Greek verbs of the first and second conjugation. Greek lessons for those who already know how to read and write Greek well and want to learn how to speak correctly. Declension of adjectives into -ος, -ιά, -о

And we'll start by getting acquainted with new group verbs. Let's call them PASSIVE verbs or verbs with the ending –ομαι:
έρχομαι - to come
εργάζομαι - to work
γίνομαι - to become
χρειάζομαι - to need
σκέφτομαι - to think
επισκέπτομαι - to visit
κάθομαι - sit
στέκομαι - stand

These verbs change in the present tense using the following endings:
-ομαι -εσαι -εται -όμαστε -εστε -ονται	έρχομαι έρχεσαι έρχεται ερχόμαστε έρχεστε έρχονται	I come you are coming he comes we are coming you are coming they are coming

Of course, it will take time and practice to master this pattern. Moreover, in comparison with verbs of the first and second conjugation, these endings look somewhat cumbersome. I strongly advise you to pronounce each form out loud and translate it into Russian, as shown in the example. Then you will quickly and reliably master the rules for changing these verbs. For the same purpose, you can change not only individual verbs, but also entire sentences by person.

SAMPLE:
Το βράδυ κάθομαι στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening I sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθεσαι στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening you sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθεται στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening he sits on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθόμαστε στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening we sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθεστε στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening you sit on the balcony.
Το βράδυ κάθοντα στο μπαλκόνι.
In the evening they sit on the balcony.
Let me remind you that when translating into Russian, personal pronouns are used (I, you...), which are absent in the original Greek phrase.

Exercise. Replace the form of the highlighted verbs and accordingly possessive pronouns(see sample) and translate into Russian:
1 Εργάζομαι στην τουριστική εταιρία.
2 Πάντα χρειάζομαι πιο πολύ χρόνο για την δουλειά μου.
3 Καθε βράδυ επισκέπτομαι τον φίλο μου στο νοσοκομείο.
4 Στέκομαι απέναντι από το φαρμακείο.
I wish you success! Next time we will take a closer look at the verb έρχομαι “to come”

Greek. Lesson 2: Passive verbs (continuations)

The so-called PASSIVE verbs occupy a very important place in the Greek language. Therefore, we will focus on the most common of them Special attention. The topic of our conversation today is the verb έρχομαι and its meanings. For an example of changing this verb in persons and numbers, see lesson 1.
The first meaning is: to come, to arrive, to arrive.
Έρχομαι στην Κύπρο δυο φορές τον χρόνο. - I come to Cyprus twice a year.
Πότε έρχεσαι από την δουλειά σου; - When do you come home from work?
Τι ώρα έρχεται το αεροπλάνο από την Μόσχα; - What time does the plane arrive from Moscow?
Meaning two: to go towards someone/something (using the verb πηγαίνω/πάω in this context would be a mistake).
- Σε θέλουν στο τηλέφωνο. - I want you on the phone.
- Έρχομαι. - I'm coming.
– Μαμά! Χτυπάει η πόρτα. Δεν ακούς;
- Mother! They knock on the door. Don't you hear?
– Ναι, έρχομαι, έρχομαι.
- Yes, I’m coming, I’m coming.
– Τον κύριο Αντρέα, παρακαλώ.
- Mister Andreas, please.
– Περιμένετε ένα λεπτό. Έρχεται.
- Wait a minute. He's coming.
– Πού είναι ο Νίκος; Τον περιμένω.
-Where is Nikos? I'm waiting for him.
– Να τον! Έρχεται.
- Here he is! It's coming.
– Περιμένετε το λεωφορείο
– Are you waiting for the bus?
– Ναι, περιμένω. Α, να το! Έρχεται.
- Yes, I'm waiting. Ah, here he is! It's coming.

Task 1. Translate into Greek.
1 When does the ship arrive?
2 What time do you usually come to the office?
3 We are waiting for Janis. He's coming?
4 – I’ll call you on the phone. - I'm coming.

Task 2. Translate into Russian.
1 Πότε έρχονται οι υπάλληλοι στο γραφείο;
2 – Σας καλεί ο διευθυντής. - Έρχομαι αμέσως.
3 Συχνά έρχεσαι στην Κύπρο;
4 Γρήγορα, το ταξί έρχεται.

Checking lesson 1 assignment:
1. I work for a travel company.
2 I always need more time to work.
3 Every evening I visit my friend in the hospital.
4 I'm standing in front of the pharmacy.

We will get acquainted with other meanings of the verb έρχομαι in the next lesson. Good luck! Καλή τύχη!

Greek. Lesson 3: Verb έρχομαι (continued)

The verb έρχομαι is very common and has two pages of meaning in the academic dictionary. Today we will look at another of the most relevant values.
The third meaning (and not the last): to go along with someone, joining the speaker. Ποιος έρχεται μαζί μου;
I'm thinking about going to the cinema today. Who's coming with me?
Έρχεσαι απόψε μαζί μας στο πάρτι;
Are you coming to the party with us tonight?
Όχι, γιατί πάω στο εστιατόριο με την Μαρία.
No, because I'm going to a restaurant with Maria.
Take a close look at the verbs πάω and έρχομαι, note the difference in meaning, which becomes clear only through the context.
In the same context, a very popular form of the verb έρχομαι is often used: ΄Ελα! (singular - come here!) and Ελάτε! (plural - come here!).
Task: replace the unit form. h. on pl. h. and translate:
Έλα κοντά μου! - Come to me!
Ελά εδώ! - Come here!
Έλα μαζί μου! - Come with me!
Το Σαββατο πάμε στην Αγία Νάπα. Έλα και εσύ μαζί μας!
On Saturday we are going to Ayia Napa. Come with us too!
Έλα καμιά φορά στο σπίτι μου για έναν καφέ! - Come to my place for a cup of coffee sometime!

Checking the tasks of the 2nd lesson.

Exercise 1.
1.Πότε έρχεται το πλοίο; 2.Τι ώρα συνήθως έρχεστε στο γραφείο; 3.Περιμένουμε τον Γιάννη. Έρχεται; 4.Σε θέλουν στο τηλέφωνο. - Έρχομαι.

Task 2.
1.When do employees come to the office? 2. The director calls you. – I’m going immediately. 3.Do you often come to Cyprus? 4.Hurry up, the taxi is arriving.

In the next lesson we will talk about the verb σκέφτομαι. See you! Καλή αντάμωση!

Greek. Lesson 4: Verb σκέφτομαι

Dear friends! After a short break, we have resumed Greek lessons for those who can already read and write Greek well, but want to learn to speak correctly. To do this, you need to know grammar, and not just memorize words and phrases from a phrasebook. These lessons are addressed mainly to those who, together with us since November last year on the pages of the newspaper, have been trying, step by step, to master the basic wisdom of the Greek language.

We continue to get acquainted with PASSIVE verbs.
Today the topic of our lesson is the verb σκέφτομαι.
σκέφτομαι - I think
σκέφτεσαι - you think
σκέφτεται - he thinks
σκεφτόμαστε - we think
σκέφτεστε - you think
σκέφτονται - they think
The first meaning is: to think, to reflect.
-Τι σκέφτεσαι; - What are you thinking about?
-Σκέφτομαι την γιαγιά μου, που είναι άρρωστη. -I think about my grandmother, who is sick.
-Ναι, έχεις δίκιο. Χρειάζεται να σκεφτόμαστε τους δικούς μας. -Yes, you are right. You need to think about your loved ones.
The second meaning is: to plan, intend, intend to do something.
-Τι σκέφτεσαι να κάνεις με το αυτοκίνητό σου; -What are you going to do with your car?
-Σκέφτομαι να το πουλήσω το πιο γρήγορα δυνατόν. -I'm thinking of selling it as quickly as possible.
-Πού σκέφτεστε να σπουδάζετε;
-Where do you plan to study?
-Σκεφτόμαστε να σπουδάζουμε γιατρική. -We are going to study in medicine.
-Πώς σκέφτεται να πάει στο Ισραήλ η Άννα, με το πλοίο ή με το αεροπλάνο;
-How is Anna going to go to Israel, by boat or by plane?
Please do not confuse it with the verb νομίζω - to think, count, believe.
- Νομίζω, ότι το αεροπλάνο έρχεται στις 9.
- I think the plane arrives at 9.
- Νομίζεις, πως λέει αλήθεια;
- Do you think he's telling the truth?
- Δεν νομίζω έτσι. Σίγουρα λέει ψέματα.
- I don't think so. He's probably lying.

Exercise. Translate into Russian.
1 Πάντα σκέφτομαι τι λέω. 2 Δεν σκέφτεσαι καθόλου τι λες. 3 Χρειάζεται να σκεφτόμαστε τους γονείς μας. 4 Ο άντρας μου σκέφτεται να πάει στην Ρωσία για λίγες μέρες.

Next time we will learn about the meanings in which the verb κάθομαι - “sit” is used in speech. All the best! Να’ στε καλά!

Greek. Lesson 5: Verb κάθομαι

The topic of today's lesson is the verb κάθομαι. Let me remind you how this verb changes:
κάθομαι - I am sitting
κάθεσαι - you are sitting
κάθεται - he is sitting
καθόμαστε - we are sitting
κάθεστε - you are sitting
κάθονται - they are sitting

Meaning one: sit
Κάθομαι στον καναπέ. - I'm sitting on the sofa.
Κάθε βράδυ καθόμαστε στο μπαλκόνι και βλέπουμε την θάλασσα. - Every evening we sit on the balcony and look at the sea.
Βλέπεις τον κύριο που κάθεται στο παράθυρο; - Do you see the man sitting by the window?

Second meaning: to be
- Πού κάθεσαι τώρα; - Where are you now?
- Κάθομαι στο καφενείο στην γωνία. - I'm sitting in a cafe on the corner.
- Τώρα καθόμαστε στο γραφείο. Έρχεσαι; Σε περιμένουμε. – Now we are sitting in the office. You are walking? We are waiting for you.
- Γιατί συχνά κάθεται στην δουλειά του μέχρι αργά; – Why does he so often sit at work until late?
In the above phrases, you can replace the verb кάθομαι with the corresponding forms of the verbs είμαι (to be, to be) or βρίσκομαι (to be). In this context, these verbs are synonyms.

The third meaning: to reside, settle, settle (synonym with μένω - “to live”).
- Η μαμά σας δεν κάθεται κοντά σας; - Your mother doesn’t live with you?
- Όχι, κάθεται στο δικό της σπίτι. - No, she lives in her own house.
- Καθόμαστε σ’αυτή την πολυκατοικία εδώ και χρόνια. – We have been living in this high-rise building for several years.

Exercise. Make up sentences and translate them into Russian.
1 εγώ, γραφείο, στο, κάθομαι, σου.
2 αριστερά, κάθεσαι, από, Νίκο, τον;
3 στο, παράθυρο, κάθεται, ποιος, κοντά;
4 κοντά, οι, κάθονται, μας, γονείς, μας.

Checking lesson 4 assignment:
1 I always think what I say. 2 You don't really think about what you're saying. 3 It is necessary to think about your (our) parents. 4 My husband is going to Russia for a few days.
The next lesson will be devoted to the verb γίνομαι “to become, to happen, to occur...

Greek. Lesson 6: Verb γίνομαι

Well, the New Year holidays have flown by. Now back to school. Today we will get acquainted with the verb γίνομαι.
γίν ομαι - I become
γίν εσαι - you become
γίν εται - he becomes
γιν όμαστε - we become
γίν εστε - you become
γίν ονται - they become
You already understand that since we are getting to know the verb in detail, we cannot limit ourselves to a simple translation. Context is needed to correctly translate or use a word. So… different meanings verb γίνομαι:
"happen, occur":
Τι γίνεται εδώ;
What's going on here?
etiquette – “to live”:
Τι γίνεσαι;
How are you? How are you doing? How are you (in the same meaning as Τι κάνεις; Πώς είσαι;)
Τι γίνεστε;
How are you? How are you doing? How are you? (as a synonym for the expressions Τι κάνετε; Πώς είστε;)
"to occur, take place, be carried out":
Πού γίνεται η συνέντευξη; - Where is the interview held?
Αυτή η παράσταση γίνεται στο θέατρο "Πατίχιο" - This performance will take place at the Patigio Theater.
“it’s possible, it happens, it happens” and “it’s not possible, it’s unacceptable”:
- Συγνώμη, θα ήθελα να αλλάξω αυτό το φόρεμα. Γίνεται; - I would like to change this dress. Can?
- Δυστυχώς, δεν γίνεται. Είναι της προσφοράς. - Unfortunately, it’s impossible. It's discounted and discounted.
- Μην ανησυχείς. Γίνεται.
Don't worry. Happens.
- Τι λες! Δεν γίνεται έτσι.
What are you doing? It doesn't happen like that!
"become (change state, status)":
Γίνομαι άρρωστη.
I'm getting sick. (I'm getting sick)
- Γίνεται καλύτερα.
She (becomes) better.
Όταν έρχομαι αργά το βράδυ, ο άντρας μου γίνεται έξαλλος.
When I come home late at night, my husband becomes beside himself.
Γίνεται κρύο.
Getting cold. (Getting cold.)
Γίνεταί ζέστη.
It's getting hot. (It's getting warmer)
Γίνεται σκωτάδι.
It's getting dark. (It gets dark.)

Checking the assignment from the previous lesson:
1 Εγώ κάθομαι στο γραφείο σου.
I'm in your office.
2 Κάθεσαι αριστερά από τον Νίκο;
Are you sitting to the left of Nikos?
3 Ποιος κάθεται κοντά στο παράθυρο;
Who is sitting by the window?
4 Οι γονείς μας κάθονται κοντά μας.

Greek. Lesson 7: Verb φαίνομαι

The verb φαίνομαι “to seem, to be seen, to look” is one of the difficult to understand, but very common verbs.
φαίνομαι - I seem
φαίνασαι - you seem
φαίνεται - he seems
φαινόμαστε - we seem
φαίνεστε - you seem
φαίνονται - they seem
Let's try to understand its meaning in context and learn to grasp it and use it in everyday speech.
"It seems to me (to you, to him, to her...)..."
μου φαίνεται...
This construction uses personal pronouns in dates. case (to whom?) and a verb in the impersonal form φαίνεται and allied words που, πως, ότι in the meaning “..., what”:
Μου φαίνεται που γίνομαι άρρωστη.
I feel like I'm getting sick.
Τι σου φαίνεται, λέει αλήθεια ή ψέματα;
Do you think he is telling the truth or deceiving?
Του φαίνεται ότι η Άννα ξέρει να οδηγεί.
It seems to him that Anna does not know how to drive a car.
Της φαίνεται πως αργούμε, γι’αυτό ανησυχεί
She thinks we're late, so she's nervous.
Μας φαίνεται ότι σας ενοχλούμε, συγνώμη αν είναι έτσι.
We feel like we're bothering you, sorry if so.
Δεν σας φαίνεται πως βιάζεστε πολύ, έχει καιρό ακόμα.
Don't you feel like you're in a hurry, there's still time.
Δεν τους φαίνεται που χρειάζεται να περιμένουν λίγο ακόμη;
Don't they feel like they need to wait a little longer?
"visible, not visible"
Στον ουρανό δεν φαίνεται ούτε ένα σύννεφο.
Not a cloud is visible in the sky.
Από το παράθυρό μου φαίνεται το λιμάνι.
The port is visible from my window.
"to look, seem like someone, somehow"
Φαίνεσαι ωραία σήμερα.
You look great today.
Τι έχετε; Φαίνεστε άσχημα.
What's wrong with you? You look bad.
Πώς σου φαίνομαι με το καινούργιο φόρεμά μου;
How do I (seem) to you in my new dress?
Η Άννα φαίνεται έξυπνη κοπέλλα.
Anna seems like a smart girl.
Το σπίτι τους μόνο φάινεται μεγάλο.
Their house just seems big.

Exercise. By changing the highlighted words in the sentence "Μου φαίνεται που γίνομαι άρρωστη." (It seems to me that I am getting sick.), translate into Greek: it seems to you that you are getting sick; it seems to him, her, us, you, them that...etc. Attention: άρρωστη – female. gender, units άρρωστες – plural, άρρωστος – masculine, singular, άρρωστοι – m.r. plural

Greek. Lesson 8: Getting to know each other

Today we will turn to the topic "Dating". Of course, this may seem strange in the second year of study, but... In addition to the phrases you know: Πώς σας λένε; "What is your name?" and Πώς είναι το όνομά σας; “What is your name?”, native speakers quite often use the verbs ονομάζομαι (from ονομάζω - “to call”, “to name”) and λέγομαι (from λέγω - “to speak”) in the meaning of “to call”, “to be called”, “to be called” ( compare in Russian "So, she was called Tatyana.."). Let me remind you how these passive verbs change:
ονομάζομαι λέγομαι my name is
ονομάζεσαι λέγεσαι your name is
ονομάζεται λέγεται his/her name is, it’s called
ονομαζόμαστε λεγόμαστε our name is
ονομάζεστε λέγεστε your name is
ονομάζονται λέγονται their name is, it’s called (about several subjects)
It is not at all necessary to know by heart and actively use all possible options to introduce yourself or find out the name of the interlocutor. But it is important to understand in time what exactly the question was asked to you, and to answer this question correctly:
Πώς λέγεστε;
What is your name?
Λέγομαι Αλέξαντρος.
My name is Alexander.
Πώς λέγεσαι;
What is your name?
Λέγομαι Μαριάννα.
My name is Marianna.
Πώς λέγεται ο γιος σας;
What is the name of your son?
Λέγεται Γιάννης.
His name is Janis.
Πώς λέγεται η σύζυγός σας;
What is your wife's name?
Αυτή λέγεται Ντάρια.
Her name is Daria.
Πώς λέγεται αυτό το βιβλίο;
What is the name of this book?
"Ελλήνικά για ξενογλώσσους".
"Greek for foreigners"
Πώς το λέγεται στα ελληνικά;

Το λέγεται "εφημερίδα".
It's called a "newspaper".
Πώς λέγονται οι γονείς σας;
What are your parents' names?
Η μαμά μου λέγεται Μαρία, ο πατέρας Βάσος.
My mother's name is Maria, my father's name is Vasos.
In each of these sentences, you can replace the verb λέγομαι with the corresponding form of the verb ονομάζομαι. The meaning and style of the sentences will remain the same. Using material from this lesson and the Beginner Lesson (today's episode), change the dialogue and simulate a "dating" situation using all the methods you know:
Πώς ονομάζεστε;
What is your name?
Ονομάζομαι Ξένια.
My name is Ksenia.
Χαίρω πολύ. - Very nice.
Επίσης. - Mutually.
Nice to meet you.
Χαίρω πολύ για την γνωριμία μας.

Greek. Lesson 9: Active and passive verbs

Today we are talking about pairs of verbs (active verbs and passive ones). There are such pairs in the Russian language (to dress - to dress, to wash - to wash...):

Compare the endings of active (with the ending – ω) and passive verbs (with the ending – ομαι) and conjugate the verbs of the lesson (orally and in writing) according to the example:

ASSETS
ντύν ω I dress
ντύν εις you dress
ντύν ει he dresses
ντύν ουμε we dress
ντύνετε you dress
ντύν ουν they dress

PASSIVE
ντύν ομαι I'm getting dressed
ντύν εται he gets dressed
ντύν εσαι you get dressed
ντυν όμαστε we get dressed
ντύν εστε you get dressed
ντύν ονται they dress

It is important to understand the principle of replacing the active ending – ω with the passive one – ομαι because if the verb is paired, then it is useless to look for its passive form (ντύνομαι) in the dictionary. At best, you will find a link to ντύνω. An entry in a dictionary might look like this: ντύνω – to dress someone; ~ ομαι – to dress. And now a few sentences to understand the difference in the use of active and passive paired verbs:
Η μαμά ντύνει το μωρό.
Mom dresses the baby.
Ντύνεται της μόδας.
He/she dresses fashionably.
Πάντα πλένω τα χέρια μου πριν το γεύμα.
I always wash my hands before eating.
Πλένομαι με ζεστό νερό.
I wash my face with warm water.
Χτενίζεις τα μαλλια σου της μόδας.
You comb your hair fashionably.
Σε ποιο κομμωτήριο χτενίζεσαι;
Which hairdresser do you get your hair done at?
Οι φίλοι μας ετοιμάζουν το τραπέζι.
Friends are preparing the table.
Όλοι ετοιμάζονται για τις γιορτές.
Everyone is preparing for the holidays.
Πάντα σηκώνετε το ποτήρι στην υγεία μας.
You always raise a glass to our health.
Τι ώρα σηκώνεστε το πρωί;
What time do you get up in the morning?
As a task and useful practice, you can say each sentence in a different person. For example: What time do you get up in the morning? Τι ώρα σηκώνεσαι το πρωί;
I wish you success! Καλή προσπάθεια!

Greek. Lesson 10: Let's communicate without problems!

Due to numerous requests from our readers, we will once again turn to the topic of “Acquaintance”. Let me remind you that in addition to the phrases well known to you and me: Πώς σας λένε; "What is your name?" and Πώς είναι το όνομά σας; “What is your name?”, native speakers quite often use the verbs ονομάζομαι and λέγομαι to mean “to call”, “to be called”, “to be called”:
ονομάζομαι – λέγομαι my name is
ονομάζεσαι - λέγεσαι is your name
ονομάζεται – λέγεται his/her name is, it’s called
ονομαζόμαστε – λεγόμαστε our name is
ονομάζεστε - λέγεστε is your name
ονομάζονται – λέγονται their name is, it’s called (about several subjects)

Πώς ονομάζεστε;
What is your name?

Ονομάζομαι κύριος Γιάννης Νικολαήδης.
My name is Mr. Yiannis Nikolaidis.

Πώς ονομάζεσαι;
What is your name?

Ονομάζομαι Άννα Νικολαήδη.
My name is Anna Nikolaidi.

Πώς ονομάζεται η κόρη σας;
What is your daughter's name?

Ονομάζεται Γιάννα.
Her name is Zhanna.

Πώς ονομάζεται αυτή η οδός;
What's the name of this street?

Πώς το ονομάζεται στα ελληνικά;
What is it called in Greek?

Το ονομάζεται "περιοδοκό".
It's called a "magazine".

Πώς ονομάζονται τα αδέρφια σας;
What are your brother and sister's names?

Ονομάζονται Νίκος και Σταύρη.
Their names are Nikos and Stavri.

In each of these sentences, you can replace the verb ονομάζομα with the corresponding form of the verb λέγομαι. The meaning and style of the sentences will remain the same. Using material from this lesson and the Beginner Lesson (today's episode), change the dialogue and simulate a "dating" situation using all the methods you know:
Πώς λέγεστε;
What is your name?
Ονομάζομαι Νατάλια.
My name is Natalya.
Χαίρω πολύ.
Very nice.
Επίσης.
Mutually.

Greek. Lesson 11: Past tense

The verbs that will be discussed in today's lesson are most often used in the aorist:
γεννιέμαι - I am born
γεννήθηκα - I was born
στενοχωριέμαι - I am upset
στενοχωρέθηκα - I was upset
βαριέμαι - a burden to me
βαρέθηκα - I'm tired

In the examples below you can observe how the verb γεννιέμαι changes:
Γεννήθηκα στις τρις Μαρτίου το χίλια εννικόσια εβδομήντα τρία.
I was born on March 3, 1973.
Πότε γεννήθηκες;
When were you born?
Τι μήνα γεννήθηκε ο γιος σας;
In what month was your son born?
Τι έτος γεννηθήκατε;
What year were you born?
Οι γονείς μας γεννήθηκαν το ίδιο έτος το χίλια εννικόσια σαράντα τέσσερα.
Our parents were born in the same year, in 1944.

Table of variations of these verbs by persons and numbers:
στενοχωρέθηκα - I was upset
στενοχωρέθηκες - you are upset
στενοχωρέθηκε - he was upset
στενοχωρεθήκαμε - we were upset
στενοχωρεθήκατε - you are upset
στενοχωρέθηκαν - they were upset

Now try to change the phrases yourself so that the verbs are in different persons and numbers:
Πάμε από εδώ, βαρέθηκα.
Let's get out of here. I'm sick of.
Δεν βαρεθήκατε πολύ την παρέα μας;
Aren't you very bored with our company?
Είπε πως βαρέθηκε.
He said he was tired of it.
Η μαμά του στενοχωρέθηκε.
His mother was very upset.

I wish you success! I hope that you are not too bored by all this and that you are not too upset.
Ελπίζω που δεν βαρεθήκατε πολύ και δεν στενοχωεθήκατε. Καλή αντάμωση! See you!

Greek. Lesson 12: Passive verbs ending in -άμαι.

κοιμάμαι - I am sleeping
λυπάμαι - I'm sorry
φοβάμαι - I'm afraid
θυμάμαι - I remember

κοιμάμαι - I am sleeping
κοιμάσαι - you are sleeping
κοιμάται - he is sleeping
κοιμάμαστε - we are sleeping
κοιμάστε - you are sleeping
κοιμάνται - they are sleeping

κοιμούνται/ κοιμάνται

Do you always go to bed at midnight?

Quite rarely we go to bed at 2 am.

It's true that you go to bed at three in the morning.

It seems to me that they go to bed at four in the morning.

Do not sleep! Be careful!

Don't be so upset! Everything will be fine!

Don't be afraid of anything in life!

Remember that we are friends!

Greek. Lesson 13: Irregular verbs in the past tense

Today we will continue our study of the past tense of passive verbs. Some irregular passive verbs in the aorist formally move into the “camp” of active ones: the characteristic suffix –ηκ – is absent, and only past tense endings -α, -ες, -ε, -αμε, -ατε, -αν are used (and they are common to all categories of verbs):
έρχομαι ήρθα (ήλθα) - I have come
γίνομαι έγινα - I became
κάθομαι κάθισα - I sat down
Έγινα έξαλλη.
I lost my temper (became beside myself).
Έγινα έξαλλος.
I lost my temper (became beside myself).
Πώς έγινες γιτρός;
How did you become a doctor?
Και πού έγινε η παράσταση;
And where was the show?
Τι έγινε; What's happened?
Ξαφνικά έγινε κρύο.
Suddenly it became cold.
Γίναμε πολύ φίλοι.
We became close friends.
Οι μέρες έγιναν μικρές και κρύες.
The days became short and cold.

Table of changes in lesson verbs in aorist:
I came/became/sat
ήρθα/έγινα/κάθισα
you came/became/sat
ήρθες/έγινες/κάθισες
he came/became/sat down
ήρθε/έγινε/κάθισε
we came / began / sat down
ήρθαμε/γίναμε/καθίσαμε
you came/became/sat down
ήρθατε/γίνατε/καθίσατε
they came/became/sat down
ήρθαν/έγιναν/κάθισαν

This is what they say when we meet:
- Καλώς ήρθατε! - Welcome!
- Καλώς σας βρήκαμε! - Glad to see you! (required response to the first greeting phrase)

As you can see, there is also an aorist here: from the passive verb έρχομαι “to come” - ήρθατε “you have come, you have arrived” and from the verb βρίσκω “to find” - βρήκαμε “we have found you”. If translated literally, it would be something like this: “Okay, you have arrived (came)!” - “We found you well!”, i.e. "It's so good that you came!" - “It’s so good that we see you.” Any variations on the theme are possible... But we, using our knowledge about the aorist, can switch to “you” if we replace the plural ending with the singular: Καλώς ήρθες! - It’s so good that you came! - Καλώς σε βρήκα! - I'm glad to see you!
So, Καλώς ήρθατε! I am always glad to meet you on the pages of our newspaper. See you! - Καλή αντάμωση!

Greek. Lesson 14: Irregular verbs in the past tense

–ω, -ς, -ει, -με, -τε, -νε:
Το πρωί τρώω ένα σέντουιτς.
In the morning I eat one sandwich.
Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
What do you eat for breakfast?
Το μεσημέρι τρώει σαλάτα.
At noon he eats salad.
Τι τρώμε για γεύμα, παιδιά;

Εσείς τι τρώτε το βράδι;
What do you eat in the evening?

In addition, we can combine different expressions in meaning:
"breakfast"
προγευματίζω
τρώω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
έχω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
"lunch"
γευματίζω
τρώω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
έχω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
"have supper"
δειπνίζω
τρώω δείπνο (βραδινό)
έχω δείπνο (βραδινό)

Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι τρως για πρωινώ;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρωινώ;

The verbs προγευματίζω, γευματίζω, δειπνίζω, έχω are conjugated according to the first conjugation with the endings:

I have lunch at two o'clock in the afternoon.
Τι ώρα γευματίζεις συνήθως;

Well, it's time for lunch.
Ώρα για γεύμα.
Bon appetit!
Καλή όρεξη!
Goodbye!
Αντίο!

Greek. Lesson 15: A special group of verbs ending in -άμαι.

Continuing the conversation about passive verbs, today we will look at a special group with the ending -άμαι. It differs in its endings. Here are the most common verbs this group:
κοιμάμαι - I am sleeping
λυπάμαι - I'm sorry
φοβάμαι - I'm afraid
θυμάμαι - I remember

Pay attention to the characteristic feature -ά- and the place of stress in the endings of these verbs:
κοιμάμαι - I am sleeping
κοιμάσαι - you are sleeping
κοιμάται - he is sleeping
κοιμάμαστε - we are sleeping
κοιμάστε - you are sleeping
κοιμάνται - they are sleeping

P.S. For the highlighted forms, other endings are more common:
κοιμόμαστε/ κοιμούμαστε/ κοιμάμαστε
κοιμούνται/ κοιμάνται
The rest of the verbs in this group are conjugated in the same way. Do it yourself:
Συνήθως κοιμάμαι στις δέκα το βράδυ.
I usually go to bed at 10 pm.
Πάντα κοιμάσαι στις δώδεκα την νύχτα;
Do you always go to bed at 12 at night?
Κάθε Σάββατο κοιμάται στην μια την νύχτα.
Every Saturday he goes to bed at one in the morning.
Πολύ σπάνια κοιμούμαστε στις δυο την νύχτα.
Quite rarely we go to bed at two in the morning.
Είναι αλήθεια πως κοιμάστε στις τρις την νύχτα;
It's true that you go to bed at three in the morning.
Μου φαίνεται πως κοιμούνται στις τέσσερις το πρωί.
I think they go to bed at 4am.

In the phrases below, you can also independently replace the verb forms using the example with the verb κοιμάμαι:
Φοβάμαι που δεν θα είναι εδώ στην ώρα τους.
I'm afraid they won't be here on time.
Λυπάμαι πολύ που δεν ήρθε χτες ο φίλος μου.
I'm very sorry that my friend didn't come yesterday.
Δεν θυμάμαι τίποτα τα τελευταία.
I don't remember anything lately.
A few expressions with these verbs:
Μην κοιμάσαι! Να είσαι προσεχτικός!
Do not sleep! Be careful!
Μην λυπάστε τόσο πολύ! Όλα θα είναι εντάξει.
Don't be so upset!
Everything will be fine!
Μην φοβάσαι τίποτα στην ζωή σου!
Don't be afraid of anything in life!
Να θυμάσαι πως είμαστε φίλοι!
Remember that we are friends!

So, remember (Να θυμάστε!) that next time we will move on to the past tense of passive verbs, and your ability to communicate in Greek will greatly improve.

Greek. Lesson 16: Irregular verbs in the past tense

The verb τρώω - “to eat, to eat” is also one of the short ones (like λέω - to speak, ακούω - to listen) and uses a system of shortened endings:
–ω, -ς, -ει, -με, -τε, -νε:
Το πρωί τρώω ένα σέντουιτς.
In the morning I eat one sandwich.
Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
What do you eat for breakfast?
Το μεσημέρι τρώει σαλάτα.
At noon he eats salad.
Τι τρώμε για γεύμα, παιδιά;
So, what are we going to have for lunch, guys?
Εσείς τι τρώτε το βράδι;
What do you eat in the evening?
Τρώνε κοτόπουλο με πατάτες για δείπνο.
For dinner they eat chicken with potatoes.
In the above phrases, the word το πρόγευμα can be replaced by το πρωινό "breakfast", το γεύμα = το μεσημεριανό "lunch", το δείπνο = τ ο βραδινό "dinner".
In addition, we can combine different expressions in the meaning:
"breakfast"
προγευματίζω
τρώω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
έχω πρόγευμα (πρωινώ)
"lunch"
γευματίζω
τρώω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
έχω γεύμα (μεσημεριανό)
"have supper"
δειπνίζω
τρώω δείπνο (βραδινό)
έχω δείπνο (βραδινό)
Thus, the phrase - What do you eat for breakfast? - from the dialogue it might look like this:
Εσύ τι τρως για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρόγευμα;
Εσύ τι τρως για πρωινώ;
Εσύ τι έχεις για πρωινώ;
In a similar way, you can try to change any phrase from the dialogue.
The verbs προγευματίζω, γευματίζω, δειπνίζω, έχω are conjugated according to the first conjugation with endings
–ω, -εις, -ει, -ουμε, - ετε, -ουν:
Γευματίζω στις δυο το μεσημέρι.
I have lunch at two o'clock in the afternoon.
Τι ώρα γευματίζεις συνήθως;
What time do you usually have lunch?
Το προσωπικό γευματίζει στις δυο και μισή.
The staff has lunch at half past three. (at two and a half)
Την Κυριακή γευματίζουμε στην μια και μισή.
On Sunday we have lunch at half past two (at one and a half)
Πάντα γευματίζετε στην ταβέρνα;
Do you always dine at a tavern?
Τα παιδιά γευματίζουν στο δωμάτιό τους.
The children have lunch in their room.
Well, it's time for lunch.
Ώρα για γεύμα.
Bon appetit!
Καλή όρεξη!
Goodbye!
Αντίο!

Greek. Lesson 17: Regular passive verbs in the aorist

Knowing how the aorist of regular active verbs is formed will help you here. And I again direct you to lessons 6-12 of the first cycle for intermediate students (No. 480-488, Dec.-Feb. 2004). If you find the strength to return to what you have covered, remember into which groups the correct ones are divided greek verbs in the aorist, it will certainly be much easier for you to master our current material meaningfully, firmly and for a long time. Well, if not, then just take it for granted, take it at its word and learn verbs and sentences with them by heart.
So, GROUP ONE: the verb in the original active form ended in - ζω (Χτενίζω) and has an aorist in - σα (χτένισα), in the passive form - ζομαι (χτενίζομαι) changes to - στηκα (χ τενίστηκα) in the aorist:
active Χτενίζω - I comb my hair - χτένισα - I combed my hair
passive χτενίζομαι - I squat - χτενίστηκα - I combed my hair
Form your own aorist from passive verbs of the first group: εργάζομαι - I work, κουράζομαι - I get tired, χρειάζομαι - I need, I need, I need, φαντάζομαι - I imagine, γνωρ ίζομαι - I'm getting acquainted, ετοιμάζομαι - I'm getting ready, αρραβωνιάζομαι - I'm getting engaged. You just need to change the present tense ending – ζομαι to the aorist suffix ending – στηκα. Now check yourself:
εργάστηκα - I worked
κουράστηκα - I'm tired
χρειάστηκα - I needed
φαντάστηκα - I introduced
γνωρίστηκα - I met
ετοιμάστηκα - I have prepared
αρραβωνιάστηκα - I got engaged
Please note that the system is served by the same familiar past tense endings: - α, - ες, -ε, -αμε, -ατε, -αν:

Table of modifications of passive verbs:
in the present tense and in the aorist
κουράζομαι - I'm tired
κουράστηκα - I'm tired
κουράζεσαι - you get tired
κουράστηκες - you are tired
κουράζεται - he gets tired
κουραζόμαστε - we get tired
κουράζεστε - you get tired
κουράζονται - they get tired
κουράστηκε - he is tired
κουραστήκαμε - we are tired
κουραστήκατε - you are tired
κουράστηκαν - they are tired
In order to consolidate the topic, I suggest that you conjugate the verbs of the lesson in the present tense and in the aorist. Be sure to translate each form into Russian, as shown in the table. This will help you master these Greek "puzzles and tongue twisters" faster.

G.A. Hololob

Course plan.

Introduction.

History and periodization of the ancient Greek language.
Learning the Greek alphabet. Pronunciation of vowels and diphthongs. Aspiration.
A noun and an adjective. 2nd declension (masculine/neuter). 1st declension (feminine). Declension of articles in five cases.
Applications of adjectives (substantive, attributive and predicative).
Ancient Greek verb. Conjugation of verbs ending in -ω.
Verb tenses: past tense (aorist, imperfect, plusquaperfect), present tense (present, perfect), future tense (futurus).
Three verb voices: active, passive and neuter.
Verb moods: indicative (indicative), imperative (imperative), subjunctive (conjunctive) and desirable (optative).
Conjunctions and connecting words.
Conditional sentences.

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction

A.Z The purpose of learning the ancient Greek language.

Since the main part Holy Scripture Christians ( New Testament, as well as the Old Testament in the Septuagint version) is written in ancient Greek, when commenting on it it is very important to deal with the original, and not with translations. For example, an indication that in the original text of Lk. 2:7 instead of the word “hotel” there is the word “living room (room)”, which radically changes the interpretation of all the circumstances of the Nativity of Jesus Christ.

If the dispute is doctrinal in nature, knowledge of ancient Greek is invaluable. For example, the absence of an article in the text of John. 1:18 leads some people to conclude that Christ cannot be God. What can be the answer to this objection? Firstly, there is no article before the word “God” also in the following phrases: “The only begotten God” and “No one has ever seen God,” but is it possible to conclude from this that even the Father of Jesus Christ is not God? Indeed, in the New Testament there are 282 uses of the word “God” without an article, but this does not by itself mean that in all these cases the word “god” is used in an indefinite or qualitative sense. Secondly, the definiteness of something is not always conveyed by means of an article, but is sometimes implied by the context. Daniel Wallace writes: “For a noun to be definite, the presence of an article is not necessary. But on the contrary, a noun cannot be indefinite if there is an article next to it. Thus, it can be definite without an article, and will certainly be definite with an article” (Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of New Testament Greek, P. 243). It turns out that although an article always makes the noun related to it definite, its absence does not always make this noun indefinite.

So, it becomes obvious to us that studying ancient Greek is very important for a better understanding of the Holy Scriptures.

B. Features of the ancient Greek language.

The grammatical structure of the ancient Greek language (the Koine dialect) is distinguished by significant complexity: three main types of declension of nouns and adjectives (with different bases), eight cases, several types of verb conjugations, a highly developed system of verb tenses. The ancient Greek language is characterized by the use of a large number of pronouns, prepositions and particles. For example, prepositions in ancient Greek are combined with one, two and three cases of nouns.

The graphics of the ancient Greek language are not difficult to master, although they have their own writing features (for example, aspiration and stress marks, as well as a system of articles). The phonetic system of the ancient Greek language has two pronunciation options: according to Erasmus and Reuchlin. In our course we will focus on the Erasmus system, but for the sake of simplicity we will omit the study of the rules for transferring stress (due to technical difficulties, the notes and texts of the exercises will not contain any diactic signs, only the most important of them will be indicated by additional footnotes).

For correct translation from ancient Greek, it is important to understand not only the grammatical structure of the language, but also the peculiarities of the syntax. The same word, depending on its place in a sentence and its form, can play a different syntactic role. Therefore, it is very important to know the attributive and predicative uses of adjectives and participles. The syntax of cases, especially Genetiva, is also of great importance.

Of course, it is impossible to fully master the ancient Greek language in the scope and format of this course, but it is important to take the first step in this direction. This training course aims to introduce the student to basic information on the grammar of the ancient Greek language. With its help, you can learn to use the original text with a dictionary and electronic Bible programs that determine the forms of individual parts of speech. Further study of the ancient Greek language can be carried out independently using any of the numerous textbooks given by us in the Bibliography.

History and periodization of the ancient Greek language

Conditional periodization of the ancient Greek language (VIII century BC - IV century AD): archaic period (VIII-VI centuries BC), classical (V-IV centuries BC). ), “koine” (III century BC – IV century AD). It was preceded by the Cretan-Mycenaean and Sub-Mycenaean periods (XV-IX centuries BC), and followed by the Middle Greek or Byzantine (V-XV centuries) and Modern Greek (from the 16th century) periods, which were greatly influenced by Arabic language. The New Testament language is the dialect “koine” (“common”), which is a simplified version of classical Greek, developed spontaneously by Hellenized peoples.

Although in this moment No one speaks ancient Greek; knowledge of it is mandatory for all students of such religious texts of Judaism and Christianity as the Septuagint and the New Testament. Since the Septuagint is the most ancient of all other versions of the Old Testament, knowledge of the ancient Greek language provides the student with the opportunity to have access to knowledge of the entire text of the Holy Scriptures of Christians in the original.

Learning the Ancient Greek Alphabet

(pronunciation according to Reuchlin is given in brackets)

Special instructions:

A diphthong is a combination of two vowels that form one sound. In Greek, only two letters act as the second of them: ι (pronounced as “th”) and υ (pronounced as a short “u”). For example, the word οινος ("wine") is pronounced "oinos" rather than "oinos".
The sound “u” in Greek is represented by two vowel letters (diphthong): ου. For example, the word δουλος ("slave") is read "dulos", not "doyulos".
The combination of the consonant γ with the following consonants γ, κ, χ, ξ turns the first sound from “g” into “n”. For example, the word αγκυρα (“anchor”) is pronounced “ankyura”, not “agkyura”.
Expanded comma ( ‛ ), located above the letter, means a sign of thick aspiration, which is pronounced like the sound “x” and precedes it. For example, the word ἡμερα ("day") is pronounced "hemera", not "emera". Regular comma ( ’ ), standing above the letter, in Greek indicates a subtle aspiration, which is not pronounced in speech.

A noun and an adjective.

Nouns in the Greek “koine” communicate with verbs and other parts of the sentence using cases. Case is a form of a noun that indicates its relationship to the verb and to other members of the sentence. In Koine Greek many case functions are indicated by prepositions. Since the case form indicates several different types of communication, prepositions help to distinguish them more clearly. Nouns have five main cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative), and three additional cases (ablative, locative dative and instrumental dative).

1) NOMINATIVE (nominative case) is used to name objects, and usually a noun in this case performs the function of the subject in a sentence (for example, “the book is on the table”). In this case, nouns and adjectives can also be part of the predicate using linking verbs “to be” or “to become” (for example, “his wife is good man"; "He will become a good master").

2) GENETIVE (genitive case) is used to describe and usually indicates a feature, attribute or quality of the word to which it refers. He answers the question: “What kind? Whose?" Has a large number of applications. The main function of the genitive, used without a preposition, is to express a characteristic. In this meaning, a word in the genitive is used as a definition, which is its main syntactic function. The meaning of the attribute includes belonging, possession, relation of the object to someone or something (for example, “my father’s book”).

3) ABLATIVE has the same form as the genitive case, but is used to describe separation. It usually denotes separation in terms of time, space, source, origin, or degree. It is often translated into Russian with the preposition from (of)(e.g. “he left the house”).

4) DATIVE (dative case) is used to describe personal interest, denoting a positive or negative aspect. It is often translated into Russian using prepositions to, for. Answers the questions: “Who? Why? For whom? For what?" Dative is the case of the object to which the action is directed. The main function of a non-prepositional dative in a sentence is to express an indirect object (e.g. “he told me” “he has a headache”).

5) LOCAL DATIVE (local case) has the same form as the dative case, but describes the position or placement of an object or phenomenon in space, time or logical limits. It is often conveyed using Russian prepositions in, on, at, among, during, near, next to(e.g. “I was next to him”, “he was delirious while sleeping”).

6) INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE (instrumental case) has the same form as

dative and locative cases. It denotes a means or connection, and on

Russian is often translated using prepositions through And by using, indicating a tool or method of performing an action. Answers the question: “In what way? Whereby?" (e.g. “he was saved by a miracle”; “he was accepted by a friend”).

7) ACCUSATIVE (accusative case) is used to describe the completion of an action. It means limitation because it answers the questions: “Whom?” “What?” and “How much?” and “To what extent?” Basically a noun in the form of this case

used as a direct object (e.g. “he is reading a book”, “he is galloping”).

8) VOCATIVE ( vocative case) is used for direct address (e.g. "Oh, dear brother!").

For example, in the sentence “he gave me a book,” the word “me” in Greek would be in the Dative, and the word “book” would be in the Accusative.

Conjugation of nouns and adjectives

Second declension. Masculine/neuter. Sign: ending – ος/ ον.

First declension. Feminine gender. Sign: ending -α/ η.

Conjugation of articles

ὁ - article male(pronounced "ho")

ἡ - article female(pronounced “heh”).

τό is a neuter article.

Masculine/neuter article conjugation:

Conjugation of the feminine article:

In each phrase, the article, adjective and noun are in the same case, number and gender: ὁ ἀγαθός λόγος (kind word).

Use of an adjective.

An adjective can be used in three different ways: substantively (A), attributively (B) and predicatively (C).

A. Substantive use of an adjective.

The substantive use of an adjective is its use as a noun, which is omitted for this reason. In other words, instead of combining a noun with an adjective, only an adjective is used, usually with an article. This use of the adjective also exists in Russian, for example: “Go, go bald.” The property (baldness) and the name of a person are, as it were, identified, becoming one substance (hence the name). Thus, in Greek, an adjective with an article can replace a noun, and to find out which one, you need to be guided by the context (the general meaning of the story). The adjective and article agree with the implied noun in gender, number and case.

B. Attributive use of the adjective.

Attributive is the use of an adjective to determine the meaning of a noun. For example, in the phrase “good person” the adjective “good” is used attributively, i.e. describing an attribute (property) of a noun. In fact, this definition of the properties of a noun is the main purpose of the adjective.

B. Predicative use of an adjective.

Predicative is the use of an adjective in the function of the nominal part of a compound predicate, when the verb “to be” is implied. In the sentence “A good person,” the adjective is used predicatively, while in Russian the verb part of the compound nominal predicate is omitted, i.e. the word "is". Obviously, what is being described here is not just an attribute of a noun, but its main content, i.e. essence. For example, “God is love (loving).”

Distinguishing predicative from attributive use.

In practice, they can be defined in this way: if in a sentence between a noun and an adjective the word “is” or a dash can be inserted, then the adjective acts in a predicative function. For example: the servant living in this house is (is) bad. If this cannot be done, then the adjective plays the role of a simple attribute: “A bad servant lives in this house.”

The use of these usages in writing is revealed by two characteristics: 1) a certain order of occurrence of these words and 2) the presence or absence of articles related to them. If there is an article with a noun, then its absence with an adjective indicates the predicative use of the latter. The difference between the predicative and attributive use of an adjective is more difficult to establish when the noun does not have an article. In this case, you need to navigate by context.

A. The adjective in the attributive function stands between the article and the defined noun: ὁ ἀγαθός ἄνθρωπος (“good person”). In the case when the adjective comes after the noun, the article is repeated with it: ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ ἀγαθός (“a good person”).

B. In the predicative function, the adjective most often comes after the subject noun and does not have an article: ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἀγαθός

(“the person is good”). In the case when it comes before a noun, it still does not have an article. The article is used only with a subject noun:

ἀγαθός ὁ ἄνθρωπος “a good (is) person.”

These uses in Greek are also inherent in participles, which must be kept in mind when translating into Russian. Some grammars distinguish participles as a separate verb mood, since they are usually defined as verbal adjectives. Therefore, the translation of participles should be done together with the main verb to which they relate.

Ancient Greek verb.

In ancient Greek, special attention is paid to the verb due to the great complexity of its morphological system. The Greek verb is characterized by interaction between the categories of aspect, tense and mood with the formation various forms. Grammatical categories of the verb: person, number, tense, mood, voice. Voice categories: active, passive and medial (negative verbs). The four main moods of the ancient Greek verb (indicative, imperative, conjunctive and optative) and the indefinite form - the infinitive. There is a discrepancy between the control of verbs in the Russian and Greek languages, since tense in the ancient Greek language is combined with the aspect of verbs and makes up the following categories: past (aorist, imperfect and perfect), present (present) and future (futurum). There are two types of conjugations of the ancient Greek verb: thematic with the ending in -ω and the athematic with the ending in -μι. The first type of verbs is divided into verbs with endings -αω, -εω, -οω.

Conjugation of verbs

Present tense (Presence), active voice (Active), indicative (Indicative).

At the end of the form of the verb (1st person, singular), two conjugations are distinguished: the first with the ending in -ω (A) and the second with the ending in -μι (B).

A. Conjugation of verbs ending in -ω:

Conjugation of continuous verbs with endings -άω, -έω, -όω:

B. Conjugation of verbs ending in -μι:

Conjugation of the verb εἰμί (“to be”):

Verb tenses

Aorist(from ancient Greek ἀόριστος - “having no (exact) boundaries”) - a tense form of the verb, denoting a completed (one-time, instantaneous) action committed in the past. IN English language true to form Past Perfect, and in Russian it merges with the perfect verb of the past tense. Often combines both grammatical tense and aspect. For example, the aorist is used in the biblical phrase Luke. 1:20: “I didn’t believe my words.” There is uncertainty as to whether the aorist is tense or aspect, reflecting the dual nature of the aorist in ancient Greek. In the indicative mood, the aorist was a mixture of tense and aspect: past tense and perfective aspect. In other moods (subjunctive, optative and imperative), the aorist has only a specific meaning without indicating a specific time.

Perfect(from Latin perfectum - “perfect”) - a form of the verb denoting an action that ended in the past, and its result continues in the present (“The sun has risen” and is still shining), or one that preceded the moment of speech (“He’s already gone” and he’s still not there). The special place of the perfect among other types of tense forms of the verb is determined by the fact that the perfect conveys information simultaneously about an event in the past and about the state of affairs in the present, linking together the plan of the past and the plan of the present, while all other types of tense forms characterize the situation only in one plane : either in the past or in the present. For example, the aorist indicates an action in the past, the result of which disappeared after some time.

Imperfect(lat. imperfectum - “imperfect, continuous”) - aspectual verb form, meaning the imperfect form of the past tense. The imperfect indicates an unfinished action that was happening but has stopped by now, or simply the beginning of an action in the past. Example: “Then Jerusalem came out to Him” or “then Jerusalem began to come out to Him” (cf. Matt. 3:5). The imperfect also has the meaning of taxis (simultaneity of actions), and is also combined not only with the lexical imperfective, but less often with the perfect - to convey a repeated action (iterative). Usually the imperfect expresses both the past tense and the imperfect (or continuous) aspect, but sometimes it can also be called a combination of the meanings of the past tense and the perfect aspect, especially if it is expressed by a single, formally indivisible indicator.

Being a specific combination of types of tense meanings, the imperfect in its own sense stands out in those verbal systems where it is opposed, on the one hand, to past tense forms of a limited or perfect form (i.e. forms aorist) and, on the other hand, resultant forms like perfect. Thus, the imperfect denotes a situation related to the past, unlimited in time (repeating or incomplete at the time of its mention) and at the same time not connected in any way with the plan of the present. It is also typical to use the imperfect in subordinate clauses to describe a situation that occurred in the past simultaneously with the main situation (the so-called “background” use, cf. contexts like: “ when we entered the room, he was just reading a book.").

Plusquaperfect(“pre-past” tense). The plusquaperfect describes an action that happened in the past, but its results were felt before a certain moment, which also ended in the past. For example, " when I entered, she had already finished cleaning the room.". The plusquaperfect is similar to the perfect, but has no correlation with the present tense. If the perfect denotes an action that happened in the past, and its results are still felt, then the plusquaperfect denotes an action that also happened in the past, but the results were felt up to a certain point in the past (but not now). In other words, the plusquaperfect tense is similar to the perfect tense, only its results have already ceased in the past. Example: “Peter stood outside the door” (for a while, but no longer stands) (John 18:16).

As we can see, the temporal form in the Greek “koine” denotes not only the time of action, but also its type (aspect), i.e. the relation of action to the moment of uttering the speech itself. This explains complex composition Greek verb tenses. Since tense or aspect indicates the relationship of verbs to a completed or unfinished action, in the most general form tenses can be divided into past, present and future. The past tense refers to the aorist, which focuses attention not on the process of performing an action, but on the fact of its implementation at some point in time in the past. The fact itself is important; no other information is given: nothing is said about the beginning of the action or its duration. By now comes the Present form, which focuses on the duration of the action as still ongoing in time and unfinished. It can be described in more detail: as linear, continuous, continuous, intermittent, repeating, etc. Accordingly, the Futurus form, which refers to the future tense, also describes an unfinished action.

All this has analogues in the Russian language, but in the Greek “koine” there is a special tense (Perfect), which denotes an action that took place in the past with results in the present. Therefore, it is important to distinguish the Aorist from the Perfect tense not so much by the fact that the action has already occurred, but by how long its results or consequences last. If it states that “I got married last year,” then the Perfect tense indicates the additional information that “I am still married to this day.” Therefore, the same word “save” in the past tense can contain different information.

AORIST: we were “saved” without reference to the present tense (Rom. 8:24)
PERFECT: We are “saved” and continue to be so today (Eph. 2:5, 8).

Only indicative verbs have a past tense form. If the author used a different tense, then he wanted to emphasize some details of what happened, i.e. provide more specific information.

Verb tense agreement

In grammars, the tenses Present, Futurus and Perfect are considered the main ones, and the Aorist, Imperfect and Plusquaperfect are considered historical.

Three verbal voices

The voice of a Greek verb indicates the relationship between the action expressed by the verb and its subject (i.e., the subject of the sentence). Koine Greek has three voices: active (A), passive (B), and neuter (C), although some verbs combine the latter two into one.

A. ACTIVE (ACTIVE) VOICE is normal, expected,

an unaccented way of showing that the subject performs the action expressed by the verb.

B. PASSIVE (PASSIVE) VOICE means that the subject is subject to the action expressed by the verb on the part of an external actor. The following prepositions and cases indicated in the Greek New Testament that an action is performed by an external actor:

1) direct personal influence – ὑπό with ablative (cf. Matt. 1:22; Acts 22:30).

2) personal indirect influence - διά with ablative (cf. Matt. 1:22).

3) an impersonal actor, usually ἐν with instrumental case.

4) sometimes personal or impersonal influence - only through the instrumental case.

B. MIDDLE (MEDIAL) VOICE means that the subject performs the action expressed by the verb, and at the same time is directly involved in this action. It is often called a guarantee of increased personal interest. This grammatical construction in a certain way enhances the meaning of the subject in a sentence or the entire sentence. There is no such voice in the Russian language. In Greek, it has many meanings and translation options. Here are some examples of using this form:

REFLECTIVE – direct influence of the subject on itself. Example: “hanged himself” (cf. Matt. 27:5).
REINFORMATIVE - the subject performs the action for himself. Example: “Satan himself disguises himself as an angel of light” (cf. 2 Cor. 11:14).
MUTUAL – interaction between two subjects. Example: “they consulted one another” (cf. Matt. 26:4).

Verb moods

Koine Greek has four moods: Indicative (A), Subjunctive (B), Optative (C) and Imperative (D). They indicate the relation of action to reality, at least from the author's point of view. Moods are divided into two broad categories: those indicating actual action (indicative) and those indicating potential action (subjunctive, imperative, and desirable).

A. INDICATIVE (indicative) is a standard mood expressing an action that happened or was happening, at least in the opinion of the author. This is the only Greek mood indicating real time, but even here this aspect may play a secondary role.

B. CONJUNCTIVE (subjunctive) expresses a probable action in the future. Something hasn't happened yet, but chances are good it will. It has much in common with the future indicative mood. The difference is that in the subjunctive mood there is some degree of doubt. In Russian it is often indicated using the words could, could, could, maybe.

B. OPTATIVE (desirable mood) expresses a desire that theoretically could come true. It is considered one step ahead compared to the subjunctive. The desirable mood indicates the possibility of action under certain conditions. In the New Testament, the opportunistic mood is rare, occurring most frequently in Paul's famous phrase, “Let it not be,” (“Let God rebuke”), which is used fifteen times (cf. Rom. 3:4,6,31; 6:2, 15; 7:7,13; 9:14; 11:1,11; 1 Cor. 6:15; Gal. 2:17; 3:21; 6:14). Other examples of use: Lk. 1:38; 20:16; Acts 8:20 and 1 Thess. 3:11.

D. IMPERATIVE (imperative mood) indicates a command, the execution of which is possible, but the emphasis is on the intention of the speaker. Sometimes it asserts only a volitional possibility, depending on the decision of another person. The imperative mood is widely used in prayers and requests in the third person. In the New Testament such commands have only the present tense and aorist form.

Conjunctions and connecting words

Greek is a very precise language for the reason that it uses a lot of connecting words. They connect thoughts (sentences, phrases and paragraphs) together. They are so common that their absence (asyndeton) is usually of particular significance for interpretation. In fact, these conjunctions and connecting words indicate the direction of the author's thought, determining what exactly he wanted to say with their help.

Temporary alliances:

a) ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, ὁπότε, ὡς, ὅτε, ὅταν (conc.) – “when”

b) έως – “for now”

c) ὅταν, έπάν (conc.) – “whenever”

d) έως, άχρι, άχρις, μέχρι (acc.) – “not yet”

e) πρίν (inf.) – “before”, “before”.

e) ὡς – “since”, “when”, “until”

Logical connections:

(1) ἵνα (conc.), ὅπως (conc.), ὡς – “so that”

(2) ὥστε (infinitive in accusative case with article) – “to”

(3) πρός (accusative infinitive with article) or εἰς (infinitive in

accusative case with article) – “to”

b) consequences (there is a close connection between the grammatical forms of goal and consequence):

(1) ὥστε (infinitive, the most common) – “so that”, “thus”

(2) ἵνα (conc.) – “so”

(3) άρα – “so”

c) causative or reasons:

(1) γάρ (cause/effect or cause/conclusion) – “for”, “because”

(2) διότι , ὅτι – “because”

(3) ἐπεί , ἐπειδή, ὡς – “since”, “then”

(4) διά (with the accusative case or with the infinitive and the article) - “because”, “for the reason”.

d) conclusion or conclusion:

(1) ἄρα , τοίνυν, ὥστε – “therefore”

(2) διό (the strongest of the conjunctions of consequence) - “in connection with which”, “because”,

"therefore", "therefore"

(3) ούν – “therefore”, “so”, “then”, “in fact”

(4) τοίνυν – “accordingly”

e) adversatives or oppositions:

(1) ἀλλά (strong adversative) – “but”, “except”, “however”

(2) δέ – “but”, “however”, “on the other hand”

(3) καί - "But"

(4) μέντοι, μενοϋν, νυν – “however”

(5) πλήν – “nevertheless” (mostly in Luke)

(6) νυν – “however”

e) comparisons:

(1) ὡς, καθώς (introduces comparative clauses)

(2) καθ (in compound words like καθώσπερ)

(3) ὅσος (in Hebrews) – “how great”

(4) ή – “than”

g) connecting:

(1) δέ – “and”

(2) καί – “and”

(3) τέ – “and”

(4) ἵνα , ούν – “then”

(5) ούν – “then” (in John)

Emphatic use:

a) ἀλλά – “of course”, “yes”, “in fact”

b) ἄρα – “really”, “of course”, “in fact”

c) γάρ – “in fact”, “of course”

d) δέ – “really”

e) ἐάν – “even”

e) καί – “even”, “in fact”, “really”

g) μέντοι – “really”

h) ούν – “in fact”, “in any case”, “at any cost”

Conditional sentences

A conditional sentence contains one or more conditional clauses. This grammatical structure helps interpretation because it specifies the conditions or reasons why the action expressed by the main verb occurs or does not occur. In Greek "koine" there are four types conditional offers. They can express the entire spectrum of actions from those that were real from the point of view of the author or his intention, and up to those that are only desirable.

A. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE OF THE FIRST TYPE expresses an action or state that is considered true from the point of view of the author or his intention, although accompanied by the word “if”. In some contexts, this conjunction is translated as “since”, “since” (cf. Matt. 4:3; Rom. 8:31), but this does not mean that absolutely all conditional sentences of the first type describe events that actually happened. On the contrary, they were quite often used to express an opinion in a discussion or to point out a false argument (cf. Matt. 12:27).

B. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE OF THE SECOND TYPE is often called “contrary to reality.” It asserts something that is not true and cannot prove the stated position or be taken as a rule.

“If He were a prophet, He would know who and what kind of woman touches Him (but He does not know)” (Luke 7:39).
“If you believed Moses, you would believe Me (but you do not believe)” (John 5:46).
“If I were still pleasing people (and I don’t), I would not be a slave

Christ" (Gal. 1:10).

B. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE OF THE THIRD TYPE speaks about the possibility of an action in the future and indicates its probability. It usually involves an accident, an unforeseen circumstance, or a turn of events. The action expressed by the main verb depends on whether the action described in the subordinate verb will occur. Examples from 1 John: 1:6-10; 2:4,6,9,15,20,21,24,29; 3:21; 4:20; 5:14,16.

D. CONDITIONAL SENTENCE OF THE FOURTH TYPE is furthest away from the probability of the action occurring. Such sentences are rare in the New Testament. In fact, there are no complete conditional sentences of the fourth type in which the main and subordinate clauses correspond to their definition. An example of a partial subordinate clause of the fourth type is the beginning of 1 Pet. 3:14. Another example is the conclusion of Acts. 8:31.

Bibliography:

Ivashkovsky S.M. Complete Greek-Russian dictionary T. 1-4. M., 1838.
Black E. Russian-Greek dictionary. M., 1882.
Black E. Greek grammar. Part I-II. M., 1882.
Chantrain P. Historical morphology of the Greek language (translated from French). M., 1953.
Tronsky I.M. Ancient Greek accent. M.; L., 1962.
Tronsky I.M. Issues of language development in ancient society. L., 1973.
Pospisil A.O. Greek-Russian Dictionary, Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional Kyiv, 1901.
Weisman A.D. Greek-Russian dictionary. Reprint. 1899, M.: Greco-Latin Cabinet Yu.A. Shichalina, 1991.
Shirokov O.S. History of the Greek language. M., 1983.
Kazansky N.N. Dialects of Ancient Greek. L., 1983.
Greenbaum N.S. Early forms of literary language. L., 1984.
Dvoretsky I. Ancient Greek-Russian dictionary. In 2 volumes, M.: GIINS, 1958.
Newman B.M. Greek-Russian Dictionary of the New Testament. M.: RBO, 1997.
Zvonskaya-Denisyuk L.L. Greek of the New Testament. St. Petersburg: Bible for everyone, 2002.
Machan G.J. Textbook of the Greek language of the New Testament. M.: RBO, 1994.
Kozarzhevsky A.Ch. Textbook of Ancient Greek. M.: Greco-Latin cabinet Yu.A. Shichalina, 1993.
Sobolevsky S.I. Ancient Greek language. M., 1948.
Ancient Greek language. Part one. M.: “Greco-Latin Cabinet”. Yu.A. Shichalina, 2002.
Greek of the New Testament. Beginner course. Novosibirsk, 2006.
Slavyatinskaya M.N. Tutorial in ancient Greek. Cultural and historical aspect. M., 1988.
Slavyatinskaya M.N. Textbook of Ancient Greek. Part 1-2. M., 1998.
Garnik A.V. Practical guide to the ancient Greek language. Mn., 1999.
Zarembo O.S., Tananushko K.A. Ancient Greek language. Mn., BSU, 2006.
Zvonska-Denisyuk L.L. Long ago Greek language. Kiev, 1997.
Popov A.N. Brief grammar Greek language. M., 2001.
Cleon L. Rogers Jr. and Cleon L. Rogers III. New linguistic and exegetical key to the Greek text of the New Testament, St. Petersburg: Bible for everyone, 2001.

Greek. Lesson 6: How to conjugate verbs

Today we begin to study one of the most difficult sections of Greek grammar - the section “verbs”. First we will study the conjugation of verbs in the present tense - it is not difficult. A little cramming, daily repetition of what you have learned, and in a month you will know the conjugation of the most commonly used verbs. These are the only ones I select for you. And in April we will begin to study times. This activity requires not only time, but also patience. When they started explaining to me all the rules for the use (and most importantly, education!) of tenses, I decided that I would not be able to speak Greek in the next five years. Then everything gradually became assimilated.

Let's start with an important verb - the verb "to have". In Russian we say “I have”, but in Greek instead of three words we use one: έχω

verb έχω (to have)

The basic form of verbs ends with the letter ω. Regular verbs are divided into two broad categories: those in which the stress falls on the front last syllable, as in έχω [‘echo] “I have” and θέλω [sel] “I want”, and those in which the stress falls on the last syllable, as in αγαπώ [agapo] “I love”.

The verb έχω is typical of the first category. In the present tense and active voice it is conjugated as follows:

έχω [‘echo] I have

έχεις [‘ehis] you have

έχει [‘ehi] she\he\it has

έχουμε [‘ehume] we have

έχετε [‘ehete] you have

έχουν [‘ekhun] they have

Please note that you do not need to use pronouns. Not “I have”, but simply “is”, “I have”. This is the peculiarity of the Greek language. The ending of the verb indicates who is being talked about. If ω, then it means “I have,” if ουν, then “they have.” Get used to it.

Language knowledge

Are you saying / are you saying...? Μιλάτε...

In Russian ρωσικά

In Greek ελληνικά

I don't speak Greek. Δε μιλώ ελληνικά.

Do you understand me? Με καταλαβαίνετε;

I don't understand you Δε σας καταλαβαίνω

I understand a little, but I can't speak. Καταλαβαίνω λίγο, αλλά δεν μπορώ να μιλήσω

What language do you know? Τι γλώσσα μιλάτε;

I know Μιλάω

English αγγλικά

German γερμανικά

French γαλλικά

You speak well. Μιλάτε καλά

I have no practice. Μου λείπει η πρακτική

I want to learn to speak Greek. Θέλω να μάθω να μιλάω ελληνικά.

Repeat one more time. Πέστε το άλλη φορά.

A little slower. Λίγο πιο αργά.

What does this word mean? Τι σημαίνει αυτή η λέξη;

Greek. Lesson 7: Conjugating the verb “to be”

In the last issue we talked about the verb “to have”, today we are learning to correctly use the forms of the verb είμαι. It can be used as a semantic verb in the meaning of “to be” and a linking verb in the meaning of “is”.

Ο φίλος μου είναι Έλληνας - My friend is Greek.

Verb conjugations:

I -(εγω) είμαι

You - (εσύ) είσαι

He - (αυτός) είναι

She (αυτή) είναι

We are (εμείς) είμαστε

You are (εσείς) είστε

They (m.) (αυτοί) είναι

They (female) (αυτές) είναι

Use:

Είμαι απο τη Ρωσία. - I'm from Russia.

Είμαστε απο την Κύπρο. – We are from Cyprus.

Past tense:

This verb has only one past tense form - the imperfect, which is used when in Russian we say “byl”, “byla”, “bylo”, “byli”.

Compare present and past tense forms
The present	Past
Είσαστε/είστε

Useful words

QUALITIES

1. Good - bad καλός - κακός

2. Beautiful - ugly όμορφος - άσχημος

3. Old - young γέρος - νέος

4. Old - new

παλιός – καινούργιος, νέος

5. Rich - poor πλούσιος - φτωχός

6. Familiar - unfamiliar

γνωστός - άγνωστος

7. Cheerful - boring

εύθυμος – ανιαρός, σκυθρωπός

8. Smart - stupid

έξυπνος – κουτός, ανόητος

9. Strong - weak δυνατός - αδύνατος

10. Big - small μεγάλος - μικρός

Greek. Lesson 8: Pronoun Forms and Verb Conjugation

Today we will continue the conversation about pronouns. They say that the most common word in almost any language is the word “I”. But this does not apply to Greek. Greeks (and Cypriots, naturally, too) practically do not use personal pronouns. They do not say “I see” “you see”, just “I see” (βλέπω), “you see” (βλέπεις).

You can guess who we are talking about by the form of the verb and the meaning of the sentence.

I still wrote the forms of personal pronouns for you. In brackets is what corresponds to our I, you. He she…. And next to it is written what will be most useful to you - the accusative case forms. You will have to use these pronouns quite often.

Monosyllabic personal pronouns have the following accusative forms:

(εγώ) με Me (εμείς) μας us

(εσύ) σεYou (εσείς) σας you

(αυτός) τον His (αυτοί) τους theirs

(αυτή) την Her (αυτές) τις theirs

Monosyllabic personal pronouns in a sentence are placed immediately before the verb, for example:

Την ξέρω καλά. I know her well.

Σας παρακαλώ. I ask you.

Τον βλέπω. I see him.

Verbs

In Greek, as in Russian, verbs change according to persons, tenses, voices and moods. Verbs can be divided into two large groups:

1) Verbs of the first conjugation. Have stress on the penultimate syllable: μαθαίνω, διαβάζω

2) Verbs of II conjugation. Have stress on the last syllable: αγαπώ, μπορώ

Verbs of the first conjugation change according to persons in the present tense as follows:

Singular	Plural
1 person (Εγώ) γράφω - I write	(Εμείς) γράφουμε - we write
2nd person (Εσύ) γράφεις you write	(Εσείς) γράφετε - you write
3rd person (Αυτός/αυτή) γράφει - he/she writes	(Αυτός/αυτές) γράφουν - they write

Note: Pronouns are in parentheses because they are often omitted in colloquial speech.

Useful words

1) Long – short μακρύς –

κοντός (σύντομος)

2) Wide - narrow πλατύς, φαρδύς - στενός

3) High - low ψηλός - χαμηλός -κοντός

4) Light - dark βαθύς - ρηχός

5) Expensive – cheap ακριβός – φτηνός

6) Fast - slow γρήγορος - αργός

7) Light - heavy ελαφρύς - βαρύς

8) Soft - hard μαλακός - σκληρός

9) Thick - thin χοντρός - λεπτός

10) Clean – dirty καθαρός –

βρώμικος, λερωμένος

Greek. Lesson 9: Conjugating verbs in the present tense

In the last issue of the newspaper we learned the conjugation of the verb γράφω (to write).

Let's repeat.

γράφω [grapho] I write

γράφεις [graphic] you write

γράφει [graphics] he/she/it writes

γράφουμε [graphume] we write

γράφετε [graphete] you write

γράφουν [grafun] they write

In the previous lesson, we looked at the category of verbs that have stress on the penultimate syllable and are conjugated like the verb γράφω. In this lesson we will look at verbs of the second category, in which the stress falls on the last syllable and which are conjugated as the verb αγαπώ “I love”.

Remember that in Greek the present tense describes both current and repeated actions, for example, “I am drinking coffee now” (continuous), “every morning I drink coffee” (simple). Both of these actions in Greek express the present tense, i.e. πίνω καφέ τώρα, πίνω καφέ κάθε πρωί.

Verbαγαπώ (I love)

Unit number

αγαπώ [ayapo] I love

αγαπάς [ayapas] you love

αγαπά [ayapa] he\she\it loves

Plural

αγαπούμε [ayapume] we love

αγαπάτε [ayapate] you love

αγαπόυν [ayapun] they love

The verb ζητώ “I ask, I seek” is conjugated like the verb αγαπώ

Verbμπορώ (I can)

A number of verbs ending in ώ as αγαπώ have other endings when conjugated. One example is the verb μπορώ (boro) "I can".

Unit number

μπορώ [boro] I can

μπορείς [Boris] you can

μπορεί [bori] he\she\it can

Plural

μπορούμε [borume] we can

μπορείτε [fight] you can

μπορούν [borun] they can

Παρακαλώ [parakalo] “I ask” is another verb, conjugated as μπορώ. It can be used as an equivalent to "please" or "pleased to oblige" in response to "thank you."

Unfortunately no easy way distinguish which of the verbs of this category ending in ώ is conjugated as αγαπώ, and which as μπορώ. Gradually you will remember them.

In the next lesson, I will present you with a list of the most common Greek verbs (naturally, I selected those that you can use immediately after reading the lesson).

Grechical Lesson 10: Verbs of the second conjugation. Exceptions to the rules

Verbs of the second conjugation are divided into two subgroups, and are conjugated depending on which subgroup they belong to:

1 subgroup (αγαπώ, αγαπάς)
Singular	Plural
1 person
2nd person
3rd person αγαπά (αγαπάει)	αγαπάν (αγαπάνε)
2 subgroup (μπορώ, μπορείς)
Singular	Plural
1 person	μπορούμε
2nd person	μπορείτε
3rd person	μπορούν (μπορούνε)

The method of changing the persons of verbs of the second conjugation must be remembered along with the meaning of the verb itself. In modern Greek dictionaries, after the verbs of the second conjugation of the first subgroup, there is usually the letter alpha (α) in parentheses, and after the verbs of the second subgroup, epsilon (ε).

If there are two verbs in your sentence, then most likely they are connected by the particle να.

Please note that (unlike Russian) their forms are the same.

Θέλω να διαβάζω καλά βιβλία.

Ξέρω να γράφω ελληνικά.

I can write in Greek.

If person or number changes, then the change occurs in both verbs:

Ξέρουμε να γράφουμε.

We can write.

Ξέρουν να γράφουν.

They can write.

Verbs 1 conjugation

λέω - speak, τρώω - eat, eat, ακούω - listen, κλαίω - cry, πάω - go are conjugated as follows:

Λέει λένε

In the last two lessons we looked at the rules for conjugating Greek verbs. Today you can add 20 new verbs to your dictionary.

Reading (system by L.V. Zankov) on the topic: “... the city of Kazan with an ethnocultural Russian component Goals lesson: Identify common motives and features of difference... meeting vizier - minister, advisor to the Sultan Rulesreading fairy tales: A fairy tale must be read in...

Lesson

...)5417149 cellular telephone 89033416062 Lesson in literary reading(L.V. Zankov system) ... vizier - minister, adviser to the Sultan Rulesreading fairy tales: Should you read a fairy tale... a wizard in exchange for a lamp? Lesson in literary reading(L.V. Zankov system) on...

Lessons on the book “Letters about Goodness” in grades 1-11

Lesson

Methodological comment: In the organization lesson technique used READING WITH STOPS AND QUESTIONS BLOOM...etc. Don't remember hundreds rules

A verb expresses an action or state and denotes them in the categories of voice, person, number, tense, mood. In sentences, verbs are predicates.

Active voice means that the action comes from the subject ( boy sees a book). The passive voice indicates that the action is directed to the subject (in the nominative case) ( work is done).

When conjugated, verbs change person, number, tense and mood (for Russian verbs in the past tense and subjunctive mood, unlike Greek ones, gender also changes). The person and number show who or what, one or more, performs the action. All these features are characteristic of both Russian and Greek verbs. However, Greek verbs also have their own characteristics, some of which, inherited from the Indo-European base, were also in the ancient Russian language, but disappeared as it developed. Until the end of the XIII - beginning of the XIV centuries. Russian verbs used past tenses characteristic of the Greek language: aorist, imperfect, plus-quaperfect, which were later supplanted by one past tense, which developed on the basis of the perfect.

Some Greek verbs are not used in all tenses or in all forms and are therefore called insufficient. If you need to express the action conveyed by them, then for the missing tenses they use synonyms of the verb. This phenomenon helps to understand why irregular verbs some tenses are formed from a different stem - it may indicate a different, synonymous root.

Greek verb be conjugates as follows

Some verbs are conjugated with great features. First of all, this applies to verbs ending in -mi:

Verb give

When conjugated, present tense verbs have the following endings (the connecting vowels are omicron before mu and nu or epsilon in other cases):

Medial pledge corresponds return form verbs in Russian means that the action occurs in one’s own interests. It is formed using endings that are also used for the passive voice:

Some verbs exist only in the medial passive form, but have a meaning that must be translated into the active voice. Such verbs are called deferential, since their meaning is, as it were, separated (delayed) from the sign of the grammatical passive form ( passive voice).

Present tense (praesens)

Confluent verbs in-έw.

Merge Rules

Confluent verbs in omicron.

Merge Rules

Present tense (medial voice)

The imperfect (past tense of the imperfect form) was inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language, and in addition to Greek, it also passed into all Slavic languages. However, later all East Slavic languages, including Old Russian, lost it. The imperfect denotes an action in the past, long-term, sometimes repeated, but not limited to some period of the past, some period of time.

The imperfect has two characteristics: at the beginning of a verb that begins with a consonant, the vowel letter epsilon appears. In addition, all verbs have endings that do not quite coincide with the present tense:

If the verb begins with a vowel: a > h, e > h, o > w. These vowels sound almost the same, but longer - lengthened. In diphthongs, only the first sound is lengthened: ai > ῃ, oi > ῳ, au > hu.

For verbs with prefixes, the increment does not appear in front (i.e., not before the prefix), but before the root (i.e., between the prefix and the stem). In this case, the last vowel of the prefix appears not before the consonant, as before, but before the vowel and therefore falls out (as unnecessary, for euphony). Exceptions are the prefixes pro-, peri-, where the last vowel does not change.

The verb to have (ἔcw) takes the form eἴcon.

Imperfect verb be

Middle (medial) and passive imperfect voice. Before endings, verbs in this tense have the same increment (epsilon before consonants or lengthening of vowels) as in the past tense of the active voice.

The endings are added using the same connecting vowels as in the medial and passive voice of the present tense. These connecting vowels interact in fused verbs according to the rules of merging.

Imperfect past tense

Passive voice. Imperfect past tense

Active voice

Medial pledge

Aorist is a past tense form that is inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language. Besides Greek, it was used in all Slavic languages, including Old Russian, but all East Slavic languages have lost it. The aorist was used to denote an action committed in the past, which was considered completely completed.

In Greek, as well as in Old Russian and Old Church Slavonic, there were two forms of the aorist. The sigmatic (or first) aorist before the endings had the suffix sigma (in Old Russian - the sound s), which interacted with other sounds, causing the vowels to lengthen. In some verbs, the aorist is formed from another stem (the so-called second aorist).

The first aorist of the active and middle voices.

In many verbs, the aorist is formed using the suffix -sa and an increment. Increment for verbs that begin with a vowel and for verbs with prefixes occurs according to the rules of the imperfect past tense. If the verb begins with a vowel: a > h, e > h, o > w. These vowels sound almost the same, but longer - lengthened. In diphthongs, only the first sound is lengthened: ai > ῃ, oi > ῳ, au > hu. For verbs with prefixes, the increment does not appear in front (i.e., not before the prefix), but before the root (i.e., between the prefix and the stem). In this case, the last vowel of the prefix appears not before the consonant, as before, but before the vowel and therefore falls out (as unnecessary, for euphony). Exceptions are the prefixes pro-, peri-, where the last vowel does not change.

First aorist active voice

First middle voice aorist

The interaction of stem consonants with sigma occurs according to the rules

In continuous verbs, the stem vowel lengthens: pure alpha ceases to be pure; alpha impure > h; e > h; o > w. Exceptions: the stem vowel in verbs is not lengthened: gelάw > ἐgέlasa kalέw > ἐkάlesa. Examples:

Irregular verbs: carry jέrw - ἤnhgka (ἤnegkon) give dίdwmi - ἔdwka (ἔdomen)

proclaim ἀggέllw - ἤggeila.

Second aorist (asigmatic – AoristII) active and middle voice. For many common (irregular) verbs, it is formed from a special stem (indicated in the dictionary, it must be remembered) using an increment in front (as in the simple past tense - imperfect) and the ending of the simple past tense (imperfect). As in the imperfect, in the aorist verbs can be used in the active or medial voice.

Increment for verbs that begin with a vowel and for verbs with prefixes occurs according to the rules of the simple past tense.

Second aorist active

Second aorist medial

Verbs in the aorist (II)

Verb	Aorist	Verb	Aorist
run away		speak lέgw
take lambάnw		watch ὁrάw
know gignώskw		have ἔcw
find eὑrίskw		endure pάscw
take aἱrέw		lead ἄgw

Aorist (I–II) passive voice.

Aorist I is formed using a suffix and endings

In continuous verbs, the stem vowel is lengthened before -J-.

Aorist II in the passive has the same endings, but they are added directly to the aorist stem without the suffix J.

Verb	Aorist passive	Verb	Aorist passive
take lambάnw		listen to ἀkoύw
know gignώskw		give dίdwmi
find eὑrίskw		carry jέrw
take aἱrέw		wish boύlomai
speak lέgw		remember mimnήskw
watch ὁrάw		teach didάskw
lead ἄgw		throw bάllw

The perfect is a past tense form that is inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language both in Greek and in all Slavic languages, including Old Russian. In modern West Slavic languages it has survived to this day. The perfect expresses an action in the present, which became possible as a result of some other action in the past ( I came, those. I walked and now I’ve arrived. Russian verb walked used here with the prefix (came), thanks to which he gets a perfect look when answering a question what to do. So, in fact, under the Greek more complex system times and the simplification of the same system as the Russian language developed, it became possible to convey the perfect with the help of another verbal feature typical of the Russian language - aspect).

The perfect is formed with the help of special endings from a special stem. By general rules, the initial consonant of the root is doubled and added in front of the previous root with the help of the connecting vowel epsilon.

If the root begins not with a consonant, but with a vowel, then this vowel is often not doubled, but simply lengthened (only sometimes it is repeated with lengthening). If a root begins with more than one consonant, then instead of doubling, sometimes an increment occurs. In fused verbs, in addition to doubling the consonant, the last vowel of the stem is lengthened. Some verbs form the perfect stem in a completely different way, so it is better to memorize it from the dictionary.

Verb	Perfect	Verb	Perfect
run away		have ἔcw
take lambάnw		endure pάscw
teach didάskw		carry jέrw
know gignώskw		give dίdwmi
find eὑrίskw		lead ἄgw
to be born gίgnomai		call kalw
wish Jέlw		listen to ἀkoύw
take aἱrέw		do prάttw
speak lέgw		exercise gumnάzw
watch ὁrάw

Perfect endings

The plusquaperfect (literally: “more than perfect”) is also inherited from the Proto-Indo-European language both in Greek and in all Slavic languages, including Old Russian. The plus quaperfect is used to denote an action that occurred before another action that happened in the past.

This tense is formed from the base of the perfect, but, as in the simple past tense, it has an increment.

Verb endings

Medial-passive forms of PLQPF are formed by attaching the usual medial-passive endings of the simple past tense to the perfect stem of the verb, without connecting vowels.

However, in practice, these endings in the perfect and PLQPF look different for each verb, since the rule applies - the sigma between consonants disappears, therefore, for verbs with a perfect base on a consonant -sJe > Je, -sJai > Jai. After this, the interaction of the last consonant of the stem with endings begins according to the rules:

b, p, j + s > y-

b, p, j + m > mm- (< -bm-, -pm-, -jm-)

b, p, j + t > pt- (< -bt-, -jt-)

b, p, j + J > jJ- (< -bJ-, -pJ-)

g, k, c + s > x-

g, k, c + m > gm- (< -km-, -cm-)

g, k, c + t > kt- (< -gt-, -ct-)

g, k, c + J > cJ- (< -gJ-, -kJ-)

d, t, J + s > s- (< -ds-, -ts-, -Js-)

d, t, J + m > sm- (< -dm-, -tm-, -Jm-)

d, t, J + t > st- (< -dt-, -tt-, -Jt-)

d, t, J + J > sJ- (< -dJ-, -tJ-, -JJ-)

Future tense. The future tense is formed using the sigma suffix and ordinary endings.

Active voice

An indefinite form (infinitive) is also formed: the suffix sigma -sein is added before the usual ending.

Middle voice

As with fused verbs, the rules of fusion apply, but now not between the vowels of the base and the suffix or ending, but between the consonants of the base and the sigma suffix. Therefore, at first glance it may seem that the future tense is formed from a different base.

Merge Rules

In continuous verbs, the stem vowel is lengthened. Alpha that is pure ceases to be pure. Alpha unclean > h e > h o > w. Exceptions: the stem vowel in verbs is not lengthened: gelάw > gelάsw kalέw > kalέsw

Future verb tense be

Some verbs in the present tense have an active form, but in the future tense they exist only in the medial passive voice. But when translated into Russian, this is not expressed (in Russian you can say: “I’m going” or: “and I’m going, I’m going” - the same shade of return, action in one’s own interests is present in the Greek grammatical form) .

Irregular verbs in the future tense have a special stem

lέgw > ἐrῶ	jέrw > oἴsw
dίdwmi > dώsw	ἀggέllw > ἀggelῶ
ἐJέlw > ἐJelήsw	prάttw > prάxw

The imperative mood (imperativus) expresses an urge or order to do something. With a negative particle mή, it naturally expresses a prohibition on an action, a request or a call not to do it. This mood exists for verbs of the present tense of active and medial-passive voices, aorist active, separately middle and separately passive voices, perfect active and medial-passive voices.

The imperative is formed using special endings of the 2nd and 3rd person singular and plural. The speaker wishes that You or you, he or They did something ( do it, do it!). About himself (i.e. in the 1st person), as in Russian, he says in the indicative mood: I want to do or in the subjunctive: I would like, but is unlikely to say: let me do it.

Endings of the imperative.

Active voice praesens

Forms imperative mood for verb be

Some irregular verbs have imperative endings that are the same or similar to the verb be.

Singular		Plural
Medial passive voice praesens

(he she it)
Active voice aoristus I

(he she it)
Medial voice aoristus I

(he she it)
Passive voice aoristus I

(he she it)
Active perfectum

(he she it)
Medial passive perfectum

(he she it)

The mood expresses the attitude towards the reality of the action that the verb conveys (real, probable, only assumed, even unreal). So far we have been talking about verbs in the indicative mood (indicativus), expressing real actions in the present, past or future. The Russian subjunctive mood expresses expected, possible or desired actions. This mood is also found in Greek (coniunctivus). But instead of a simple particle ( would), as in Russian, in Greek it is formed in a special way.

Present tense conjunctive of active and medial-passive voices of ordinary and continuous verbs. The subjunctive is used in both main and subordinate clauses. In main (independent) clauses it serves to express doubt or motivation.

To express negation in the conjunctive (as in the imperative and optative) it is not the particle oὐ that serves, but the particle mh. (In the indicative mood, it is used to express a wish that is clear that it cannot come true.)

The conjunctive is formed using long connecting vowels: - h- (instead of -e-) and -w- (instead of -o-), which add the usual endings for each voice.

Regular verbs

Confluent verbs. In fused verbs, the same merging rules apply.

Merge Rules

Singular		Plural
Active voice with -άw
	-ῶ (< άw)		-ῶmen (< άwmen)
	-ᾷV (< άῃV)		-ᾶte (< άhte)
(he she it)			-ῶsi(n) (< άwsi)
Medial passive voice with -άw
	-ῶmai (< άwmai)		-ώmeJa (< aώmeJa)
	-ᾷ (< άῃ)		-ᾶsJe (< άhsJe)
(he she it)	-ᾶtai (< άhtai)		-ῶntai (< άwntai)
Active voice in -έw
	-ῶ (< έw)		-ῶmen (< έwmen)
	-ῇV (< έῃV)		-ῆte (< έhte)
(he she it)	-ῇ (< έῃ)		-ῶsi(n) (< έwsi)

Singular		Plural
Medial passive voice with -έw
	-ῶmai (< έwmai)		-ώmeJa (< eώmeJa)
	-ῇ (< έh)		-ῆsJe (< έhsJe)
(he she it)	-ῆtai (< έhtai)		-ῶntai (< έwntai)
Active voice with -όw
	-ῶ (< όw)		-ῶmen (< όwmen)
	OῖV (< όῃV)		-ῶte (< όhte)
(he she it)	Oῖ (< όῃ)		-ῶsi(n) (< όwsi)
Medial passive voice with -όw
	-ῶmai (< όwmai)		-ώmeJa (< oώmeJa)
	Oῖ (< όῃ)		-ῶsJe (< όhsJe)
(he she it)	-ῶtai (< όhtai)		-ῶntai (< όwntai)

Meaning particlesἄn. This particle, when used with the conjunctive (subjunctive mood), conveys the meaning of generalization ( "Whoever said..."). With the indicative mood (indicative) it gives a shade of opposition ( "I would say..."). With a participle or infinitive it conveys the possibility or the opposite of reality.

Matching moods. If in the main sentence the predicate is in one of the so-called main tenses (present, perfect, future), then in the subordinate clause you need to use the subjunctive mood (conjunctive).

This rule applies most fully in target clauses and in complement clauses, which depend on the verbs of the main clause with the sense of fear (jobέomai). Such verbs with the meaning of fear to express the unwanted (what, so as not to - "I'm afraid this won't happen") are accompanied by the preposition mή. To express what is desired (what is not - "I'm afraid it won't happen") they are accompanied by two prepositions: mή, oὐ.

In additional subordinate clauses depending on verbs in the indicative mood (indicative) in the main tenses with the meaning “to feel” or “to speak” the conjunctions ὅti ( What), ὡV ( to). After these conjunctions, the indicative mood (indicative) is also used.

If the same verbs in the main sentence were not in the main tenses, but in the so-called historical ones (past tense of the imperfect form - imperfect, aorist, more than the past - plus quaperfect), then in subordinate clauses after the same conjunctions a non-conjunct is used -corporeal, but desirable mood (optative).

In subordinate clauses the conjunctions ἵna, ὅpwV, ὡV ( to) and ἵna mή, ὅpwV mή, ὡV mή ( so as not to).

Subjunctive verb be

The subjunctive mood (conjunctive) in the aorist is formed either with the help of a sigma (sigmatic - I aorist) or from a special stem (II aorist). In both cases, this mood uses long connecting vowels (as in the conjunctive of other tenses) and regular endings. However, unlike the aorist in the indicative mood, in the subjunctive mood the aorist does not have an increment, which makes it more similar to the present tense.

Singular		Plural
Subjunctive I of the aorist. Active voice


(he she it)
Subjunctive I of the aorist. Middle voice


(he she it)
Subjunctive I of the aorist. Passive voice


(he she it)
Conjunctive II of the aorist. Active voice


(he she it)
Conjunctive II of the aorist. Middle voice


(he she it)

The perfect conjunctiva is active. The perfect conjunctiva can be formed in two ways. The first method is to add regular endings to the perfect stem using long connecting vowels characteristic of the conjunctiva:

The second method is to combine the perfect active participle in the required gender and number with a verb be in the conjunctive:

The perfect conjunctiva is medially passive. These forms are formed by combining the perfect passive participle in the required gender and number with the verb to be in the conjunctive:

MέnoV, -mέnh, -mέnon + ὦ	Mέnoi, -mέnai, -mέna + ὦmen
MέnoV, -mέnh, -mέnon + ᾖV	Mέnoi, -mέnai, -mέna + ἦte
MέnoV, -mέnh, -mέnon + ᾖ	Mέnoi, -mέnai, -mέna + ὦsi(n)

In Greek there is another mood to express those actions that in Russian we would convey with the subjunctive mood. This is optativus - the desired mood. It is used:

1. In independent sentences to express desire (“ If only I did!»).

2. After the particle ἄn to express possibility (“ I could tell»).

3. In subordinate clauses, if historical tenses are used in the main clause (imperfect past tense - imperfect, aorist, more than past - PLQPF).

4. With the negation of mή (as well as conjunctive clauses) in subordinate clauses of the goal and in additional subordinate clauses expressing fear.

Regular verbs

Confluent verbs. Verbs to-άw. These verbs have the same merging rules: a + o = w.

Singular		Plural
Active voice
	-ῷmi (aoίhn)			-ῷmen (< aoίmen)
				-ῷte (< aoίte)
(he she it)				-ῷen (< άioen)
Medial passive voice
	-ῷmhn (< aoίmhn)		-ῷmeJa (< aoίmeJa)
	-ῷo (< άoio)		-ῷsJe (< άoisJe)
	-ῷto (< άoito)		-ῷnto (< άionto)

Verbs to-έw. These verbs have the same merging rules: e + oi = oi. Therefore, in the optative, the signs of fused verbs disappear and the endings coincide with the endings of unfused verbs.

Verbs starting with -όw. These verbs have the same merging rules: o + oi = oi. Therefore, in the optative, the signs of fused verbs disappear and the endings coincide with the endings of unfused verbs.

Optative of the active, middle and passive voice of the future tense. The future tense optative is used in indirect speech and in indirect questions after historical tenses (simple past - imperfect, aorist, long past - PLQPF).

Active voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are very simple - the future tense, as before, is denoted using the suffix sigma, and the usual endings of the optative active voice are added to it:

Middle voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also very simple - the future tense, as before, is denoted using the suffix sigma, and the usual endings of the middle voice optative are added to it:

Passive voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also very simple - the sign of the passive is the suffix -Je-, then the future tense, as before, is indicated using the suffix sigma, and the usual endings of the optative of the medial-passive (= middle) voice are added to it:

Aorist optative (I and II) active, middle and passive voice.

I aorist. Active voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are simple - the sign of an aorist is the usual suffix -sa-, and the endings of the optative active voice are added to it, but due to the interaction with the vowel of the suffix, the omicron disappears from these endings and only iota remains (a + oi > i).

Middle voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also simple - the sign of an aorist remains the usual suffix -sa-, and the middle voice optative endings are added to it, but due to the interaction with the vowel of the suffix, the omicron disappears from these endings and only iota remains (a + oi > i ).

Passive voice. A sign of a passive aorist is its suffix -J-; it is joined by special optative endings, in which the omicron disappears and the iota remains.

II aorist. Active voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are very simple - the sign of an aorist is its modified stem, and the usual endings of the present tense optative of the active voice are added to it.

Middle voice. The rules for the formation of these forms are also very simple - the sign of the aorist remains its modified stem, and the usual endings of the optative present tense of the middle voice are added to it.

Passive voice. The sign of an aorist is its modified stem, which is joined by the endings of the optative of the passive voice of the first aorist:

Singular		Plural
			Eῖmen (=ίhmen)
			Eῖte (=ίhte)
	(he she it)		Eῖen (= ίhsan)

Optative perfect of active and medial passive voice. Active voice. These forms are formed in two ways. The first method (similar to the method of forming the optative of the second aorist): the usual endings of the optative of the active voice of the present tense are added to the base of the perfect.

The second method: the active optative of the present tense of the verb to be is added to the active perfect participle in the required gender and number (this method is similar to the second method of forming the active perfect in the conjunctive).

The indefinite form of the verb - the infinitive, simply indicates an action or state, without noting its time, nor its relationship to reality, nor the number of actors, nor who is speaking (the actor himself, the interlocutor or a third party). Therefore, the infinitive does not express either tense, mood, number, or person necessary for such an expression, i.e. does not have the grammatical features of the verb discussed above.

The infinitive expresses only the meaning of the aspect (imperfect or perfect: write – write; talk – say), collateral ( wash – wash, see – seem). Since, as already noted, the Russian perfect form of the verb ( do, say) conveys such an action, which in the more complex ancient system of tenses, characteristic of the ancient Greek language, was denoted by the perfect; it is natural to meet in Greek with the perfect infinitive.

But if this infinitive is quite easy to understand and translate using the Russian infinitive from a perfective verb, then understanding and translating Greek infinitives from those times that are not in the Russian language requires more attention and abstract thinking. Sometimes this will require, at least mentally and to begin with, to construct an entire subordinate clause. And then it’s worth thinking about the laws of literary translation, where cumbersome expressions are unacceptable, unless the author specifically wants to influence the reader in such a way as to tire and confuse him.

To express the perfect form of some actions (for example, talk – say) in Russian we use different stems or simply different verbs, which in other respects look like synonyms (words with different sounds and spellings, but the same meaning). This helps to understand a phenomenon important for the Greek language - the existence of a large number of verb stems (for irregular verbs or for verbs with greater or lesser features in conjugation), from which different tenses are formed.

These are the basics of the present tense, the future tense of the active and middle voice, the aorist of the active and middle voice, the perfect active voice, the perfect middle and passive voice, the aorist of the passive voice - 6 basics in total. When studying the Greek language in depth, they must be memorized, for example, as incorrect English verbs. Textbooks have special reference tables for these basics, and in dictionaries they are indicated for verbs with special conjugation features. According to the laws of the formation of these stems (similar changes in the interaction of vowels and consonants, the presence of suffixes, doubling of the stem or its completely different form, unpredictable for the student), Greek verbs are divided into several groups (classes).

A special group (IX) consists of verbs ending in -mi; for the remaining verbs, group VIII includes the most complex and irregular ones (with suppletive stems), group I includes the simplest and practically correct ones. Accordingly, the load on memory for memorizing these basics increases or decreases: the closer the verb group is to the correct one, the fewer exceptions need to be remembered and the more forms can be formed independently, knowing the rules of their formation. In reference books, when systematizing, each group is divided into several subgroups, combining verbs with stems for specific sounds or their phonetic subsets.

Understanding this requires deeper knowledge than just familiarity with the Greek alphabet and the ability to read letters. It must be remembered that Greek sounds, like Russian (as well as sounds, for example, of modern European languages), are grouped according to the type of sound formation (pronunciation) using the tongue, lips, larynx into posterior lingual (g, k, c), labial (b, p, j), front-lingual (d, t, J), etc.

As a verb, the infinitive is combined with an adverb (showing how the action is performed); with the particle ἄn (indicating possible, desirable, intended or impossible actions); after verbs meaning the transfer of thoughts, the future infinitive shows what future action this thought is expressed about (a construction like: I hope to give). The infinitive can be used in an incentive statement, acting instead of the imperative mood (a construction like: tell your relatives = you must tell your relatives = tell your relatives); can be part of a compound verbal predicate (construction like: I want to rest); in introductory sentences (construction like: how to say, how to be, to be therefore).

In compound verbal predicates, the second (non-infinitive) part of the predicate, if expressed by a name (for example, a noun or pronoun), is placed in the nominative case, being the logical subject of such a predicate. In this case, a construction like the Russian statement: I don't want to remain a debtor(by whom, with what) in Greek is used in the form: I don't want to remain in debt. IN impersonal sentences with a compound verbal predicate, its nominal part is used in the accusative (in a construction like: you need to be careful(by whom, how) in Greek attentive placed in the accusative case).

The Greek infinitive can play not only the role of a verb, but also a noun. It can be the subject (constructions like Russian: lying is bad); addition (like: I want to live); definition (constructions like: willing to listen), in particular, such a definition that explains measure, quality or degree (constructions like: not the type to pretend; appointed to rectify the situation).

As a noun, the infinitive can even be accompanied by a neuter article. This infinitive with an article takes on the meaning of an abstract verbal noun of the neuter gender. To express the antithesis of this noun, you can use a negative particle (usually mή). You can diversify its use even more using prepositions ( so that, instead etc.), and you can qualitatively emphasize the verbal meaning of an action (strengthening, weakening, usefulness, etc. of an action) using an adverb (construction like: study = study - light, not study = not study - darkness, study = study well - even better). This phenomenon is called substantivization.

In Russian dictionaries, the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. This is convenient because this form consists only of the verb stem and ending, being the source for various grammatical forms (for example, speak). In Greek dictionaries it is customary to indicate verbs in the 1st person form singular present active voice ( I say - lέgw). From this base you need to be able to form, according to the rules, all other forms that arise when conjugating verbs; you need to be able to bring to it an unknown verb that appears in the text during translation, replacing its suffix, ending, increment (if any) with signs of this form. , doubling (if any). Only after this can you find out the meaning of the verb from the dictionary. The dictionary indicates those forms of the verb that are formed with some exceptions.

The infinitive form of verbs ends in -ein. The passive and medial infinitive ends in -esJai.

In the future tense, the infinitive adds the suffix sigma -sein before the usual ending. In the middle voice of the future tense, the infinitive before its usual ending of the middle voice of the present tense adds the suffix sigma -sesJai.

Future verb tense be(infinitive): eἶnai > ἔsesJai.

In the first aorist of the active voice the infinitive has the ending: -sai. In the first aorist of the middle voice the infinitive has the ending: -sasJai. In the aorist (I–II) passive voice, the infinitive ends -Jhnai. In the second aorist active, the infinitive has the same ending (but with a different stem) as in the present tense -ein. In the second aorist medial, the medial infinitive has the same ending (but with a different stem) as in the present tense -esJai.

The perfect is medial-passive. The infinitive is formed by adding to the same stem the ending of the passive infinitive of the present tense: -sJai.

The verb form is the participle (participium). The similarity with the verb is manifested in the fact that the participle denotes an action or state of a person or object, manifested in time ( talking, running). In this case, the participle can convey verb features of the form (perfect or imperfect: seer - seen), voice (active - active or passive - passive: reading - readable) and different times (present, past, future: speaking, speaking, saying). The difference from the verb is that the participle is not conjugated, but changes like adjectives, agreeing with the nouns. Since the participle combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective, it is called the verbal-nominal form. Other words can be agreed with participles in the same way as they were agreed with the original verb for it (direct object: honor parents - honoring parents; adverb: speak loudly - speak loudly).

In Greek, participles may not be combined with other members of a sentence, but convey the verbal meaning of an action independently of them (the so-called absolute participle). The participle can be used with an article and substantivized, obtaining the meaning of a noun. This phenomenon also occurs in Russian. For example, when encountering the expression All students in this school have been promoted to the next grade., we forget that student- this is a participle in origin, and we take it as a noun, as a synonym for the word student.

The Greek participle as a definition can be placed either before or after the word being defined. To convey different shades of meaning of the verb, the Greek participle can be combined, like a verb, with the particle ἄn. When translating various shades of participles, sometimes it is necessary to use verbose expressions, participial or participial phrases with an infinitive. In Greek, not only compound verbs are possible, but also compound participial predicates (in Greek I want to make can be expressed with a construction like: I will do whoever wants, or unwilling those. against one's will; or keen). Sometimes participles from verbs expressing certain feelings, recognition, acquisition have to be translated whole subordinate clauses(type: glad to know; I'm glad I know literally in Greek such a construction would look like I rejoice who recognizes).

The passive participle of ordinary and continuous verbs in alpha is formed from the stem of the verb using the connecting vowel omicron and the masculine, feminine and neuter endings: -omenoV, -omenh, -omenon. The masculine and neuter genders are inflected according to the 2nd declension, the feminine gender – according to the 1st declension. In fused verbs, the connecting vowel before the ending changes when interacting with the vowel of the verb stem according to the rules of merging.

In the future tense of the middle voice, the suffix sigma -somenoV is added before the usual ending.

Active participles are formed from the stem of the verb by adding suffixes and endings: for the feminine gender -ousa, for the masculine gender -wn, for the neuter gender -on. Feminine participles are declined according to the first declension (genitive case -oushV), masculine and neuter participles are declined according to III declension(genitive case -ontoV). In fused verbs, the interaction of vowels occurs according to the previous rules of merging.

In the same way, active participles of the II aorist are formed, but from the stem of the verb in the aorist.

Active participles of the I aorist are formed using other suffixes: for the feminine gender -sasa, for the masculine gender -saV, for the neuter gender -san. Feminine participles are declined according to the 1st declension (genitive case -sashV), masculine and neuter participles are declined according to the 3rd declension (genitive case -santoV).

In the aorist (I–II) passive voice, the participles have suffixes and endings: feminine -Jeisa; masculine -JeiV; neuter -Jen. Feminine participles are inflected according to the first declension. The masculine and neuter participles are declined according to the III declension (genitive case in -JentoV).

The active participle of the future tense is formed using suffixes and endings: for the feminine gender -sousa, for the masculine gender -swn, for the neuter gender -son. Feminine participles are declined according to the 1st declension (genitive case -soushV), masculine and neuter participles - according to the 3rd declension (genitive case -sontoV). Sigma interacts with the stem of the verb according to the rules of the future tense.

Active present participle of verb give- dίdwmi: feminine - didoῦsa, oύshV; masculine - didoύV, didόntoV; neuter gender - didόn, didόntoV.

Aorist active participle of the verb to give: feminine - doῦsa, hV; masculine - doύV, dόntoV; neuter gender - dόn, dόntoV.

The perfect active participle has endings that are attached to the perfect stem: for the feminine gender -uia; for masculine gender -wV; for the neuter gender -oV. Feminine participles are declined according to the 1st declension (genitive case -uiaV), masculine and neuter participles - according to the 3rd declension (genitive case -ontoV).

First group Α (first conjugation verbs, group 1)

Verbs in this group are stressed on the second syllable from the end and always end in -ω in the infinitive.

How to correctly conjugate type A verbs using the example of the verb κάνω= do

εγώ κάν ω ..................................................... ..I do
εσύ κάνεις .................................................you do
αυτός/ αυτή/ αυτό κάνει ...................he, she, it does
εμείς κάνουμε ................................................ we do
εσείς κάνετε ................................................you do
αυτοί/αυτές/αυτά κάνουν(ε) ........................they do

Verbs are conjugated in the same way:

ξέρω = I know

βλέπω = I look

διαλέγω = I choose

καταλαβαίνω= I understand

θέλ ω = I want

έχ ω = have

πίν ω = drink

κάν ω = I do

πληρών ω = crying

αγοράζ ω = buying

δουλεύ ω = working

αγκαλιάζ ω = hug

ικετεύω = I beg

Second group AB (first conjugation verbs group 2)

There are very few verbs in this group, they are very similar to the verbs of group A, the stress is also on the second syllable from the end and always end in -ω in the infinitive.

But the endings of these verbs are slightly different from the previous group. It is better to remember the verbs included in this group right away, in any case, there are not many of them:

πάω - to go, to go

λέω - to say

ακούω - listen, hear

τρώω - there is

κλαίω - cry

φταίω - to be guilty

To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -ω with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

πάω - (go, go)

Εγώ πάω - I'm coming

Εσύ πάς - You are coming

Αυτός / αυτή / αυτό πάει - He/she/it is coming

Εμείς πάμε - We are coming

Εσείς πάτε - You are coming

Αυτοί / αυτές / αυτά πάνε - They are coming

And let's immediately remember a few useful combinations:

πάω με το αυτοκίνητο - go by car

πάω με το αεροπλάνο - fly on an airplane

πάω με το πλοίο - sail on a ship

πάω με τα πόδια - walk

Πάμε στην ξενάγηση σήμερα το μεσημέρι. – We are going on an excursion this afternoon. (σήμερα το μεσημέρι – this afternoon)
Ο καιρός φταίει για την ακύρωση της πτήσης. – The weather is to blame for the flight cancellation. (η ακύρωση – cancellation, η πτήση – flight)
Τρως θαλασσινά προϊόντα; – Do you eat seafood? (τα θαλασσινά προϊόντα – seafood)
Ακούτε την ανακοίνωση; – Do you hear the announcement? (η ανακοίνωση – announcements e

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Group B1 (verbs of the second conjugation group 1)

Verbs in this group end in -άω in the infinitive with the emphasis on -ά. To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -άω with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

αγαπ ώ ή αγαπάω - to love

αγαπ άς

αγαπά ή αγαπάει

αγαπ άμε ή αγαπούμε

αγαπ άτε

αγαπ ούν(ε)

Pωτάω - to ask
Απαντάω - answer
Μιλάω - to speak
Γελάω - laugh
Χαιρετάω - say hello
Χαμογελάω - smile
Ζητάω - to ask
Φιλάω - to kiss
Φυλάω - to protect
Κοιτάω - watch
Χτυπάω - to beat, knock

Η Άννα μιλάει με τον υπάλληλο του τουριστικού γραφείου. – Anna is talking to a travel agency employee. (ο υπάλληλος - employee, το τουριστικό γραφείο - travel agency)
Στην δουλειά απαντάω στα γράμματα. – At work I answer letters.
Με βοηθάς να βρω το φαρμακείο; – Can you help me find a pharmacy? (το φαρμακείο – pharmacy)
Μιλάτε ελληνικά; – Do you speak Greek?

Group B2 (verbs of the second conjugation group 2)

Verbs of this group end in -ώ in the stressed infinitive. The endings themselves are almost no different from group A, but the emphasis always falls on the ending. To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -ώ with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

θεωρ είς

θεωρ εί

θεωρ ούμε

θεωρ είτε

θεωρ ούν

αργώ - to be late

μπορώ - to be able

τηλεφωνώ - to call

οδηγώ - to drive

συγχωρώ - to forgive

Αργούμε στο αεροδρόμιο. - We are late for the airport. (το αεροδρόμιο – airport)
Οδηγείς το αυτοκίνητο στο εξωτερικό; – Do you drive a car in a foreign country? (το αυτοκίνητο – car)
Τηλεφωνούν στην Πρεσβεία. – They call the Embassy. (η Πρεσβεία – embassy)

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Verb group G1

This group includes verbs ending -ομαι:

έρχομαι - to come

κάθομαι - sit

σκέφτομαι - to think

σέβομαι - respect

Γίνομαι - to become
Σηκώνομαι - to rise

Φαίνομαι - to seem

Reflexive verbs:

Pλένω το παιδί. - I'm washing the baby. (πλένω – wash)
Πλένομαι. - I'm taking a shower.

To conjugate such a verb, you need to replace the ending -ομαι with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

έρχ ομαι (to come)

Εγώ έρχ ομαι I'm coming

Εσύ έρχ εσαι You come

Αυτός / αυτή / αυτό έρχεται - He/she/it comes

Ε μείς ερχόμαστε - We are coming

Εσείς έρχεστε - You come

Αυτοί / αυτές / αυτά έρχονται - They come

Σηκώνομαι νωρίς. - I get up, I get up early. (σηκώνομαι – get up, νωρίς – early)
Ερχόμαστε εδώ κάθε καλοκαίρι. – We come here every summer. (έρχομαι - to come, εδώ - here, here, κάθε - every, το καλοκαίρι - summer)
Το Σαββατοκύριακο καθόμαστε έξω μέχρι αργά. - We're late on weekends. (, το Σαββατοκύριακο – weekend, αργά – late)

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Verb group G2

This group includes verbs ending -άμαι.

There are only 4 verbs in this group that need to be learned. Their endings are slightly different from the endings of group G1.

θυμάμαι - remember

φοβάμαι - to be afraid

λυπάμαι - to regret

κοιμάμαι - to sleep

To conjugate a verb, you need to replace the ending -άμαι with the ending corresponding to the pronoun.

κοιμάμαι - to sleep

Εγώ κοιμ άμαι - I'm sleeping

Εσύ κοιμ άσαι - You are sleeping

Αυτός / αυτή / αυτόκοιμάται - He/she/it is sleeping

Εμείς κοιμόμαστε - We are sleeping

Εσείς κοιμόσαστε - You are sleeping

Αυτοί / αυτές / αυτάκοιμούνται - They are sleeping

Κοιμάμαι μέχρι τις 9 το πρωί. – I sleep until 9 am. (κοιμάμαι – sleep, μέχρι – before, το πρωί – morning)
Φοβάται να πετάει. - He is afraid to fly. (φοβάμαι – to be afraid, να πετάει – to fly)
Λυπάμαι πολύ. - I'm really sorry. (λυπάμαι – regret, regret, πολύ – very much)
Με θυμάσαι; - Do you remember me? (με – me, θυμάμαι – remember)

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