Furnace for smelting metal. Do-it-yourself induction furnace for melting metal. Using Induction Furnaces

A homemade melting furnace can be made of graphite, cement, mica or tiles. The dimensions of the furnace depend on the power supply and the transformer output voltage.

The homemade melting furnace heats up gradually, but reaches significant heat. For this design, it is necessary to install a voltage of 25 V on the electrodes. If an industrial transformer is used in the design, then the distance between the electrodes should be 160-180 mm.

The process of making a homemade melting furnace

You can make a melting furnace with your own hands. Its dimensions will be 100x65x50 mm. In this design you can melt 70-80 g of silver or other metal. Such possibilities for a homemade melting device are very good.

Materials and tools:

brushes from a high power electric motor;
graphite;
electrode rods used in arc melting furnaces;
copper wire;
nails;
mica;
cement tiles;
brick;
metal pan;
carbon graphite powder;
fine conductive wire;
transformer;
file.

To make a melting furnace with your own hands, you can use brushes from a high-power electric motor for the electrodes. They have excellent current carrying wire.

If you cannot purchase such brushes, you can make them yourself from a piece of graphite. You can use an electrode rod, which is used in arc melting furnaces.

On the sides of this rod, you need to make 2 holes with a diameter of 5 mm, then, to add strength, carefully hammer a nail of suitable size into it. To improve contact with graphite powder, use a file to make a mesh cut on the inner surface these electrodes.

Mica is used to make the inner surface of the stove walls. It has a layered structure and therefore can be used as a good heat-insulating screen.

The outside surface of the structure must be covered with cement or asbestos tiles, which have a thickness of 6-8 mm. After installing the walls, they must be tied with copper wire.

A brick should be used as an insulating stand for the device. A metal tray is installed underneath. It should be enameled and have sides on the sides.

Then you need to make carbon graphite powder. It can be prepared from unnecessary rods. It is better to do the work with a file or hacksaw for metal.

When using a stove, graphite powder gradually burns out, so it needs to be topped up sometimes.

To operate the device, a step-down transformer with a voltage of 25 V is used.

In this case, the network winding of the transformer must have 620 turns of copper wire, which has a diameter of 1 mm. In turn, the step-down winding should have 70 turns of copper wire. This wire must have fiberglass insulation and a rectangular cross-section measuring 4.2 x 2.8 mm.

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How to make a transformer?

If you cannot buy a transformer with a high enough power, it can be made from several similar transformers with lower power. They must be designed for the same network voltage.

For this purpose, it is necessary to connect the output windings of these transformers in parallel.

Can be made. To do this, you need to prepare L-shaped metal plates with an internal cross-section of 60x32 mm. The network winding of such a transformer is made of enameled wire with a cross-section of 1 mm. It should have 620 turns. In this case, the step-down winding is made of wire having a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of 4.2x2.8 mm. It should have 70 turns.

After installing the furnace, it is connected to the transformer using a copper wire having a thickness of 7-8 mm. The wire must have external insulation, so that a short circuit does not occur during operation of the oven.

When the oven is completely ready for use, it must be warmed up well. In this case, the organic substances in the structure should burn out. During this procedure, the room should be well ventilated.

The device will work without soot. After this, the operation of the furnace is checked. If everything works fine, then you can start operating the device.

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How is metal melted in a furnace?

Metal melting is performed as follows. Using a small spatula (in the center of the stove), you need to make a small hole in the graphite powder, put scrap metal there and bury it.

If the pieces of metal to be melted have different sizes, then first of all they lay big piece. After it melts, add small pieces.

In order to check whether the metal has already melted, you can rock the unit a little. If the powder ripples, it means the metal has melted.

After this, you need to wait until the workpiece has cooled, then turn it over to the other side and melt it again.

This procedure must be repeated several times until the metal takes the shape of a ball. In this case, it is considered that the melting of the metal was performed with high quality.

If you need to melt sawdust or metal shavings of inexpensive metals, you need to pour them into the powder well and perform normal melting.

More expensive or precious metals should be placed in a glass ampoule from under medicines and melt together with this ampoule. In this case, a film of glass is formed on the surface of the molten metal, which can be easily removed by placing it in water.

Metals that melt easily should be placed in iron containers. If it is necessary to make an alloy of various metals, then the metal that melts less readily is put into the furnace first. After it melts, add fusible. For example, to obtain an alloy of copper and tin, you must first put copper into the powder, and then tin. To obtain an alloy of copper and aluminum, first copper is smelted, and then aluminum.

IN this device You can melt metals such as tin, iron, copper, aluminum, nickel, silver, gold. After melting the metal, it is forged. It is forged on an anvil using a hammer. In this case, it is necessary to frequently heat the workpiece over a fire until red-hot, and then hammer it again. After this, the metal is placed in cold water, and then processed again with a hammer until the workpiece acquires the required dimensions.

Under no circumstances should metals such as lead, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, cupronickel be melted, since when they burn out, they form very toxic yellow smoke, which has a detrimental effect on human health. You cannot melt silver contacts from relays and other devices because they contain up to 50% cadmium.

If you have a need to anneal metals, create ceramics, melt non-ferrous and including precious metals, you can build yourself such a simple furnace. Most of these stoves cost a lot of money; according to the author, in his region prices are in the region of $600-12,000 per stove. In our case, the oven cost only $120, not counting the temperature controller. This small oven can produce temperatures around 1100 o C.

The homemade product is easy to assemble, all the parts are not expensive, and they can also be quickly replaced if the stove malfunctions.

Some craftsmen manage to make wedding rings, various talismans, brass knuckles and much more in such ovens.

Materials and tools for homemade work:

Materials:
- bolts and nuts (8x10, 1/4 inch);
- seven fire bricks (they must be soft as they will need to be grooved, dimensions 4 1/2" x 9" x 2 1/2");
- corner for creating a frame;
- a square sheet of metal for the door (the author used aluminum);
- heating element (you can buy ready-made spirals for the oven, or wind your own from nichrome)
- heat-resistant contact screws for fastening the spiral;
- a piece of good cable (must withstand at least 10A).

From the tools:
- a hand drill with a suitable attachment for cutting grooves in brick;
- wrench;
- pliers;
- hacksaw;
- drill;
- wire cutters and more.

The process of making a homemade stove:

Step one. Making grooves
First you need to decide how wide the spiral is; depending on this, the depth and width of future grooves in the bricks are determined. Next, you need to draw them on the brick with a pencil. The author’s grooves are shaped like the letter “U”; there are two grooves of this shape in total, that is, they are cut out on two bricks. On the brick that will be located at the back of the stove, you need to make two parallel grooves as in the photo. As a result, after assembling the furnace, the spiral will receive approximately a “U”-shape.

Step two. Installing the heating element
Before installing the heating element, you need to assemble the bricks, deciding on the size of the stove. Most likely, the bricks that go on the floor of the oven will have to be cut, since two such bricks will form too large a bottom. You can cut them with a grinder with a concrete disc, or even with a regular cutting disc.

Well, then you can install the spiral. Most likely, it first needs to be stretched to required length. If you wind the spiral yourself, then you need to calculate how long and thick the wire should be; there is a lot of information on the Internet for this.

Well, then you can lay the stove in the groove. To fix the spiral, the author uses metal brackets, for which holes will need to be made in the brick. Special attention You need to pay attention to connecting the spiral to the wire. Here special screws with ceramic washers must be used, and the screws must be longer. Otherwise, the wire insulation will either constantly burn and stink, or it will constantly burn due to the high temperature.

Our people have learned to make such contacts from old ones car spark plugs when the ancient ones were used electric hotplates with an open spiral.

Particular attention should be paid to the choice of material from which the spiral is made. The maximum temperature that the oven can produce will depend on this. The spiral must withstand high temperature loads. For such purposes, the author chose a NiCr type wire. Most of such wires are designed for temperatures of about 1340 o C. If you require higher temperatures, then you can choose other types of wires that are suitable for this.

Step three. Making the stove frame
To create a frame you will need a corner; you can use steel or aluminum. Four pieces of aluminum form the legs, and two more go to the bottom to support the weight of all the bricks. You can use not two corners, but four, to create the lower support. However, this is not necessary; in the end, the structure is still tightened with bolts and nuts, these bolts hold the bricks down.

In the upper part of the stove you will need to lay two or one and a half bricks, as well as below. Well, you can see in detail how everything is assembled in the photo.

Step four. Making a door
To create a door you will need a sheet of metal; the author used aluminum. First, you need to draw a square or quadrilateral on the sheet, depending on the size and shape of the door. Next, this square needs to be circled, retreating the necessary distance for attaching the refractory material. Well, then cut out pieces in the corners, as seen in the photo.

The car used Kaowool plate as a fireproof material. It needs to be cut to the size of the previously drawn square. Well, then the slab is laid on the sheet, and the remaining edges of the sheet are folded, thereby holding the slab.

That's all, now the door needs to be hingedly attached to the stove with screws and nuts by drilling a couple of holes. As insulating material You can also use other components. You can make a latch for the door, or you can not.

Step five. We supply electricity
To connect the spiral you need to use a good wire with a thick core that can withstand at least 10A. Among other things, the oven is connected through a regulator, which will allow you to maintain the temperature in the desired state. You will also need a stove thermometer, which will help you more accurately monitor the temperature in the stove.

The approximate melting point of aluminum is about 660 degrees Celsius, which makes it possible to melt it even at home. Of course, on gas stove it will not be possible to reach such a temperature, and it is extremely undesirable to carry out such work indoors. There are many videos on the Internet on how to do it yourself. In this article we will look at the most interesting, proven and reliable methods.

Kinds

Ovens, used in industry, are very expensive. Their price is thousands and tens of thousands of dollars. In addition, such units take up an prohibitively large amount of space. Aluminum is the most common metal on Earth, so the industry has made great progress in this direction. There are many types. For example, inclined cylindrical furnaces, furnaces with reverberation crucibles, rotary furnaces and others.

But what should you do if you need to make a part at home, but for one reason or another there is no way to order it? Excellent mini oven absolutely easy to make and with your own hands, and for this, basically, you will not need to look for any specific materials, parts and devices. Most of them can be found in almost every home, garage or country house.

In essence, the operating principle of all homemade stoves simple and same type. The differences, as a rule, are only in some of them design features. In some volumetric heat-resistant vessel are kindled charcoal(this is the most good option fuel for aluminum smelting) into or over which The crucible contains the metal itself. The crucible can be, for example, cut off fire extinguisher body, or even ordinary steel kettle. To increase the temperature of the coals, high-quality airflow from all sides is necessary (so that the aluminum is heated evenly in the container). Typically, oxygen is supplied through a pipe down the “well”. Cravings An ordinary vacuum cleaner, a motor from an old hood, a cooler, or even a hair dryer can create one. Basically this is the necessary conditions to create a kind of mini smelter with your own hands.

Mini-oven made from a wheel rim

Making this model is very simple. Wheel rim of the desired diameter is dug into the ground so that its surface coincides with the horizon, that is, does not protrude above the surface of the earth. In the middle of the disk inside the resulting firebox there should be a hole through which we pass curved pipe, overlooking next to the smelter. Oxygen will flow through it into the mini-oven from below. Convenient to use as a blower small cooler, put on the pipe from the outside. However, with such an air supply, the blowing will be extremely poor quality and unidirectional. To do this, we will build something like a burner inside the boiler at the outlet of the pipe. Convenient to use for this car disc brake, welded on top of the pipe. After this, coals can be poured into the resulting mini-smelter and air can be supplied to raise their temperature. Aluminum scrap in a crucible is placed among coals.

Metal tank oven

It is not necessary for the stove to be sunk into the ground. Easy to make with your own hands and portable oven. Anyone can do this cylindrical tank made of heat-resistant metal, for example, a tank from an old one washing machine with vertical loading. From the inside, the diameter of the tank is reduced due to bricks and clay. Thus, the thickness of our oven will be 10-15 centimeters. Don't forget to install an inflation pipe at the bottom of the housing. Air can be supplied into it in any convenient way. Crucible with aluminum raw materials hangs inside the firebox. As you can see, there are no fundamental differences from the previous version. It’s just as easy to make it yourself, the only differences are necessary tools and details.

Homemade ornamental plant, which is shown in the video, is actually a cleverly disguised smelter. This idea will be a real find for those who work with metal from time to time in order to make another craft from aluminum or other metal, but there is not enough space in the workshop or at home to have its own place for each thing.

You will find some inventions for yourself in this Chinese store.

Necessary funds.

In this project, we use equal proportions of sand and gypsum to make a simple melting pot that's powerful enough to melt scrap metal in seconds and easy to see without having to hide it. This is a mini metal smelter.

First we need large bags of sand and plaster. Both can be purchased at hardware store. We also need a 9 and a half liter metal bucket and a blanket to cover our work area with, because most likely we will get it a little dirty. A two and a half liter bucket can be used as a measuring bucket, but you will soon see that it has a more important purpose.

For our refractory lining we use the following recipe: 4.2 liters of gypsum, 4.2 liters of sand, and 3 liters of water. When the water touches the dry mixture, the countdown begins. We'll have about 15. So let's start mixing everything up. It is very important that all the dry mixture gets wet, getting rid of lumps as quickly as possible.

After a couple of minutes of stirring, the mixture should be fairly runny and roughly the same color. After making sure that there are no lumps left, we proceed to transfusion. Carefully pour the mixture into a metal bucket, being careful not to spill anything. Enough mixture to fill the bucket, leaving about 8cm at the top.

Now we can take a plastic measuring bucket and use it to form the center of the smelter. You can fill it with water to add weight, but sand or rocks will also work. When we push the bucket, the mixture rises, but does not spill out. The mixture has already begun to harden. So let's move the bucket up and down to level it out. You need to hold the bucket in this position for 2-3 minutes, during which time the plaster will harden enough for the bucket to remain in place.

It takes about one hour to fully cure, but the plaster is soft enough to trim. If you dampen a rag and gently rub it over the top, you can smooth out the plaster very nicely and give it a nice texture. Once you're done, leave everything to dry for about an hour.

Melting crucible from a fire extinguisher.

Why not turn that old fire extinguisher into a melting pot? You can tell that it is made of steel because if you put a magnet near it, it will be attracted. This does not happen with aluminum.

Having released the pressure in the cylinder, we unscrew the top valve so that we can easily and safely cut it with a hacksaw, which took less than a minute. For the crucible we will use the bottom part because it is essentially a steel container 8 cm in diameter and 13 cm high. Good size for our homemade mini smelter.

By this time the plaster should be well hardened. Let's pour out the water. Next, use a pair of tongs or something similar to gently pull one side of the bucket toward the center. Now, if you grab it with both hands and twist it a little, the bucket will come loose and be pulled out easily.

We got amazing smooth surface, which makes our homemade smelter look surprisingly professional.

Air supply hole.

All we need is a hole for the air supply and a cover. Let's take care of them. Nozzle for hole saw three and a half centimeters is perfect for this tube. By placing the center of the bit on the top line of the bucket, you can begin to carefully cut through the metal. When we go through the metal, we need to tilt the tool down about 30 cm, which is easy because the plaster has not yet fully hardened and cuts like butter. Now we have a hole that the blower tube fits into perfectly. It will be placed a few centimeters from the bottom.

Blower.

Now, if the crucible fails and the molten metal pours out, in the smelter the metal remains inside and does not flow out through the tube. A leaf blower is very easy to make. First you need to take a 3 cm tube, it will be located next to the hot coals.

You will also need a 3 cm PVC pipe. As you can see, the threaded coupling from one end is screwed onto a metal tube, and the adapter from the other end is simply screwed onto a PVC tube.

Lid.

Let's go even further. Let's make a lid that will help maintain the temperature. We need a pair of 10 cm U-bolts. Place them vertically in a wide bucket filled with half the initial volume of our mixture. After an hour, the plaster will harden and can be easily removed from the bucket. And now the lid for the melting pot is ready.

Pressure relief hole.

You need to make a hole to relieve pressure. it can be done before hardening, but you can drill it with a drill with an 8-centimeter attachment. Once the hole is made, you will have a lid that looks like a huge donut. This design allows you to relieve pressure and melt the metal without even removing the lid.

Conclusion.

If you light a fire, you will see that the inside becomes so hot that the soda can melts in a second and the crucible fills with liquid aluminum. With a mini-smelter like this, we can melt aluminum in our backyard and cast anything we can think of.

Best of all, when you're not smelting scrap, the smelter doesn't take up space or be noticeable. You can insert a potted plant inside and instantly turn it into a piece of decor. This pot-turned smelter is more than it seems. Only make your smelter sustainable, this is extremely important for safety reasons.

By the way, you can try using the melting furnace as forge or even like a barbecue, since it runs on coal, after all.

Now you know how to available materials make a mini smelter that's powerful enough to melt metal in seconds, but nice enough to look at that you don't have to hide it. Translated and voiced by the Science and Technology channel.

Another publication contains more useful information.

MELTING FURNACE is a device designed for melting a charge of ferrous or non-ferrous metal. The advantages are that the melting mass is perfectly mixed if an induction melting furnace is used for melting metal, due to the action of eddy electric currents. You need a melting furnace with good characteristics? ZAVODRR- transistor, thyristor furnaces for copper, cast iron, aluminum, steel for 5 - 5000 kg.

How are melting furnaces constructed?

How do smelting furnaces work? MELTING FURNACES are good way melt both ferrous and non-ferrous metals, such as aluminum, steel, cast iron, stainless steel, copper. Induction melting furnaces have a simple design, operate under the force of an electromagnetic field, and are capable of uniformly mixing the metal during melting. Induction furnaces have a lid and a device for draining metal into a casting ladle. The ROSINDUKTOR company offers melting furnaces of transistor or thyristor design with gearboxes and hydraulics.

The advantage of gearbox furnaces is the possibility of manual (emergency) draining of metal; hydraulics is the smooth tilt of the melting unit. Melting furnaces are supplied with one or two melting units, and an inductor is located inside each melting unit. The inductor is made in the form of a copper coil consisting of many turns; the tube can be either round or rectangular in cross-section.

The melting unit is cooled using a chiller or cooling tower. During metal melting, it is necessary to cool two circuits: the reactor (located inside the thyristor converter) and the inductor of the melting unit itself. The melting unit has two versions of the crucible: graphite and lined (made manually from a lined mixture). Graphite crucibles are used for melting non-ferrous metals; for ferrous metals, a lining is used.

Nizhny Novgorod
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Melting furnaces - transistorized

The transistor induction melting furnace is designed for the mixture of ferrous and non-ferrous metals. It is produced on the basis of mid-frequency induction heater, which is assembled using MOSFET transistors and IGBT modules, which allows you to save up to 35% on electricity, having a high efficiency of 95%.

Transistor-based induction melting furnaces are suitable for small industrial foundries that need to melt a large number of metal The advantages of melting furnaces include their mobility and ease of maintenance, since they use a graphite crucible, which saves time on making the lining and drying it.

The Rosinductor company offers to buy LEGNUM induction melting furnaces (Taiwan); these furnaces are the most popular among Russian buyers. Thyristor induction melting furnaces Legnum are supplied in two modifications: hydraulics and gearbox, the main buyers are medium and large smelting plants with a capacity of 2000 tons/year.

The induction melting furnace is supplied with two melting units; they are installed on a pre-prepared foundation. The main advantages are efficiency, on average 20-30% more economical than any other analogues presented at Russian market, reliability, modern design And affordable price. Rosinductor supplies induction melting furnaces not only to all regions of RUSSIA, but also to the countries of the former CIS. By contacting our company, rest assured that the induction melting furnace you buy is guaranteed best price, quality, reliability and delivery conditions.

The advantage of melting metal in melting furnaces is cost-effectiveness. This is due to the release of a large amount of heat when heating the metal, so the furnaces consume relatively little power. If we make a comparison between transistor and thyristor furnaces, then the former are 25% more economical, but their cost for the same power is noticeably higher. The most common furnaces have a melting temperature of 1650 °C; at this temperature any non-refractory charge can be melted.

During metal melting, the furnace is controlled mechanically or remotely. In both cases, the process must be managed by trained personnel with appropriate permits and approvals. The Rosinductor company performs work on setting up converters, troubleshooting and maintaining smelting equipment in working order.

When choosing a melting furnace, you need to think about the choice of crucible. This determines what metal will melt and how many melts it can withstand. On average, the crucible can withstand from 20 to 60 heats. For a long service life of the crucible, you must use high-quality and reliable materials. The melting time of metal takes no more than 50 minutes in a heated melting furnace, so a furnace of small volume and power can have high performance.

The delivery set of melting furnaces includes the main elements: thyristor or transistor frequency converter, melting units, capacitor banks, templates, water-cooled cables, control panels, cooling systems.

Induction melting furnace 5 - 5000 kg

Induction melting crucible furnace on 5 - 5000 kg swimming trunks, in a lightweight aluminum alloy body, with TFC and tilt gear. An induction crucible furnace with a thyristor converter is designed for melting ferrous and non-ferrous metals in foundries. The furnace is used to heat molten copper, steel and cast iron. Round-the-clock operation of the furnace is possible if necessary.

Melting furnaces for aluminum

Melting furnaces for aluminum have their own characteristics, because the melting point of aluminum is 660 °C (390 kJ/kg). When choosing a furnace for aluminum, you should know that the thyristor converter should not be powerful, and the melting unit itself differs in size from the unit for steel or copper by 2-3 times. Accordingly, it is not recommended to melt other metals in it.

Melt aluminum alloys possible in furnaces with oil, gas and electric heating, in flame reverberatory furnaces, but the highest quality metal and high speed are obtained when melting in induction melting furnaces, due to the homogeneous composition of the charge, which mixes well in the induction field.

Melting furnaces for steel

Melting furnaces are heated to their maximum temperature when melting steel 1500 - 1600 °C and is accompanied by complex physical and chemical processes. When remelting steel, it is necessary to reduce the content of oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus, which form oxide and sulfide elements, which reduce the quality of steel.

A feature of steel melting in melting furnaces is the use of lining mixtures, in contrast to copper melting, where a graphite crucible is used. Melting furnaces mix metal well due to the induction field, which evens out chemical composition become.

The above advantages are excellent for smelting alloy steels, with minimal losses alloying elements: tungsten - about 2%, manganese, chromium and vanadium - 5 - 10%, silicon - 10 - 15%, taking into account the scarcity and high cost of alloying elements.

Steel melting has the following features and advantages:

The most important castings are melted using the oxidation method, because during the boiling of the metal, all non-metallic inclusions are removed and the phosphorus content is reduced. The composition of the charge is taken from scrap carbon steel or cast iron to obtain an average carbon content of 0.5%;
If you are going to melt steel with high content manganese, aluminum, chromium, you need to choose an acidic lining, because the durability of the crucible will be twice as high;
Before starting melting, the crucible is filled with metal, but the top should not be filled tightly, this can lead to the formation of arches and, accordingly, waste of metal, since the charge will settle during melting of the lower pieces;
The steel melting time ranges from 50-70 minutes, depending on the heating of the melting unit;
Melting furnaces for steel have high productivity in the production of castings of small mass and size.

Copper, copper alloys, bronze, brass can be melted in all smelting furnaces where temperature regime 1000 - 1300 °C. However, it is preferable to use induction melting furnaces, since one melt in them will not exceed 40 minutes. The copper used in Russia today is not particularly pure. Typically it contains the following impurities: iron, nickel, antimony, arsenic. Copper with an impurity content of 1% is considered pure metal.

The main important quality of the metal is its high electrical and thermal conductivity. This determines the low temperature for melting. Copper smelting temperature is 1084°C. Copper is a fairly flexible metal that is widely used in various technical industries; here are some of its features:

Copper can be melted in an open environment, in a vacuum and in a protective gas environment;
Copper is melted in a vacuum to obtain oxygen-free copper, with the ability to reduce O (Oxygenium) oxygen to almost zero 0.001%;
The main charge when producing oxygen-free copper is 99.95% cathode sheets; before loading the sheets into the furnace, they must be cut, washed and dried from the electrolyte;
The lining of the melting furnace above the metal level is made of magnesite;
To avoid oxidation, smelting is carried out using charcoal, fluxes, glass and other components.

Induction furnace for metal melting

An induction furnace for metal melting heats the metal charge with high frequency currents (HFC) in an induced electromagnetic field under the influence of eddy electric currents. Melting furnaces consume a large amount of electricity, so we offer furnaces not only with a thyristor converter, but also with an economical transistor converter. The furnace uses a lining or a graphite crucible, in both cases they are only enough for 20-40 melts. Heat melting, allows you to produce one metal melt in 50 minutes.

ZAVODRR- furnaces for melting metals from Russian, Asian and European manufacturers with a crucible capacity from 1 to 10,000 kg. Supply, installation, commissioning and inexpensive maintenance of furnaces.

Let's look at the features of furnaces for melting ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals:

Aluminum smelting furnace (aluminum smelting in furnaces is carried out at a temperature of 660 °C, boiling point 2400 °C, density 2698 kg/cm³);
Furnace for smelting cast iron (cast iron smelting 1450 - 1520 °C, density 7900 kg/m³);
Copper smelting furnace (copper smelting 1083°C, boiling point 2580°C, density 8920 kg/cm³);
Furnace for gold smelting (gold smelting 1063°C, boiling point 2660°C, density 19320 kg/cm³);
Silver smelting furnaces (silver smelting 960°C, boiling point 2180°C, density 10500 kg/cm³);
Furnace for steel melting (steel melting in furnaces 1450 - 1520 °C, density 7900 kg/m³);
Iron smelting furnace (iron smelting 1539°C, boiling point 2900°C, density 7850 kg/m3);
Furnaces for melting titanium alloys (titanium melting 1680°C, boiling point 3300°C, density 4505 kg/m³);
Furnace for lead smelting (lead smelting in furnaces 327°C, boiling point 1750°C, density 1134 kg/cm³);
Brass smelting furnace (brass smelting in furnaces 880–950 °C. density 8500 kg/m³);
Bronze smelting furnaces (bronze smelting in furnaces, 930–1140 °C 8700 kg/m³).