simple varieties do not require special care. Modern hybrids, distinguished by sophistication and even pretentiousness, require complex care. These varieties overwinter worse and do not always bloom profusely.
	May-June, April-July	30-70 cm	yellow or orange	Open, lighted places in front of trees or shrubs, large spots on the lawn	Bathing suits are good in combination with a stone. Ideally, slides should imitate a natural scattering of stones and fragments of vegetation. One of the valuable properties of bathing suits is the ability to create unique bouquets that do not fade for a long time. The bouquet is decorative until all the buds wither completely.
	June, April-October	30-70 cm	Purple, white or pink	Light loamy, well aerated fertile soils	Especially carefully should be monitored plants planted in an open sunny place. Insufficient watering in hot sunny weather can lead to temporary wilting of leaves and inflorescences.
Brown-yellow daylily (Hemerocallis fulva)	June, April-October	up to 1 m	Reddish red tones	Sunny, moist soil	natural views daylilies are reliable, resistant to diseases and pests, do not suffer from drought and waterlogging, and are very durable.
	July, May-October	up to 1 m	Pinkish purple, magenta or white	Planted on a wet or swampy area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe coast, sunny or shaded. Don't care about the composition of the soil	An unpretentious local plant, completely uncompetitive - you will have to make sure that others do not slaughter it. Winter hardy.
	July-August, May-September	60-90 cm	blue purple	Wet patch of soil	If you want to create an oasis of serenity and tranquility in your garden, where you can relax and relieve tension after the bustle of the city and the rush of a working day, then you obviously cannot do without lobelia.
	May-June, April-July	up to 50 cm	yellow	Sunny, moist soil	It is used in folk medicine for the treatment of burns and wounds.
	June-August, May-October	up to 45 cm	greenish yellow	light patch of soil	This is an amazing fact, but the soft cuff belongs to the same large family of rosaceae (Rosaceae), which also includes the well-known rose.
	September, May-October	up to 2 m	White	Undemanding, but prefer fresh soil	When planting miscanthus, you should consider the nature of growth various kinds: if varieties of Chinese Miscanthus keep the shape of a bush well, growing rather slowly, then Sugar Miscanthus can be quite aggressive.
	April May	up to 1.5 m	yellow, yellow-green	Light and nutritious soils. They do not tolerate heavy and wet soils, otherwise they will rot in winter!	It grows well in open or semi-shaded places.
	May, April-October	up to 30 cm	Blue with a yellow eye in the middle	Sunny, moist, fertilized soil	It tolerates spring drought and even frosts down to minus 5 °C. Blooms for a long time (30-40 days).
	June, April-October	70-150 cm	White	Sunny, moist soil	Sprawling sedges are best kept in containers that can contain their pressure.
	August-September, May-October	up to 150 cm	Light pink to purple purple	Sunny, moist soil	The window sill is a real decoration of the garden, especially at the end of summer, when large corymbose inflorescences appear against the background of powerful bushes.
	April May	up to 20 cm	purple pink	Sunny, moist soil	A small to medium sized perennial primrose that blooms in early spring with smooth, serrated leaves.
	June July	up to 50 cm	orange yellow	Sunny, moist soil	Plant the plant in a partially shaded or, if the soil is sufficiently moist, sunny place. Very beautiful near ponds, streams. Requires winter shelter.
	May, April-June	35-60 cm	Dark bronze or purple	Sunny, moist soil	Found in temperate zone North America and the Far East from Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu) through Sakhalin and the Kuriles to Kamchatka and Primorye.
	May, April-June	35-60 cm	Pinkish-white with characteristic dots	Sunny, moist soil	Good on rocky areas and in mixborders in combination with peonies, daffodils, tulips.
	All year round	up to 50 cm	lilac purple	Wet patch of soil	Tradescantia are able to adapt to almost any conditions of detention; they are shade-tolerant, but in a too dark place they turn pale, stretch out and partially lose their decorative effect.
	May, April-September	20-30 cm	Light purple to whitish	Sunny, moist soil	Marsh violet is known as a melliferous and ornamental plant. In decorative floriculture, it is recommended to use it as a ground cover plant in the design of artificial reservoirs.
Siebold Hosta (Hosta sieboldiana) "Eleganz"	July August	up to 50 cm	Pale purple to white	Nutritious moist well-drained soil	English gardeners advise to scatter organic fertilizers on the soil surface before planting.
	June-July, April-October	up to 60 cm	Purple or white	sunny patch of soil	Type Chernogolovka ordinary is an antioxidant, stimulates the immune system, inhibits viral diseases and inflammation.
	June-July, April-October	20-70 cm	White	Pike - a plant unpretentious, long-lived. Grows well in various types of soil. Loves sun and partial shade, but almost does not bloom when shading	Prefers moist soils and moderate temperatures, feels bad in dry, hot climates.
	July August	1.5-2 m	yellow		Unpretentious to soils. In one place they can grow 15-20 years without a transplant. Most species are hardy. In fact, they are not subject to diseases.
	Aug. Sept	up to 1 m	yellow - fiery orange	Sunny, damp, windproof place next to a body of water (partial shade if not near a body of water)	As well as for Buzulnik angustifolia

Plants in the pond are planted so that their leaves prevent water pollution and the formation of algae. In addition, on hot summer days, it is easier for fish to live in a reservoir with a variety of vegetation. Oxygenators are water plants that are considered to be the most effective. Their leaves are completely under water, and in the process of photosynthesis they release a lot of oxygen.

At the same time, not all plants of water bodies have practical functions. For example, coastal vegetation performs exclusively decorative functions, but sometimes it can also be used as natural food for fish and toads. According to the purpose, vegetation can be divided into several groups - shrubs, ferns, ornamental grass, ground covers, and oxygenators. It is also worth considering the variety of plants depending on the zone of the water area. If you are looking for fresh water plants, pictures can help.

For the deep sea

The deep water zone is considered to be an area with a depth of 50 to 120 centimeters. Vegetation adapts to the environment in different ways. Rooted in the soil with floating leaves, and on the surface of the water are decorative leaves. Often only shoots and leaves grow under water, and inflorescences grow on the surface.

It is also very important to place free-floating plant species in the pond. The water lily is the most attractive representative of the zone under consideration. Also suitable for deep water are plants such as water hawthorn, marsh flower, water paint, amphibian mountaineer, amphibian chrysanthemum, yellow capsule, white and snow-white water lily, water orontium, dense pondweed, common pemphigus, floating pondweed, floating sylvinia, as well as spiked urut, telorez and chill.

It should be noted that animals and plants of water bodies are directly dependent on each other, and most often it is plants that support the successful development of animal fauna.

For shallow water

A shallow water zone is considered to be an area with a depth of 30 to 50 centimeters. In the water are the roots and the foundation, but above the water rises most of shoots. The zone under consideration is a kind of transition from a swamp to deep waters. It is worth noting that cattail is narrow-leaved, rush and rush should be planted carefully, as they grow rapidly and occupy the entire area of ​​the reservoir.

The plants of the freshwater reservoir of this zone are the three-leaved watch, the ranunculus baldelia, the emerging burr, the yellow iris or water iris, the lake reed, the long-leaved buttercup, the large manna, the heart-leaved pontederia, as well as the narrow-leaved cattail, small cattail, common arrowhead, swordtail rush, umbrella susak , southern or common reed, common or plantain chastuha.

swamp zone

A swamp zone is considered to be an area whose depth is less than thirty centimeters. Many plants adapt well to changes in water levels and can grow both in deep water and on the shore. Among the most prominent representatives of the vegetation of this zone are the marsh calla, marsh or common calamus, coined loosestrife, Przewalski's buzulnik, stream speedwell, spotted loosestrife, thyroid darmer, open sponge, Siberian iris, plakun-grass or willow loosestrife, marsh marigold, xiphoid iris, Dortmann's lobelia, European bathing suit, marsh spurge, odorous celery, royal clean, meadowsweet.

For wet area

As for the wet zone, it is outside the immediate water surface. These plants can easily tolerate periodic flooding, but they will not tolerate extended dry spells. The area under consideration can be divided into an area with permanently wet soil, where the roots are in contact with water, and an area with moist soil, which never dries out. Wet zone plants include the following:

• Medicinal avran, the color of its flowers can be yellow-white with purple veins. It reaches a maximum height of 50 centimeters.
• The coined loosestrife can have yellow flowers and reaches a maximum height of 10 centimeters.
• Salt marsh aster has white or pinkish flowers, reaches a maximum height of 100 centimeters.
• female nomad can have a color of flowers from red to blue, while the height reaches a maximum of one hundred centimeters.
• The hair-like ossicle has flowers, the color of which is fern-like. The maximum height is fifteen centimeters.
• It can also be daylily, swamp ragwort, swamp forget-me-not, Resteiner's forget-me-not, yellow and paniculate sedge, swamp bedstraw, combed shield, male shield.

I hope that my article will help you understand the whole variety of plants for ponds.

Lakes and reservoirs, often combined under the same name of lake-like reservoirs, constitute a peculiar group of water bodies that differ significantly from both rivers and seas. If in the rivers main reason movement of water is the gradient of gravity, then in lakes - the wind. But in a number of cases, the features of the river regime are inherent in lakes, and the features of the lake regime are inherent in sections of rivers. So, for example, in many flowing lakes there are currents characteristic of rivers. The main difference between a lake and a sea is the absence of direct water exchange with the ocean. The exception is the lakes of the sea coasts, in which water exchange with the sea or ocean is carried out continuously or periodically.

In the lake regime, the shape and dimensions of the basin play a significant role. In addition, the regime of lakes is more closely related to the geographical features of the surrounding land and its waters. Each lake arises and develops in a certain geographical environment and interacts with it. Water supply, fluctuations in the volume of water mass and level, and features of the regime of lakes depend on the size and geographical conditions of their basins. The leading role in the formation and development of lakes belongs to integrating geographical factors: topography, climate and runoff. In each lake-like reservoir, physical, chemical and biological processes take place, the cumulative effect of which determines its regime. The intensity and direction of these processes, in turn, is determined by the influence of the geographical conditions in which the lake exists.

Every lake is a reservoir of life. But few higher plants can exist in conditions of excess moisture or directly in the aquatic environment. Most often, these are perennials with a shallow root system, wide thin leaves and a large number of air-bearing cavities in the stems and roots.
Aquatic vegetation in lakes forms concentric zones. The penetration of plants into the depth depends on the transparency of the water. Usually plants settle down to a depth of 3-4 m, and in very transparent lakes up to 7-8 m. Plants that are completely submerged in water penetrate deeper than others: pondweed, elodea, telorez, hornwort, hara. Their lightness and buoyancy is facilitated by the abundance of air tissues, which make up up to 70% of the body volume. The strong dissection of the leaf blade into small lobes contributes to a better supply of oxygen to the plants. The body of such representatives is very flexible, soft, usually covered with mucus, which prevents the tissues from washing out salts.

On some lakes of Polissya, in a strip of submerged vegetation, an unusual flowering plant, which has become very rare - the insectivorous aldrovandus vesicularis. Its underwater filamentous stems are covered with countless bubbles. At one end of the vial there is an inlet with a door that opens quickly if you touch its sensitive outer hairs. The victim is sucked in so quickly that it cannot be traced with the naked eye.

The second vegetation zone in the lakes is formed by plants with floating leaves (white water lily, yellow water pod, amphibian buckwheat). They also spend their whole life in the aquatic environment, have a developed root system, with the help of which they are attached to the ground, air-bearing tissues have formed in their stems and leaves, and only they open their flower for pollination by insects on the surface of the water.
In some floodplain lakes of the Pripyat and Mukhovets basins, an ancient and rare plant is found - floating salvinia - the only aquatic representative of ferns in Belarus. Salvinia is often grown in aquariums.
In the coastal shallow waters of reservoirs, a strip of air-aquatic plants stretches (reed, reed, cattail, mannik horsetail). Their elastic stems rise above the surface of the water and reach a height of 1.5-2 m. They form the "second shore" of the lake, keep it from destruction.

Coastal plants are rooted in the soil. Most of them (marigold, calla, butterbur, susak) have large leaves and bright flowers. Many aquatic plants are economic application. These are medicinal, dyeing, tanning, ornamental plants. Many of them are listed in the Red Book (floating salvinia, bubbly aldrovanda, giant white water lily, small yellow egg pod, water chestnut, lake halfwort). dried kidneys are used as an expectorant, diuretic and hemostatic agent, as well as in chronic catarrhs ​​of the respiratory tract.
Around the end of May - beginning of June, pine pollination begins. The male cones burst with pollen.

Three main areas (zones) are distinguished in the lake, which have their own characteristic population: a) the littoral, covering the entire coastal zone, b) the profundal, or deep-water region, including the lake bottom and the immediately adjacent water layer, and c) the pelagial, covering the entire water mass, except for "a" and "b".

In accordance with the gradual change in depth, thickets of coastal aquatic plants are located in zones. At the very edge of the water, at a depth of less than 1 m, in the shallow zone there are thickets of sedge (Cagex), rush (Heleocharis), arrowhead (Sagittaria sagittifolia), water buckwheat (Polygonum amphibium) and other marsh-aquatic plants.

Further, to a maximum depth of 2-3 m, there is a zone of “reeds” (fishermen call it “reed” in our country), which includes reeds (Phragmites ccmmunis), reeds (Scirpus), trident (Scolochloa), water horsetail (Equisetum limosum) and some other plants. Deeper is the zone of plants with floating leaves - the zone of water lilies - water lilies (Nymphaea), egg-pods (Nuphar), floating pondweed (Potamogeton natans). Even further, at depths sometimes reaching 4-5 m, there is a zone of submerged plants - broad-leaved pondweeds (P. perfoliatus, etc.), urt (Myriophyllum), and blackcap (Sparganium).

According to the degree and nature of the distribution of higher aquatic plants in Lake Baikal, the following ecotopes can be distinguished: open coasts; isolated areas from the main water area of ​​the lake (bays, bays, coves); estuarine sections of rivers, including the deltas of the Selenga and the Upper Angara; coastal-sor zone (shallow-water sors and coastal reservoirs connected by channels with Baikal).

On the open shores of the lake, due to the low water temperature, strong waves and rocky soils, higher aquatic plants are found singly. They are concentrated mainly in places closed from excitement. According to the species diversity of aquatic plants, the floras of the deltas of the Selenga and Upper Angara rivers are especially distinguished. Apparently, this is due to the influence of warm river waters and the abundance of well-heated, shallow areas with sandy and sandy-silty soils.

Baikal is characterized by a weak distribution of aquatic mosses. Only occasionally they are noted in bays, coves, sors and river mouths. On the open coasts of Lake Baikal, only Fontinalis hypnoides var. duriaei (Schimpr.) Husn.

The main part of higher aquatic plants grows on sandy and sandy-silty soils in the littoral zone at a depth of up to 5 m. Some plants can be found both in shallow areas and at depths from 10 to 30 m. These are the species of the genus Fontinalis, Leptodictyum riparium (Hedw.) Warnst., P. perfoliatus L., P. pectinatus L., P. maackianus A. Benn., Elodea canadensis Michx, Lemna trisuica L., Batrachium divaricatum (Schrank) Schur, B. trichophyllum (Chaix) van den Bosch, Myriophyllum spicatum L.

Unlike the lower bottom vegetation of Lake Baikal, where endemics predominate, most species of higher aquatic plants are widespread. Among them, typical Baikal or Siberian elements were not noted. Nevertheless, a number of species of aquatic plants rare for Central Siberia have been identified in the littoral zone of the lake. These are Riccia fluitans L „ Ricciocarpus natans (L.) Corda, Isoetes setacea Durieu, Potamogeton maackianus A. Benn., P. macrocarpus Dobroch., Caulinia flexilis Wilid., Najas marma L., Subularia aquatica L., Tillaea aquitica L., Elatin hydropiper L., E. orthosperma Dueben, E. triandra Schkuhr.