The table “Main events of history” compiled by students based on materials from the textbook Ancient Rus' in the 9th – early 13th centuries,” may have the following form.
Main events in the history of Ancient Rus' in IX – beginning XIII century
Year | Internal political events | Foreign policy events |
Beginning of Rurik's reign in Novgorod | ||
Prince Oleg's campaign against Kyiv. Unification of the north (Novgorod) and south (Kyiv). Formation of the Old Russian State | ||
Campaigns of Prince Oleg to Constantinople (Constantinople). Signing a trade agreement beneficial for Rus' |
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Unsuccessful campaigns of Prince Igor against Constantinople |
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Prince Igor is killed by the rebel Drevlyans | ||
The campaign of Prince Svyatoslav against the Khazar Kaganate. The defeat and death of the Khazar Kaganate. Russian control over the Volga trade route |
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Embassy of Rus' in Constantinople. Baptism of Princess Olga. Political union of Rus' and Byzantium |
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Russian-Byzantine war. Death of Prince Svyatoslav |
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Adoption of Christianity in Rus' under Prince Vladimir | ||
Lyubech Congress of Princes. Legal formalization of political fragmentation | ||
The defeat of the Polovtsians by Prince Vladimir Monomakh |
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The assault and defeat of Kyiv by the united troops of the Russian princes and Polovtsian khans. Weakening of the all-Russian significance of Kyiv |
Lessons No. 14-15. Rus' between East and West.
During the lessons:
reveal the process of formation of the Mongolian state, noting the features in comparison with the Old Russian state;
determine the reasons for the military successes of the Mongols during the formation of the Mongol Empire;
note the role of Rus'’s struggle against the Mongol invasion for medieval European civilization;
characterize the significance of Rus'’s struggle against the German and Swedish invaders;
draw conclusions about the significance of the choice of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in favor of an alliance with the Horde against the Catholic West.
Lesson Plan:
The formation of the Mongol state and its conquests.
Mongol invasion of Eastern and Central Europe.
Mongol power in the 13th century.
Rus' under the rule of the Golden Horde.
Rus' between the West and the Horde.
Means of education: textbook §12-13, historical map No. 7 “Russian lands in the 12th – early 13th centuries.”
Recommended methods and techniques for conducting lessons: independent work of students with the text of the textbook, a historical map with elements of a generalizing characteristic, solving cognitive tasks, work on compiling a table “Rus’ fight against the invasion of the Mongols and repelling the aggression of the West.”
Personalities: Genghis Khan, Batu, Alexander Nevsky.
Key dates: 1223 – battle on the Kalka River.
1237-1242 - Batya’s invasion of Rus'.
1240 – Battle of the Neva.
Questions for review:
Reveal the reasons for political fragmentation in Rus'.
Prove that the period of political fragmentation was accompanied by the economic and cultural rise of the Russian lands.
Compare the development of the Novgorod land and the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, from the point of view of natural, economic, social and political features.
Describe the activities of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. Why did his contemporaries call him “autocratic”?
Two lessons are allocated to study the topic. It is advisable to focus on the first three points of the lesson plan in the first lesson. The second lesson will be devoted to characterizing the most difficult issue - Rus' under the rule of the Golden Horde and the problem of choosing the princes of North-Eastern Rus' for civilizational development.
Option #1 . Since a significant part of the material in the paragraph is event-based and is largely familiar to students, the first lesson organizes independent work for students with the text of the textbook and map No. 7 to prepare answers to questions. In order to save time during the lesson, work in groups is possible.
Comparative characteristics of state formation among the Mongols and Eastern Slavs.
Reasons for the successful conquests of the Mongols.
Batya's invasion of Rus' and its consequences.
Rus' between East and West.
Work on the first issue will make it possible to repeat the process of formation of the Old Russian state and, on this basis, note the main feature of the Mongol state - “nomadic feudalism”, in which the main value was cattle. It is better to entrust this question to the most prepared group of students, since comparative analysis quite complicated. The last question of the assignment is completed by students and discussed in the second lesson.
Reference point! Many different points of view have been expressed in Russian science regarding the historical development of nomadic societies. There was a discussion among historians about “ nomadic feudalism" Some scientists believed that nomads developed according to the same laws as agricultural peoples, and the basis of their feudal relations was land ownership(pastures). Their opponents argued that the pastures of the nomads were collectively owned, and the basis of feudalism was livestock ownership.
Option #2. After a conversation with the class about the formation of the Mongolian state and the reasons for the successful conquests of the Mongols led by Genghis Khan, students conduct independent work with the text of the textbook, map No. 7 (task No. 1, p. 93). During the work, the table “Rus’ Struggle against the Mongol Invasion and Reflecting Western Aggression” is filled in, followed by a discussion of the results. In the process of this work, it is necessary to use document analysis of task No. 2 of the textbook.
date | Who did you fight with? | Events | Result |
Mongol power | The Polovtsians turned to the Russian princes for help. The united Russian-Polovtsian army and the Mongols met in a decisive battle near the Kalka River. | The military superiority of the Mongols, disagreements among the Russian princes, and the unexpected flight of the Polovtsians led to a terrible defeat for the Russian squads. |
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December 1237 | Invasion of the Mongol army led by Khan Batu. | Defeat of the troops of the Ryazan prince at the borders of the principality. Capture of the city of Ryazan. | Other principalities did not provide assistance to the Ryazan residents. The defeat of the Ryazan principality. |
January 1238 | The battle of the Vladimir-Suzdal troops with the Mongols near Kolomna. | Defeat of the Vladimir-Suzdal troops. Siege of Vladimir by the Mongols. |
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February 1238 | The assault and capture of Vladimir by the Mongols. | Another 14 cities of North-Eastern Rus' were taken by the Mongols. |
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March 1238 | Defeat of Vladimir troops on the City River. | Most of the Russian soldiers and Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich died. Before reaching Novgorod, the Mongols turned to the steppe. |
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April 1238 | The siege of the city of Kozelsk lasted 7 weeks. "Evil City" | Only by the beginning of summer did the Mongols manage to break out into the southern steppes. |
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Autumn 1239 | Devastation of the lands and principalities of Southern Rus'. | Invasion of Poland and Hungary. |
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The Swedish fleet along the Neva invaded the Novgorod possessions. Defeat of the Swedes on the Neva from the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich (Nevsky). | The Swedes failed to block the trade route along the Baltic for the Novgorodians. |
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Livonian Order | "Battle on the Ice". | The regiments of Alexander Nevsky inflicted a crushing defeat on the knights on the ice of Lake Peipus. |
Question. Prove that the soldiers and residents of Rus' offered fierce resistance to the invaders.
As homework, you can ask tenth graders to add historical facts and examples of textbook material. For the purpose of preliminary familiarization, students at home become familiar with the textbook material on the issues of “Rus under the rule of the Golden Horde” and “Rus between the Mongols and the West.”
In the second lesson, during the conversation, conclusions are analyzed and conclusions are drawn about the consequences of the Mongol invasion of Rus' and the significance of the choice of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in favor of an alliance with the Horde against the Catholic West.
What consequences did Mongol invasion for Rus'?
Economic, social and cultural lag of Rus' from the countries of Western Europe.
Heavy material damage, massive loss of life, destruction of cities. Decline of crafts, trade, cities.
Students should pay attention to the fact that this is the third factor holding back the development of the country. Remember, what other factors hampered the development of Rus' and determined its lag behind the countries of Western Europe? Schoolchildren, answering this question, should name the natural-geographical factor (see §6, pp. 44 and 46) and the absence during the formation of the Old Russian state, unlike the countries of Western Europe, on the territory of a highly developed civilization in ancient times, the inability to directly use the achievements of ancient civilization (see §8, p. 59).
The military defeat delayed the political unification of the northeastern lands.
Relations between Russian lands and Orthodox countries and European countries ceased.
Contributed to the development of despotic forms of power in Rus'.
A different point of view! What positive aspects of the dependence of the northeastern principalities on the Golden Horde were noted by the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky? “In the devastated public consciousness (of the North-Eastern princes) there was only room left for the instincts of self-preservation and conquest. Only the image of Alexander Nevsky somewhat covered up the horror of savagery and fraternal bitterness that too often erupted among Russian rulers, relatives or cousins, uncles and nephews. If they had been left completely to their own devices, they would have torn their Rus' apart into incoherent, eternally warring patches of appanages. But the principalities of the then Northern Rus' were not independent possessions, but tributary “uluses” of the Tatars; their princes were called the slaves of the “free king,” as we called the Horde Khan. The power of this khan gave at least a ghost of unity to the smaller and mutually alienated patrimonial corners of the Russian princes. True, it was in vain to look for rights in the Volga Sarai. The Grand Duke's Vladimir table was the subject of bargaining and rebidding there; the Khan's purchased label covered all untruths. But the offended one did not always immediately grab his weapon, but went to seek protection from the khan, and not always unsuccessfully. The thunderstorm of the khan's wrath restrained the bullies; By mercy, that is, by arbitrariness, devastating strife was more than once prevented or stopped. The power of the khan was a rough Tatar knife, cutting the knots with which the descendants of Vsevolod III knew how to entangle the affairs of their land. It was not in vain that the Russian chroniclers called the filthy Hagarians the batog of God, admonishing sinners in order to lead them to the path of repentance.”
How was Rus''s dependence on the Golden Horde manifested?
The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed great princes. All princes had to receive from the khan shortcuts to own their lands. Contributed to the development of despotic forms of power in Rus'.
Dependence on the Golden Horde preserved political fragmentation.
Payment of tribute - "Tatar" exit" Population census, tribute collection standards established. Made it difficult to restore and develop the economy of the northeastern lands.
Administration of the Horde in the Russian principalities (until the middle of the 14th century) – Baskaki.
Punitive raids of the Golden Horde, during which the Horde took artisans and young people into slavery. Decline of crafts, trade, cities.
Was North-Eastern Rus' part of the Golden Horde?
From the point of view of the text of the textbook, North-Eastern Rus' became dependent on the Golden Horde, that is, it had “autonomy” - “the conquerors retained the system of government that had developed here, the army and religion.” However, in the “let’s summarize” section it is said that North-Eastern Rus' found itself “within the framework of the emerging Mongol Empire.” The complete personal dependence of the princes on the Mongol Khan, who gave them the right to govern their own territories, confirmation of this dependence by regular “exits”, the supply of troops for joint military operations, the presence of the Horde administration (Baskaki), can hardly serve as a valid basis for the recognition of “autonomy” » Russian lands within the Golden Horde (ulus of Jochi).
Solutiondilemmas (see page 91)(i.e., a difficult choice between two equally unpleasant possibilities) princes. The solution to the dilemma by Prince Alexander Nevsky.
1 point of view. The prudent policy of Alexander Nevsky, who understood the futility of resistance to the Mongols, based on the alliance and subordination of Odra, relying on the help of the Mongol khans against the Catholic West, allowed him to maintain his own statehood.
2 point of view. Relying on the help of the Mongol khans, Alexander Nevsky consolidated the despotic traditions of governing North-Eastern Rus'. At the same time, he actually put an end to the effective resistance of the Russian princes to the Golden Horde for many years to come.
Lesson #16. Final repetition and generalization historical material in Chapter 2 is carried out using questions and tasks proposed in the textbook (pp. 93-94). The volume of oral and written work, the form of conducting the final repetition and generalization lesson are determined by the teacher, based on the level of preparation and other characteristics of a particular class. The organization of work in this lesson can be built using various techniques and forms - a seminar, a test lesson, writing a micro-essay (see Thematic planning).
Questions for final repetition and generalization:
The influence of natural and geographical conditions on the formation and development of Ancient Rus'.
Highlight and justify the features of the emergence and development of the state among the Eastern Slavs.
Reveal the main periods of political development of Ancient Rus' in the 10th – 13th centuries.
Describe ancient Russian society and its main groups.
Determine the features of the development of the culture of Ancient Rus' of this period.
Why do scientists call this period of development of Ancient Rus' the pre-Mongol period? What changed in Rus' as a result of the invasion of the Mongols led by Batu Khan?
Tests:
1). The Eastern Slavs were characterized by an economic and cultural type
Nomadic pastoralists;
Farmers and settled pastoralists;
Nomadic pastoralists.
2). On the eve of the formation of the state, the worldview of the Eastern Slavs was
Pagan;
Not religious;
3). Read an excerpt from the work “Strategikon” and determine the social system of the Eastern Slavs.
“They do not hold those in captivity in slavery, like other tribes, for an unlimited time, but, limiting (the period of slavery) to a certain time, they offer them a choice: whether they want to return home for a certain ransom or remain there as free men ?
Slaveholding;
Feudal;
Tribal.
4). Most Russian epics are associated with the name:
Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich;
Prince Svyatopolk the Accursed;
Prince Igor Svyatoslavich.
5). What event in Russian history happened in 882?
Calling to the reign of Rurik;
The death of Prince Igor from the Drevlyans;
Prince Oleg's campaign against Kyiv.
6). Which of the named events occurred later than all the others?
Baptism of Rus';
Prince Oleg's campaign against Constantinople;
The death of Prince Igor as a result of the Drevlyan uprising.
7). The consequence of the adoption of Christianity by Russia was
Acquaintance with the heritage of antiquity;
The split of Russian society along religious lines.
8). Who owns the words mentioned in the chronicle? “If anyone does not come to the river tomorrow - be it rich, or poor, or beggar, or slave - he will be my enemy.”
Prince Yaroslav the Wise;
Prince Alexander Nevsky;
Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich.
9). The event to which the phrase “let each one keep his homeland” refers occurred in
1. 1097; 2. 1113; 3. 1237.
10). Hereditary land ownership in medieval Rus' is called:
1. Patrimony; Rope; Pogost.
eleven). The code of laws of Ancient Rus' was called:
"Salic truth";
"Russian Truth";
"Ladder".
12). Servants, procurement, serf in Ancient Rus' belonged to
Dependent population;
To the free population;
Noble population.
13). Which of the main groups of the population of the Old Russian state belongs to the article in “Russian Truth”?
“If __________ hits a free man and runs away to the mansion, ... and after that, if ________ is found anywhere by the man he has beaten, let him kill him like a dog.”
14). Establish a correspondence between the genres of ancient Russian literature and the titles of works.
A). “The Word” 1. “The Tale of Boris and Gleb”
B). Life 2. “The Tale of Bygone Years”
B) Chronicle 3. “Teaching” of Vladimir Monomakh.
15). Read an excerpt from the chronicle and determine which event the information contained in it relates to.
“Why are we destroying the Russian land, creating hostility against ourselves, while the Polovtsians are tearing our land apart and rejoicing that there are wars between us to this day. From now on, we will unite into one heart and protect the Russian lands. Let everyone keep his homeland..." and on that they kissed the cross... and after taking an oath, they went their separate ways..."
16). Establish a correspondence between concepts and their definitions.
A). Expansion 1. Tour of the lands subject to Kyiv by the prince and his squad from
for the purpose of collecting tribute.
B). Heresy 2. Expansion, capture of new territories.
IN). Patrimony 3. A creed different from the religious system
ideas recognized by the church.
G). Polyudye 4. Hereditary land ownership in medieval Rus'.
17). Read an excerpt from the historian’s work and determine which of the 12th-century princes it was dedicated to.
“Having not only a kind heart, but also an excellent mind, he clearly saw the cause of state disasters and wanted to save at least his region from them: that is, he abolished the unfortunate system of appanages, reigned autocratically and did not give cities to either his brothers or sons...”
Key to test tasks:
Lyubech Congress | Andrey Bogolyubsky |
Topic 3. Western Europe in the XI-XV centuries
The material on this topic gives an idea of the formation of the foundations of European civilization. The historical material of the textbook chapter examines important problems of economic (urban development, small-scale craft production), political (formation of centralized states) and social (bourgeois and the formation of new bourgeois values) processes in the countries of medieval Europe. The historical material of the chapter, which is insignificant in volume, is important from the point of view of studying similar processes in Russia and for determining the features and differences that are similar, but only at first glance, in the directions of historical development of medieval Russia and Western countries.
Lesson #17. Economic and political development.
During the lesson:
- Guidelines
ProfileeducationMethodicalrecommendations on the use of textbooks... and social life. For profiletraining It is significant how this relates... independent work students for profiletraining, at the same time it should be noted...
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PROFILEEDUCATIONMETHODOLOGICALRECOMMENDATIONS on using the textbook “GEOMETRY” by I.M. ...to the main point, and additional material. Submitted methodologicalrecommendations fully complies with new standards...
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PROFILEEDUCATION A. V. Ignatov Methodicalrecommendations on using the textbook by O. V. Volobueva, V. A. Klokova, M. ... manual included a certain amount recommendations profileeducation. The course content is based...
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PROFILEEDUCATION A. V. Ignatov Methodicalrecommendations on using the textbook by O. V. Volobueva, V. A. Klokova, M. V. ... the manual includes a certain amount recommendations and tasks aimed at profileeducation. In the second concentration...
note important changes in the economic life of medieval society in Western Europe and their consequences for the rapid development of cities;
training profiletrainingSocio-economic development of Russian lands
By the end of the XIII - beginning of the XIV century. A new political system emerged in Rus'. Vladimir became the capital. There was a separation of North-Eastern Rus'. The Galicia-Volyn land turned out to be independent from it, although it was also subject to the power of the khans. In the West there arose Grand Duchy of Lithuania , under whose influence the western and southwestern lands of Rus' fall.
Most of the old cities of North-Eastern Rus' - Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir - fell into decay, losing political supremacy to the outlying ones: Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow. Serious changes are taking place in the socio-economic field. In the second half of the 13th century, agriculture was restored in Northeastern Rus', handicraft production revived, the importance of cities increased, and fortress construction was actively underway.
In the XIV century. In Rus', water wheels and water mills became widespread, parchment began to be actively replaced by paper, and the size of the iron parts of the plow increased. Salt making is becoming widespread. Copper foundries emerged, and the art of filigree and enamel was revived. IN agriculture field arable land is replacing slash-and-burn, two-field farming is becoming widespread, and new villages are being built.
Large land holding
The end of the XIII - the beginning of the XIV century. - the time of growth of feudal land ownership. Numerous villages are owned by princes. There are more and more boyar estates - large hereditary land holdings. The main way for the appearance of an estate at this time was the granting of land by the prince to the peasants.
Along with the boyars, there were also small feudal landowners - servants under the courtiers . The courtiers are the managers of the princely household in individual volosts. Subordinate to them were small princely servants, who received small plots of land from the prince for their service and for the duration of their service. From their land tenure a manorial system subsequently developed.
Peasantry
In the XIII - XIV centuries. most of the lands still belonged to peasant communities. Black peasants (free) paid tribute and other taxes independently, and not through feudal lords, and lived in villages that did not belong to individual feudal lords. The level of exploitation of the dependent peasantry in the XIII-XIV centuries. I wasn't tall yet. Quirk in kind was the main type of feudal rent. Labor rent existed in the form of separate duties. New categories of feudal-dependent population appear: silversmiths- paid cash rent in silver; ladles- gave away half of the harvest; wipers- lived and worked in other people's yards. Since the 14th century, the entire rural population began to be designated by the term "peasants"(“Christians”).
The struggle of the Moscow and Tver principalities
By the 70s of the 13th century, 14 principalities emerged from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, of which the most significant were Suzdal, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Tver and Moscow. At the head of the feudal hierarchy was the Grand Duke of Vladimir. He remained at the same time the head of his own principality. The princes waged a fierce struggle for the shortcut to the Vladimir throne that was being issued in the Horde. The main contenders in the 14th century were the Tver and Moscow princes.
In the 14th century, trends emerged in the political unification of lands. In the struggle for the Vladimir throne, it was decided which principality would lead the unification process. The capabilities of the Moscow and Tver principalities were approximately equal. Their capitals stood at the crossroads of trade routes. The territories were well protected by dense forests and other principalities from enemy attacks. Both principalities arose in the 13th century: Tver in the 40s was received by the younger brother of Alexander Nevsky - Yaroslav Yaroslavich, Moscow - in the 70s younger son Alexander Nevsky Daniel. Yaroslav and Daniil became the founders of the Tver and Moscow princely dynasties. The Moscow principality was one of the smallest, but Daniil Alexandrovich managed to significantly expand it. He annexed Kolomna and the Pereyaslavl principality. A densely populated territory with developed feudal land tenure fell into the hands of the Moscow princes.
At the end of the 13th - beginning of the 14th century, the label was owned by the Tver dynasty. In 1319, Moscow Prince Yuri Danilovich, married to the khan's sister, received the Grand Duke's label for the first time. But after his death the label returned to the Tver princes.
Ivan Kalita
In 1325, Daniel’s second son became the prince of Moscow - Ivan Danilovich Kalita. Ivan Kalita strengthened his principality with the help of the Horde. In 1327, an uprising against the Horde broke out in Tver. The Tver prince, who tried to dissuade the townspeople from the uprising, was forced to join them. Ivan Kalita took upon himself the suppression of the popular movement. As a reward for suppressing the uprising, he received a label for a great reign and became the main collector of tribute in Rus'.
Under Ivan Kalita, the Moscow principality became the strongest in Rus'. Collecting tribute gave him the opportunity, by concealing part of it, to become significantly rich. He significantly expanded his possessions, annexing the Galich, Uglich, and Belozersk principalities. No one dared to challenge his great reign. Metropolitan Peter made Moscow his permanent residence. While strengthening the Moscow principality, Ivan Kalita did not set himself any major state goals. He sought only to enrich himself and strengthen his personal power. However, the strengthening of the Moscow principality allowed his grandson to enter into an open fight with the Horde.
Moscow is at the head of the struggle to overthrow the Mongol-Tatar yoke
The policy of Ivan Kalita was continued by his sons - Simeon Ivanovich Proud and Ivan Ivanovich Red. Under them, new lands became part of the Moscow Principality. In 1359, Grand Duke Ivan Ivanovich died, leaving a 9-year-old heir, Dmitry. The child has never received a label for a great reign. The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince received the label. However, the Moscow boyars and Metropolitan Alexei decided to defend the interests of the Moscow dynasty. Their efforts were crowned with success: at the age of 12, Dmitry received a label. The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod prince forever renounced the grand-ducal throne and subsequently married his daughter to Dmitry. The main rival remained the Tver prince.
In 1371, Prince Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tver received a label for the great reign. But the residents of Vladimir had already become accustomed to the power of the Moscow princes and did not allow Mikhail into the city. Dmitry also disobeyed the Horde, declaring that he would not give up the label. Khan decided not to interfere. The Moscow-Tver war began. Other principalities and Novgorod the Great came out on the side of Moscow. Mikhail Alexandrovich admitted defeat. The Vladimir throne was declared a patrimony - the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes.
These events showed that the balance of forces had changed, and the fate of the Vladimir throne was now being decided in Rus', and not in the Horde. In the Horde itself, strife continued from the 50s. Over 20 years, more than 20 khans changed on the throne. In the mid-70s, the strife stopped. One of the military leaders seized power - Mamai . He was not a descendant of Genghis Khan and had no rights to the throne, but became the de facto ruler of the Horde. Mamai managed to partially restore the military power of the Horde.
In 1375, Mamai's troops raided the Nizhny Novgorod principality. In response, a joint Moscow-Nizhny Novgorod squad attacked the Horde city of Bulgar. The city paid a large ransom. In 1378, the Moscow squad defeated the Tatar detachment on the Vozha River.
Mamai needed to take revenge. The reason for the campaign was the demand to increase the tribute. Mamai's army was very large. His allies were Grand Duke of Lithuania Jagiello And Ryazan prince Oleg Ivanovich . The Ryazan principality was the first on the way from the horde to Rus'; it was always attacked by the most swipe. The alliance with Mamai was a means to save the principality from a pogrom. It was Oleg Ivanovich who informed Dmitry about the approach of the Horde army and the path of its advance.
Dmitry's army was also unusually large. In addition to warriors from the Grand Duchy of Vladimir and the Moscow land, it included squads of other principalities and the people's militia.
Before the start of the march, the Russian troops were blessed Sergius of Radonezh - a growing church leader, founder of the Trinity Monastery, who enjoyed enormous authority in Rus'. In Kolomna, Moscow troops united with the rest of the squads and moved towards Mamai, towards the Don.
Battle of Kulikovo
Dmitry sought to engage in battle with Mamai before his allies approached him. Jagiello and Oleg Ivanovich were in no hurry and did not participate in the battle. On the night of September 7-8 1380 years, Russian regiments crossed the Don to the Kulikovo Field. Along the edges of the field, Dmitry managed to cover the ambush regiment. The battle began early in the morning September 8, 1380 and it was extremely bitter. The outcome of the battle was decided by the ambush regiment. When fresh troops entered the battle, Mamai, tired of the war, could not stand it and fled from the battlefield. After this battle, Moscow Prince Dmitry was nicknamed Donskoy .
The Battle of Kulikovo was an event of enormous historical significance. This was the first victory over the main forces of the Horde, and not over individual detachments. The Battle of Kulikovo showed that victory can only be achieved by uniting all forces under common leadership. Moscow became the national capital.
However, the Battle of Kulikovo did not end the Horde yoke. Mamaia dethroned Tokhtamysh , one of the descendants of Genghis Khan. Mamai fled to Crimea and was killed there. Tokhtamysh demanded tribute from the Russian princes. He argued that it was not the Golden Horde that lost the battle on the Kulikovo Field, but Mamai, whose resistance was justified. IN 1382 year Tokhtamysh set out on a campaign against Rus'. He reached Moscow before Dmitry gathered troops and burned it. The Horde yoke was restored.
Dmitry Donskoy died in 1389. His will was not only of a traditional economic nature, but also of a political nature. He handed over the Vladimir grand-ducal throne to his eldest son as his patrimony, without mentioning a word about the khan's label.
The beginning of the state unification of Russian lands
The heir of Dmitry Donskoy, Vasily I Dmitrievich (1389-1425), successfully continued his father’s policies. He managed to annex the Nizhny Novgorod, Murom and Tarusa principalities. By the end of the reign of Vasily Dmitrievich, the power of the Grand Duke of Moscow-Vladimir increased even more. In terms of the size of the territory belonging to him, he was far superior to all other princes. Some princes switched to the position of grand ducal servants and received appointments as governors and governors, although they retained princely rights in their lands. The princes who retained their sovereignty were forced to obey him. The Moscow prince led all the country's armed forces. The entire management system is gradually being rebuilt, turning from local, Moscow, into all-Russian. Administrative-territorial units appeared - counties, former independent principalities. The counties are governed by grand ducal governors.
The process of political unification of Russian lands into a single state was slowed down by the feudal war that lasted about 30 years in the second quarter of the 14th century. The reason for it was a dynastic conflict between the son of Vasily I Vasily II and his uncle Yuri Dmitrievich, and then his sons Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka. During the war, Vasily II was blinded and lost the Moscow throne, but thanks to the support of the boyars he managed to win. The feudal war ultimately strengthened the power of the grand duke. Vasily the Dark increasingly controlled the affairs of all Rus'. Thus, at the end of the XIV - first half of the XV centuries. the foundations were laid for the final elimination of feudal fragmentation and the creation of a unified state.
The most comprehensive reference table main dates and events in the history of Russia from the 13th to the 14th centuries. This table is convenient for schoolchildren and applicants to use for self-study, in preparation for tests, exams and the Unified State Exam in history.
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Main events of the 13th -14th century |
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Trade agreements of Novgorod with German Hanseatic cities |
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Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality |
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Capture by the Order of the Swordsmen (founded in 1202) of the lands of the Livs, Estonians, Semigallians and others in the Baltic states |
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The campaign of the Galician-Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich against the Polovtsians |
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1205 – 1264 intermittently |
Reign in Galich and Volyn of Daniil Romanovich |
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The first chronicle evidence of Tver |
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Division of the Vladimir-Suzdal land between the sons of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest |
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The Great Reign of Yuri Vsevolodovich in the Vladimir-Suzdal Land. |
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Battle on the river Lipice. Victory of Prince Konstantin Vsevolodovich over the brothers Princes Yuri and Yaroslav in the struggle for the Great Reign of Vladimir |
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Founding of Nizhny Novgorod by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich in the land of the Mordovians - an outpost for the fight against Volga Bulgaria |
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The defeat of the Russian-Polovtsian squads on the river by the Tatars. Kalka |
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Capture of Yuriev, a Russian fortress in the Baltic states, by the Order of the Swordsmen |
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Posadnichestvo in Novgorod by Stepan Tverdislavich - a supporter of orientation towards Vladimir |
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Reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Novgorod |
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Invasion of Mongol-Tatar troops led by Khan Batu into Rus' |
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Destruction of Ryazan by the Mongol-Tatars |
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The capture and destruction by the Mongol-Tatars of Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir, Rostov, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Uglich, Galich, Dmitrov, Tver, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yuryev, Torzhok and other cities of North-Eastern Rus' |
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The defeat of the united army of the princes of North-Eastern Rus' in the battle with the Mongol-Tatars on the river. Sit. Death of Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri Vsevolodovich |
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The Great Reign of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich in Vladimir |
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Invasion of Batu's troops into the South Russian lands. The destruction of Pereyaslavl and Chernigov |
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Capture by the knights of the Livonian Order (founded in 1237 as a result of the merger of the Teutonic Order and the Order of the Sword) of the Russian fortresses of Izborsk, Pskov, Koporye |
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1240, Sep. – Dec. |
Siege and capture of Kyiv by Batu's troops |
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Battle of the Neva. The defeat of the Swedish army by the army of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky |
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The defeat of the knights of the Livonian Order on Lake Peipsi (“Battle of the Ice”) by the army of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky |
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Formation of the state of the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi) |
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The Great Reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Vladimir |
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Population census ("number") organized by the Mongol-Tatars with the aim of introducing a centralized tax system |
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Uprising in Novgorod against the population census |
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Establishment of an Orthodox diocese in the capital of the Golden Horde - Sarai |
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Uprisings in Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir, Yaroslavl against Mongol-Tatar tribute collectors and tax farmers; the collection of tribute was transferred to the Russian princes |
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Agreement between the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Mindaugas on the joint fight against the Livonian Order |
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The Great Reign of Yaroslav Yaroslavich Tver in Vladimir |
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Participation of Russian princes in the campaigns of the Golden Horde in the Caucasus, Byzantium, Lithuania |
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Campaign to Livonia and the victory of the troops of Pskov, Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal over the German and Danish knights at Rakovor |
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The Livonians' campaign against Pskov. Peace with the Livonian Order. Stabilization of the western borders of Novgorod and Pskov |
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Between 1276 and 1282 – 1303 |
The reign of Daniil Alexandrovich in Moscow. Founding of the first Danilov Monastery in the vicinity of Moscow (circa 1282) |
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1281 – 1282, 1293 – 1304 with breaks |
The Great Reign of Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky in Vladimir |
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The reign of Mikhail Yaroslavich in Tver; Grand Duke of Vladimir (1305 – 1317) |
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Relocation of Metropolitan Maxim from Kyiv to Vladimir-on-Klyazma |
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Annexation of Kolomna and Mozhaisk to Moscow |
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The reign of Yuri Danilovich in Moscow. The beginning of the struggle between Moscow and Tver for the great reign |
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The campaign of Prince Mikhail of Tver and the Horde army against Novgorod. Defeat of the Novgorodians at Torzhok |
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The Great Reign of Yuri Danilovich of Moscow in Vladimir |
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Murder of Prince Mikhail Tverskoy in the Horde |
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Reign in Tver of Dmitry Mikhailovich Terrible Eyes |
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The foundation of the Oreshek fortress at the source of the river by Prince Yuri of Moscow and the Novgorodians. Neva |
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The murder of Prince Yuri of Moscow by Prince Dmitry Tversky in the Horde. Execution of Dmitry Tverskoy by order of Khan Uzbek |
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The Great Reign in Moscow of Ivan I Danilovich Kalita; from 1328 – Grand Duke of Vladimir |
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Moving to Moscow from Vladimir Metropolitan Peter |
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The Great Reign of Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy |
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Construction of the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow |
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Uprising in Tver against the Horde |
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Construction of the Archangel Cathedral in Moscow |
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Murder of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich Tverskoy in the Horde |
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The Great Reign of Simeon Ivanovich the Proud of Moscow |
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Founding of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh |
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Treaty of Pskov and Novgorod on recognition of the independence of the Pskov Republic |
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Plague epidemic |
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The Great Reign in Moscow and Vladimir of Ivan II the Red |
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Installation of Alexy, a native of a Moscow boyar family, to the Russian Metropolis |
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The Great Reign of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy; from 1362 - Grand Duke of Vladimir |
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Construction of a stone Kremlin in Moscow |
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Reign of Mikhail Alexandrovich in Tver |
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1368, 1370, 1372 |
Campaigns of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd to Moscow |
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The appearance in Novgorod of the Strigolnik heresy, who advocated the conduct of divine services by the laity |
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Uprising in Nizhny Novgorod against the Horde |
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Prince Dmitry Ivanovich's campaign against Tver. Refusal of Tver's claims to the great reign of Vladimir |
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Compilation of the Laurentian Chronicle |
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Victory of the Moscow-Ryazan army over the Horde on the river. Vozhe |
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Baptism of Zyryans (Komi) by Stefan of Perm |
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Battle of Kulikovo. Victory of the united Russian army led by Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy over the Horde army of Mamai on the Kulikovo field (at the confluence of the Nepryadva river with the Don river) |
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The march of the Tatar-Mongol army led by Khan Tokhtamysh to Moscow. Siege and destruction of Moscow and other cities of North-Eastern Rus' |
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The first mention of firearms in Rus' |
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The beginning of coinage in Moscow |
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The Great Reign of Vasily I Dmitrievich in Moscow |
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Annexation of the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal and Murom principalities to Moscow |
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The defeat of the Golden Horde by the troops of Timur (Tamerlane). The ruin of the outlying lands of Rus'. Destruction of Yelets |
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Transfer of the Icon of Our Lady of Vladimir to Moscow |
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Establishment of vassal dependence of Smolensk on Lithuania |
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Annexation of the Novgorod possessions - Bezhetsky Verkh, Vologda, Veliky Ustyug to Moscow |
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Reign of Ivan Mikhailovich in Tver. Strengthening Tver |
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Late 14th century |
Annexation of Komi lands to Moscow. The campaign of the Moscow army against the Volga Bulgars and the capture of their capital |
13th century in the history of Rus' began without any special external shocks, but in the midst of endless ones. The princes divided the lands and fought for power. And soon the internal troubles of Rus' were joined by danger from the outside. The brutal conquerors from the depths of Asia under the leadership of Temujin (Genghis Khan, meaning “great khan”) began their actions.
The troops mercilessly destroyed people and conquered lands. Soon the Polovsk khans asked for help from the Russian princes, and they agreed to oppose the approaching enemy.
It took place in 1223. Due to the fragmented actions of the princes and the lack of a unified command, the Russian warriors suffered heavy losses and left the battlefield. The Mongol troops pursued them to the very outskirts of Rus'. Having plundered and devastated them, they moved no further.
In 1237, the troops of Temuchin’s grandson, Batu, entered the Ryazan principality. Ryazan fell. The conquests continued.
In 1238 on the river. The City army entered into battle with the invader's army, but lost to the Tatar-Mongols. At the same time, the southern Russian princes and Novgorod remained on the sidelines and did not come to the rescue.
In 1239-1240, having replenished his army, Batu undertook a new campaign against the Russian lands. At this time, the unaffected northwestern regions of Rus' (Novgorod and Pskov lands) were in danger from the crusading knights who had settled in the Baltic states, who wanted to spread the Catholic faith by force throughout Rus'. The Swedes and German knights were going to unite in the name of a common idea, but the Swedes were the first to act.
In 1240 (July 15) it happened: the Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the river. Not you. The Novgorodians turned to the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich for help. His young son set off with the army, counting on surprise and speed of onslaught. Although his army was outnumbered by his rival (even with the Novgorodians and commoners joining), Alexander's strategy worked. In this battle, Rus' won, and Alexander received the nickname Nevsky.
Meanwhile, the German knights gained strength and began military operations against Pskov and Novgorod. And again Alexander came to the rescue.
April 5, 1242 took place: troops converged on the ice of Lake Peipsi. Alexander won again - thanks to a change in the order of the formation and coordinated actions. And the knights’ uniforms played against them: when they retreated, the ice began to break under their weight.
In 1243 it was formed. Formally, the Russian lands were not part of this state, but were subject to it: they were obliged to replenish the treasury of the Horde, and the princes had to receive labels to reign at the khan’s headquarters.
During the second half of the 13th century. The Horde made devastating campaigns against Rus' more than once. Cities and villages were ruined.
1251-1263 - reign of Alexander Nevsky.
Due to the invasions of conquerors, during which settlements were destroyed, many monuments of the 10th-13th centuries disappeared. Churches, cathedrals, icons, as well as works of literature, religious objects and jewelry remained intact.
The basis of ancient Russian culture is heritage. It was influenced by nomadic peoples, the Varangians. In addition, the peculiarities of cultural development are associated with, as well as the influence of Byzantium and Western European countries.
With the adoption of Christianity, literacy began to spread, writing developed, enlightenment began, and Byzantine customs began to be introduced.
These changes also influenced 13th-century clothing. in Rus'. Its cut was simple and uniform; items differed mainly in fabric. The suit became longer and looser, not emphasizing the figure, but giving it a static look.
The nobility wore expensive foreign fabrics (velvet, brocade, taffeta, silk) and furs (sable, otter, marten). Ordinary people used canvas fabric, hare and squirrel fur, as well as sheepskin for clothing.
Yaroslav the Wise tried to prevent civil strife after his death and established between his children order of succession to the Kyiv throne by seniority: from brother to brother and from uncle to eldest nephew. But this did not help to avoid a power struggle between the brothers. IN 1097 Yaroslavichs gathered in the city of Lyubich ( Lubich Congress of Princes) And prohibited princes from moving from principality to principality. Thus, the preconditions for feudal fragmentation were created. But this decision did not stop the internecine wars. Now the princes were concerned about expanding the territories of their principalities.
For a short time, the grandson of Yaroslav managed to restore peace Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125). But after his death, wars broke out with renewed vigor. Kyiv, weakened by the constant struggle with the Polovtsians and internal strife, gradually lost its leading importance. The population seeks salvation from constant plunder and moves to calmer principalities: Galicia-Volyn (Upper Dnieper) and Rostov-Suzdal (between the Volga and Oka rivers). In many ways, the princes were pushed to seize new lands by the boyars, who were interested in expanding their patrimonial lands. Due to the fact that the princes established the Kiev order of inheritance in their principalities, processes of fragmentation began in them: if at the beginning of the 12th century there were 15 principalities, then by the end of the 13th century there were already 250 principalities.
Feudal fragmentation was a natural process in the development of statehood. It was accompanied by a revival of the economy, a rise in culture and the formation of local cultural centers. At the same time, during the period of fragmentation, the awareness of national unity was not lost.
Reasons for fragmentation: 1) the absence of strong economic ties between individual principalities - each principality produced everything it needed within itself, that is, it lived on a subsistence economy; 2) the emergence and strengthening of local princely dynasties; 3) weakening of the central power of the Kyiv prince; 4) the decline of the trade route along the Dnieper “from the Varangians to the Greeks” and the strengthening of the importance of the Volga as a trade route.
Galicia-Volyn Principality located in the foothills of the Carpathians. Trade routes from Byzantium to Europe passed through the principality. In the principality, a struggle arose between the prince and the large boyars - landowners. Poland and Hungary often intervened in the struggle.
The Principality of Galicia especially strengthened under Yaroslav Vladimirovich Osmomysl (1157–1182). After his death, the Galician principality was annexed to Volyn by the prince Roman Mstislavovich (1199–1205). Roman managed to capture Kyiv, declared himself Grand Duke, and drove the Polovtsians back from the southern borders. Roman's policy was continued by his son Daniil Romanovich (1205–1264). During his time there was an invasion of the Tatar-Mongols and the prince had to recognize the power of the khan over himself. After the death of Daniel, a struggle broke out between the boyar families in the principality, as a result of which Volyn was captured by Lithuania, and Galicia by Poland.
Novgorod Principality extended throughout the Russian North from the Baltic states to the Urals. Through Novgorod there was a lively trade with Europe along the Baltic Sea. The Novgorod boyars were also drawn into this trade. After uprising of 1136 Prince Vsevolod was expelled and the Novgorodians began to invite princes to their place, that is, a feudal republic was established. Princely power was significantly limited city meeting(meeting) and Council of gentlemen. The function of the prince was reduced to organizing the defense of the city and external representation. In reality, the city was governed by the one elected at the meeting mayor and the Council of Gentlemen. The veche had the right to expel the prince from the city. Delegates from city ends took part in the meeting ( Konchan veche). All free townspeople of a given end could participate in the Konchan assembly.
The republican organization of power in Novgorod was class-based. Novgorod became the center of the fight against German and Swedish aggression.
Vladimir-Suzdal Principality was located between the Volga and Oka rivers and was protected from the steppe inhabitants by forests. By attracting the population to desert lands, the princes founded new cities and prevented the formation of city self-government (veche) and large boyar land ownership. At the same time, settling on the princely lands, free community members became dependent on the landowner, that is, the development of serfdom continued and intensified.
The beginning of the local dynasty was laid by the son of Vladimir Monomakh Yuri Dolgoruky (1125–1157). He founded a number of cities: Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Moscow. But Yuri sought to get to the great reign in Kyiv. He became the real master of the principality Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky (1157–1174). He founded the city Vladimir-on-Klyazma and moved the capital of the principality there from Rostov. Wanting to expand the borders of his principality, Andrei fought a lot with his neighbors. The boyars removed from power organized a conspiracy and killed Andrei Bogolyubsky. Andrei's policy was continued by his brother Vsevolod Yuryevich Big Nest (1176–1212) and son of Vsevolod Yuri (1218–1238). In 1221 Yuri Vsevolodovich founded Nizhny Novgorod. The development of Rus' was slow Tatar-Mongol invasion of 1237–1241.
Rus' in XII – XIIIcenturies. Political fragmentation.
IN 1132 The last powerful prince Mstislav, the son of Vladimir Monomakh, died.
This date is considered the beginning of the period of fragmentation.
Reasons for fragmentation:
1) The struggle of princes for the best reigns and territories.
2) Independence of patrimonial boyars in their lands.
3) Subsistence farming, strengthening the economic and political power of cities.
4) The decline of the Kyiv land from the raids of the steppe inhabitants.
Characteristic features of this period:
The aggravation of relations between the princes and the boyars
Princely feuds
The struggle of the princes for the “Kiev table”
The growth and strengthening of the economic and political power of cities
The rise of culture
Weakening of the country's military potential (fragmentation was the reason for the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongols)
Main centers of political fragmentation:
Novgorod land
Supreme power belonged to the veche, which summoned the prince.
At the meeting, officials were elected: mayor, thousand, archbishop. Novgorod feudal republic
Vladimir - Suzdal Principality
Strong princely power (Yuri Dolgoruky (1147 - the first mention of Moscow in the chronicle), Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Big Nest)
Galicia-Volyn Principality
A powerful boyars who fought for power with the princes. Famous princes: Yaroslav Osmomysl, Roman Mstislavovich, Daniil Galitsky.
Before the Mongol invasion - the flowering of Russian culture
1223 g. - the first battle with the Mongols on the Kalka River.
The Russians tried to fight back together with the Polovtsians, but were defeated
1237-1238 - the campaign of Khan Batu to North-Eastern Rus' (the Ryazan principality was the first to be defeated)
1239-1240- to Southern Rus'
The reasons for the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongol-Tatars
- Fragmentation and strife between princes
- The superiority of the Mongols in the art of war, the presence of experienced and large army
Consequences
1) Establishment of the yoke - dependence of Rus' on the Horde (payment of tribute and the need for princes to receive a label (khan's charter, which gave the prince the right to manage his lands) Baskak - khan's governor in the Russian lands
2) Devastation of lands and cities, theft of the population into slavery - undermining the economy and culture
Invasion of German and Swedish knights to the northwestern lands - Novgorod and Pskov
Goals
*capture new territories
* conversion to Catholicism
Novgorod Prince Alexander Nevsky, at the head of the Russian troops, won victories:
Russian principalities and lands in the XII – XIII centuries
on the river Neve over the Swedish knights
1242 on Lake Peipsi over the German knights (Battle of the Ice)
1251 -1263 – reign of Prince Alexander Nevsky in Vladimir. Establishing friendly relations with the Golden Horde to prevent new invasions from the West
Work plan.
I. Introduction.
II.Russian lands and principalities in the XII-XIII centuries.
1. The causes and essence of state fragmentation. Socio-political and cultural characteristics of Russian lands during the period of fragmentation.
§ 1. The feudal fragmentation of Rus' is a natural stage in the development of Russian society and the state.
§ 2. Economic and socio-political reasons for the fragmentation of Russian lands.
The Vladimir-Suzdal principality as one of the types of feudal state formations in Rus' in the 12th-13th centuries.
§ 4 Features geographical location, natural and climatic conditions of the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
Russian lands and principalities in the XII - first half of the XIII century.
Features of the socio-political and cultural development of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.
2. The Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' and its consequences. Rus' and the Golden Horde.
§ 1. The originality of the historical development and way of life of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia.
Batya's invasion and formation of the Golden Horde.
§ 3. The Mongol-Tatar yoke and its influence on ancient Russian history.
The struggle of Rus' against the aggression of the German and Swedish conquerors. Alexander Nevskiy.
§ 1. Expansion to the East of Western European countries and religious and political organizations at the beginning of the 13th century.
§ 2. Historical significance of the military victories of Prince Alexander Nevsky (Battle of the Neva, Battle of the Ice).
III. Conclusion
I. INTRODUCTION
The XII-XIII centuries, which will be discussed in this test work, are barely visible in the fog of the past.
In order to understand and understand the events of this most difficult era in the history of medieval Rus', it is necessary to get acquainted with the monuments of ancient Russian literature, study fragments of medieval chronicles and chronicles, and read the works of historians relating to this period. It is historical documents that help us see in history not a simple set of dry facts, but a complex science, the achievements of which play important role in the further development of society, allow us to better understand major events national history.
Consider the reasons that determined feudal fragmentation - the political and economic decentralization of the state, the creation on the territory of Ancient Rus' of practically independent, independent state entities on the territory of Ancient Russia; to understand why the Tatar-Mongol yoke on Russian soil became possible, and how the dominance of the conquerors was manifested for more than two centuries in the field of economic, political and cultural life, and what consequences it had for the future historical development of Rus' - this is the main task of this work.
The 13th century, rich in tragic events, still excites and attracts the attention of historians and writers.
After all, this century is called the “dark period” of Russian history.
However, its beginning was bright and calm. The huge country, larger in size than any European state, was full of young creative force. The proud and strong people who inhabited it did not yet know the oppressive weight of the foreign yoke, did not know the humiliating inhumanity of serfdom.
The world in their eyes was simple and whole.
They did not yet know the destructive power of gunpowder. Distance was measured by the swing of arms or the flight of an arrow, and time by the change of winter and summer. The rhythm of their life was leisurely and measured.
At the beginning of the 12th century, axes were knocking all over Rus', new cities and villages were growing. Rus' was a country of craftsmen.
Here they knew how to weave the finest lace and build skyward cathedrals, forge reliable, sharp swords and paint the heavenly beauty of angels.
Rus' was a crossroads of peoples.
In the squares of Russian cities one could meet Germans and Hungarians, Poles and Czechs, Italians and Greeks, Polovtsians and Swedes... Many were surprised at how quickly the “Russians” assimilated the achievements of neighboring peoples, applied them to their needs, and enriched their own ancient and unique culture.
At the beginning of the 13th century, Rus' was one of the most prominent states in Europe. The power and wealth of the Russian princes were known throughout Europe.
But suddenly a thunderstorm approached the Russian land - a hitherto unknown terrible enemy.
The Mongol-Tatar yoke fell heavily on the shoulders of the Russian people. The exploitation of the conquered peoples by the Mongol khans was ruthless and comprehensive. Simultaneously with the invasion from the East, Rus' was faced with another terrible disaster - the expansion of the Livonian Order, its attempt to impose Catholicism on the Russian people.
In this difficult historical era, the heroism and love of freedom of our people manifested themselves with particular force, people rose to the occasion, whose names were forever preserved in the memory of posterity.
II. RUSSIAN LANDS AND PRINCIPALITIES IN THE XII-XIII CENTURIES.
1. CAUSES AND ESSENCE OF STATE Fragmentation. SOCIO-POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RUSSIAN LANDS
PERIOD OF FRAGRANCE.
§ 1. FEUDAL FRONTATION OF Rus' – A LEGAL STAGE
DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY AND STATE
Since the 30s of the 12th century, the process of feudal fragmentation began in Rus'.
Feudal fragmentation is an inevitable stage in the evolution of feudal society, the basis of which is the natural economy with its isolation and isolation.
The system of natural economy that had developed by this time contributed to the isolation from each other of all individual economic units (family, community, inheritance, land, principality), each of which became self-sufficient, consuming all the product it produced. There was practically no exchange of goods in this situation.
Within the framework of a single Russian state, over the course of three centuries, independent economic regions emerged, new cities grew, large patrimonial farms and the estates of many monasteries and churches emerged and developed.
Feudal clans grew and united - the boyars with their vassals, the rich elite of the cities, church hierarchs. The nobility arose, the basis of whose life was service to the overlord in exchange for a land grant for the duration of this service.
The huge Kievan Rus with its superficial political cohesion, necessary, first of all, for defense against an external enemy, for organizing long-distance campaigns of conquest, now no longer met the needs of large cities with their branched feudal hierarchy, developed trade and craft layers, and the needs of patrimonial lands.
The need to unite all forces against the Polovtsian danger and the powerful will of the great princes - Vladimir Monomakh and his son Mstislav - temporarily slowed down the inevitable process of fragmentation of Kievan Rus, but then it resumed with renewed vigor.
“The whole Russian land was in disarray,” as the chronicle says.
From the point of view of general historical development, the political fragmentation of Rus' is a natural stage on the path to the future centralization of the country, future economic and political takeoff on a new civilizational basis.
Europe also did not escape the collapse of early medieval states, fragmentation and local wars.
Then the process of formation of national states of a secular type, which still exist today, developed here. Ancient Rus', having gone through a period of collapse, could have come to a similar result. However, the Mongol-Tatar invasion disrupted this natural development of political life in Rus' and threw it back.
§ 2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIO-POLITICAL REASONS
Fragmentation of the Russian lands
We can highlight the economic and socio-political reasons for feudal fragmentation in Rus':
1.Economic reasons:
- growth and development of feudal boyar land ownership, expansion of estates by seizing the lands of community members, purchasing land, etc.
All this led to increased economic power and independence of the boyars and, ultimately, to an aggravation of contradictions between the boyars and the Grand Duke of Kyiv. The boyars were interested in such princely power that could provide them with military and legal protection, in particular in connection with the growing resistance of the townspeople, the smerds, to contribute to the seizure of their lands and increased exploitation.
— the dominance of subsistence farming and the lack of economic ties contributed to the creation of relatively small boyar worlds and the separatism of local boyar unions.
- in the 12th century, trade routes began to bypass Kyiv, “the path from the Varangians to the Greeks,” which once united the Slavic tribes around itself, gradually lost its former significance, because
European merchants, as well as Novgorodians, were increasingly attracted to Germany, Italy, and the Middle East.
2. Socio-political reasons :
- strengthening the power of individual princes;
- weakening of the influence of the Grand Duke of Kyiv;
- princely strife; they were based on the Yaroslav appanage system itself, which could no longer satisfy the expanded Rurik family.
There was no clear, precise order either in the distribution of inheritances or in their inheritance. After the death of the Grand Duke of Kyiv, the “table”, according to existing law, went not to his son, but to the eldest prince in the family. At the same time, the principle of seniority came into conflict with the principle of “fatherland”: when the prince-brothers moved from one “table” to another, some of them did not want to change their homes, while others rushed to the Kyiv “table” over the heads of their older brothers.
Thus, the continued order of inheritance of “tables” created the preconditions for internecine conflicts. In the middle of the 12th century, civil strife reached unprecedented severity, and the number of participants increased many times as a result of the fragmentation of the princely possessions.
At that time in Rus' there were 15 principalities and separate lands. In the next century, on the eve of Batu’s invasion, it was already 50.
- the growth and strengthening of cities as new political and cultural centers can also be considered the reason for the further fragmentation of Rus', although some historians, on the contrary, regard the development of cities as a consequence of this process.
- the fight against nomads also weakened the Principality of Kiev and slowed down its progress; in Novgorod and Suzdal it was much calmer.
Feudal fragmentation in Rus' in the 12th-13th centuries. Specific Rus'.
- Feudal fragmentation– political and economic decentralization. The creation on the territory of one state of independent principalities independent from each other, formally having a common ruler, a single religion - Orthodoxy, and uniform laws of “Russian Pravda”.
- The energetic and ambitious policy of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes led to the growing influence of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality on the entire Russian state.
- Yuri Dolgoruky, the son of Vladimir Monomakh, received the Vladimir principality during his reign.
- 1147 Moscow first appears in chronicles. The founder is the boyar Kuchka.
- Andrei Bogolyubsky, son of Yuri Dolgoruky. 1157-1174. The capital was moved from Rostov to Vladimir, the new title of the ruler was Tsar and Grand Duke.
- The Vladimir-Suzdal principality reached its heyday under Vsevolod the Big Nest.
1176-1212. The monarchy was finally established.
Consequences of fragmentation.
Positive
- growth and strengthening of cities
— Active development of crafts
— Settlement of undeveloped lands
— Road construction
— Development of domestic trade
— The flourishing of the cultural life of the principalities
Strengthening the local government apparatus
Negative
- continuation of the process of fragmentation of lands and principalities
- internecine wars
- weak central government
- vulnerability to external enemies
Specific Rus' (XII-XIII centuries)
With the death of Vladimir Monomakh in 1125.
The decline of Kievan Rus began, which was accompanied by its disintegration into separate states-principalities. Even earlier, the Lyubech Congress of Princes in 1097 established: “... let everyone maintain his fatherland” - this meant that each prince became the full owner of his hereditary principality.
The collapse of the Kyiv state into small fiefdoms, according to V.O.
Klyuchevsky, was caused by the existing order of succession to the throne. The princely throne was passed not from father to son, but from the older brother to the middle and younger. This gave rise to strife within the family and a struggle over the division of estates. External factors played a certain role: raids by nomads devastated the southern Russian lands and interrupted the trade route along the Dnieper.
As a result of the decline of Kiev, the Galician-Volyn principality rose in southern and southwestern Rus', in the northeastern part of Rus' - the Rostov-Suzdal (later Vladimir-Suzdal) principality, and in northwestern Rus' - the Novgorod Boyar Republic, from which in the 13th century century the Pskov land was allocated.
All these principalities, with the exception of Novgorod and Pskov, inherited the political system of Kievan Rus.
They were led by princes, supported by their squads. The Orthodox clergy had great political influence in the principalities.
Question
The main occupation of the inhabitants of the Mongolian state was nomadic cattle breeding.
The desire to expand their pastures is one of the reasons for their military campaigns. It must be said that the Mongol-Tatars conquered not only Rus', it was not the first state they took. Before that, they subordinated to their interests Central Asia, including Korea and China. From China they adopted their flamethrowing weapons, and because of this they became even stronger. The Tatars were very good warriors. They were armed to the teeth, their army was very large.
They also used psychological intimidation of enemies: soldiers marched ahead of the troops, took no prisoners, and brutally killed their opponents. Their very appearance frightened the enemy.
But let's move on to the Mongol-Tatars invasion of Rus'. The Russians first encountered the Mongols in 1223. The Polovtsy asked the Russian princes to help defeat the Mongols, they agreed and a battle took place, which is called the Battle of the Kalka River. We lost this battle for many reasons, the main one being the lack of unity between the principalities.
In 1235, in the capital of Mongolia, Karakorum, a decision was made on a military campaign to the West, including Rus'.
In 1237, the Mongols attacked Russian lands, and the first city captured was Ryazan. There is also a work in Russian literature “The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu”, one of the heroes of this book is Evpatiy Kolovrat. In the “Tale..” it is written that after the destruction of Ryazan, this hero returned to his hometown and wanted to take revenge on the Tatars for their cruelty (the city was plundered and almost all the inhabitants were killed). He gathered a detachment from the survivors and galloped after the Mongols.
All wars were fought bravely, but Evpatiy distinguished himself with special courage and strength. He killed many Mongols, but in the end he himself was killed. The Tatars brought the body of Evpatiy Batu, talking about his unprecedented strength. Batu was amazed at the unprecedented power of Evpatiy and gave the body of the hero to his surviving fellow tribesmen, and ordered the Mongols not to touch the Ryazan people.
In general, 1237-1238 are the years of the conquest of northeastern Rus'.
After Ryazan, the Mongols took Moscow, which had resisted for a long time, and burned it. Then they took Vladimir.
After the conquest of Vladimir, the Mongols divided and began to ravage the cities of northeastern Rus'.
In 1238, a battle took place on the Sit River, the Russians lost this battle.
The Russians fought with dignity, no matter what city the Mongol attacked, the people defended their Motherland (their principality). But in most cases, the Mongols still won; only Smolensk was not taken. Kozelsk also defended for a record long time: seven weeks.
After a campaign in the northeast of Rus', the Mongols returned to their homeland to rest.
But already in 1239 they returned to Rus' again. This time their goal was the southern part of Rus'.
1239-1240 – Mongol campaign against the southern part of Rus'. First they took Pereyaslavl, then the Principality of Chernigov, and in 1240 Kyiv fell.
This was the end of the Mongol invasion. The period from 1240 to 1480 is called the Mongol-Tatar yoke in Rus'.
What are the consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, the yoke?
- Firstly, this is the backwardness of Rus' from European countries.
Europe continued to develop, while Rus' had to restore everything destroyed by the Mongols.
- Second- This is the decline of the economy. A lot of people were lost. Many crafts disappeared (the Mongols took artisans into slavery).
Russian lands and principalities in the 12th – first half of the 13th centuries
Farmers also moved to more northern regions of the country, safer from the Mongols. All this delayed economic development.
- Third– slowness of cultural development of Russian lands. For some time after the invasion, no churches were built at all in Rus'.
- Fourth– cessation of contacts, including trade, with the countries of Western Europe.
Now the foreign policy of Rus' was focused on the Golden Horde. The Horde appointed princes, collected tribute from the Russian people, and carried out punitive campaigns when the principalities disobeyed.
- Fifth the consequence is very controversial.
Some scientists say that the invasion and the yoke preserved political fragmentation in Rus', others argue that the yoke gave impetus to the unification of Russians.
Question
Alexander was invited to reign in Novgorod, he was then 15 years old, and in 1239 he married the daughter of the Polotsk prince Bryachislav.
With this dynastic marriage, Yaroslav sought to consolidate the union of the northwestern Russian principalities in the face of the threat hanging over them from the German and Swedish crusaders. The most dangerous situation arose at this time on the Novgorod borders. The Swedes, who had long competed with the Novgorodians for control over the lands of the Finnish tribes Em and Sum, were preparing for a new onslaught. The invasion began in July 1240. The Swedish flotilla under the command of Birger, son-in-law of the Swedish king Eric Kortavy, passed from the mouth of the Neva to the fall of the river into it.
Izhora. Here the Swedes made a stop before attacking Ladoga - the main northern fort of the Novgorod post. Meanwhile, Alexander Yaroslavich, warned by the sentinels about the appearance of the Swedish flotilla, hastily left Novgorod with his squad and a small auxiliary detachment. The prince's calculations were based on the maximum use of the surprise factor. The blow had to be delivered before the Swedes, who outnumbered the Russian army, had time to completely disembark from the ships. On the evening of July 15, the Russians quickly attacked the Swedes' camp, trapping them on the cape between the Neva and Izhora.
Thanks to this, they deprived the enemy of freedom of maneuver and at the cost of small losses, all 20 people. This victory secured the northwestern border of the Novgorod land for a long time and earned the 19-year-old prince the fame of a brilliant commander. In memory of the defeat of the Swedes, Alexander was nicknamed Nevsky. In 1241, he expelled the Germans from the Koporye fortress, and soon liberated Pskov. The further advance of Russian troops to the north-west, bypassing Lake Pskov, encountered fierce resistance from the Germans.
Alexander retreated to Lake Peipsi, bringing all available forces here. The decisive battle took place on April 5, 1242. The German battle formation had a wedge shape, traditional for the Crusaders, at the head of which were several ranks of the most experienced heavily armed knights. Knowing this feature of knightly tactics, Alexander deliberately concentrated all his forces on the flanks, in the regiments of the right and left hands. He left his own squad - the most combat-ready part of the army - in ambush in order to bring it into battle at its most critical moment.
In the center, along the very edge of the bank of the Uzmen (the channel between the Peipsi and Pskov lakes), he positioned the Novgorod infantry, which could not withstand the frontal attack of the knightly cavalry. In fact, this regiment was doomed to defeat from the very beginning. But having crushed it and thrown it to the opposite shore (towards the island of Raven Stone), the knights inevitably had to expose the weakly protected flanks of their wedge to the attack of the Russian cavalry.
Moreover, now the Russians would have the coast behind them, and the Germans would have thin spring ice. Alexander Nevsky's calculation was completely justified: when the knight's cavalry penetrated the pig regiment, it was captured in a pincer movement by the regiments of the Right and Left Hands, and a powerful attack by the princely squad completed the rout.
The knights fled in panic, and as Alexander Nevsky had hoped, the ice could not stand it, and the waters of Lake Peipsi swallowed up the remnants of the crusader army.
The world around us 4th grade
Hard times on Russian soil
1. Circle the border of Rus' at the beginning of the 13th century with a red pencil.
Mark on the map with arrows the path of Batu Khan across Rus'.
Write down the dates when Batu Khan attacked the cities.
Ryazan- end of 1237
Vladimir- in February 1238
Kyiv- in 1240
3. Read the poem by N. Konchalovskaya.
Previously, Rus' was appanage:
Each city is separate,
Avoiding all neighbors
Ruled by an appanage prince
And the princes did not live together.
They would need to live in friendship
And one big family
Defend your native land.
I'd be afraid then
The horde is attacking them!
Answer the questions:
- What does appanage prince mean?
By the middle of the 12th century, Rus' broke up into separate principalities, which were ruled by appanage princes
- How did the princes live? The princes did not live together, there were civil strife.
- Why were the Mongol-Tatars not afraid to attack Russian lands? The Russian princes were unable to unite to repel the enemy due to the fragmentation of the Russian principalities.
Match the battle with its date.
5. Read the description of the battle on Lake Peipsi.
The Russians fought fiercely. And how can one not fight without fury when children and wives are left behind, villages and cities are left behind, the native land with the short and sonorous name of Rus' remains.
And the crusaders came like robbers.
But where there is theft, there is cowardice nearby.
Fear took over the knight dogs, they saw that the Russians were pressing them from all sides. Heavy cavalry cannot turn around in a crush and cannot escape.
And then the Russians used hooks on long poles. They hook a knight and he’s off his horse. He crashes onto the ice, but cannot get up: he is awkward and painful in his thick armor. Here his head is off.
When the massacre was in full swing, the ice suddenly crackled under the knights and cracked. The crusaders sank, their heavy armor pulled down.
The crusaders had never known such a defeat before that time.
Since then, the knights looked to the east with fear.
They remembered the words spoken by Alexander Nevsky. And he said this: "".
(O. Tikhomirov)
Answer the questions:
- Why did the Russians fight fiercely? They defended their native land
- Why did the Crusaders' cavalry have a hard time in battle?
Russian lands and principalities 12-13 centuries (page 1 of 6)
The horsemen of the Crusaders were heavy and clumsy.
- What did the Russians use grappling hooks for? They hooked the knights with hooks and pulled them off their horses.
- What words of Alexander Nevsky did the knights remember? Underline these words of the Russian prince in the text. Remember them.
The social, political and cultural development of the Old Russian state took place in close interaction with the peoples of the surrounding countries. One of the first places among them was occupied by the mighty Byzantine Empire, the closest southern neighbor of the Eastern Slavs. Russian-Byzantine relations of the 9th-11th centuries are a complex complex, including peaceful economic, political and cultural ties, and sharp military clashes On the one hand, Byzantium was a convenient source of military booty for the Slavic princes and their warriors. On the other hand, Byzantine diplomacy sought to prevent the spread of Russian influence in the Black Sea region, and then try to turn Russia into a vassal of Byzantium , especially with the help of Christianization At the same time, there were constant economic and political contacts. Evidence of such contacts is the existence of permanent colonies of Russian merchants in Constantinople known to us from Oleg’s treaty with Byzantium (911). Trade exchange with Byzantium is reflected in a large number of Byzantine things found on the territory of our country After Christianization, cultural ties with Byzantium intensified
Russian squads, sailing across the Black Sea on ships, raided coastal Byzantine cities, and Oleg even managed to take the capital of Byzantium - Constantinople (in Russian - Constantinople). Igor’s campaign was less successful
In the second half of the 10th century, some Russian-Byzantine rapprochement was observed. Olga’s trip to Constantinople, where she was friendly received by the emperor, strengthened relations between the two countries. Byzantine emperors sometimes used Russian squads for wars with their neighbors
A new stage in Rus'’s relations with Byzantium and with other neighboring nations occurred during the reign of Svyatoslav, the ideal hero of Russian chivalry, Svyatoslav carried out an active foreign policy He came into conflict with the powerful Khazar Khaganate, which had once collected tribute from the territory of Southern Russia. Already under Igor, in 913, 941 and 944, Russian warriors made campaigns against the Khazars, achieving the gradual liberation of the Vyatichi from paying tribute to the Khazars. The decisive blow to the Kaganate was dealt by Svyatoslav (964- 965), defeating the main cities of the Kaganate and capturing its capital Sarkel. The defeat of the Khazar Kaganate led to the formation of Russian settlements on the Taman Peninsula Tmutarakan principality and to the liberation from the power of the Kaganate of the Volga-Kama Bulgarians, who after this formed their own state - the first state formation of the peoples of the Middle Volga and Kama region
The fall of the Khazar Kaganate and the advance of Rus' into the Black Sea 54
nomorye caused concern among Byzantium. In an effort to mutually weaken Rus' and Danube Bulgaria, against which Byzantium pursued an aggressive policy, the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phocas invited Svyatoslav to make a campaign in the Balkans. Svyatoslav won a victory in Bulgaria and captured the city of Pereyaslavets on the Danube. This result was unexpected for Byzantium There was a threat of unification of the eastern and southern Slavs into one state, which Byzantium would no longer be able to cope with. Svyatoslav himself said that he would like to move the capital of his land to Pereyaslavets
To weaken Russian influence in Bulgaria, Byzantium used Pechenegs This Turkic nomadic people was first mentioned in the Russian chronicle in 915. Initially, the Pechenegs roamed between the Volga and the Aral Sea, and then, under pressure from the Khazars, crossed the Volga and occupied the Northern Black Sea region. The main source of wealth of the Pecheneg tribal nobility were raids on Russia, Byzantium and other countries of That Russia, then Byzantium from time to time managed to “hire” the Pechenegs to attack the other side. So, during Svyatoslav’s stay in Bulgaria, they, apparently at the instigation of Byzantium, raided Kiev. Svyatoslav had to urgently return to defeat the Pechenegs, but soon he went to Bulgaria again , a war with Byzantium began there. The Russian squads fought fiercely and bravely, but the Byzantine forces outnumbered them too much. In 971.
a peace treaty was concluded, Svyatoslav’s squad was able to return to Russia with all their weapons, and Byzantium was satisfied only with Russia’s promise not to carry out attacks
However, on the way, on the Dnieper rapids, apparently having received a warning from Byzantium about the return of Svyatoslav, the Pechenegs attacked him. Svyatoslav died in battle, and the Pecheneg prince Kurya, according to chronicle legend, made a cup from Svyatoslav’s skull and drank from it at feasts. According to the ideas of that era , this showed, paradoxically as it may seem, respect for the memory of the fallen enemy; it was believed that the military valor of the owner of the skull would pass to the one who drinks from such a cup
A new stage of Russian-Byzantine relations occurs during the reign of Vladimir and is associated with the adoption of Christianity by Russia. Shortly before this event, the Byzantine Emperor Vasily II turned to Vladimir with a request to help the armed forces in suppressing the uprising of the commander Bardas Phocas, who captured Asia Minor, threatened the field of Constantine and claimed to the imperial throne In exchange for help, the emperor promised to marry his sister Anna to Vladimir. Vladimir's six-thousand-strong squad helped suppress the uprising, and Varda Foka himself was killed, but the emperor
was in no hurry with the promised marriage.
This marriage had important political significance. Just a few years earlier, the German Emperor Otto II had failed to marry the Byzantine princess Theophano. The Byzantine emperors occupied the highest place in the feudal hierarchy of the then Europe, and marriage to a Byzantine princess sharply raised the international prestige of the Russian state.
To achieve compliance with the terms of the treaty, Vladimir besieged the center of the Byzantine possessions in Crimea - Chersonese (Korsun) and took it. The Emperor had to fulfill his promise. Only after this did Vladimir make the final decision to be baptized, since by defeating Byzantium, he ensured that Russia did not have to follow in the footsteps of Byzantium’s policies. Rus' became on a par with the largest Christian powers of medieval Europe.
This position of Rus' was reflected in the dynastic ties of Russian princes.
Thus, Yaroslav the Wise was married to the daughter of the Swedish king Olaf - Indigerda. Yaroslav's daughter Anna was married to the French king Henry I, another daughter Elizabeth became the wife of the Norwegian king Harald. Hungarian Queen there was a third daughter - Anastasia.
The granddaughter of Yaroslav the Wise - Eupraxia (Adelheid) was the wife of the German Emperor Henry IV.
Russian lands and principalities 12-13 centuries
One of Yaroslav’s sons, Vsevolod, was married to a Byzantine princess, another son, Izyaslav, was married to a Polish princess. Among Yaroslav's daughters-in-law were also the daughters of the Saxon margrave and Count of Staden.
Rus' also had lively trade relations with the German Empire.
Even on the remote periphery of the Old Russian state, on the territory of present-day Moscow, a piece dating back to the 11th century was found. a lead trade seal originating from some Rhine town.
Ancient Rus' had to wage a constant struggle with nomads. Vladimir managed to establish a defense against the Pechenegs. But nevertheless their raids continued. In 1036, taking advantage of the absence of Yaroslav, who had left for Novgorod, in Kiev, the Pechenegs laid siege to Kiev.
But Yaroslav quickly returned and inflicted a brutal defeat on the Pechenegs, from which they were never able to recover. They were forced out of the Black Sea steppes by other nomads - the Polovtsians.
Cumans(otherwise - Kipchaks or Cumans) - also a Turkic people - back in the 10th century.
lived on the territory of North-West Kazakhstan, but in the middle of the 10th century. moved to the steppes of the Northern Black Sea region and the Caucasus. After they ousted the Pechenegs, a huge territory came under their rule, which was called the Polovtsian steppe or (in Arab sources) Dasht-i-Kipchak.
It extended from the Syr Darya and Tien Shan to the Danube. The Polovtsy were first mentioned in Russian chronicles in 1054, and in 1061.
the first encounter with them occurred: 56
“The Polovtsians came first to fight on the Russian land” The second half of the 11th-12th centuries - the time of Rus'’s struggle with the Polovtsian danger
So, the Old Russian state was one of the largest European powers and was in close political, economic and cultural relations with many countries and peoples of Europe and Asia
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