Rosehip, or rose (various species) - genus Rosa
Rosaceae family
Botanical characteristics. Shrubs with thorns on shoots and stems. The leaves are alternate, imparipinnately compound, with 5-8 serrated leaflets. The flowers are bisexual, 5-petalled, with a pink-red corolla, less often white. The fruit is false, multi-nutted. The real fruits are small nuts located inside an orange-red, juicy, overgrown receptacle - the hypanthium. GOST and GF XI provide for the collection of raw materials from high-vitamin and low-vitamin rose hips.
Rosehip May- Rosa majalis Herrn. (cinnamon - Rosa cinnamomea L). Stem 1-2 m high, thorns curved down. The flowers are pink-purple. The fruits are oval, orange-red, with sepals pointing upward. High vitamin type: 4-14% ascorbic acid.
Rosehip needle- Rosa acicularis Undl. The stem is up to 2 m high, the thorns are thin, straight, reminiscent of bristles. The leaves are bluish due to pubescence. The flowers are pink. The fruits are oval, red-orange, with sepals pointing upward. High vitamin type: 4-14% ascorbic acid.
Dog rose- Rosa canina L. Stem 2 m high, thorns curved down. The flowers are pink. The fruits are oval, red-orange, with sepals pointing downwards. Low vitamin type: 1% ascorbic acid.
Felted rose hips- Rosa toinentosa Smith. The stem is 1-3 m high, the thorns are curved. The flowers are pink, 3-5 in corymbs. The fruits are oval, orange-red, with cascading sepals directed upward. Low-vitamin type: 0.5-1% ascorbic acid.
Rosehip small-flowered- Rosa floribunda Stev. ex Bess. The stem is about 2 m high, the thorns are curved. The flowers are pink and white. The fruits are spherical, orange-red. Low-vitamin type: 0.5-1% ascorbic acid.
The listed types of rose hips grow in the European part of the country and in the Caucasus.
Rosehip wrinkled- Rosa rugosa Thunb. The stem is about 2 m high, there are numerous thorns. The leaves are heavily wrinkled. The flowers are pink-purple, 6-8 cm in diameter. Blooms until autumn. The fruits are spherical, red, with erect sepals. High vitamin type: 3-6% ascorbic acid.
Dahurian rose hips- Rosa davurica Pall. The stem is about 1.5 m high, the thorns are curved. The flowers are dark pink. The fruits are oval, orange, with sepals pointing upward. High vitamin type: 3-18% ascorbic acid. It grows mainly in the Far East.
Begger's rosehip- Rosa beggeriana Schrenk. The stem is 1-2.5 m high, the thorns are curved. Young leaves are purple. The flowers are white, in inflorescences of 30 pieces. The fruits are red, spherical, resemble a pea with a diameter of about 1 cm, with falling sepals. High vitamin type: 5-18% ascorbic acid.
Rosehip Fedchenko- Rosa fedtschencoana Bge. The stem is 2-3 m high, with curved spines. The flowers are white, 8-9 cm in diameter, collected in a thick “snowball”. The fruits are oval, orange-red, up to 5 cm long. High-vitamin type: 6% ascorbic acid.
Rosehip Kokand- Rosa kokandica Rgl. The stem is about 2 m high. The flowers are golden yellow. The fruits are spherical, red-black. Low-vitamin type: 0.5-1% ascorbic acid. Grows mainly in Central Asia.
Rose hips bloom in May - July, fruits ripen in August - September.
Spreading. Ubiquitous; Some species have a limited range.
Habitat. In forests, among open forests, on mountain slopes, in river valleys, in fields, near roads, in individual bushes or groups. Wrinkled and cinnamon rose hips are most often cultivated in the European part of the country. High-vitamin varieties have been bred. Cultivation is easy. Cultivated as an ornamental, medicinal, vitamin, and food plant. It is convenient to use even waste or hard-to-cultivate land. Propagated by seeds or vegetatively. The seeds are grown in a nursery to produce seedlings. They are transplanted into the soil at one to two years of age. in early spring or late autumn, cutting the roots to 20 cm; and the stems are 1/3. Active fruiting from 2 to 6 years. When caring, they loosen the soil, destroy weeds, and feed them with humus and compost.
Preparation. Fruits (hypanthia) are collected in the phase of medium and full ripening in the fall before frost. Frozen fruits lose vitamins and are easily destroyed when harvested. When picking fruits, you should wear protective gloves and sleeves made of thick or canvas fabric. Aprons with large front pockets are convenient. To collect rose hips, use a scoop, a fruit-collecting bag, or a mug. Fresh raw materials are inspected and cleaned of impurities. To obtain peeled fruits, the nuts and hairs are separated. Fruit-nuts serve as raw materials for oil extracts.
Security measures. When harvesting, some of the fruits are left for seeding. You should not break, let alone chop, inaccessible branches and stems. It is useful to cultivate natural habitats by replanting and overseeding.
Drying. In dryers at a temperature of 80-90°C with good ventilation. The raw materials are laid out in a thin layer and mixed often. The end of drying is determined by the fragility of the fruit. Yield of dry raw materials 32-42%
Standardization. The quality of rose hips is regulated by the State Fund XI and VFS 42-185-72.
External signs. According to GOST, State Fund XI, raw materials in the form of whole, round, wrinkled fruits without sepals and stalks, 0.7-3 cm long, 0.6-1.7 cm in diameter. Nuts and inner surface hypanthia are covered with bristly hairs. The color is orange-red. There is no smell. The taste is sour-sweet, slightly astringent. Reduce the quality of raw materials high humidity, admixture of other parts of the plant, darkened and damaged by pests, as well as green-yellow unripe fruits, crushed. Mold, rot, and debris are not allowed. The authenticity of raw materials is easily determined by external signs.
Microscopy. Polygonal straight-walled cells of the fetal epidermis with unevenly, in places clearly thickened cell membranes are of diagnostic value; sparse stomata; thin-walled parenchyma cells of the pulp with orange-red clumps of carotenoids and numerous drusen of calcium oxalate; single or group-located stony pericarp cells with highly thickened porous membranes; numerous unicellular hairs of two types (or their fragments): very large, straight, thick-walled - with a narrow cavity, smaller, slightly sinuous - with a wide cavity.
Numerical indicators.Whole raw materials. Ascorbic acid not less than 0.2%; moisture no more than 15%; total ash no more than 3%; admixtures of twigs, sepals and stalks no more than 2%; blackened, burnt, damaged by pests and diseases fruits no more than 1%; unripe fruits (from green to yellow color) no more than 5%; crushed fruits, including nuts, passing through a sieve with holes 3 mm in diameter, no more than 3%; organic impurities - no more than 0.5%, mineral - no more than 0.5%.
Powder. In addition to the requirements for whole raw materials for the content of ascorbic acid, total ash and moisture, the powder must also meet the following: particles that do not pass through a sieve with 2 mm holes, no more than 15%.
For raw materials used for the production of holosas, carotoline and syrups. Organic acids not less than 2.6%; total ash no more than 4%; blackened, burnt, damaged by pests and diseases of fruits no more than 3% (other indicators are the same as indicated above).
Quantitative determination of ascorbic acid is carried out titrimetrically (with a solution of sodium 2,6-dichloroindophenolate). Quantitative determination of the amount of organic acids is carried out alkalimetrically.
Chemical composition. Rosehip is a multivitamin raw material. In the dry pulp of rose hips, 23.9% sugars were found, of which 18.5% invert sugar, 3.7-14% pectin, 6.4% raw ash; total acidity 2.8%. Found apple and citric acid, potassium salts (23 mg%), sodium (5 mg%), calcium (26 mg%), magnesium (8 mg%), phosphorus (8 mg%), iron (11.5 mg%).
The average content of ascorbic acid in fruits supplied to factories is 1200-1500 mg%. A study of the composition of flavonoid substances showed the presence of quercetin, kaempferol, and isoquercitrin. The total content of flavonoids in rose hips cinnamon is 4%, in rose hips wrinkled 2.13%. The catechins identified are epigallocatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate. The total content of tannins in dry fruits is 4.6%, the total content of anthocyanin substances is 45 mg%. The total content of tocopherols (vitamin E) is 170 mg%.
In addition to ascorbic acid, carotene and vitamins B2 and K1 were found in rose hips. The seeds contain fatty oil rich in carotene and vitamin E, consisting of linoleic acid (57.8%), linolenic acid (14.3%), oleic acid (19.1%), palmitic acid (5.3%), myristic acid (1.15 %), stearic (0.31%). The leaves contain ascorbic acid (up to 1.5%). Tannins are found in leaves, branches and roots.
Ascorbic acid requires at least 1%, and in low-vitamin rose hips there should be at least 0.3% of organic acids in the complex.
Storage. In a dry place, packed in bags or bundles, often checking the raw materials for pests. Shelf life 2 years.
Pharmacological properties. Preparations from rose hips have a variety of pharmacological activities, mainly due to ascorbic acid. Due to the presence of the dienol group (-HOC=COH-) in the molecule, ascorbic acid has reducing properties. It is directly involved in many redox processes, in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, activation of a number of enzymes, promotes tissue regeneration, regulates blood clotting, vascular permeability, participates in the synthesis of collagen, steroid hormones, increases the body's resistance and protective reactions to infections and other unfavorable environmental factors, stimulates the hematopoietic apparatus, enhances the phagocytic ability of leukocytes. Ascorbic acid increases mental and physical performance and activates basal metabolism.
The anti-sclerotic effect of ascorbic acid has been experimentally proven, which is manifested by a decrease in the level of cholesterol and total lipids in the blood, inhibition of the deposition of atheromatous masses in the walls of blood vessels. The mechanism of the anti-sclerotic action of rose hips involves not only ascorbic acid, the role of which in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism has long been established, but also a number of substances that regulate the permeability of the vascular wall (rutin), acting as antioxidants (tocopherols, vitamin E), as well as unsaturated fatty acids and others substances.
The choleretic effect of rose hips (one of the stimulants of which is considered to be magnesium salts, present in significant quantities in rose hips) also helps remove cholesterol and its precursors from the body.
The presence of magnesium in rose hips explains the decrease in tension in the vascular walls and the improvement of liver function. Magnesium ions also suppress the formation of oxalic acid; in their presence, the solubility of calcium oxalates increases, fibrinolysis is activated, which prevents the formation of stones and blood clots in the urinary system.
Rosehip as a source of bioactive substances has a number of advantages over synthetic ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid used in organic preparations (in particular, herbal ones) does not cause complications, while doses of synthetic ascorbic acid of 50 mg/kg in animal experiments have a hemolyzing effect on the blood, causing anemia and suppressing the body's resistance, reducing phagocytic leukocyte activity. There are observations that long-term use of large doses of synthetic ascorbic acid can lead to inhibition of the insulin-producing function of the pancreas.
Currently, oil extracts from rosehip are being actively studied (rosehip seed oil and oil extract from the fruit - “Carotolin”). Rosehip oil and carotoline in the experiment reduce gastric secretion and acidity of gastric contents; increase the protective properties of the oral mucosa, improve its nutrition; accelerate the healing of experimental thermal burns in rabbits and radiation injuries.
Essential rose oil has bacteriostatic, antispasmodic, antihistamine and choleretic properties.
Medicines. Fruits, multivitamin mixtures, syrup, decoction, rosehip extract for the drug "Holosas" (low-vitamin fruits), dry extract, dry extract granules. Rosehip oil is obtained from the fruit-nuts, and fat-like preparations (beta-carotene) “Carotolin”, “Carotonil”, vitamin tea No. 1, No. 2 are obtained from the pulp.
Application. Rose hips have long been used for hypo- and vitamin deficiency C. The human body is incapable of synthesizing ascorbic acid. Daily requirement for an adult it is 50 mg, and with heavy physical activity - 75-100 mg. The need for ascorbic acid increases in pregnant and breastfeeding women (up to 100 mg).
Rose hips are used for preventive and therapeutic purposes, as an adjuvant for hemorrhagic diathesis, hemophilia, bleeding (nasal, pulmonary, uterine), for radiation sickness accompanied by hemorrhages, for overdose of anticoagulants, for infectious diseases, liver diseases, Addison's disease, long-term non-healing ulcers and wounds, bone fractures, intoxication with industrial poisons and in many other cases. Large doses of ascorbic acid are used in the complex treatment of patients with malignant neoplasms, based on the assumption that the trigger for malignant growth is increased hyaluronidase activity, and ascorbic acid blocks it.
Currently, the connection between vitamin deficiency and atherosclerosis is considered real. Patients with atherosclerosis usually have polyhypovitaminosis. Insufficient intake of ascorbic acid in the human diet is one of the risk factors coronary disease heart disease, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Ascorbic acid is used in rose hips as an antisclerotic agent. Under its influence, the cholesterol level in the blood decreases in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. Cholesterol levels are more likely to decrease in individuals with hypercholesterolemia and remain unchanged or increase in individuals with low cholesterol levels. As a hypocholesterolemic agent, the choleretic drug of rosehip - "Holosas" - is used. In the complex treatment of patients diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis in old and senile age, use a decoction of rose hips with iodine supplements. The use of rosehip decoction reduces and stabilizes blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes.
Rosehip infusion is added to the dough to enrich bread with ascorbic acid, folacin, mineral salts, and improve the organoleptic properties of baked bread. Thanks to rose hips, the porosity of bread, elasticity, and quality of the crust increase, the taste and aroma improve, and the bread becomes stale more slowly.
Rosehip decoction (50 g per 1 liter) is added to canned food, preserves, jams, juices, and canned fruits and vegetable juices are fortified.
Rosehips are used as an additional source of iron for iron deficiency and other anemias. Rosehip preparations are prescribed for chronic and acute infections, nephritis; patients in the preoperative period and after surgery, with injuries, chronic and acute pneumonia, with vascular diseases of the brain, with eye diseases accompanied by minor hemorrhages.
Rosehip is also used as a choleretic agent for cholecystitis, hepatitis in the form of aqueous decoctions, mixtures, medicinal cocktails with oxygen, syrups, preserves, compotes, jam or ready-made pharmaceutical preparations. Rosehip syrups containing a large number of magnesium is recommended for patients with thrombosis, hypertension, and salt metabolism disorders.
To prepare a decoction of rose hips, crush a tablespoon (20 g) of the dried raw material, place it in an enamel bowl, add 200 ml (1 glass) of boiling water, cover and heat in a boiling water bath, stirring frequently, for 30 minutes, cool for 10 minutes, filter. Take 1/4-1/2 cup 2 times a day.
It is convenient to prepare rose hip infusion in a thermos: 1 cup of crushed dry or fresh rose hips, pour 1 liter of boiling water and leave for 10-12 hours. Preparing the infusion in a thermos promotes a more complete extraction of vitamins, and the tightness, limiting the access of oxygen, prevents oxidation and destruction.
Rosehip is one of the vitamin and medical fees. It is often combined with the fruits of black currant, rowan, lingonberry, containing the P-vitamin complex, in the presence of which it enhances therapeutic effect rosehip. Rosehip is used in preparations for vitamin-oxygen cocktails used for gastrointestinal diseases. For example, with increased acidity of gastric juice, the collection includes rose hips (3 parts), motherwort herb, marsh grass, calamus root, buckthorn bark, mint herb and St. John's wort (1 part each): 100 g of the mixture is poured into 1 liter of boiling water, infused for 5- 6 hours; use 1 teaspoon of infusion per procedure.
From the fruits of dog rose, which contains a relatively small amount of ascorbic acid, the drug Cholosasum is made - a thick, syrupy liquid of dark brown color, sweet and sour taste, and a peculiar smell. Prescribed for cholecystitis, hepatitis, 1 teaspoon per dose 2-3 times a day, for children 1/4 teaspoon per dose 2-3 times a day. Store in a cool, dry place. Available in 250 ml bottles. Holosas has choleretic and hypolipidemic properties.
Rosehip oil (Oleum Rosae) is a brown oily liquid with green tint, bitter in taste, contains tocopherols of at least 40 mg%, carotenoids of at least 55 mg%. Available in 100 ml bottles. Apply externally.
Carotolinum is an oil extract from rose hips. Contains carotenoids, tocopherols, unsaturated fatty acids. Karotolin - liquid orange color in a thin layer, with a specific smell and taste. The content of carotenoids in terms of carotene is not less than 120 mg%. Available in 100 ml bottles. Used as an external wound healing agent for trophic ulcers, eczema, erythroderma and diseases accompanied by hypotrophy of the skin and mucous membranes, as well as for the prevention and treatment of radiation injuries in patients receiving radiotherapy (3-4 applications to irradiated areas of the skin).
Rosehip oil and carotolin are used for rhinitis and pharyngitis in the form of daily lubrication of the mucous membrane of the nose and pharynx or in the form of inhalations. Positive results were noted in both subatrophic and hypertrophic processes. For ozena, a cotton swab with rosehip oil is inserted into the nasal cavity for 20-30 minutes.
Family Rosaceae
The Global Fund XI describes 13 species of rose hips that have the officially approved status of medicinal plant raw materials. All these species are shrubs with thorns on their shoots and stems. The leaves are compound, odd-pinnate, with serrated leaflets. The flowers are bisexual, 5-petalled, with a pink-red corolla, less often white. The fruit is false, multi-nutted. The real fruits are small nuts located inside an orange-red, juicy, overgrown receptacle - the hypanthium.
The most commonly used raw material is rosehip (Rosa majalis Herrn). This is a shrub up to 2 meters high. The spines are paired, hooked. The leaves are imparipinnate with 7 (less often 5) oblong-ovate leaflets. The flowers are large, pink-purple. The fruits are smooth, spherical or oval, orange-red. Depending on the growing area, it blooms in May-July; the fruits ripen in August-September.
Of the rosehip species common in the Far East, we will limit ourselves to a brief description of three species that are promising as medicinal plant raw materials.
Dahurian rosehip - Rosa davurica Pall. The spines are paired, slightly curved. Leaves with 7 leaflets pubescent at the bottom. The flowers are dark pink. The fruits are smooth, spherical or oval.
Rose hip - Rosa acicularis Lindl. It has very thin straight spines that resemble bristles. Leaves with 5-7 coarsely toothed leaflets. The flowers are pink. The fruits are elongated, smooth or bristly.
Wrinkled rose hip - Rosa rugosa Thunb. The spines are numerous, unequal in length and strength. Leaves with 5-9 large, thick, heavily wrinkled leaflets. The flowers are dark crimson. The fruits are large, spherical-flattened, bright red.
Spreading
Rosehip May is a plant with a Euro-Siberian type of habitat. It grows throughout almost the entire European part of Russia, with the exception of the northern, Black Sea and Caspian regions, in Western Siberia and Eastern Siberia to Lake Baikal.
Daurian rosehip is widespread in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, the Amur region and Primorye.
The range of the rosehip needle extends from Kamchatka and Sakhalin through all of Siberia to the northeast of the European part of Russia.
The wrinkled rose hip grows only on the sea coast in the Primorsky Territory, in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, on Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and in the south of Kamchatka.
Habitat
May rosehip grows in sparse forests, on the edges, clearings and clearings, among bushes and along ravines. Prefers meadows and valley forests. Forms commercial areas within floodplain shrub thickets.
Cultivated as an ornamental, medicinal, vitamin, and food plant.
Dahurian rosehip grows in rare birch and larch forests, along forest edges, mountain slopes and river valleys.
Rosehip needle grows in forests, on forest edges and clearings, along slopes and gorges.
Wrinkled rose hips grow on the sea coast, in seaside meadows and in the lower reaches of river valleys.
Chemical composition
Rosehips are valuable multivitamin raw materials. Pharmacopoeial types of rose hips are divided into high-vitamin and low-vitamin. The content of ascorbic acid in fruits of high-vitamin species is at least 1%.
Rose hips contain up to 5.2% ascorbic acid in terms of dry raw materials. In addition to ascorbic acid, carotene and vitamins B2, K1, P, E were found in rose hips. Other biologically active substances include the presence of flavonoid substances - quercetin, kaempferol, isoquercitrin. The total content of flavonoids in May rose hips is 4%, in rugose hips it is 2.13%. There are also catechins: epigallocatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate and epicatechin gallate. The total content of tannins in dry fruits is 4.6%, the total content of anthocyanin substances is 45 mg%. The total content of tocopherols (vitamin E) is 170 mg%.
The dry pulp of rose hips contains 24% sugars (of which 18.5% are invert sugar), pectin, malic and citric acids, potassium salts, sodium salts, calcium salts, magnesium salts, phosphorus salts, and iron salts.
pharmachologic effect
Preparations from rose hips have a variety of effects: choleretic, diuretic, anti-atherosclerotic, bactericidal, anti-inflammatory, astringent, wound-healing, hemostatic, sedative, laxative, hematopoietic, tonic.
The properties of rose hips are largely due to ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid has reducing properties. It is directly involved in redox processes, in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, activation of a number of enzymes, promotes tissue regeneration, regulates blood clotting, vascular permeability, participates in the synthesis of collagen, steroid hormones, increases the body’s resistance and protective reactions to infections and other unfavorable environmental factors, stimulates the hematopoietic apparatus, enhances the phagocytic ability of leukocytes. Ascorbic acid increases mental and physical performance and activates basal metabolism.
Ascorbic acid also exhibits an antisclerotic effect - it reduces the level of cholesterol and total lipids in the blood, inhibits cholesterol deposits in the walls of blood vessels. Lack of ascorbic acid in the diet is one of the risk factors for coronary heart disease, hypertension and atherosclerosis.
The mechanism of the anti-sclerotic action of rose hips involves not only ascorbic acid, but also a number of substances that regulate the permeability of the vascular wall (rutin), acting as antioxidants (tocopherols, vitamin E), as well as unsaturated fatty acids and other substances.
The choleretic effect of rosehip preparations, caused by magnesium salts, also helps remove cholesterol and its precursors from the body.
The presence of magnesium in rose hips explains the decrease in tension in the vascular walls and the improvement of liver function. Magnesium ions also suppress the formation of oxalic acid; in their presence, the solubility of calcium oxalates increases, fibrinolysis is activated, which prevents the formation of stones and blood clots in the urinary system.
Rosehip seed oil and oil extract from the fruit - "Carotolin" - reduce gastric secretion and acidity of gastric contents; increase the protective properties of the oral mucosa, improve its nutrition; accelerate the healing of thermal burns and radiation injuries.
Essential rose oil has bacteriostatic, antispasmodic, antihistamine and choleretic properties.
Dosage forms
Fruits, multivitamin mixtures, syrup, decoction, dry extract, dry extract granules. Rosehip oil is obtained from the fruit-nuts, and fat-like preparations (beta-carotene) “Carotolin”, “Carotonil”, and vitamin teas are obtained from the pulp. Low-vitamin fruits are used as raw materials for the production of the drug "Holosas".
Rose hips are included in SP XI as a medicinal plant material.
Application
Rose hips have long been used to treat a lack of vitamin C in the diet. The human body is not capable of synthesizing ascorbic acid.
Rosehip is used for preventive and therapeutic purposes, as an adjuvant for hemophilia, bleeding and hemorrhage, infectious diseases, liver diseases, long-term non-healing ulcers and wounds, bone fractures, intoxication with industrial poisons and in many other cases. Large doses of ascorbic acid are used in the complex treatment of patients with malignant neoplasms.
Ascorbic acid and rose hips are used as an antisclerotic agent.
As a hypocholesterolemic agent, the choleretic drug of rosehip - "Holosas" - is used. In the complex treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis in the elderly and senile, a decoction of rose hips with iodine supplements is used. The use of rosehip decoction reduces and stabilizes blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes.
Rosehip is also used as a choleretic agent for cholecystitis, hepatitis in the form of aqueous decoctions, mixtures, medicinal cocktails with oxygen, syrups, preserves, compotes, jam or ready-made pharmaceutical preparations. Rose hip syrups containing large amounts of magnesium are recommended for patients with thrombosis, hypertension, and salt metabolism disorders.
Rosehips are used as an additional source of iron for iron deficiency and other anemias. Rosehip preparations are prescribed for chronic and acute infections, nephritis; in the preoperative period and after surgery, with injuries, chronic and acute pneumonia, with vascular diseases of the brain.
Rosehip is included in a number of vitamin and medicinal preparations. It is often combined with the fruits of black currant, rowan, and lingonberry, which contain the P-vitamin complex, in the presence of which the therapeutic effect of rose hips is enhanced.
Rosehip is used in preparations for vitamin-oxygen cocktails used for gastrointestinal diseases.
Rosehip oil and carotoline are used for rhinitis and pharyngitis for daily lubrication of the mucous membrane of the nose and pharynx or for inhalation.
Rosehip infusion is added to the dough to enrich bread with ascorbic acid, folacin, mineral salts, and improve the organoleptic properties of baked bread. Thanks to rose hips, the porosity of bread, elasticity, and quality of the crust increase, the taste and aroma improve, and the bread becomes stale more slowly.
Rosehip decoction is added to canned food, preserves, jams, juices, and canned fruits and vegetable juices are fortified.
Rose hips are used to make jam, compotes, fruit drinks, and liqueurs.
Rosehip leaves and flowers are brewed instead of tea.
Procurement of raw materials
Fruits (hypanthia) are collected in the phase of medium and full ripening in the fall before frost. Frozen fruits lose vitamins and are easily destroyed when harvested. Fresh raw materials are inspected and cleaned of impurities. To obtain peeled fruits, the nuts and hairs are separated. Fruit-nuts serve as raw materials for oil extracts.
Dry in dryers at a temperature of 80-90°C with good ventilation. The raw materials are laid out in a thin layer and mixed often. The end of drying is determined by the fragility of the fruit.
Dried raw materials are stored packed in bags or packs in a dry place, periodically checking for pest damage.
Shelf life 2 years.
Security measures
When harvesting, some of the fruits are left for seeding. You should not break, let alone chop, inaccessible branches and stems. It is recommended to cultivate natural habitats by replanting and overseeding.
Resources
The raw material supply of rose hips in terms of dry weight in the 70s of the 20th century was estimated at 10-15 thousand tons. The procurement volumes did not exceed 12-30% of the raw material reserves. The main areas for procurement of rose hips are Ryazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov regions and Tatarstan. Industrially significant reserves May rose hips are also found in other areas of the European part of Russia.
The average productivity of thickets of high-vitamin rose hips is in the range of 800-1300 kg/ha of raw fruits.
High-vitamin varieties of rose hips were grown in the Moscow region, Bashkiria, and Altai, but the widespread introduction of rose hips into culture was prevented by the lack of machines for collecting the fruits.
Family Rosaceae- Rosaceae.
Rosehip cinnamon
(cinnamon rose)
Rosa cinnamonea L.
Dog rose
(dog rose)
Rosa canina L.
Rosehip needle
(rose needle)
Rosa acicularis Lindl.
Dahurian rose hips
(rose daurica)
Rosa davurica Pall
Description. There are over 60 species of rose hips. Species of the genus Rosehip (rose) are divided into 8 groups - sections.
The rosehips of the cinnamon section - cinnamoneae - are richest in vitamin C. Types of dog rose hips - caninae - contain significantly less vitamin C. Cinnamon rosehip is a shrub with red-brown shiny branches, curved downward thorns, located in pairs at the base of the leaf petiole. Leafy shoots also have thin straight spines. The leaves are compound, odd-pinnate, with ovate-lanceolate acute stipules, 3/4 fused with the petiole. There are five to seven pairs of leaves, they are oblong-oval, serrated, grayish below. The flowers are solitary, pink or dark red, with many stamens and pistils. False fruits are berry-shaped, spherical, less often elliptical, orange-red, soft, sweet and sour taste. Cinnamon rose hips are characterized by whole, upward-pointing sepals that remain with the fruit. Height 100-150 cm.
Dog rose is a shrub with branches covered with strong tenacious sickle-shaped thorns, flattened at an expanded base. The leaves are compound, odd-pinnate, with five to seven ovate, bare, sharply serrated leaflets. The flowers are pink or white. The false fruits are spherical-oblong, large, red, with characteristic pinnately cut sepals that are bent down and fall off when the fruit ripens. After the sepals fall off, the throat of the receptacle is closed by a pentagonal platform. Height 120-240 cm.
Both types of rose hips are easily distinguished from each other by the nature of their sepals.
Rose hips are a shrub with grayish-brown branches covered with thin, straight, deflected bristles. The leaves are compound, odd-pinnate, with large, widely spaced, double-serrate leaves. False fruits are ovoid-oblong, red, drooping, with a remaining calyx. Height 50-200 cm.
Dahurian rosehip is a shrub with black-purple branches, curved protruding thorns, sitting in twos at the base of the branches, and in young branches - at the base of the leaf petioles. The leaves are compound, odd-pinnate, with oblong leaflets covered with small yellow glands underneath. The false fruits are spherical-ovoid, with long lanceolate-linear sepals. Height 100-150 cm.
Flowering time. May - August.
Spreading. Cinnamon rose hips are found in forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan; dog rose - in the middle and southern regions of the European part of Russia, mainly in the black soil zone, and in the Caucasus; needle hips - in coniferous forests of Siberia, the Far East and in the northern regions of the European part of Russia; Daurian rosehip - in the forests of Transbaikalia, in the Amur basin and in the south of Primorsky Krai.
Habitat. Cinnamon and dog roses grow in river floodplains, meadows, among bushes, forest clearings, edges and ravines; needle hips - mainly in coniferous forests; Daurian rosehip - in deciduous, less often coniferous forests, in open areas.
Applicable part. Fruits, seeds, flowers, leaves and roots.
Collection time. Fruits and seeds are collected in August - September, flowers and leaves - during flowering, roots - in autumn and early spring.
Chemical composition. Fruits contain sugar (about 18%), pectin (3.7%), tannins (up to 4.5%), citric (about 2%), malic and other organic acids, vitamin C (on average 2-3% , or 2000-3000 mg%), carotene (12-18 mg%), vitamins B 2 (about 0.03 mg%), K (up to 40 biological units), P (citrine), flavonol glucosides kaempferol and quercetin, pigments lycopene and rubixanthin.
Application. Rosehip is an ancient medicinal plant; its medicinal properties were known in Russia back in the 17th century. At that time, rose hips were already highly valued and were given out for treatment only to noble people with special permission.
Rosehip is a multivitamin plant; its fruits are significantly superior to other plants in terms of the quantitative content and variety of vitamins. An aqueous infusion of fruits increases the body's resistance to infectious diseases, weakens the development of arteriosclerosis and has a general strengthening, tonic effect. An infusion of fruits increases the secretion of bile, stimulates the function of the gonads, weakens and stops bleeding, reduces the permeability and fragility of blood capillaries.
The fruit infusion also enhances the regeneration processes of soft and bone tissues and accelerates the healing of wounds, burns and frostbite. The pulp of the fruit has a slight laxative effect.
Rosehip seeds, located inside the fruit, have choleretic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory effects. A decoction of the roots has astringent, choleretic and antiseptic properties. An aqueous infusion of the leaves has antimicrobial and analgesic effects and is used for gastrointestinal diseases.
An aqueous infusion of the fruit is taken for anemia, and especially for a general decline in the body's strength and weakness after debilitating diseases. An infusion of fruits is also used for stomach and intestinal ulcers, gastric catarrh with low acidity, and for diseases of the liver, kidneys and bladder.
IN folk medicine In Siberia, a decoction of the fruit is used for colds, and a decoction of flower petals with honey is used for erysipelas.
In folk medicine of Karachay-Cherkessia, rose hips are also taken for colds, and especially for coughs.
A decoction of the roots is drunk for malaria and as a good crushing and stone-dissolving agent for kidney stones.
In German folk medicine, an infusion of fruits and a decoction of crushed seeds is used internally for kidney and bladder stones, and an infusion of only fruits is used for vitamin deficiencies.
In Tibetan medicine, rose hips are used for pulmonary tuberculosis, arteriosclerosis and neurasthenia.
Externally, a decoction of the roots is used for baths for paralysis and “weakness” of the legs. A decoction of dried fruits is used for baths for rheumatism.
In scientific medicine, an infusion of fruits is widely used for vitamin deficiencies and as a general strengthening remedy that increases the body's resistance for various infectious diseases, wounds, burns, and frostbite. Rosehip infusion is also used for atherosclerosis, hemophilia and uterine bleeding.
Rose hips are included in multivitamin preparations. The fruit is used to produce the drug holosas, which is used as a choleretic agent for liver diseases - cholecystitis and hepatitis.
The fruits are used in the confectionery industry. Rosehip and rose petals are used to make eau de toilette rose water and liqueurs. Rose hips can be used to produce a beautiful orange dye.
Mode of application.
1) pour 1 tablespoon of rose hips with 2 cups of boiling water, boil for 10 minutes in a closed container, leave for 1 day, squeeze, strain, add sugar. Take 1/2 cup 2-3 times a day before meals.
2) Boil 2 tablespoons of roots for 15 minutes in 2 glasses of water, leave for 2 hours, strain. Take 1/2 cup 4 times a day before meals.
3) Boil 1 teaspoon of rosehip seed powder for 1/2 hour in 1 glass of water in a sealed container, leave for 2 hours, strain. Take 1/4 cup 3-4 times a day before meals.
4) Infuse 1 tablespoon of rosehip leaves in 1.5 cups of boiling water in a sealed container for 2-3 hours, strain. Take 2 tablespoons 3-4 times a day before meals.
Rosaceae family.
In Primorye and the Amur region, 7 species of rose hips grow, but three are the most common.
(R. davurica Pali.). Shrub up to 1.5 m in height. The spines are large, sparse, slightly curved. The leaves are imparipinnate, usually with seven oblong leaflets. The flowers are dark pink, about 4 cm in diameter, with a scent. The fruits are often spherical, less often oblong, and red. It blooms in June - July, the fruits ripen in September. The most common garden in Primorye and the Amur region. Grows on open, gentle slopes, in sparse forests, and bush thickets.
Rose hip spiny(R. acicularis Lindl.). The stems of this shrub are covered with numerous thin thorns. The flowers are pink. The fruits are elongated, orange-red. Grows in fir and spruce forests, on mountain slopes, river valleys and streams.
Rose hip wrinkly(R. rugosa Thunb.). Shrub up to 2 m in height. The shoots are densely covered with thorns. The leaves are dense, heavily wrinkled. The flowers are dark purple, large, up to 8 cm in diameter. The fruits are large, spherical or oblate-spherical, red. Grows on sands and pebbles of the sea coast.
Scientific name of the genus, "Rose", goes back to the Celtic “rodd” - “red”, based on the color of the flowers of most species. The Russian name "rose hip" was given to this plant for the prickly needles that cover the shoots of the plant.
Fruit rosehip harvested slightly unripe, dried at a temperature of 80-90°C, the sepals are removed only after drying. Properly dried fruits are crushed in the fingers, but not crushed. Dahurian rosehip fruits contain more than 3 percent vitamin C, carotene, vitamins B2, K, E, organic acids, flavonoids, tannins, sugars, vitamin P, pectin, and other substances. Coumarins, flavonoids, vitamins C and E were found in the leaves, and in flowers - essential oil, vitamin C, flavonoids, in the roots - saponins, catechins, coumarins.
The main significance of rose hips is the use of its fruits as a multivitamin remedy for hypo- and vitamin deficiencies. In addition, a decoction of the roots was used for cystitis, the petals - as a painkiller, and an infusion of the fruit - for coughs and pulmonary tuberculosis. Legs were steamed in a decoction of the roots for rheumatism, and an infusion of the roots was prescribed for bloody diarrhea.
In practical medicine rosehip preparations used for preventive and therapeutic purposes as an adjuvant for infectious diseases, liver diseases, long-lasting wounds and ulcers, radiation sickness, as an additional source of iron for iron deficiency anemia, in ophthalmic practice, as a choleretic agent; Rosehip is included in a number of vitamin and medicinal preparations. Rosehip oil, containing a large amount of vitamins, is used externally for dermatitis, bedsores, trophic ulcers, and cracked nipples in nursing mothers.
Rose hips are very widely used for food purposes. The fruits are used to make jam, puree, compotes, add to tea, coffee, jelly, confectionery, fruit infusion is added to the dough to enrich the bread with vitamins, and the bread becomes porous, elastic, more tasty and aromatic, and does not go stale for a long time.
In ancient times, people noticed the rosehip and began to grow it for its beauty. It is from rose hips that an incredible variety of roses, perhaps the most beloved flower of man, came from.
Root decoction: 2 tbsp. crushed roots, pour 2 glasses of water, bring to a boil, boil for 15-20 minutes, leave for 2 hours, strain. Take 1/2 cup 3-4 times a day as an astringent for diarrhea.
1 tsp flowers poured into a glass of water, two hundred to a boil, boil for 15-20 minutes, leave until cool, strain - externally in the form of baths for conjunctivitis, blepharitis as an anti-inflammatory and soothing for washing the eyes.
Vitamin decoctions of rose hips:
1. Grind the fruits, add water (0.5 liters per 1 tablespoon of crushed fruits), boil in an enamel bowl for 10 minutes, leave for 10-12 hours. Strain through 4 layers of gauze to separate the burning hairs, add a tablespoon to third dishes.
Rose hip- beautiful ornamental plant, perganos, recommended for soil strengthening purposes.
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Syn.: wild Rose, svoborina, svoborina, chiporas, rosehip, shipshina, dog rose, rooster berries.
A thorny shrub with pink fragrant flowers and medicinal fruits. For medicinal purposes it is used for vitamin deficiency.
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Flower formula
Rosehip flower formula: CH5L5T∞P∞.In medicine
Rose hips are used for the prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis C and P; as part of complex therapy for asthenic conditions, during the recovery period after infectious and colds, surgical operations.
Rose hips are used in the treatment of allergic skin diseases, atopic dermatitis with often accompanying dysbacteriosis.
Rose hips are included in many herbs and dietary supplements.
In gardening
Many gardeners grow rose hips as an ornamental and medicinal plant. Rosehip loves well-lit, elevated areas of land with drained soil, winters well and tolerates drought. At favorable conditions the plant begins to bear fruit in 2-3 years.
Many wild rose hips are used for grafting cultivated roses and as hedges. Rose hips propagate by seeds and vegetatively: cuttings, stem and root cuttings, root suckers and layering.
In cosmetology
The fruits, petals and leaves of rose hips are used in cosmetology. Useful material, contained in the petals and fruits of the plant, improve skin condition.
Rose hips are used to prepare nourishing and toning masks, which are used for acne, as well as for the care of oily and combination skin. Refreshing, tonic lotions and rose water are obtained from the petals, which are widely used for dry and sensitive skin.
In cooking
Purees, pastes, jams, jams, marmalade, marshmallows, compotes, candies, jelly, kvass, and syrups are prepared from rose hips.
Classification
The genus rosehip (synonym rose) belongs to the Rosaceae family (lat. Rosaceae). There are about 300 species of plants of this genus, including everyone’s favorite garden rose. There are more than 60 types of rose hips. The following types of rose hips are used for medicinal purposes:
May rose hips (cinnamon rose hips) – R. majalis Herrm. (R. cinnamomea L.),
Spiny rose hips – R. acicularis Lindl,
Daurian rosehip – R. davurica Pall.,
Begger's rosehip - R. beggeriana Schrenk,
Rosehip Fedchenko – R. fedtschenkoana Regel,
Dog rose – R. canina L.,
Rose hip – R. corymbifera Borkh.,
Small-flowered rosehip – R. micrantha Smith,
Kokand rose hip – kokanica (Regel) Regel ex Juz.,
Sand-loving rosehip – R. psammophila Chrshan.,
Felted rose hips – R. tomentosa Smith,
Rosehip zangezura – R. zangezura P. Jarosch.,
Wrinkled rosehip – R. rugosa Thunb.
Botanical description
Rosehip is a shrub that can reach a height of up to 2 meters. Rosehip cinnamon (May) has drooping stems covered with odd-pinnate leaves, which have stipules at the base on both sides. Most often, the leaf consists of 5 or 7 ovate-elliptic leaflets, with serrated leaflets along the edge, with two stipules. The stems and leaves have hard spines. The flowers are light pink-red. From the fleshy receptacle a false fruit of various shapes develops: from spherical, ovoid or oval to highly elongated fusiform; fruit length is 0.7-3 cm, diameter - 0.6-1.7 cm. At the top of the fruit there is a small round hole or pentagonal platform. The fruits consist of an overgrown, fleshy, juicy receptacle (hypanthium) when ripe, and numerous fruitlets, nuts, enclosed in its cavity. The inside of the fruit is abundantly lined with long, very stiff bristly hairs. The nuts are small, oblong, with weakly defined edges. Rose hips ripen in August-September. The formula of the rose hip flower is CH5L5T∞P∞.
Types of rose hips
Dahurian rose hips has black-purple branches; at rosehip needle branches densely planted with thin, straight, uniform bristles, often with 2 thin spines at the base of the leaf. Rosehip wrinkled has red flowers and very large fruits. Dog rose It has pale pink flowers, the fruits are bright red, the sepals are bent down and fall off after the fruits ripen.
Spreading
Rosehip cinnamon distributed throughout the European part of Russia, in Western and Eastern Siberia, reaching Lake Baikal. Grows in Belarus and Ukraine. Dahurian rose hips distributed in the southern regions of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. Rosehip needle It grows in the forest zone, extending into the tundra, and has a wide range - from the Pacific Ocean to Karelia. The southern border of the range runs through Northern Kazakhstan, along the Volga to the west to the Gulf of Finland. Rosehip wrinkled distributed in the Far East. Dog rose distributed in Russia, grows in Ukraine and the Caucasus.
Rosehip usually grows in floodplains of rivers, in meadows, in sparse forests, on forest edges, clearings, clearings, among thickets of bushes, and in ravines.
Regions of distribution on the map of Russia.
Procurement of raw materials
Rose hips (Rosae fructus) are used as medicinal raw materials. The fruits are harvested during the period of their full ripening (in August-September, sometimes in October), when they acquire a bright red, orange, brownish-red, brownish-black color, depending on the type, and remain hard. Fruit harvesting must be completed before frost. During drying, fruits touched by frost lose most of their vitamins. The collected fruits are dried in the sun, in attics, but best in dryers at a temperature of 80-90ºС.
Chemical composition
Rose hips contain ascorbic acid (2.5 - 5.5%), vitamins B 2, K, P, riboflavin, carotenoids: provitamin A, lycopene, cryptoxanthin, etc., flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, isoquercetin, tiliroside), anthocyanins , fatty oil, sugars (up to 18%), pectin (14%), organic acids (up to 1.8%): malic and citric, tannins (4-5%). Rosehip seeds contain fatty oil rich in carotene and vitamin E.
Pharmacological properties
An infusion of rose hips helps to increase the nonspecific resistance of the body, enhance tissue regeneration and hormone synthesis, reduce vascular permeability, takes part in carbohydrate and mineral metabolism, and has some choleretic effect.
The biological activity of the plant's fruits is determined by ascorbic acid. It has well-expressed restorative properties, is a participant in catalytic processes occurring in the tissues of the body, in the form of components of complex enzyme systems - coenzymes, and participates in the process of interaction between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The protective effect of ascorbic acid against C-vitaminosis has been established.
Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid, formed during its oxidation, stimulate the body's resistance to harmful environmental influences, infections and other adverse factors, and alleviate the course of the disease.
Ascorbic acid also has an antisclerotic effect. It reduces the concentration of cholesterol in the blood and slows down the process of deposition of cholesterol plaques in the walls of blood vessels.
Rose hips and preparations made from them have an antiscorbutic effect, are able to stimulate the function of the adrenal glands for the synthesis of hormones, and have anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties.
Ascorbic acid deficiency is observed in people experiencing prolonged physical and neuropsychic stress. The human body is not capable of synthesizing ascorbic acid, therefore it must receive it from the outside in preventive and medicinal purposes, especially in cases where the disease occurs due to its deficiency.
The daily requirement for an adult is 50 mg, and with heavy physical activity it increases to 75-100 mg. The need for ascorbic acid increases to 75 mg in pregnant women, and in nursing mothers - up to 100 mg. For children 7 years old, the need is 30-35 mg, over 7 years old - 50 mg.
Ascorbic acid plays an important role in the nutrition of human eye tissue (especially a lot of ascorbic acid is found in the lens of the eye, its content decreases with the development of cataracts), therefore rose hip preparations have found use in the treatment of eye diseases caused by vascular disorders.
During treatment bronchial asthma, healing effect is based on a decrease in the content of fibrinogen and globulins in the blood serum, the amount of which increases in response to the entry of foreign proteins into the body.
Use in folk medicine
In folk medicine, rose hip tea is used, which is used to improve health, especially for coughs and colds (pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, bronchiectasis). Rosehip syrup or puree is used for decreased appetite. Fresh fruits are used as an anthelmintic. Rosehip seeds are used against stones in the urinary tract, as a mild diuretic for rheumatism and gout.
Rosehip seed oil is used to lubricate cracked nipples, trophic ulcers, burns, bedsores, and radiation damage to the skin. For dermatitis it is used internally and externally.
Ascorbic acid is used for hemorrhagic diathesis, hemophilia, various types of bleeding (nasal, pulmonary, uterine), radiation sickness accompanied by hemorrhages, poisoning with anticoagulants, infectious diseases, liver diseases, intoxication with industrial poisons and in many other cases.
Rosehip is also used as a choleretic agent for cholecystitis, hepatitis and gastrointestinal diseases, especially those associated with decreased bile secretion.
Historical reference
Back in the 11th century, rose hips were known as “Rose of Cain,” which translated from Greek means “Dog rose hips.” Perhaps the name is due to the fact that the root of the shrub helped in the treatment of rabies from dog bites. According to another version, this is a disparaging name, indicating the worst variety of rose hips.
The ancient Romans considered the plant a symbol of morality, the Greeks planted rose gardens around the temple of the goddess of love and beauty Aphrodite, and decorated the path of the newlyweds with pink petals.
Medicinal properties plants were well known and appreciated Ancient Greece. In the 4th century BC, Theophrastus in his “Natural History” gave so much detailed description plants, that it passed from book to book for many centuries. Ludwig Graeber's herbalist has a recipe from 1563 for using rosehip powder to strengthen gums. Rose oil of the plant served good remedy for wound healing, at a time when reliable sterilization and antiseptic techniques were not yet known.
The ancient Slavs also valued medicinal properties rose hips and used to heal wounds. True, they did not know how to isolate rose oil, but they were treated rose water. The beneficial properties of rose hips are mentioned in ancient Russian medical books. In Russia, rose hips were used to treat and prevent bleeding gums. In the 16th-17th centuries, Russian tsars equipped special expeditions to the Orenburg steppes to harvest the fruits of the plant. During the Russian-Turkish War, in the first military hospital in Moscow, the wounded were given “molasses to maintain strength and treatment.” Remembering this tradition, doctors in military hospitals during the Great Patriotic War used a water decoction of rose hips to heal wounds.
Rose hips were used to treat a variety of diseases: from colds to rabies, but in the 19th century, scientific medicine became disillusioned with the medicinal plant and treated it coldly. Rosehip returned to its former glory with the discovery of vitamins in it.
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