Planer for working with curves. Types of plows. Planer with double blade

A planer is a device for planing wood. Most often this tool is hand-held. Using a plane, the surfaces are given the necessary roughness, flatness, and straightness. They reduce the dimensions of products or make long recesses in them. The job of a plane is to remove chips of a specific thickness during each pass over the surface of the workpiece.

The main components of the plane are:

• block
• wedge.

By size, purpose, equipment additional accessories There are many types of planes. However, there are only two modifications:

• manual (mechanical) - can be plastic, metal, wood or a combination. All of them differ little in their functionality, however, the technical indicators directly depend on the material used to make the case.
• electric - due to the additional equipment with an electric motor, such a tool can perform a large volume of work at high processing speed.

A hand plane made of wood is the most popular option for wood processing among home craftsmen.

Classification

Planing of wood can be flat or figured. The following types of planes are intended for flat planing:

• single planes. They are necessary for the procedure of leveling the wood surface. They have a straight blade with a slightly rounded edge. After working with such a tool, no burrs or irregularities remain, for this reason it is actively used for fine planing of wood after rough processing
• In addition to processing the ends, a cross-cut plane is used for finishing leveling of wood. In addition to the blade, this device also has a knife for breaking chips
• Sherhebel, unlike previous versions, has a rounded blade located at an angle of 45° to the sole. Due to the presence of an oval edge, processing can be carried out wooden material across the fibers. In order to remove thick chips, the hole for its exit in this tool is 3-5 mm higher than in other options. After this device, a rough surface remains that needs to be finished with a jointer.
• sander This unusual name carries a grinding plane, which has a double blade and a chipbreaker located at an angle of 50° to the working sole. This device is perfect for the grinding procedure. At the end of the work, a completely smooth surface remains
• a jointer is necessary for leveling the edge and plane, and it provides finishing of large surfaces thanks to a sharp knife with a chipbreaker and an extended block. This tool should be in every woodworking workshop.
• Tsinubeli. Such planes have a single serrated blade, which, after moving through wood or plywood, leaves behind a grooved surface. This is the ideal surface for gluing. furrows, created by the cutter, guarantee better adhesion of parts on which glue is applied
• roughing planes are necessary in the process of leveling the ends on plasterboard boards. There is no need to sand after using this device. sheet material. The cutting element is created in the form of a grater

In the process of figure planing, planes are used, which are designed to process grooves, protrusions and edges. Such tools can cope with the most difficult tasks, for this reason they are quite in demand in the woodworking industry. The following types of planes are used for figured planing:

• The zenzubel is designed in such a way that it can be used to select and trim quarters, create rectangular cuts, grooves and folds. In addition, they are not suitable for planing perpendicular elements of workpieces. The zenzubel cutter has the shape of a blade, the edge of which can be straight or oblique. It all depends on the way the edge is attached to the sole. Zenzubels form a groove " dovetail" Even when processed across the grain, a perfectly smooth surface is obtained.
• kantenhobels. This type of plane is an edge selector, easily coping with chamfering, processing ends and edges in order to give them a smooth surface. In addition, such a plane will help to fine-tune the given dimensions. The main difference between the catenhobel is the trapezoidal shape of the blade. Some models are equipped with two cutting elements located at an angle to the side of the sole
• tongue and groove can be called a common type of planes. It will help you quickly and efficiently create a longitudinal groove. The groove has two blocks that are connected to each other with screws, one of the blocks is a guide, and the second secures the blade. Using an adjustable stop, the edge of the groove can be set at a specific distance from the edge. The stop ridge guarantees penetration to the required depth without the risk of bending the blade
• federgubel is a figured end plane, the task of which is to form a longitudinal protrusion along the edge of the workpiece. This work is provided by special shape blade, in the center of which there is an opening. In the process of working with such a tool, a kind of ridge remains on the surface, which in the future will be joined to a groove to connect two parts
• Kalevka has an unusual replaceable blade with a shaped cutting edge. In addition, there is a multi-stage sole. Most often, this device is used in the process of creating decorative parts, for example, cornices, baguettes and others. wooden elements serving as interior decoration
• The folding sheet will help create a groove along the edge of the workpiece without preliminary marking. Like Kalevka, there is a multi-stage sole. The tool has a wide block, as a result of which it is possible to create grooves of equal dimensions. If there is a need to process the vertical wall of the quarter, an additional side cutter is placed on the folding sheet
• staples. Such a tool is needed to form round edges of the part. This plane is equipped with a blade whose edge has a semicircular recess. Based design features, the staple has a concave sole. When processing the edges of rectangular ends, the knife removes chips so that the edge becomes rounded.

Hand plane knife

A hand plane for wood cannot work without a knife. Such knives operate under conditions of significant loads on the blade. During the reciprocating movement of the tool, the knife cuts into the wood to a specific depth. Since wood is not plastic, chipping of a certain layer occurs and chips are formed. The chips do not have a significant length and quickly split into smaller fractions. This is observed during the “creeping” of wood cut from the workpiece onto the inclined edge of the blade. During the next movement of the plane, a crack appears in the next layer, and so on.

The smaller the span and depth of planing, the smoother and cleaner the workpiece surface is, while at the same time the shear load on the blade is reduced.

Due to the fact that the chips break off when bending upward, the highest stresses are created in the plane block. That is why the block is created from the hardest types of timber.

The knife has a working and a supporting part. The configuration of the working part of the knife includes:

• a chamfer formed on the back of the blade. The chamfer guarantees a reduction in the force of cutting the knife into wood due to the elimination of friction of the rear part against the workpiece material
• front corner. It most often coincides with the accepted tilt of the knife in the plane body
• clearance angle
• working angle of sharpening. It is equal to the difference between the values ​​of the chamfer angle and the angle of inclination of the knife in the plane.
• For the durability of the plane, the most important thing is the rake angle: it is this that ensures the smoothness of the planed surface, the conditions for removing chips from the processing area, as well as the load on the blade itself.

The working edge of a knife is an edge that has a small radius of curvature. Before you start sharpening, you need to visually check the integrity of the edge: there should be no metal tears on it. If such defects are present, the knife will have to be shortened.

To minimize the radius of curvature on the edge, sharpening should be carried out in two stages. First, primary sharpening is carried out. To do this, the dull knife from the chamfer side must be brought to the periphery of the grinding wheel and pressed firmly. The number of revolutions of the sharpener should be at the level of 600 - 700 min-1. Otherwise, too much metal will be removed. It is also important not to press too hard because the steel can develop blue-violet hues, which is an unpleasant sign of the metal being tempered. The hardness of the knife will decrease, and there will be a need for heat treatment to restore the strength characteristics of the material.

If you don't have a sharpener, you can do this. Sharpen the knife with a coarse-grained whetstone, which must be secured to the workbench. Sharpening is performed by circular movements of the chamfer along the surface of the block. During this work, it is worth moistening the knife with water or soap solution for cleaning the surface being sharpened and cooling the tool.

When you see burrs, you can begin the second stage of sharpening using a finer-grained stone that removes those same burrs. The gradation of bars by grain size looks like this:

• high grain size from 30 to 180 microns. Such bars are made from silicon carbide or corundum
• average grain size from 7 to 20 microns. Such bars are created from electrocorundum or chromium dioxide
• fine grain size from 3 to 5 microns. This material is used for final sharpening of knives.

At the end of sharpening, you need to run the knife blade along a piece of hard wood. He will finally remove the fragments of the burr.

A hand plane is a woodworking tool that has long been used for planing. To this day, it does not lose popularity in private workshops. Using this device, you can give a wooden surface the desired roughness, flatness, straightness or shape, reducing the size of the parts. A plane is also used to make long recesses, which can have different shapes - these can be tongues or quarters.

Description

The hand plane is no longer so popular today; it is being replaced by tools that are powered by electricity and can meet the needs of mass production. Today, everything is run by automated lines. However, if you want to make a stool or chair in your garage, then you can remember the good old plane.

Its main parts are:

• iron (knife);
• wedge;
• block.

Depending on the equipment, purpose and size of additional devices, the plane can be divided into many types and subtypes. Mechanical planes are made from metal, plastic, and a combination of these materials. In terms of functionality, they are almost no different, but specifications depend on the material that forms the basis of the body.

Electric models are complemented by a motor that allows for a more impressive amount of work. With this tool you can achieve high speed wood processing. Some of the most popular wood processing tools in the home today are wooden planes.

The main types of planes and their purpose

A hand plane can be classified according to the type of planing: it can be profiled or flat. These tools are also divided by profile, shoe size and knife installation angle. Among other varieties, we can distinguish the sherhebel, which is a tool for rough planing. It has a flat sole and has rounded cutter blades.

If you see a device with two handles and an elongated body, then this is a bear. It has the form of a single or double plane, which is intended for rough planing. Additionally, the tool is equipped with a chip breaker.

A hand plane can be represented by a semi-jointer or a jointer, which is distinguished by a long, large block. It is intended for finishing planing, fitting parts, planing large planes, during which a ruler is used.

If particularly clean planing is required, a grinder with a double blade is used. Its design includes a chipbreaker, and the double blade is set at an impressive angle of 50° instead of 45°. To create small paths on the surface, tsinubel is used, after processing which the parts can be glued together.

To select quarters, a sampler is used, which is also called a zenzubel. To strip the quarters, a rebate is used, while a tongue and groove can be used to remove the tongue. Sanding of surfaces is carried out using a tool of the same name, and the operation consists of finishing before applying primers. A distinctive feature of these works is the absence of abrasive particles that remain inside the wood during sanding.

However, scraping has a drawback, which is expressed in the excessive labor intensity of the operation. The advantage is the smooth surface and thinness of the chips. To process figured edges, a molding is used, while an American or humpback block has a curved block. It is used for curved surfaces, which can be concave or convex.

A stacker is used to give the parts a rounded shape. The edge of the knife of this tool has a concave shape, while the fillet has a convex shape.

Additional types

The screw is narrower than the Scherhebel. It is intended for surface treatment at the initial stage. This plane has an iron cutter, which is not straight. It has a rounded shape, so when planing it is possible to obtain long grooves.

To form a trapezoidal phase, a primer is used. Using this tool, wood is processed across the grain. The design of the tool includes blocks and cutters that look like a pointed hook.

A more detailed description of the Scherhebel

If you look at carpentry tools more carefully, you can pay attention to the features of the Scherhebel. It represents the heavy artillery among a variety of similar devices. It is used when planing material that has not been processed before. This device is quite heavy and massive, as it has a metal body.

Its main purpose is primary processing, after which the products acquire the required form and sizes. This is used for planing to an impressive depth, when it is necessary to remove a fairly thick layer of wood. With the help of sherhebel, achieve smooth and smooth surface Not sure it's going to happen. For this, other types of planes are used. In appearance, its design resembles a regular plane, but the iron in it is installed at an angle of 45° and has rounded blades.

Processing Features

In one pass, using the described tool, you can remove a layer of up to 3 mm. In those places where the wood was processed, quite deep hollows remain, so they have to be leveled in the future. Scherhebel has an oval-shaped cutting edge, so it can be used to process wood across the grain. The sharpening angle may vary, depending on the hardness of the wood.

Description of the professional planer brand Groz 39701

This plane (manual professional) is a fairly popular model. It has a length of 260 mm and a weight of 1.7 kg. The cutting width is 50 mm. The tool is of high quality, has a durable, strong base, which is made of gray cast iron. Tool steel forms the basis of the blade, which is removed and has long term use.

The hardness of the material is 50-60HRC; it contains a high amount of chromium. The tool is polished to obtain a predictable, stable and clear result, it is manufactured with maximum precision. This wood plane (manual), according to consumers, has only one drawback, which is that when it hits a nail, the blade suffers significantly.

Description of the mini-plane brand "Zubr"

If you are interested in a manual mini-plane, then you can consider the “Bison” model, the body of which is made of high-quality gray cast iron. The blade is made of U8A steel and meets state standards. It provides the possibility of repeated finishing work surface. This manual plane, the price of which is 970 rubles, has plastic at the base of the handle. The length of the sole is 250 mm, while the width is 50 mm.

Conclusion

You can purchase an additional knife for a hand plane; its cost is 198 rubles. But when choosing the main device, you need to pay attention to the presence of a chip breaker, which is also called a humpback. Its lower edge is parallel to the cutting edge of the knife. The distance between these elements can vary from 0.2 to 2 mm. The closer the bottom edge is, the wider the planing.

When choosing a tool, you must also take into account what stage of wood processing it is intended for. For example, a double planer is used for finishing - it can be used to clean out burrs. If you direct the double plane at an angle of 40° to the longitudinal axis, then with the help of the tool it will be possible to plane the ends of the workpieces.

Children are acutely aware of untruths, and therefore almost everyone calls a plane a “plane.” Planer is a non-Russian word that has nothing to do with cutting. Raubank from him. Rau (rough) and lat. bank (bench). It is the Russian language that has brought the consonances closer together; anyway, both the Russian and the German word are associated with a woodworking tool that removes excess from the tree with a sharp metal blade.

Planers, their types and varieties

A plane is a hand-held tool for planing wood. Thing in carpentry(and in general on the farm) necessary, removing roughness from the wood being processed, creating straight planes, reducing dimensions, creating relief (grooves, tenons, curly profiles of plinths, etc.). The tool has been used since ancient times, they found planes in the ashes of Pompeii, and the volcano “covered” them almost two thousand years ago. Of course, during this time planes have changed a lot, new modifications and varieties have appeared.

Now planes, almost like any other hand tool, are divided into:

• - mechanical;
• - electric.

In turn, mechanical ones are divided according to the material from which the tool is made:

The plastic plane is the lightest among all other brethren. Sometimes its body is made classically, that is, its shape resembles wood or metal. There are several blades on its sole. The fact is that they often perform stripping and sanding work not only on wood, but also on drywall. Many models provide quick replacement of the cutting edges along with the sole to adjust the size and cleanliness of the cut.

A metal plane is similar in principle to a wooden one, but there are several fundamental differences in the device. It consists of a metal block body, front and rear handles (made of wood or plastic), a clamp with a screw and a knife. In the sole there is a tap hole, that is, a slot through which the knife blade comes out. The knife is secured with a screw passing through the clamp. By loosening the clamping screw, you can increase or decrease the output of the knife, thereby adjusting the thickness of the chips (fineness of work). Craftsmen usually use an iron plane when they feel sorry for a wooden one, that is, for rougher or more inconvenient work (for example, you need to plane the end).

There are so many varieties of wooden planes that it is worth paying special attention to them.

Wooden planes

There are a lot of their varieties, why? The fact is that plastic planes appeared quite recently. And the British patented the first metal plane only in 1820. And they built it from wood, and how they built it, everywhere. And it was necessary not only to hew a log or plan a board. For finishing work it was necessary to have boards with a shaped profile for tight jointsI had to select a quarter, cut out the tenon and mortise, etc.

So, because of the profile or flat look planing, due to the size of the block, and this characteristic allows you to maintain an even plane when working (the larger the size, the better), due to the angle of the cutter and the type of profile, there are different types of planes. Here are the main ones:

- sherhebel (shershebel) , the large cutter of which has a slightly rounded blade, is used for rough flat planing, both along and across the grain. Due to this shape of the blade, it leaves behind grooves, but in one pass they can remove up to three millimeters of wood. We can say that this tool performs the primary processing of large wooden parts;

- mole cricket ― a long plane with two handles.Two people work with it while sittingfacing each other directly on the beam. This plane can be either single or double. The bearer is also a rather rough tool; it is also often called a chip breaker (although the function of breaking off chips is inherent in many planes);

- jointer used for final finishing of long boards. Its purpose is to smooth and level large surfaces, which is why it is three times longer than a plane. It is used most often when it is necessary to finely process the surfaces to be joined.At the front of the jointer there is a device that allows you to remove the knife from the tap hole using a mallet.

- Half jointer occupies an intermediate position in size between a plane and a jointer; accordingly, it processes smaller surfaces than a jointer;

- sander is a shortened plane, often with two knives. The tool is used to clean out the ends, curls and burrs, while performing clean planing. Thus, clean and fine planing or planing of problematic or hard to reach places on wood it is the prerogative of a sander;

- tzinubel ― also a shortened plane, but it has a knife with fine teeth. Its purpose is to specifically create grooves and roughness on the wood for subsequent gluing. Irregularities increase the contact area, and the glue will hold much better. This corrugation is especially necessary for hardwoods, where the glue does not penetrate well into the surfaces being bonded due to the absence of microcracks in the wood;

- zenzubel, orselector , is intended for selecting quarters, folds, as well as stripping them. Before working with a thicknesser, you need to draw a line that will indicate what width the quarter will be selected for. The first times, the zenzubel knife is held carefully so as not to go beyond the line. When at least a small depression appears, you can work bolder and faster;

- folding tapestry performs, in principle, the same job of selecting folds and quarters as a zenzubel. But its structure is somewhat different. In order not to resort to the help of an already fairly forgotten surface planer, and not to be careful when starting work, the folding sheet has replaceable stepped soles with a metal or wooden ruler on the outside. The ruler will not allow the knife to “drive” along the width of the quarter further than required;

- tongue and groove designed for making grooves at a given distance from the edge of the board. The knives are removable; they set the width of the groove. The distance of the groove from the edge of the board is adjusted with nuts that move the guide closer or further away.To connect into a groove, you need boards with tongues. This job is donefedergebel , having either a U-shaped knife or two blocks with two knives;

- mold is a rather narrow plane for giving the edges of wooden parts a shaped profile. The curly shapes of the sole of the plane and the blade of the knife ensure the creation of a profile shape;

- groundtube designed for making a trapezoidal groove running across the fibers. To prepare, first make a rectangular groove with a hacksaw or chisel, then finish the trapezoidal groove with a primer. The tool is narrow, the width of the knife does not exceed 12 mm , it is sharpened along two edges that converge upward into sharp corner. Such a connection is the so-called "dovetail";

- humpback , having a curved block. It is designed for transverse planing of convex or concave surfaces, therefore its sole has either a convex or concave surface.

There are some other types of planes, but they are rarely used. It is also fair to note that many types of planes are also made with an iron block, but complete sets are practically impossible to find.

Electric planes

If you need to carry out large volumes of simple planing work, then the advantages of electric planers over mechanical ones are very significant. On the one hand, the enormous speed at which knives pass through wood greatly increases processing productivity. On the other hand, an electric planer brings significant savings, because a treated board costs almost twice as much as an untreated one.

How does planing happen? The electric motor, thanks to the belt, transmits rotational motion to the drum. The drum has double-sided knives that remove wood. In order for the planing to be clean, without nicks or snags, the drum rotation speed must be more than 1200 rpm. At this speed, knives can easily cut not only simple wood, but also laminated wood, as well as plastic. If performance deteriorates, the knives are removed and put back, but with the other side. The aluminum alloy sole is divided into two parts: one before and the other after the drum. The back part goes along the already planed surface, the front part does not. So,by how much the front handle will raise (adjust) the lifting of the front part of the sole, so will the cutting depth. The chips are thrown out through the side channel, which protects the face and eyes from injury. The accessories included in the package include an additional stop, which, by screwing it to the electric planer, you can select a quarter.

The performance of an electric planer depends on the following characteristics:

• - engine power;
• - drum rotation speed;
• - planing depths;
• - drum width.

Spontaneous turning on of the electric planer is excluded, since the switch has an additional lock, so to turn it on you will have to simultaneously press the bracket and the button. But, all the same, since the tool is electric and high-speed, increased safety rules must be observed.

1. 1. Before work, you need to check whether the power cord is intact.
2. 2. When working, you must use safety glasses and gloves.
3. 3. It is necessary to securely fasten the workpiece.
4. 4. There is no need to put pressure on the front handle: there is an extra load and the possibility of disrupting the adjustment of the planing depth.
5. 5. It is better to work along the fibers.

Reasons for poor quality work with a plane

Often defects in wood processing occur not due to the fault of the plane, but due to inept actions. Here are some examples.

At the beginning of planing the workpiece, the back part of the sole hangs in the air, at the end - the front part. The position of the plane is skewed, resulting in the beginning and end being planed more than the middle. The counteraction to this is simple - put pressure on the side of the plane that is on the board, support and guide the one that is in weight. A similar mistake can occur in the middle of the board, albeit with the side edges, if you do not monitor the position of the plane relative to its longitudinal axis.

You shouldn’t try to rip off thick chips to speed things up; it’s better to go through it a couple of times, otherwise you can completely ruin the part with burrs. Also, to avoid scuffing, you need to monitor the direction of the wood grain: if you plan against the grain, scuffing cannot be avoided either.

If the end is planed, then, in order to avoid scoring, you must plan first from one edge to the middle, then in the same way from the second.

Wherever the board is: in the floor, in a door or in furniture - in a planed state it is much more aesthetically pleasing, safer and more beautiful than an unplaned one. This is also necessary for its durability, since treating the board with an antiseptic, drying oil, varnish or paint is advisable only after planing the board. Circular saw from a hand-held circular saw

Despite the wide range of electric planers offered by stores, ordinary ones are still quite popular among carpenters. hand tools. The fact is that with their help, wood processing can be done somewhat better. Most often, modern carpenters have both types in stock and use them for initial processing of workpieces, and use manual ones for finishing them.

Design Features

To know how to choose a good one hand plane, you should have an idea of ​​its design. Such instruments consist of the following main parts:

Frame. This structural element is most often made of wood. It is in it that all the main components of the plane are attached.

Knife. Sharpened at a certain angle.

Clamp Can be executed from different materials. This can be a metal plate or bar.

Chip breaker. Installed slightly higher than the knife. As you can already judge from the name of this element, it serves to break chips and guide them.

Adjustment screw. This structural element is responsible for changing the position of the knife relative to the surface being processed.

All universal hand planes for wood have this design. The basic elements described above are also present in other, specialized varieties. On the body of any plane, among other things, there are two handles.

What to look for when choosing

The main element of the planer design is the knife. It is its quality that you should pay attention to first. This element must be made of high quality steel. In this case, the plane can be used for as long as possible without the need for sharpening. Of course, it is visually difficult to determine how well the material was chosen for the plane knife. Therefore, first of all, you should pay attention to the reputation of the manufacturer.

Of course, under no circumstances should it wobble. When purchasing, you should also check the front handle. It must also hold tight. In addition, when choosing a plane, you should pay attention to the size of the handle for right hand. The length of this element varies. A tool with a small handle may simply not be suitable for a person with large hands.

Varieties

Of course, you should choose a hand plane based on the specific purposes for which it will be intended. There are several types of planes on sale today. The most popular are:

Universal. This is a regular plane that can be used to do most carpentry work.

Jointer. The body of this instrument is longer than that of a conventional one. A jointer is used to process large workpieces.

End plane. The knife of such a tool is located at a flatter angle. This allows high-quality processing of end grain fibers.

Zenzubel. This type of plane is used mainly for cutting various kinds and folds.

Reviews of plane brands

This type is sold on the modern market from different manufacturers. Many brands are of very good quality. Good feedback craftsmen, for example, deserved planes from companies such as Bailey and Handyman. Bailey tools are valued primarily for the excellent quality of their knives and long term services. Sharpening the knife of a hand plane of this brand is done quite rarely. Sometimes there are comments that mention the build quality is not very good. But even if any shortcomings are found in the purchased tool, they can usually be easily and quickly eliminated, and on your own. Handyman planes, judging by the reviews, are also convenient and reliable. Their only drawback is their not very neat design.

Not recommended experienced craftsmen purchase Groz brand products (India). Despite the fact that the products of this brand are classified as expensive, especially good quality Judging by the reviews, they are no different. Their build quality is simply disgusting, and at the same time it is inconvenient to work with them.

How to use

Hand planes for wood are simple in design and quite easy to use. The main thing is to do the work smoothly, without jerking. This is especially true for very long workpieces. If this condition is met, the surface finished product It will turn out very neat and even. When planing, you should stand to the side of the workpiece, with one foot forward.

The top and bottom surfaces of the products are very easy to process. It is somewhat more difficult to do work on the edges. In this case, it is important to secure the knife very firmly. Under no circumstances should it vibrate in the block. Edges should be planed exclusively in the direction of the grain.

There is also a technique that allows high-quality processing of very wide workpieces. In this case, the product is first planed diagonally, adhering to the direction of the fibers. Next, the plane is checked for evenness using a special ruler. On final stage fine-tuning is in progress. In this case, a thin layer of chips is removed from the workpiece parallel to the edge.

How to sharpen a knife

Of course, a hand plane, like any other tool, requires some care. No matter how good the steel the knife of this tool is made of, sooner or later it will still become dull and will have to be sharpened. Most often, this procedure is performed on a special stone called a touchstone. The latter is pre-wetted with water. When sharpening, it is advisable to moisten the knife itself. You should press it against the stone as tightly as possible.

The sharpening angle of a hand plane may vary depending on the model. Most often this figure is 30 degrees. When working on a whetstone, you usually just pay attention to how the blade was originally sharpened.

Sometimes experienced carpenters sharpen a plane knife on a wheel. In this case, it should be pressed not against the edge, but against the side surface. When using a wheel, you can also get a pretty high-quality sharpening. It will be very convenient to use a hand plane with such a knife. But only if you use fine-grained abrasive abrasive wheel. After sharpening on such a tool, finishing is usually done. This procedure is performed either on a piece of sandpaper mounted on a table or on a block. Checking the quality of sharpening is quite easy. To do this, you just need to carefully examine the blade. If it does not shine, then the knife is sharp enough to be used.

How to set up a hand plane correctly

To perform this procedure you will need a special screwdriver. Such tools are designed specifically for setting planes. Their distinctive feature is large width and small length. The main purpose of setting up a plane is to set the amount of blade protrusion above the surface of the sole. If the knife protrudes too far, the plane will begin to remove very thick chips. A slightly exposed blade will simply slide across the surface of the wood.

For initial processing of workpieces, the knife yield should be about 0.5 mm. If the plane is to be used for finishing, the blade should protrude slightly less over the sole.

How to store it correctly

Experienced craftsmen believe that a knife for a hand plane becomes dull, for the most part, not even during operation, but because of improper storage. After finishing planing the workpieces, this tool should be cleaned of chips and placed in a box specially designed for it. In this case, the position of the tool should be such that the knife blade protruding from the body is not at the bottom, but at the side.

If the hand plane is going to be stored for a very long time, it must be disassembled and thoroughly cleaned before putting it in the box. Knives and other metal parts should be wiped with an oiled rag.

Even now it is difficult to imagine performing any private carpentry work without the use of specialized tools, such as planer,jointer,sherhebel and other special devices. Each of these types of instruments has its own unique character. Yes, now this tool is becoming a thing of the past, it is being replaced by mass production, where everything is run by automated lines, I doubt any of you are making stools in your garage, but it’s time to remember the lessons of labor and pay tribute to the good old planes!

Among the existing modifications are:

• manual (mechanical)– made from plastic, metal, wood or combinations thereof – they differ little in their functionality, but the technical characteristics directly depend on the material used to make the body of the construction tool;
• electric– thanks to additional equipment electric motor allow you to perform large volumes of work at high processing speeds.

Wooden planes have become the most popular when processing wood at home.

Pioneers in wood blanks

The most prominent representatives of hand carpentry tools are:

• Sherhebel– a real “heavy artillery” among the whole variety of carpentry tools. It is widely used when planing wood that has not previously been processed. This is a fairly massive and heavy device with a metal body. The main purpose is rough primary processing to obtain products of the required size (shape) and planing to a great depth to remove a thick layer of wood. It will not be possible to achieve a flat and smooth surface with the help of Sherhebel. For these purposes, other types of planes are often used. The design of the instrument resembles appearance a regular plane, but the Scherhebel iron is set at an angle of 45 degrees relative to the sole and has a rounded blade. At one time the tool removes a layer of up to 3mm. At the same time, deep hollows remain in the places where the cherhebel is processed, which require further leveling. Thanks to the Scherhebel being equipped with an oval cutting edge, it is possible to plan wood across its grain without preliminary longitudinal tearing. Depending on the hardness of the wood being processed, the sharpening angle of the scherhebel may differ;

What is the difference between a sherhebel and a planer?

In essence, a sherhebel is the same plane, only intended for rough processing of wood. The sherhebel differs from the plane in the semicircular sharpening of the blade, as well as in its width - the sherhebel has a smaller blade than the plane. At the same time, it protrudes from the block by 2-3mm.

• Jointer– hand plane with double cutter. The purpose of the device is the final and precise processing of wood when leveling the plane of a significant volume due to a longer block, as well as for jointing edges. On average, the length of the block can exceed 2-3 times the size of a standard plane. The jointer knife is equipped with a chip breaker and a handle to facilitate operation of the device. The jointer can be produced with either a single or double knife.

What is the difference between a jointer and a planer?

The main difference between a jointer and a plane is the number of blades: a plane has one, and a jointer has two. The structure of the jointer itself is not much different from the planer, but its body is much longer. Thanks to this, using a jointer you can process a much larger area in less time than with a planer.

According to existing classification carpentry tools for wood processing are conventionally divided into:

• flat planes;
• figure planers

Main types of flat planes

• Half jointer– a shortened version of the jointer, since it is significantly smaller in size. The block or sole of the semi-jointer reaches 60cm, and the width of the cutter is up to 8cm, just like the jointer. Its purpose is to plan large wooden parts.

• Medvedka– unlike conventional types of planes, it has paired side transverse handles, greater width and length. The iron in such a tool is held by a special wedge. As a rule, two people work with the bear, holding the handles together. This type of blade is used when planing large areas of wood, such as boards external cladding houses, ceilings or floors. The bear removes a 1mm layer of wood.

• Sander– designed for final cleaning of wooden surfaces and correction of defects that arose after previous planing. Using a grinder, the areas around knots, ends, irregular wood structure, etc. are cleaned. The knife in such a plane is installed double with a chipbreaker and a straight blade with a knife attachment angle of 60 degrees.

• Zinubel– used to give the processed wooden surfaces slight roughness, as well as for planing curly wood. This allows when arranging adhesive connection parts to improve their level of adhesion. Tsinubel knives have grooves that form teeth when sharpened. By placing the knife in the block at an angle of 80 degrees, even twisted wood can be processed without scoring. The tzinubela contains single knives with a straight serrated blade. The average length of the last is 20cm, width – 6.5cm and height – 6.5cm.

• End plane– used for planing small surfaces of wood with a tangled structure, as well as for processing the ends.
• Single planer– used for secondary planing of wood. During operation, chips are formed without breaking, and small chips or nicks may remain on the surface of the wood.
• Double planer– besides installed knife has a chipbreaker which improves the quality of planing.

Types of figure planing planes

• Zenzubel– assumes the presence of a double knife, due to which the quality of the processed surfaces becomes quite high. The tool is used for stripping quarters and planing perpendicular surfaces. The width of the knife ranges from 33mm, and its shape resembles a spatula. It is “closely related” to the falsebel.

• Federgubel– makes longitudinal projections along the edges of wooden blanks. It is distinguished by a special blade shape, which forms a rectangular protrusion along the edge of the product.

• Falsebel– carries out cleaning of quarters. Equipped with single knives of straight or oblique shape. The plane has a stepped sole, which is removable in some models. This allows you to select the folds of the required profile and size to suit the shape of the tree.

• Shtabgobel or stabgaltel– gives wooden parts rounded shape due to the installation of concave knives.

• tongue and groove– carries out longitudinal grooves along the edges of the workpieces. The plane consists of two blocks, which are connected to each other with special iron screws. One of the blocks is a guide, and the other is a fastening block and holds the knives.

• Mold– the main purpose of this plane: curly processing of wood and giving a special shape to workpieces. Most often used in the production of wooden cornices, baguettes or doorways. This type of plane has special cutters with figured edges and a multi-stage sole, installed depending on the shape of the profile that needs to be obtained.

• Gruntubel– planing of grooves across the fibers of a trapezoidal cross-section is carried out. It is a block into which a pointed hook in the form of a chisel is inserted on the side.

• Gorbach– has a curved block that allows you to process convex or concave surfaces with internal and external diameters.

In carpentry you can rarely get by with just one type of plane. After all, when processing wooden blanks, you have to perform more than one type of operation using different construction tools. So, some planes work only in pairs, for example, federgubel and tongue and groove. Or planes are used sequentially: for roughing - sherhebel, and for finishing - a jointer.