Stair riser how to fix. How stairs are attached to bowstrings. Fastening and installation of a bowstring

Any staircase rests on a load-bearing beam, which can be made as a kosour or bowstring.

Bowstrings allow you to adapt the staircase as much as possible to the characteristics of a particular interior, thus making it elegant and modern.

When relying on bowstrings, steps are placed between adjacent boards, attached to them with ends.

It turns out that if you fasten the steps to the bowstrings, then their ends, unlike installation on stringers, will be hidden, and the view of the stairs in profile will be inclined and even. If only one bowstring is used, then the second end of the step can be mounted into the wall. Stair steps come with risers (closed) or without them (open), then either a horizontal step from the vertical part of the step, or only a horizontal one is attached to the bowstring.

The railing of the stairs, which makes it reliable and convenient, is formed using balusters (vertical support posts) attached to the railing at the top and attached to the beam from below, with such a frequency that the gap between adjacent posts does not exceed 15 cm. This ensures a margin of safety. To carry out a wooden staircase, in order to protect it from cracking due to deformations under the influence of the environment, it follows from the same species of wood with fencing and fasteners. flights of stairs, platforms, railings are connected together precisely by balusters, so it must be especially reliable.

For stairs supported by bowstrings, you can place balusters relative to the steps in an arbitrary place, since they are mainly fastened to the beams, and not to the steps. The easiest way is to attach the racks to the side of the bowstring from the outside. Then it is enough to screw them on the side of the screws, having previously drilled recesses under them, and covered them with wooden dowels for masking from above. From above the beam to the edge, you can use a baluster (the board is slightly wider than the bowstring), which has a groove below, the size of the width of the bowstring, on which it is put on from above. Racks are placed on the balustrade from above, screwing from below with self-tapping screws. Then the structure is smeared with carpentry glue and put on a bowstring, fastened with clamps. Balusters can be planted on a beam using dowels, round-section mounting spikes, by drilling holes halfway through their length in the uprights and the bowstring so that there is no play. All dowels are tightly inserted into the holes of the uprights, fixed with glue, then the railings are fastened with the lower halves of the dowels to the bowstring.

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We fix the racks

Fastening to the bowstring racks is possible using studs. Take tools:

end saw;
drill.

Materials:

string;
railing racks;
standard galvanized studs (M6 thread);
PVA glue).

Perform in stages:

Mark the places for the installation of railing racks.
Racks from below are cut with a saw at an angle (the angle of inclination of the beam).
From below, at the ends of the racks, holes are drilled (80 mm deep, a drill with a diameter of 12 mm).
The studs are seated on glue and inserted into the holes, leaving the ends about 7 cm.
Holes are made in the bowstring with a drill with a diameter of 14 mm to a depth of 100 mm.
Balusters are inserted into these holes with studs, first fixing the extreme posts, then the rest.

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How to mount steps

The steps themselves are attached to the bowstrings by cutting them into a beam or mounting them on supporting elements. These are corners or bars that are screwed to the beam with screws along the tread line, the horizontal parts of the steps. Treads are similarly attached to the supports with screws. You can make a staircase with steps cut into the bowstring, in which grooves of the same (2 cm) depth are made with some indentation from the top edge, then treads with risers are inserted into them. Sometimes, using the simplest method, the steps are fixed by screwing them into the butt from the outside of the board.

A ladder will turn out to be reliable and stable if its bowstrings are joined on balusters. Then the beam consists of sections that, with the help of protrusions, are attached to the grooves of the balusters. At the same time, the loads from the upper parts of the bowstrings are redistributed to the guard posts, and when used, the entire staircase, including bowstrings, steps and balusters, turns into a single, interconnected system.

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Mortise Mount

To make a mortise mount to the bowstring, tools are used:

manual milling machine;
drill;
jigsaw;
bit;
screwdriver.

Materials:

screws;
wooden slats;
plywood sheet;
treads and risers;
strings.

Perform actions:

The bowstring is marked using a plywood tread template (or tread with a riser), cut out taking into account the calculations for the march with the desired slope and number of steps.
We draw a reference line on the bowstring, retreating from its edge 50 mm.
We will nail the guide rails to the template, which will “slide” along the top edge of the board. By moving the template, we mark the zigzag marking of the steps so that its tops lie on the reference line. At the top, the marking line ends at the level of the second floor platform, and at the bottom, the end of the tread corresponds to the floor.
Make grooves in the bowstring (choose at an angle to the line of fibers). In order to make the grooves qualitatively, it is better to cut them out of plywood using a stencil, making a hole in it using a drill and a jigsaw, a little more than the width of the tread and riser and located at the same angle of inclination with the lines on the markup.
We place the beam on the goats, and place the stencil on it, combining it with the image of the first tread, and nail it.
With a milling machine, moving clockwise, we select a groove to a depth of 20 mm, then processing with a chisel in the corners.
Having completed the required number of holes, we assemble the structure, smearing the ends of the steps and the grooves with glue.
Treads with risers are fastened with screws; steps can also be additionally attached with screws from the outside of the bowstring, deepening them and closing them with wooden plugs.

The grooves under the steps must be made with high precision so that the stairs do not stagger or creak. In the bowstrings of stairs with embedded steps, under them, for strength, they place (after 4-5 steps) tightening metal rods or bolts at the ends of the treads, if there are no risers, i.e. viewed stairs.

Individual construction of houses is almost never complete without the use of stairs. The main requirement for all types of these structures is the safety of movement on them.

Stair structures must be strong and stable. Therefore, the question of how to fix the stairs to the ceiling is very relevant in any private house. Let's consider in more detail various options fixing ladder structures depending on their type.

Stair construction during operation is subjected to various kinds of permanent and temporary loads. In addition to its own weight, it must also withstand the weight of a person and objects moved along it. Therefore, the issue of durable fastening of such structures in the house is very important.

Stair structures are usually fixed to:

Semi;
Slab or beam of the upper floor;
Inter-march sites;
walls– it is recommended to fasten the structure only to bearing walls made of concrete, timber or brick. The wall thickness must be at least 25 cm.

Important! It is impossible to fix products to asbestos-cement, plasterboard walls, or partitions laid out in one brick.

The method of fastening largely depends on:

Type of ladder structure;
The material from which it is made;
Product weight;
Its dimensions;
Floor, ceiling and wall materials.

The main types of ladder structures are:

marching- may consist of one or more marches.
based on bowstrings, stringers, support post or Boltsy. Most often, combined supports are used.
Complex structures- a combination of marches and helical sections, several marches with turns at different angles.

The method of fixing the structure depends on many factors - photo

The most common in private homes are marching structures made of wood. A single-march product can have the simplest fastening - to the floor and ceiling. It is a very reliable and stable system that does not require additional intermediate fasteners.

If there are two or more marches, then additional fixation of the structure is necessary. Complex models may have combined mounts, depending on the shape and type of support.

Openings for the installation of stairs

The opening for the stairs in the ceiling must be provided at the design stage of the building.

Its dimensions depend on:

Dimensions of the future design;
Stair type;
Cover type.

The hole in the ceiling for the stairs should have a width equal to the width of the march with the addition of gaps necessary for fixing the structure and its finishing. The length of the opening largely depends on the angle of inclination of the product.

But for safety reasons, the hole in the ceiling for the stairs must allow the descent and ascent of a person in full height. Openings are made rectangular, square or round.

Fixing stairs to various types of interfloor ceilings

The quality of the material of the ladder structure is of great importance for its reliability and safety. But the strength of fixing all its elements among themselves, as well as correct fastening stairs to the ceiling, inter-march platforms, floors and walls play a much larger role.

Interfloor overlapping when arranging stairs can be made of various materials:

Wood - the most common flooring on wooden beams.
Reinforced concrete slabs.
Steel beams - rarely used in private construction.

Depending on the type of load-bearing structures of the floor, various different ways fixing ladder structures on them.

Interfloor ceilings on wooden beams

If the floors in the house are made on wooden beams, then the flight of stairs should be laid on the beam without distortions. Its fixation is carried out using special fastening systems, depending on the material of the stairs and the type of its supports.

The supports of the ladder structure in the form of a stringer are directly adjacent to the ceiling or the platform between the spans, transferring all loads to them.

In case of incorrect fastening in wooden elements supports may develop cracks. This often happens when fixing a bowstring or stringer with beams and slabs into a lock.
Both vertical and horizontal loads act on the lower support of the structure. The same thing happens with a tight fixation of the support on the floor.
If the bowstring or kosour will be based on the ceiling only by the horizontal part, then the upper support will be subjected only to vertical loads from the stairs. Consequently, the risk of cracks in the march is minimized.
A gap of about 1 cm is required between the vertical end of the support element and the load-bearing floor structures.

Fixation wooden stringers to longitudinal or cross beams made of wood can be carried out with a gash on a ladder support, or on a beam element.

There are a lot of options for fixing ladder structures to wooden beams. Often the choice of a particular method depends on the various nuances of the product itself and how the opening in the ceiling under the stairs is made.

Features of fastening stairs with metal stringers

Stair structures on metal supports are stable and durable. If interfloor load-bearing structures are made of reinforced concrete beams, then the metal support can simply be welded to them.

But another option is also possible:

The edge of the stringer, with which it will be attached to the beam or ceiling slab, is cut off at the required angle.
Steel plates or corners are welded to the ends of the support.
Kosour fastening to reinforced concrete structure made with bolts or anchors.

For fixing a steel ladder to wooden beam you can install a special metal plate with through holes on the upper end of the stringer.

The support is attached to it through these holes. The thickness of the metal must be at least 5 mm.
So that the plate does not interfere in the future decorative trim, it must be drowned in a beam. This can be done by cutting a slot in the beam material in the form of a rectangle to fit the plate.
With your own hands, with the help of a chisel and a hammer, such work can be done, but the process will be very laborious. It is much easier to cut a groove using a router. Width and Height seat should be 3-5 mm larger than the plate dimensions.
When choosing suitable hardware for fastening a metal stringer, it is necessary to take into account permanent and temporary loads. A constant load is the weight of the staircase itself, variable loads are the weight of a person and objects being moved.
For example, mass metal product is 140 kg, average weight person - 90 kg. Therefore, the minimum load will be 230 kg.

If self-tapping capercaillie screws 10 x 120 mm in size are used as fasteners, each of which is capable of withstanding a load of 100 kg, then the use of 8 hardware allows a maximum load on fasteners of 800 kg. The margin of safety with such fastening is sufficient.

Due to the wide variety of options, the most suitable fastening of the stairs to the ceiling must be selected taking into account all individual characteristics structures. If you are not confident in your abilities, then it is better to entrust such work to professionals.

The price of their services will largely depend on the complexity of the mounted product. But do not save on this - the safety of the entire structure plays a very important role. More information on the topic " Correct installation stairs to floors various types” can be obtained from the video in this article.

Installing stairs to the second floor is a long and costly process. To make it as easy as possible, you need to properly prepare. For more convenience, preparatory work can be divided into 3 stages:

design (creation of a drawing);
selection of necessary materials;
preparation of tools.

Installation of a spiral staircase: a brief description

Since the form screw design differs from marching varieties, the installation principle is different here. It is recommended to install such a staircase to the next floor in the following order:

a drawing is made;
based on the calculations, structural elements are made;
in the selected place, the lower support assembly is installed and attached to the floor;
a vertical stand is inserted into the node;
steps are pinched (or put on it) in a tripod;
a platform is installed at the floor level of the second floor and a support rod is fixed;
balusters are inserted into the holes on the steps, on which the railing is put on.

Finished installation spiral staircase

Installation wooden stairs requires a careful approach and care from the master. Incorrect calculation or poor-quality fixation of elements can adversely affect the strength and durability of the structure. For this reason, the assembly of the ladder structure must be carried out with special care.

Stairs between floors country houses equipped with load-bearing beams, which are kosour or bowstring. Both designs are quite reliable, but differ in the way the steps are attached to the beams. The best way to adapt to the surrounding interior is a staircase with a bowstring, in which the step must be fixed into the internal grooves.

The outer part hides the docking points, which does not spoil appearance designs. The view of the stairs is even and inclined, the steps are located at the ends between the boards. You can buy ready-made wooden or metal stringer with a serrated edge, while fastening is carried out on the teeth for boards.

The size of the stairs with a stringer is more compact, but less reliable. The owners of high-rise housing choose different ways to fasten the steps to the bowstring of a wooden staircase, while making them open or closed, with the organization of a riser. You can always buy finished project, but if desired, all work can be done by hand.

Staircase with bowstring

The staircase will be more reliable and convenient during active use if a fence is attached to it with balusters. Each support column is attached vertically to the handrail, connecting below to the beam in increments of no more than 15 centimeters. Such fastening is necessary for the safe placement of the fence and a minimum margin of safety.

The installation of a wooden staircase is carried out independently in a short time, but it is necessary to carefully choose the wood for the structure in order to prevent cracking and resin release over time. Reliable material and competent calculation allow you to install the ladder for a long time, while none of the details will let the owner down in terms of service life. Railings and landings, flights of stairs to any floor must be fixed with balusters, so the installation of this element is especially important.

It is possible to fasten balusters on stairs, at the base of which there is a bowstring, in any place, since fastening is carried out not on a step, but on a beam. Typically, the installation of racks is done from the outside in the sidewall of the carrier beam. In this case, screws are used, which are screwed into the grooves and covered with decorative dowels. On top of the edge on the lamella, a baluster is attached through a board, the size of which is larger than the bowstring. Such a baluster at the bottom has a groove that is put on the bowstring. Racks are screwed on top of this structure using self-tapping screws.

Experts recommend fixing the structure when attached to the bowstring with carpentry glue (to splice them together), and fastening with clamps. Balusters are planted on the beam with the help of dowels, round spikes for fasteners. It is necessary to pre-make a hole for them in the rack, avoiding backlash. The dowels are inserted tightly into the racks and fixed with an adhesive solution. The bowstring and railing are connected by the lower parts of the dowels.

How to fasten the racks to the bowstring?

To the surface of the support beam of the rack, you need to fasten with studs. This will require conventional drill and end saw. From the materials you will need the bowstring itself, fence posts, galvanized studs with a thread of at least M6, PVA glue in a tube. Typical work sequence:

It is necessary to mark the places for attaching the railing in the form of racks. If selected complex design, the project is recommended to be checked by professionals;
It is recommended to securely fasten the rack and cut off its lower corners, maintaining the angle of the inclined beam;
Make holes with a diameter of 12 mm for a length of 80 mm;
Push the pins into adhesive composition and insert into the holes, leaving 7 centimeters out;
Make holes in the bowstring, for this the drill bit must be fixed up to 14 mm. Depth of work - 10cm;
Balusters are inserted with studs, while the fixation process comes from the extreme pillars.

To the bowstring of the stairs, the step is attached by tie-in or mounting on supporting parts. These include special bars that are attached to the beam with screws on the tread. The tread itself is attached to the supports with the same screws.

Some experts recommend splicing a step. In this case, short bars are used for gluing, which makes the surface not solid, but with longitudinal and transverse seams. You can splice in a checkerboard pattern, which resembles the connection of parquet.

It is allowed to arrange a staircase with steps cut into the bowstring with grooves 2 cm deep. It is necessary to first mark them, stepping back from the edge of the edge, then insert a tread with a riser inside. by the most in a simple way is screwing the board from the end with a screw.

The ladder and its bowstring will be reliable and safe if the bowstrings are docked on the balusters. In this case, there are several sections in the beam, the fastening of which is made in baluster grooves.

All incoming load from the top of the stairs is transferred to the fence posts, so during operation the entire structure becomes a single system. Balusters, step and bowstring will be interconnected. The choice of step type does not affect the strength of the structure, but if the steps are spliced together, the surface characteristics will be significantly improved.

Methods for attaching steps to a bowstring ladder

Mortise Mount

You can make a mortise-type mount yourself using a drill and manual frezer, chisel and jigsaw, screwdriver. It is also worth preparing screws, plywood, wood slats, risers and treads.

The bowstring must be marked with a plywood template, in which the tread is cut with or without a riser according to the size of the march;
Apply the reference line with an indent from the edge of the edge by 50mm;
Make fastening rails of the guide type, sliding along the top of the board. The template moves along the material in such a way that the tops of the zigzags of the step are located along the reference line;
Grooves are made in the bowstring, with the obligatory observance of the angle to the location of the fibers of the material. A reliable way to get the groove right is to use a stencil with a hole in the plywood. In this case, a jigsaw and a drill can be done right size holes;
The beam is placed on the goats, a stencil is placed on top of it so that the tread matches, a mount is made;
With a milling cutter in the clockwise direction, a groove is cut 20 cm deep, after which the corners are processed with a chisel;
Having made the required number of grooves, the ladder is assembled, each step in the groove is smeared with glue;
The risers and treads need to be fixed with a screw, each step is fastened to the bowstring with screws from the outside. A decorative cap is installed over the fastener.

Mounting with supports

Fastening steps using metal supports does not require milling. Of the tools you need only a hammer and a drill, nails, screws and metal corners. It is necessary to mark the tread according to the plywood template, then nail the support bar. Metal corners are fixed with screws using prepared holes. Each step is connected to the supporting element with a screw.

A staircase with a one-sided bowstring, when the second function is performed by a wall, is done as a fastening of steps and balusters. To do this, you need to make a bowstring, in which cut the mortise grooves with a milling cutter. Treads and risers are assembled into steps. The bottom of the step is attached to the groove on the support beam on one side, and on the other - to the baluster.

The lower racks are bolted to the floor, connecting the base of the lower step with screws. The installation of the second stage is carried out, fixed to the fence post (handrail). The back of the lower step is needed to support the front of the next step, and the middle is fixed to the uprights. This principle works for all steps in the ladder.

To connect the risers with the steps, we choose the simplest and most sufficient effective method for connecting solid wood parts is a connection using wooden dowels. In our case, the dowel performs the same function as in the manufacture of log cabins - this is to maintain the verticality of the riser and prevent its displacement in any direction.

In the figure, the numbers indicate the installation locations of the dowels, as you can see, it is necessary to install at least three dowels: two on the side and one dowel in the center of the step. This option of installing dowels will allow you to securely fasten the riser to the stairs. It is desirable to make the depth of landing of the dowel in the step and the risers at least half the thickness of the step, that is, 20 mm.

The dowel for connecting risers and steps can be made, for example, from solid birch, oak or beech.

The marking of holes in the steps can only be started after the steps are cut to the size we need - 860 mm! We trim the steps from the side that is located to the wall of the house.

Now we are moving on to preparing the connections of the riser with the steps. As can be seen from the figure, step A is installed first, then the riser into which the dowels are already inserted, and then step B is installed.

In order to attach the pad to the step in this way, it is necessary to make holes in the steps of the stairs. We also make holes in the risers and install dowels in them. Let's begin to analyze an example of marking the places for making holes from the lower stage A:

Hole making on the front

We measure 10 mm from the back end of the step and draw the X axis. From the left end we measure 430 mm, the middle of the step and draw the Y1 axis. We mark the side holes as follows - we measure 50 mm from the left and right ends and draw the Y axis and the Y2 axis. At the intersection of the Y axes with the X axis, we put marks that serve as the center of the holes.

The step marking under the letter B is almost identical. We will only find the axis as follows. We measure 289 mm from the back end of the step and draw the axis we need. Next, we repeat all the steps for marking the holes, as we did when marking the steps from the front side:

Back hole device

On the riser at the lower and upper ends, we apply the markings as follows. We measure 10 mm from the back end and draw the X axis. Further, in order for the holes in the risers to coincide with the holes in the steps, we find the Y axes in the same way as on the steps.

In order for the holes to have the same depth, they must be drilled with a depth stop, which can be done using an adjusting plate on the drill or a drilling depth stop is fixed on the drill.