Composition of ddt in complex drops. DDT and other pesticides. Impact on humans

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DDT- chemical active ingredient of pesticides, an insecticide from the class of organochlorine compounds, previously used (including in mixtures with other active components) in agriculture to combat harmful insects and stock pests, as well as to combat insects that transmit human diseases. Currently not on the list of pesticides approved for use.

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Physicochemical characteristics

White crystalline substance. DDT is slightly soluble in water, soluble in many organic solvents, best in esters of lower fatty acids, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons and halogen derivatives of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

The technical preparation is a complex mixture of compounds, the content of the 4,4’-isomer in it reaches 75-76%. It looks like scales or small pieces of white, gray or slightly brownish color. It has a clearly noticeable odor, which is also characteristic of drugs made from DDT.

Scheme for the synthesis of DDT analogues

DDT analogues

Among the compounds synthesized and studied, unsymmetrical analogues of DDT are of significant interest. Obtaining them presents certain difficulties; synthesis can be carried out according to the following scheme: (image).

The process of biodegradation of DDT analogues in an artificial ecosystem proceeds in different directions compared to DDT. If the main products are hydrophobic compounds, then with biodegradable analogues these are hydrophilic substances that are easily excreted from the body of mammals and do not accumulate in adipose tissue.

DDT analogues

DDT analogues

1) 1-chloro-4-ethyl)benzene;

2) 1-methoxy-4-benzene;

3) 1-ethoxy-4-benzene;

4) 1-methyl-4-benzene

5) methyl(4-phenyl)sulfane 6. 1-ethoxy-4-benzene

The following analogues have found practical application:

Methoxychlor

White crystalline solid, m.p. 89°C. The technical preparation melts at 70-85°C. Typically, a recrystallized preparation was produced for practical use. It is highly soluble in organic solvents, including ketones and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Methoxychlor by chemical properties similar to DDT, but its dehydrochlorination proceeds much more slowly.

For experimental animals 50 substances ~ 6000 mg/kg.

Under the influence soil microorganisms methoxychlor decomposes to simple substances.

DDD

The first product of reducing DDT.

• Melting point 112 °C,
• 50 3400 mg/kg.

Previously used as an insecticidal drug.

Pertan

• Melting point 56-57°C.
• 50 for mice - 6600 mg/kg.

The insecticidal activity of this compound is significantly less than that of methoxychlor and DDT. Has received some use in the USA.

DFDT

Analogue of DDT.

• Boiling point 138-140 °C at 27 Pa,
• Melting point 45°C.

The substance is practically insoluble in water, highly soluble in organic solvents. DL 50 for experimental animals 480 mg/kg. DFDT is significantly lower than DDT, but its cost is much higher, as a result of which it has not found significant use.

Many other similar compounds have been synthesized, but they have not received practical significance (image).

Effect on harmful organisms

. After prolonged use of DDT, insects can become resistant to it, as well as to other organochlorines at the same time. In many areas of the former USSR, houseflies have become resistant to DDT; stable populations of the potato beetle were noted.

The natural resistance of ticks to this disease has become swollen.

Toxicological data
(mg/kg human body weight)	0.005/0.0025 (for children)
in soil (mg/kg)	0,1 ()
in water of reservoirs (mg/dm 3)	0,1
in the air working area(mg/m3)	0,001 ()
in atmospheric air (mg/m 3)	0,001 ()
in products (mg/kg):
in melons	0,1
in grapes	0,1
in mustard	0,1
	0,1
in gelatin	0,1
in animal fat	1,0
fish in fat	0,2
in cereal grains	0,02
in pulses	0,05
	2,0
in cocoa beans	0,15
in cocoa products	0,15
in potatoes	0,1
in sausage	0,1
in canned meat and poultry - by raw material (in terms of fat)	0,1
in canned fruits and berries, vegetables - by raw materials	0,005
in milk and whey protein concentrates	1,0
in starch and potato molasses	0,1
in starch and corn syrup	0,05
in cereals - by raw material	0,15
in corn	0,02
in culinary products	0,1
in flax (seeds)	0,1
in vegetable oil	0,1
in highly refined vegetable oil	0,1
in deodorized vegetable oil	0,1
in non-deodorized vegetable oil	0,2
in butter	0,2
	0,005
in milk and fermented milk products	0,05
in milk and dry dairy products (in terms of fat)	1,0
	0,15
in flour confectionery products	0,02
in meat and poultry (fresh, chilled and frozen)	0,1
in the meat of marine animals	0,2
	0,1
in cucumbers	0,15
in fish liver and products from it	3,0
in protein products from seeds of cereals, legumes and other crops	0,01
in products baby food: adapted milk formulas (for children 0-3 months of age)	0,01
in baby food products: products for children 4-12 months. age: cereals, vegetables	0,01
in milk processing products (cheeses, curd products, butter, cream, sour cream)	1,0
in rapeseed (grain)	0,1
in sea fish, tuna (fresh, chilled, frozen)	0,2
in freshwater fish (fresh, chilled, frozen)	0,3
in salted, smoked, dried fish	0,4
in canned fish (freshwater, sea, tuna fish, meat of marine animals) - by raw material	3,0
in fatty herring	2,0
in sunflower seeds, peanuts	0,15
in soybeans (beans)	0,05
in juices - by raw material	0,005
in offal (liver, kidneys)	0,1
	0,7
in fruits	0,1
	0,1
	0,1

Application

Previously, DDT was used to combat various insects - plants and vectors of animal and human infections. Its serious drawback was the lack of acaricidal effect on herbivorous mites, so it was necessary to treat a number of crops with DDT together with.

Previously, DDT was produced in the form of many drugs:

DDT was previously one of the most important pesticides for combating most leaf-eating insects: beetles, caterpillars, flies, etc. in almost all cultures. It is used with great restrictions to combat insects and ticks in veterinary medicine. It is more effective against caterpillars than hexachlorane, but is much less effective against locusts, wireworms (clickworms) and some others.

Tank mixtures

. DDT was often used in a mixture with hexachlorane: hexachlorane acts faster on many plants than DDT, but the latter remains on the leaves longer long time.

Toxicological properties and characteristics

DDT is resistant to degradation. Neither light, nor enzymes, nor critical temperatures can greatly affect the decomposition process of DDT. As a result, when released into the environment, DDT enters the food chain. The toxicant accumulates in them in significant quantities: first in plants, then in animal organisms and, ultimately, in the human body. The researchers' calculations showed that at each link in the food chain the DDT content increases tenfold:

• Sludge containing DDT - 1x
• Plants (algae) - 10x
• Small organisms (crustaceans) - 100x
• Pisces - 1000x
• Predatory fish - 10000x

Low solubility in water and high solubility in fats and determines the retention of DDT

in fat cells. The rate of accumulation of a substance in the body varies depending on the concentration, duration of exposure, type of living object and conditions environment. The high retention rate of DDT suggests that toxic effects can occur over a long period of time, as well as at a significant geographic distance from the site of exposure. Organisms at high dietary levels tend to accumulate greater amounts of DDT compared to organisms at lower dietary levels. In the bodies of migrating animals, DDT can be transported throughout the world, as well as by air and ocean currents.

In the soil

In soil, DDT under normal conditions can persist for up to 12 years; under anaerobic conditions, it is decomposed by microorganisms within 2-4 weeks. The rate of decomposition is influenced by temperature: the higher it is, the faster the decomposition occurs. The decomposition of DDT under anaerobic and aerobic conditions occurs through different mechanisms.

Impact on humans

The active substance has an acute toxic effect on humans. In small doses it can cause poisoning (in adults, most often without negative consequences), in large doses it can cause death. DDT can enter the blood, accumulate in the body's fatty tissue, and enter the mother's milk. Theoretically, due to long-term exposure to DDT or during weight loss, its accumulation in the body can lead to intoxication. Objectively, the consequences of toxicant accumulation in the human body have not been established. DDT does not have a mutagenic (causing permanent change in living matter), carcinogenic (causing cancer), embryotoxic (provoking changes in the fetus), teratogenic (causing deformities) effects, and does not lead to a decrease in fertility (the ability to have offspring). The substance leads to the induction of microsomal enzymes, but does not cause any morphological changes in the liver, and enzymatic activity generally does not exceed the norm. The effect of DDT on the human immune system is likely to be inhibitory (it inhibits the activity of enzymes, in this case it inhibits the formation of antibodies), but this has not been definitively established.

Impact on other living organisms

Indicators for both chronic and acute various types invertebrates are not the same. For aquatic invertebrates, DDT exhibits high acute effects at concentrations as low as 0.3 μg/L. In this case, toxic effects include disorders of reproductive function and development, changes in the cardiovascular system.

Aquatic microorganisms are more sensitive to the effects of DDT than terrestrial ones. At an environmental concentration of 0.1 µg/l, DDT is capable of inhibiting photosynthesis and the growth of green algae.

Earthworms are not sensitive to the acute toxic effects of DDT at levels above those likely to be present in environmental conditions.

DDT has an adverse effect on the reproductive function of birds, causing thinning of egg shells (and, as a consequence, its destruction and death of embryos).

Some mammals, in particular the bats, may also be adversely affected by the toxicant. Wild-caught animals that had residual DDT in their adipose tissue died as a result of artificial starvation, which served as a model for fat loss during migratory flights.

Table Toxicological data compiled in accordance with GN 1.2.2701-10.

Symptoms

If it gets into the eyes, intense pain and severe conjunctivitis occurs. Upon contact with the skin, a local irritating effect occurs.

Clinical picture of chronic: headaches, dizziness, insomnia, loss of appetite, rapid mental and physical fatigue, irritability. Subsequently - convulsive pain in the extremities, especially along the nerve trunks, trembling of the arms and legs, emotional instability (unreasonable crying), increased sweating, shortness of breath, palpitations, pain in the heart and right hypochondrium, polyneuritis with tingling and pinching of the fingers and toes , perverted skin sensitivity, feeling of numbness in the area of ​​the hands and forearm. There may be changes in speech and vision. Chronic poisoning is accompanied by hepatitis, gastritis, bronchitis and functional changes in the kidneys (protein and red blood cells in the urine, granular casts), on skin signs of eczema and pyoderma are formed. From the blood side, leukocytosis and accelerated ESR are observed.

Story

DDT was first synthesized in 1873 by the Austrian chemist Othmar Zeidler. The substance was not used for a long time, until in 1939 the Swiss chemist P. Müller discovered its insecticidal properties. In 1942, the drug went on sale and began its march across the planet. It proved ideal for combating the vectors of typhus and malaria, diseases that were the biggest medical problems during the Second World War. DDT seemed so low in humans that it was supposed to be sprayed on the body to prevent typhus. The relatively low price of DDT allowed it to be used to spray entire Pacific islands before the landing of US forces to kill mosquitoes and protect the army from malaria. (photo) The high stability of the drug, even with a single spraying, ensured it effective action for several months. In 1948, Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

In the former USSR, the production of DDT began in 1946 in Moscow and the Chuvash city of Vurnary. In the 50-60s it was used in quantities of more than 20 thousand tons per year. As a result, a significant part of the territory was contaminated, and dangerous doses of dust found its way into food products. These disadvantages reduced DDT's appeal as a chemical, and very strict restrictions were placed on its production and use in the 1970s.

The most significant “merits” of the use of DDT on a global scale are:

The world quickly gained positive experience with the use of DDT, which became the reason for the widespread production and use of the drug. But its widespread use also led to the formation in people’s minds of erroneous ideas about the non-toxicity of DDT, to the cultivation of carelessness in the use of the drug and non-compliance with safety standards. The current situation could not but lead to negative consequences, including death.

DDT conquered the whole world because, by destroying agricultural plants, it helped increase crop yields. But its stability (which alerted Müller himself) and the wide range of insects on which it had a destructive effect were fraught with danger: the drug did not decompose into harmless components, but accumulated in soil, water and living organisms, destroying not only harmful, but also beneficial insects, caused poisoning and death of other animals to which it was transmitted through food chains. Due to the harmful effects of DDT and the damage it caused to the environment, widespread use of this powerful drug was banned in the United States in 1972. By the end of the 70s, most developed countries limited or completely banned the use of DDT on its territory. In the USSR, its use was officially prohibited also in the 70s of the 20th century.

DDT in culture

Although the widespread and uncontrolled use of DDT is a thing of the past, both the current generation and our descendants many years after today will experience the consequences of the “insecticidal madness” of the 1940-1970s, after which this substance and its derivatives in quantities of many thousands of tons remained in the soil, water of rivers and seas, snow cover, and living organisms.

Organochlorine compounds left their mark not only in material objects, but also in culture, for example, in some literary opuses. There is such a creative category as chemical fairy tales, in the plot of which it is customary to assign a place to some element or substance. If you take something from the times before the imposition of sanctions on the production of DDT, then you can see a very positive attitude towards this substance. For example, there is one old fairy tale - unfortunately, its author has been forgotten over the years - which tells about a wizard who really loved making soup from the cabbage that he grew in his garden. One day, caterpillars began to encroach on his harvest. Not a single spell helped get rid of them, and the wizard was already completely desperate, but then one smart boy advised him to use dust. The magician tried it and was convinced that the dust was better than any spell, he saved his cabbage and for a long time remembered the kind boy, thanks to whom he made such a tasty, thick, rich soup...

At one time, a positive attitude towards DDT even penetrated into the everyday speech of Soviet citizens. For example, for a long time it was customary to use the expression “To trudge like a boa constrictor (worm) through a pack of dust,” which meant “to experience pleasure from something.” This phrase is still used today, but it has already been replaced by more modern expressions. Along with this, the word “dust” in some regions of the country is used as a variant of a censored curse, which can be used to express surging emotions if the situation does not allow the use of a stronger and familiar word.

In the minds of many, the word “DDT” is associated with the famous Russian rock band, which, thanks to its 30-year existence and undying popularity, is known to all fans of real music in a wide age category from about 15 to 50 years.

Why the group was named this way is probably known only to the leader of the group, Yuri Shevchuk, the only remaining member of the original lineup. According to one version, the name was chosen by chance; other sources claim that DDT in this case simply means “ Orphanage creativity." Still others talk about an unknown magnetic album called “Dust”, which was released very first and gave the group its name. Be that as it may, “DDT” does not have a single song about the famous poison, and, no matter what guided the creators, the idea for the name turned out to be successful: associative, without pathos, and most importantly, short.

Apart from these cases, dichlorarely appears anywhere. Although it caused significant damage to the environment, in comparison with some of its “relatives”, it left a less noticeable mark on world culture. But, for example, dioxin, which is also an organochlorine compound, is much more “famous”. The famous historical episode of dioxin use during the Vietnam War resulted in thousands of casualties and left a much richer cultural heritage. He appears in more than three hundred works of art, and countless songs and poems are dedicated to him, even from Russian authors. Probably everyone knows the song of the group “Chizh and Co” called “Phantom”, which begins with the line: “I’m running on a scorched earth...” This is the story of an American soldier who found himself on enemy lands after his plane was shot down during a mission , and the scorched earth mentioned is the result of the use of the so-called “Agent Orange” in the jungles of Vietnam.

Fortunately, DDT is much less abundant than dioxins, so nothing can be said about it in this context. Now, due to the ban in most countries, the “popularity” of this substance and the frequency of mentions of it in the media are gradually decreasing. Accordingly, it is gradually being squeezed out of all areas of world culture. However, no, no, and alarming information comes to light: either another large storage facility of old stocks of the drug was discovered somewhere, or its presence in dangerous quantities was discovered in milk. Despite the fact that they have already begun to forget about no, it itself has not gone away, and its remains continue to poison the environment. So it is unlikely that memories of DDT will be left in the past in the near future: we will hear about it again, and more than once.

DDT (DDT,ethane, dust) is a persistent organic pollutant, an organochlorine insecticide, which was previously used to kill mosquitoes, including malaria, agricultural pests, and locusts. With the help of this insecticide, a typhoid epidemic in Naples was avoided in 1944. The use of DDT also made it possible to reduce mortality from malaria in India, Greece, Italy, and the USSR. The use of this insecticide and several other measures have increased global agricultural production.

DDT is a man-made compound and does not occur in nature. It is quite simple to synthesize, and as an insecticide it is very effective: just getting the substance on the integument of insects. However, DDT is moderately toxic to mammals and humans. In other words, doses that are dangerous for insects when taken once will not cause harm to mammals.

However, in 1973, the use of DDT was banned in many countries around the world.

This decision was justified scientifically: in the course of detailed studies that began in 1962, it turned out that DDT is very dangerous. This substance is highly toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates, and also inhibits the growth of green algae. It is of low toxicity to birds, but causes thinning in some species. eggshells, and birds of prey are especially sensitive to DDT.

DDT poisoning is characterized by damage to the nervous system, accompanied by convulsions and respiratory failure. This insecticide can also cause severe liver damage. There is evidence that DDT has carcinogenic properties, causes disturbances in the development of embryos and affects the body like the sex hormone estrogen.

The two main and most significant metabolites of DDT in organisms are DDD (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) and DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene). DDD can be a skin irritant and is a possible carcinogen, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The main route of its entry into the body is through food. DDE, according to some studies, affects the functioning of the endocrine system.

The main danger of DDT is that this compound is extremely resistant to exposure. Its half-life in soil ranges from 2000 to 6200 days, and its complete decay period has not been determined. At 185°C, DDT evaporates but does not decompose. sunlight has no effect on him. Enzymes that neutralize hazardous substances, also practically do not decompose it.

This persistence determines the ability of DDT to migrate - to move long distances from the places of application. It was even found in the liver of penguins in Antarctica, where no one had ever used dust. Just over 20 years of widespread use of DDT has led to the spread of the substance throughout the planet.

In addition, DDT is very poorly soluble in water, but is highly soluble in organic substances, such as cyclohexanone and dichloromethane, as well as in fats. The latter property allows this substance to concentrate in living organisms, entering them from the environment. With each level of the food chain, the level of DDT in the body increases 10 times. A few years after the start of the use of DDT, its content in the subcutaneous tissue of people reached 20-30 mg/kg, and this substance began to be excreted in breast milk.

The ability to accumulate in living organisms also means that DDT can cause chronic and, at high concentrations, acute poisoning. In other words, this substance turned out to be much more dangerous than one might have expected.

Despite this, after the use of DDT was limited, it continued to be produced and used in many countries, including the territory of the former USSR.

In 2001, during the discussion of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, it was decided not to ban the use of DDT completely, but to limit it, allowing its use to combat vectors of infectious diseases.

Currently, DDT is used in countries in Africa and the Asia-Pacific region. It is especially actively used in India. Some countries continue to use DDT, but do not notify the WHO, as required by the Stockholm Convention.

The persistence of this substance and its metabolites, as well as the fact that it continues to be used, makes it necessary to control the content of DDT in food and in the environment.

IN Russian Federation and in the countries of the Customs Union the content of DDT in food products regulated Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On food safety", "On grain safety" And "On the safety of milk and dairy products" which defines the relevant standards for dairy products. Current legislative standards can be found on the website compact24.com.

Thin-layer or gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) is commonly used to determine DDT and its metabolites, including DDE, in samples. These are complex analysis methods that require expensive equipment.

As an alternative to analyzing DDT and DDE, we can offer an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, which is much simpler to perform, faster and has high sensitivity.

Literature

1. Peter Macinnis.The Killer Bean Of Calabar And Other Stories: Poisons And Poisoners
2. Robison A.K., Schmidt W.A., Stancel G.M. Estrogenic activity of DDT: estrogen-receptor profiles and the responses of individual uterine cell types following o,p"-DDT administration. Journal of toxicology and environmental health. 1985; 16(3-4):493-508.
3. I.S. Badyugin, "Extreme toxicology", publishing group "GEOTAR-Media", 2006.

Othmar Zeidler is a chemist through whose efforts this substance was synthesized in 1873. However, it was not used for a long time and only in 1939, thanks to the efforts of P. Müller, a Swiss chemist, the insecticidal properties inherent in dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane were revealed. Already at the beginning of 1942, DDT went on sale, quickly gaining popularity around the world.

With its help, it was possible to effectively resist typhoid and malaria, diseases that at that time had the greatest degree of danger to humanity. Spraying alone was enough to ensure reliable protection territory over the next few months.

Müller's efforts were appreciated, and already in 1948 he received the Nobel Prize in Medicine. However, the substance DDT also had a number of negative characteristics, which led to significant environmental pollution in many countries. As a result, already in the early 70s of the last century, serious restrictions on its production and use came into force, which are still relevant today.

Among the main merits attributed to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, one cannot fail to note the following:

• It was thanks to DDT that a typhus outbreak in Naples in 1944 was localized. This was the first time in history that a winter epidemic was stopped;
• thanks to the use of DDT, deaths from malaria that struck India in 1965 were avoided;
• in the same India for 50-60 years. Dum-Dum fever was rampant, but thanks to the use of the drug, many problems were avoided.

Fighting epidemics with DDT spraying

Basic properties of DDT and its analogues

DDT – chemical drug, included in the category of substances based on organochlorine-type compounds. It has a crystalline structure, its color can be different - gray, white or slightly brownish. Does not interact with water, although under the influence of most organic solvents, including ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons and others, demonstrates excellent solubility.

In the natural environment, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane has a long period of decomposition with a negative impact on water resources, plants and the soil itself.

Its transmission occurs along the food chain, the pesticide has a tendency to mutate, and when it penetrates inside a living creature, it affects tissues and nervous system, negatively affecting reproductive abilities.

Over time, the pesticide accumulates in the body - it is impossible to remove it through cleansing systems.

As for how DDT is deciphered, there is a combination of three components at once - dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane, while the content of 4,4'-isomers reaches 75%.

Among the main analogues of this insecticide, the following are particularly distinguished:

• Aldrin is a substance with fairly high toxic levels, prone to accumulation in the body and non-degradable. It has an increased danger to humans, which led to its ban in a number of countries.
• Dieldrin is a chemical based on aldrin, but in a lower concentration. It is less dangerous for living beings, therefore it is very effectively used in agriculture.

Aspects of use and precautions

When using the drug, you should adhere to certain rules, not forgetting about your own safety. It is important to remember that dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is extremely dangerous and toxic.

Relevance of pesticide use

The pesticide DDT is especially effective in the following situations:

The manufacturer recommends storing dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in a dry and dark place. room temperature. It is important to exclude contact of DDT with products; children’s access to the chemical is also strictly prohibited. Before use, make sure the expiration date is up to date.

Rules for treating open areas with the drug

When treating exposed areas, the following factors should be considered:

• work is carried out in protective clothing;
• An eye mask and a hat are required;
• upon completion of treatment, shake off DDT from clothes, take a shower and change into a clean set;
• optimal temperature: +20-22°C, the weather should be calm;
• There should be no pets nearby during treatment.

Work with reliable protection

Using the substance at home

Processing is carried out in the following order:

1. All unnecessary items are removed from the premises - furniture, food, etc. It is important to take care of personal protection - work is carried out with gloves and a respirator.
2. It is better to treat surfaces with a brush. First, apply the pesticide to downsides carpets, thresholds and cladding panels, after which they move on to furniture and ventilation. It is important not to forget about upholstered furniture and all kinds of joints and gaps.
3. After treatment, wait approximately 3-4 hours - it is not recommended to stay indoors during this period. After applying dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, wash your hands thoroughly and change into clean clothes.
4. Upon return, ventilate the room. Smooth surfaces are cleaned using a soda-soap solution. Work is also performed with gloves. Upholstered furniture clean with a vacuum cleaner. From hard to reach places Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane does not need to be removed - this way it will continue its protective effect in the future.

Main advantages of dust

DDT for home use against pests

DDT has the following advantages:

• wide spectrum of action - from domestic insects to agricultural pests;
• high degree of processing productivity;
• ease of use - the dust does not require mixing or dissolving, but is immediately ready for use;
• small volumes for treating areas - 50 g is enough to apply per 10 m2;
• acceptable pricing policy - dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane has an affordable price, which has a positive effect on its demand and popularity.

Effective pest control

First aid for drug poisoning

For man lethal dose dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane is 5-10 g, although with a lesion of 1-1.5 g very serious consequences are possible. Particularly dangerous are oil solutions, from which the pesticide is absorbed at maximum speed.

When poisoned by dust, a feeling of nausea occurs, general weakness of the body, heart problems, pain in the limbs, fever, and a number of other symptoms appear. Possible problems with the liver and kidneys. In such a case, delay is unacceptable; you should seek qualified medical help as quickly as possible.

Before the medical team arrives, extensive gastric lavage should be performed. To do this, use a suspension of activated carbon or a solution based on sodium bicarbonate at a 2% concentration. After this, you should take a saline laxative. The use of castor oil is strictly contraindicated.

Effects of various pesticides on humans

The answer to the question of what dust is and how the drug affects people has been received. Its use, despite all its effectiveness, is fraught with many dangers, therefore, in the absence of proper knowledge and experience, you should abandon dubious experiments and entrust the work to professionals. This will make it possible to save not only time and money, but also health.

Due to the ability of DDT to accumulate and remain in it for a long time, the question of the fate of DDT in the human body is of great interest. No less important is the question of the effect of DDT accumulated in adipose tissue on human health, morbidity, fertility, life expectancy, i.e. what is the nature of chronic DDT poisoning?

It has been established that DDT is not stable and dormant in the body. It undergoes a series of transformations and gradually decomposes with the formation of less toxic metabolites - DDE (2,2-dichloroethylene), DDD, DDU (4,4-dichlorodiphenylacetic acid). DDE of 50% or more may be formed.

Opinions about the release of DDT from adipose tissue and the toxic manifestation of the pesticide in the body are contradictory. During periods of stress, illness and other unfavorable conditions for the body associated with its weakening, adipose tissue consumption is possible, accompanied by the release of DDT and subsequent poisoning with it. There is also contrary data. In addressing the issue of the danger to public health of the accumulation of DDT or its metabolites in human adipose tissue, additional data are needed.

It has been established that DDT accumulated in adipose tissue has no effect on life expectancy. The relationship between DDT content in adipose tissue and the cause of death has also not been established. The danger of the transfer of DDT accumulated in adipose tissue into the blood and organs rich in fat (brain), and the occurrence of intoxication, have not been experimentally confirmed.

IN different countries Acute DDT poisonings have been recorded, which, as a rule, are accidental in nature. From the point of view of food hygiene, it is of primary importance to identify the impact on public health of prolonged intake of small quantities of DDT and its metabolites in the form of residues in food products.

First of all, it is necessary to exclude the carcinogenic danger of DDT. The study did not reveal the carcinogenic properties of DDT. No connection has been established between the quantitative content of DDT in human adipose tissue and the development of tumors.

No tumor formation was observed in animals with long-term application of DDT solutions to the skin. According to the American National Cancer Institute (Bethesda), DDT is not a carcinogen (Hulper, 1963). DDT belongs to equally, both parenchymal and nervous poisons, as well as substances that adversely affect the composition of the blood and cause hypochromia of erythrocytes.

Chronic DDT intoxication

Manifestation of chronic DDT intoxication can occur in the form of the following syndromes:

1) asthenovegetative

2) polyneuritic

3) cardiovascular

4) hepatic.

Chronic intoxication with small doses of DDT can cause a number of functional disorders of the digestive system. In this case, the secretory and acid-forming function of the stomach is disrupted according to the type of hypacid gastritis.

DDT is one of the most typical representatives of organochlorine pesticides, and much of what has been said about it can be attributed to one degree or another to other pesticides in this group.

According to existing sanitary legislation, the residual content of DDT in vegetables and fruits is allowed in an amount of 0.5 mg/kg. All other food products should not contain DDT.

Given the negative properties of DDT, production of DDT was discontinued on January 1, 1970.

Hexachlorocyclohexane(HCH) was discovered at the same time as DDT and was also widely used. Two of its derivatives are known - hexachlorane and lindane.

Hexachlorane contains 10-1 5% of the insecticidal active gamma isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane. It has the negative property of imparting a persistently unpleasant musty smell and taste to the processed products.

In this regard, the use of hexachlorane is regulated not only in terms of its toxic properties, but also in terms of organoleptic indicators.

Lindan does not have the negative properties of hexachlorane, does not change the organoleptic properties of the treated crops, and therefore has received preferential use in agricultural practice.

In addition, lindane is more active in insecticidal action than DDT. Unlike DDT, lindane is able to penetrate into plants and spread throughout plant tissues.

Lindane has high acute toxicity to warm-blooded animals. Its lethal dose for humans when administered orally is 150-200 mg/kg body weight or 10-14 g for a person weighing 70 kg.

Lindane is not carcinogenic. It has all the properties inherent in organochlorine pesticides. However, most of the negative properties of lindane are less pronounced than those of DDT. The toxic effect of lindane and hexachlorane is directed primarily at the central nervous system and parenchymal organs.

Lindane is relatively easily metabolized and quickly eliminated from the body. It does not accumulate in the adipose tissue of people in significant concentrations, does not remain in the body for a long time and is removed from the body within two weeks.

When using lindane, the danger of its massive accumulation in the human body is eliminated. However, small amounts can be found in the adipose tissue of animals and humans.

Hexachlorane is less often found in human tissues than other organochlorine drugs. In food products, lindane is also found in small concentrations in pesticide residues.

High concentrations of lindane can be created in root vegetables.

Potatoes, turnips, beets, and carrots may contain pesticide residues in concentrations that impair the organoleptic properties of these products. Carrots stand out in particular because they can accumulate significant amounts of lindane. This selective, increased ability of carrots to accumulate lindane is associated with the good solubility of the insecticide in essential oil carrots.

Lindane persists in soil for a shorter period of time compared to DDT and thus accumulates in it to a lesser extent.

According to sanitary legislation, hexachlorane and lindane are not allowed in food products of animal origin - milk, meat, eggs, butter. In other products, hexachlorane is allowed at 1 mg/kg and lindane at 2 mg/kg (temporarily).

Diene synthesis drugs are highly toxic - aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, isodrin, chlordane, heptachlor. The use of these insecticides is strictly regulated and limited to the point of their complete exclusion from agricultural practice. According to the current sanitary legislation, residual content of aldrin and heptachlor in all food products is not allowed.

There are a number of low-toxic, but quite active insecticidal organochlorine preparations. These include perthane, DDD, methoxychlor - DL 50 exceeds 4000 mg/kg; ether sulfonate (ovotran) - DL 50 2650 mg/kg; sodium salt, 2,4-D - DL 50 1400 mg/kg.

All these drugs are widely used now and have prospects further use in the practice of agricultural production.

For each type of treatment, certain pesticides are used:

• Herbicides fight weeds.
• Insecticides kill harmful insects.
• Fungicides– relieve plants from fungal diseases.
• Zoocides- poison rodents.

Note. A number of these poisons include blockers of the reproduction and growth of organisms.

Pesticides stop biological processes in harmful organisms:

• Bacteria.
• Weeds.
• Insects.

They are mainly used:

• In field farming.
• Processing industry.
• Forestry.

Note. Their benefits are undeniable. A side effect of their use can be considered the harm they cause to nature - birds, animals, humans.

This:

• Chlorine-containing.
• Phosphorus-containing.
• Contains metal.
• Alkaloids (with nitrogen).

Note. Nitrogen-containing pesticides are especially dangerous to human health.

The symptoms of poisoning are poorly identified, and therefore it is difficult to diagnose it with this substance:

• Pesticides fight insects, field rodents, and weeds.
• They do not cause direct harm to humans, but when they enter the body with food and water, they accumulate there and poison the organs of the digestive tract.

Damage may occur through direct contact with the substance through the skin or inhalation.

Insecticide DDT

Pesticides DDT is a compound that slowly decomposes and accumulates in the natural environment

After completing its useful mission, DDT has a toxic effect on water, soil, and plants:

• It has the ability to be transmitted along the food chain and penetrate living organisms. This pesticide exhibits mutating properties, is a carcinogen and poses a threat to all living things. But during the years of its use there were no incephalitic ticks.
• DDT accumulates in the fat cells of the liver and kidneys, the main human cleansing organs.

Note. But, despite the danger, many countries Central Asia Dust is used in processing cotton fields.

Dust was used not only to control insects, but also in the treatment of malaria and typhoid:

• But it negatively affects the ability to reproduce in living beings. Scientists noticed this in the example of birds that settled in treated reservoirs.
• It accumulates in tissue cells and is not removed by cleansing systems.

Note. Dust is banned for use in many countries around the world.

Aldrin

Dildrin

Characteristics of DDT

If you miss the moment, you can lose half the harvest on the field and in storage.

In what cases is DDT pesticide used?

• Against flying insects that carry malaria.
• In the fight against pests of industrial and food crops - cotton, flax, soybeans, peanuts.
• A powerful means of combating locusts.

Dust (DDT) is a white crystalline substance that is ground into a fine powder for use.

History of the drug's creation

DDT pesticide meaning: dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is an insecticide discovered in 1874 by German chemist Othmar Zeidler.

This compound did not find practical use for a long time, until in 1939 the Swiss scientist Paul Miller discovered its insecticidal capabilities and used them in the fight against malaria mosquitoes. For this great scientific research he received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1948.

Description of the drug

DDT is a simple, effective, inexpensive means of pest control. It is obtained by the synthesis of chlorobenzene and sulfuric acid.

Note. Signs of poisoning are dizziness, vomiting, inflammation of the mucous membranes, redness of the eyes, and weakness.

• Particular care must be taken when handling the chemical during seed treatment, when toxic dust is in the air. It is necessary to use respirators and protective clothing.

The intensity of poisoning is determined from the table as a result of experimental studies:

Benefits of DDT

• Effectively fights against domestic insects - flies, cockroaches, moths.
• It is used to destroy pests of garden crops - the Colorado potato beetle and aphids.

Protects crops of many crops from insects - pests in agriculture.

DDT's exploits in the name of humanity

Typhoid epidemic in Naples in 1944. More than a million people were sprayed with a dust solution, which led to the destruction of lice that carry typhus. The disease has subsided. They successfully fought typhus with the help of dust in many other hot countries.

DDT significantly increased crop yields:

• Quick results, low price, simple technology production increased the use of DDT.
• Insufficient research has led to its widespread and uncontrolled use.

The effective drug was used both in industrial quantities and in household. This led to the pollution of water bodies, soils, vegetation, negative influence on the human body.

Instructions for using dust at home

It is capable of removing fleas, bedbugs and cockroaches from living spaces.

By using dust wisely and carefully, you can avoid skin damage and poisoning. For more detailed information We recommend watching the video in this article about the properties of the drug.