This brief outline of the morphology of the Korean language is intended to introduce one of the most interesting languages Far East.
Noun
Nouns in Korean do not have a gender category, but are inflected by case and number. The plural is formed by adding the ending -tyl (-dyl) to the stem. For example: saram "person" - saramdyl "people", chip "house" - chiptyl "at home". The plural is usually not used if the exact number of objects is named, but it is said that there are several, many or few of them, or their exact number is named, that is, in cases where it is already clear from the context that there are several objects.
The main case in Korean does not have an ending, it matches the form that is listed in the dictionary. The nominative case (who? what?) has the ending -i after a consonant and -ga after a vowel, for example: saram-i “man”, ke-ga “dog”.
The genitive case (whose?) has the ending -e, while the word in the genitive case precedes the word to which it is a definition. That is, in Korean, the word order will not be "student's book", but "student's book": haksengye chaek (hakseng "student", chaek "book").
The accusative case (whom? what?) has the ending -ul after a consonant and -ryl after a vowel, for example: chaek "book" - chaegul "book"; ke "dog" - caryl "dog".
The dative case of a person (to whom?) has the ending -ege, for example: aboji "father" - abojiege "father".
The dative case in Korean has the ending -e and several meanings. Firstly, it denotes the time of action, for example: achhim "morning" - achhime "morning". Secondly, it shows the direction of movement, for example, hakkyo "school" - hakkyo "to school". Thirdly, it indicates location and is used with the verbs itta "to be, have" and opta "not to be, not to be", for example: hakkyo-e itta "to be at school", chibe opta "not to be at home".
The local case has the ending -eso. First of all, it means a place of action and is used with active verbs, for example: irhada "to work" - hakkyeso irhada "to work at school". Its other meaning is “from, from” (in space), for example: chibeso nagada “to leave the house”.
The local case of the person has the ending -egeso and answers the question "from whom?", for example: omoni "mother" - homoniyegeso "from mother".
The instrumental case has the ending -ro after a vowel and l, and -yro after a consonant. First of all, it means an instrument of action (by whom? What?), for example: yysa "doctor" - yysaro irhada "to work as a doctor"; mannyeongphil "fountain pen" - mannyeongphillo ssyda "to write with a pen", yeolchha "train" - yeolchharo kada "to travel by train". Another meaning of this case is the direction of movement, for example: hakkyoro kada "to go to school."
The connective case ends in -va after a vowel and -kva/gva after a consonant. It corresponds to the Russian conjunctions “i” and “s” and connects two nouns, for example: chingu “friend” - chinguwa “with a friend”, nampyeong “husband” - nampyeonggwa “with her husband”.
Pronouns
Personal pronouns. There are two pronouns for "I" in Korean, cho (more formal) and na (less formal). In the nominative case, they have the forms chega and nega, respectively.
We are uri (less formal), chokhi (more formal)
You - but (in the nominative case niga)
You are Nochi
He is ky
She is a kinyo
They are scumbags
Possessive pronouns are formed by adding the genitive ending -e. The pronouns choe, nae (my) and noe (your) have abbreviated forms che, ne and ni.
There are three demonstrative pronouns:
And - indicates an object located next to the speaker
Ky - indicates an object located next to the interlocutor or mentioned in the conversation
Cho - indicates an object remote from both speakers.
There are also three pronouns denoting a place:
Yogi is here
Kogi is there
Chogi - over there
Pronouns change by case in the same way as nouns.
Numerals
There are two types of numerals in Korean: native Korean (from 1 to 99) and borrowed from Chinese (from zero to infinity).
Native Korean numerals
Khan - 1
tul - 2
set - 3
no - 4
tasot - 5
Yosot - 6
ilgop - 7
yodol - 8
ahop - 9
spruce - 10
Names of tens
symul - 20
soryn - 30
mahyn - 40
pig - 50
yesun - 60
irhyn - 70
Yodeun - 80
akhyn - 90
el tasot - 15; simul tul - 22, akhyn akhop - 99
The numerals khana, tul, set, no, simul have the form khan, tu, se, not, simu before nouns, for example, tu saram “two people”, mekchu simu penh “twenty bottles of beer”.
Chinese numerals
il - 1
and 2
himself - 3
sa - 4
o - 5
yuk - 6
chil - 7
phal - 8
ku - 9
sip - 10
isip - 20, osip - 50, yuksipsam - 63, chilsipphal - 78
pack - 100
cheong - 1000
man - 10 000
penman - 1000 000
cheonman - 10,000,000
ok - 100 000 000
Ordinal pronouns are formed in native Korean numerals with the ending -che, for example, tasotchche - fifth, in Chinese numerals - with the prefix che-, for example, chesam - third.
Korean alphabet
The Korean alphabet is called Hangul and contains forty letters. The order of writing letters is from left to right and from top to bottom.
Paired consonants
ㄱ - q/g
ㄷ – t/d
ㅂ – p/b
ㅈ - h/j
These letters are read dull at the beginning and end of the word. In the middle, words are voiced after voiced consonants and in positions between vowels. In other cases, they are also read deafly.
Voiced consonants
ㄴ - n
ㄹ - l / r
ㅁ - m
ㅇ - nasal n (nb)
The letter ㄹ at the beginning of a word is read as "p", at the end of the word as "l". In the middle of a word, it is read between vowels as "r", in other cases - as "l" or, sometimes, as "n". The letter ㅇ reads approximately like the English ng.
In addition, there is a letter for the voiceless consonant "s" - ㅅ.
Aspirated consonants
ㅋ - kh
ㅌ - tx
ㅍ - ph
ㅊ - chh
ㅎ - x
They are read as "k", "t", "p", "h" with a slight aspiration. ㅎ - light inhalation.
Tense consonants
ㄲ - kk
ㄸ - tt
ㅃ - pp
ㅆ - ss
ㅉ - hh
These are all consonants in Korean. Let's move on to vowels
Simple vowels
All simple vowels are formed from the base vowels ㅣ (u) and ㅡ ы with short horizontal and vertical strokes.
ㅏ - a
ㅑ - I
ㅓ - not rounded about
ㅕ - undestroyed yo
ㅗ - rounded about
ㅛ - rounded yo
ㅜ - at
ㅠ - yu
Compound vowels are made up of simple
ㅏ + ㅣ = ㅐ - e
ㅑ + ㅣ = ㅒ – ye
ㅓ + ㅣ = ㅔ – e
ㅕ + ㅣ = ㅖ - ye
ㅜ + ㅣ = ㅟ - vi
ㅗ + ㅣ = ㅚ - ve
ㅗ + ㅏ = ㅘ - wa
ㅗ + ㅐ = ㅙ - w
ㅜ + ㅓ = ㅝ - in
ㅜ + ㅔ = ㅞ - ve
ㅡ + ㅣ = ㅢ - th
IN modern language the distinction between ㅐ and ㅔ is lost, as well as between ㅙ, ㅚ and ㅞ.
Rules for composing syllables
Letters in the Korean alphabet are composed into syllabic characters, each of which can contain from two to four letters.
1) Consonant + vowel
The consonant is written to the left of the vowel if the long stroke of the vowel is written vertically: 가, 비, 너. If the long stroke of the vowel is written horizontally, then the consonant is written on top: 구, 뉴, 므.
2) Consonant + vowel + consonant
In this case, the final consonant is written under the vowel: 감, 독.
There can be two consonants at the end of a syllable, of which only one is read in this case: 값, 몫, 젊.
If the syllable begins with a vowel, the letter ㅇ is placed before it in writing, which in this case is not readable. For example: 암 (am), 옥 (ok).
Verb
Actually, from the course of phonetics, it should be remembered that in the Korean language there are two sounds "o" - rounded and not rounded. This plays a certain role in grammar, it will be clear later which one.
A Korean verb in its dictionary form can have three endings: -ta, -da, and -tha (the latter is rare). Verbs are divided into two classes: action verbs (in fact, what we mean by verbs) and state verbs, which are translated into Russian as “to be somehow”, for example, chotha “to be good”, yeppyda “to be beautiful”.
The verb has three bases. The first is formed by simply discarding the ending, for example, the mokta “is” - mok; kada "to go" - ka. The third stem is formed by replacing the ending -ta / da / tha with the ending -chi / ji, for example: mokta - mokchi, kada - kaji.
The second stem is formed by adding the vowel a or the unrounded o to the root. It depends on the root of the verb. If it contains vowels a or rounded o, then a is added, if there are other vowels, then unrounded o. For example, kamda "close your eyes" - kama; mitta "believe" - mido.
Sometimes there is a contraction of vowels.
a + a merge into a: kada - ka-a - ka
undead o + undead o merge into one o: soda - co-o - co.
and + o merge into yo: kidarida - kidari-o - kidaryo
y + o merge into: miracles - chu-o - chvo
rounded o + a merge into va: ode - oa - va.
If the verb ends in -neda, then the second stem will be the same as the first, for example: poneda "send" - pone.
There is a very common verb hada "to do". With its help, verbs are formed from nouns, for example, konbu "study" - konbu-hada "study". In the second stem, it has the form hayo in written language, but the form he is usually used in spoken language.
Time
The present tense is the same as the dictionary form of the verb. The Korean verb has no face changes.
The past tense is formed from the second stem of the verb by adding the suffix ss (read at the end of the syllable as t): kada - katta, poneda - ponetta, hada - hatta.
The future tense is formed by adding the syllable kess / hess (read as ket / get): for example, alda - algetta; kada - kagetta; hada - hagetta. This suffix is used with the first and second persons (I, we, you, you). The future tense can also be expressed through the present, as in Russian (“tomorrow I’m going to the cinema”).
Unions
In Korean, conjunctions can connect two sentences. There are few unions. First of all, it is kyrigo “and, but”, hajiman (less colloquially used kyrochkhiman and kyrona) “but”, kyronde (colloquially shortened to kynde) “however”, kyromen (colloquially shortened to kyrom) “then” , animon "or", maniac (manil) "if".
Nouns are connected by the already mentioned ending of the connecting case, as a union "or" between nouns, the particle -na after the vowel and -ina after the consonant is used: chha-na khophi "tea or coffee"; sinmun-ina japchi "newspaper or magazine".
Styles of politeness
A distinctive feature of Korean (as well as related Japanese) is the presence of politeness styles, which are expressed primarily by verb endings. The formal style of politeness, which is used when addressing a person much higher than you in social status or age, as well as in a formal setting, is formed by replacing the ending -ta / da / tha with -mnida / symnida. The ending -mnida is added to the verb if its root ends in a vowel, for example, kada - kamenida, ode - omnida. The ending -symnida is added when the root of the verb ends in a consonant, for example, mokta - moksymnida, ipta - ipsymnida.
The informal polite style is formed from the second stem by adding the ending -yo, for example, kada - kayo, oda - vayo, mokta - mogoyo. It is also polite and is recommended for foreigners to use.
The colloquial style (panmal) is expressed by the second stem of the verb, for example, kada - ka, mokta - mogo. It corresponds to the Russian address for "you" and is used in conversation between close friends.
Participles
The gerunds in Korean are not at all the same as the gerunds in Russian. In Korean it is special forms verbs that essentially serve as a substitute for conjunctions.
The ending -ko/go means either the simultaneity of two actions performed by different subjects, for example: Chega sinmunul ikko, che chinguga ymagul tyroye "I read a newspaper, and my friend listens to music", or a sequence of two actions performed by the same subject, for example : Kyga osyl ipko nagassoyo "He got dressed and went out."
The ending -myeon-seo / imyeong-seo means the simultaneity of two actions performed by the same subject, for example: Aiga noreryl purimyongso korogayao "The child goes and sings a song."
The ending -so after the second stem can mean a reason, for example: moriga aphaso an wassoyo "because I had a headache, I didn't come." Or it means the completion of one action and the beginning of another: Pabyl mogoso chhingyege jeonghvaryl hessoyo “After having breakfast, I called a friend.”
The ending -myeon/myeon has the meaning of "if", for example: Piga oyeon, kykchanye an kagessoyo. "If it rains, I won't go to the cinema."
The ending -chiman / jiman means "but", for example: Gyga ttukttukhadzhman, tony pujokheyo. “Although he is smart, he does not have enough money.”
The ending -ryogo/yryogo means "to", for example: che shigane oryogo ilchchik ironassoy. "To be on time, get up early."
The ending -ro/yro also has the meaning "to", but is used with verbs of motion, for example: Khangugoryl peuro Hanguge wassoyo. “I came to Korea to teach Korean».
This entry was posted on March 4, 2009 at 7:04 pm and is filed under . You can follow any responses to this entry through the feed. You can, or from your own site.
Lesson 5 _ Just You and Me?
Good evening! Glad to see you at our new Korean lesson. Are you ready and willing to learn and be closer to understanding your favorite oriental boys?
Then let's get started!
Today I will tell you about such a mysterious phenomenon as pronouns in Korean. As you can see, I keep my promises.
Let's start with personal pronouns.
Firstly, it is probably worth clarifying that Koreans usually have 2 forms of pronouns - so to speak, ordinary and “modest” or polite. The second is used in communication with elders in age, social position, etc.,
Next in order:
1st person pronouns:
I am 나. In the nominative case –내가
I am (modestly) –저. In the nominative case -제가.
We are 우리. In the nominative case -우리가.
We (humble) - 저희. In the nominative case -저희가.
Pronouns 2 persons:
You are 너 (they also say so funny in dramas, “E No!”, the Korean equivalent of the Russian “You hear”). In the nominative case - 네가 (read as "Niga", familiar?).
You (plural) –너희. In the nominative case 너희가.
But then the magic begins, because in Korean, of course, there is both the form You (당신) and the plural of it (당신들). There are also forms of the third person - he (그), she (그녀), they (그들). But all of them are used in literature to create a poetic image.
In oral speech, referring to a person, they most often use either his name or his position.
For example:
선생님은 미국 사람입니까? – (Teacher) Are you an American?
이사람은 싸샤입니다. 싸샤 씨 는 대학생입니다 - This is Sasha. He is a student.
Third person pronouns can also be replaced by words such as
«그본», «그 사람», «그것».
선생님이 옵니다. 그본은한국사람입니다. The teacher is coming. He is Korean.
If we talk about pronouns of other categories, then I will not bother too much and just load you with a list.
Interrogative pronouns:
누구 – who (in the nominative case 누가)
무엇 - what (there is an abbreviated form 뭐, and I also want to draw your attention to the fact that if you put it in Vin. case (무엇 을), then it will be read as “muosyl” and not “muoyl”, as many people are mistaken.)
어디 – where, where, from where.
무슨 - which, which (genus, variety, etc.)
어떤 – what (quality)
어떻게 – like (amigo! outflow, outflow! xD)
몇 – how much (time period)
얼마 – how much (price)
왜 – why, why. Although when they ask 왜-왜, it's more like "What-what?"
언제 – when.
A small comment on 어디. In some textbooks, this word is taken out as a separate grammar, and they do it right. It is often used with the verb 이다.
어디 + 입니까 =어디입니까?
This question is asked in order to find out the permanent location of an object, something that, let's say, cannot move - streets, buildings, etc.
- 우체국이 어디입니까? - Where is the post office?
-저기입니다. - There.
If you are just looking for something and want to ask where it is, then you need to add the location ending 에 to the pronoun 어디 (which I will talk about next time so that there is not too much information)
Demonstrative pronouns
이 - this, this (the object is close to the speaker)
저 - that one (the object is removed from both the speaker and the interlocutor)
그 - this, that (1. the object is far from the speaker, but close to the interlocutor. 2. the object has already been mentioned in the speech).
여기 - here (the place where the speaker is)
거기 - there (a place remote from both the speaker and the interlocutor)
저기 - over there (the place where the interlocutor is, but remote from the speaker or already mentioned in the speech)
이리 - here
거리 - to go there
저리 - over there
(I'm too lazy to sign the clarification for the third time, everything is on the same principle there).
On that note, let me end today. Read, understand, imbue, be inspired ~ I will not give assignments today, deal with a heap of information.
If you have any questions - again, I'm in touch.
That's all for today.
안녕 ~
Sincerely yours, rocky_soul
(제3인칭)
There are no pronouns like the Russian “he” and “she” in Korean. Korean third person pronouns formed by joining demonstrative pronouns"이", "그", "저" to noun, indicating a person "애", "사람", "분", etc.
Although there are many third person pronouns, their use is not as common. If you need to contact the person mentioned earlier, there are several options:
The easiest way is to simply omit the pronoun:
A: 가셨어요.
Q: 언제 가셨어요?
A: 그저께요.
Q: 어디에 가셨어요?
A: 미국에요.
A: My father went on a business trip.
Q: When did he leave?
A: The day before yesterday.
Q: Where did he go?
A: To America.
The second option is to simply repeat the noun as many times as needed:
A: 가셨어요.
IN: 아버지 께서 언제 가셨어요?
A: 그저께요.
IN: 아버지 께서 어디에 가셨어요?
A: 미국에요.
A: My father went on a business trip.
Q: When did he leave?
A: The day before yesterday.
Q: Where did he go?
A: To America.
And finally, the third option is to use compound pronouns: the demonstrative pronoun "이" / "그" / "저" plus a noun.
이 - indicates a person who is close to the speaker
그 - indicates a person who is either far from the speaker, but close to the listener, or known to both the speaker and the listener.
저 - indicates a person who is far from both the speaker and the listener, but within their visibility.
Pronoun | Use cases | Example |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 기지배 , 놈 , 자식 , 녀석 | Can be used as a neutral or affectionate reference to siblings, close friends, or one's own children. It can also be used as a curse word in a quarrel. | 이 놈 이 제 막내아들입니다. This is my youngest son. 그 자식 은 뭐야? 이 개자식! You son of a bitch! 이 바보 녀석 아! 이 놈아! You are a scoundrel! |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 애 / 애 ( 네 ) 들 | Used to refer to children, close friends, and siblings of the same age or younger than the speaker. | 저 애 는 어리광만 부려 야단이다. He is quite a spoiled child. 어떻게 이 애들 을 다 봐요? How can we keep track of them all? |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 것 / 거 | Can be used with children or very close friends | 이게 어디가 아픈 모양이다. It feels like he's sick. |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 사람 | Used when talking about someone's husband/wife or a stranger in a neutral style | 저 사람 이 교통신호를 무시했습니다. He ignores the rules of the road. 그 사람 들은 그들의 가족과 가정을 사랑한다. They love their families and homes. |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 여자 , 남자 | Used as an indication of strangers in a neutral style. If you use this pronoun in relation to elders or strangers in their presence, you can really offend a person | 그 여자 는 작고 비좁은 아파트에 산다. She lives in a small and narrow apartment. 이 남자 는 운동하기를 좋아해서 먼데까지 (운동삼아) 걸어다닌다. He loves sports and is into race walking for long distances. |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 분 | Used in a formal setting or in a very polite manner to strangers | 그 분 이 여기서 구두를 수선하나요? Does he mend shoes here? 이 분 을 객실로 안내해 드리세요. Show him (this gentleman) his room. |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 이 | used when talking about someone's husband/wife (usually among older couples) | 그이 야말로 군자로다. He is a real gentleman. |
그 , 그 ( 들 ), 그님 , 그녀 | Influence in English in Korea led to the fact that pronouns are firmly rooted in the literary language: 그 , 그 ( 들 ) - used as "he", "she", or "they" in written language. 그녀 - used in literary speech as "she". 그님 - used in lyric poems and songs | 그 는 위대한 사람이다 . He is a great person. 그들 은 누구입니까 ? Who are they? 그녀 에게는 그녀 의 아름다움를 흠모하는 추종자들이 많이 있다. She has many admirers who admire her beauty. |
Cases and particles
In Korean, as in English, nouns do not have a gender category, but change in number and case. Also, there are no articles in Korean.
The plural is formed very simply - by adding the ending rear/dyl. For example: chip"house" - chiptul"Houses", ce"bird" - saddle"birds". However, if you have already indicated that there are several objects, for example, using the words yORO"several" or mani"a lot", and also if you specified the exact number of items, for example Tu haxen"two students", then the ending plural usually omitted, because it is already clear that the subject is not one.
Now let's move on to cases. Let's say right away that, unlike most European languages (Russian, German or Latin), Korean does not have noun declension types. However, some cases do have two variants of the case ending, but it is very simple to determine when which variant should be used - it depends on whether the word ends in a vowel or a consonant.
Nominative, denoting the subject of the sentence, answers the question “who? What?". The word in this case gets the ending -And if it ends in a consonant, for example chip - chibi"house", Saram - sarami"man" and ending -ha- if it ends in a vowel: ke - kega"dog", chingu - chinguga"Friend".
Accusative denoting the object of the proposal and answering the question “who? What?" also has two endings. After the consonant is placed -eul: saramyl pomida"I see a person" chaegul iksimnida"reading a book". After the vowel, put -snout: succheril hamnida"doing my homework" mekchuryl masimnida"drinking beer".
The dative case has only one ending, -e. This case has several meanings. First, it indicates the time, for example that this"at two o'clock" Chinan hee"last year". Please note that the words oneil"Today", nail"Tomorrow", Oje"yesterday" is usually used without any endings: Oje Chkhinguryl Mannassymnida"I met a friend yesterday" neil kykchanyro kagessymnida"I'm going to the theater tomorrow."
Secondly, dative can indicate the direction (where to?). For example: Hakkyoe kamenida"I'm going to school" chibe toravassymnida"I returned home." However, it is rarely used in this sense.
The third function of the dative case is to indicate location (where?). Here there is some difference from the Russian language. When we speak Russian, we use the same case in sentences like “he is listening to music at home” or “he is at home now”. In Korean, these sentences will use different cases. The dative is used when someone is somewhere or is absent. Accordingly, it is used with verbs itta"to be, to be, to have" and Wholesale"to be absent, to be absent." For example koyaniga panye Opsymnida"there is no cat in the room" khaksendyri kyosire issymnida"Students are in the classroom."
As for the place where the action takes place, it is indicated by a special local case, which has the ending -esO and also answers the question "where?", for example: konjjanyeO kynmukhamnida"work at the factory", tehakkyoesO konbukhamnida"study at university". Another meaning of the locative "of, from", for example chibesO nagassymnida"I've left home", khangugesAbout vassymnida"came from Korea."
To the question "to whom?" answers the dative case of a person with the ending -ege. In oral speech, its substitute is also used -hanthe. For example: hyeonyege japjireul chuossoyo“I gave my elder brother a magazine.” To the question "from whom?" answers the local case of the person, ending -egesO or in colloquial -hanthesO: pumoegesoh hyonjireul padassoyo"I received a letter from my parents."
The instrumental case has two endings: -ro after vowels and -yro after consonants. For example: machhiro mosyl paksymnida"I hammer a nail with a hammer" kyohvero kamenida"I'm going to church" hangunmallo marhamnida"I speak Korean." This case indicates the direction of movement and is used much more often than the dative as such. For example: soullo kamenida"I'm going to Seoul." The instrumental case also indicates a mode of action: Posyro Kamenida"I'm going by bus (by bus)", khyn soriro vechimnida"screams in a loud voice" phokhyro moksimnida"I eat with a fork" yysaro irhamnida"I work as a doctor." In addition, it means "through", for example suphyro korogamnida“I walk through the forest (forest)”; "because of": pyongyro hakkyoe an vassymnida“He didn’t come to school because of illness.”
The genitive case has an ending th, which is pronounced like e. He answers the question "whose". For example: harabojie angyon"grandfather's glasses", hyongye chajeongoh"big brother bike". Note that the word ending -e is always placed before the word to which it is a definition. If in Russian we say "my friend's car", then in Korean the word order will be "my friend's car" - ne chingue chadongcha and nothing else.
In addition, the Korean language has a special connecting case that replaces the unions "and" and "with" and connects two nouns. It has an ending -va after vowels and -kwa/gwa after consonants. He also has conversational options. -hago And -range after vowels and -yran after vowels. For example: Chinguwa Narani Anja IssOyo“I am sitting shoulder to shoulder with a friend”; sungsaengnimgwa jeomsimul mogOssOyo“I had lunch with the teacher”; nahago yoja chinguga paro cayo"My friend and I are going to a bar." In Korean, there is a union "with" - mit, but it is used mainly in the book language.
Now consider the main particles. In Korean, particles such as "too", "or", etc. are attached to nouns, as are case endings. In this case, the particles usually displace the endings of the nominative and accusative cases, but are combined with the rest of the case endings.
Particle then/to has the meaning "too", for example: It is necessary khancharyl peuryOgo khamnida"I'm also going to learn hieroglyphs"; Gee Sarami Shinmundo IlgOyo He also reads newspapers.
Particle man means "only": Gee yojaga tosOsiresoman sukchereul heyo“She only does her homework in the reading room.”
Particle Mada means "each", for example: nalmada suyOnyl hamnida"I swim every day" hemada ilbonyro cayo“I go to Japan every year.”
Particle chhorom means "as, like, like": Cheolsuga sagwa chhorom ppalgaejiOssOyo“Cheolsu blushed like an apple”; And aiga oryn chhorom marhamnida This child is speaking like an adult.
Particle putho/butho means "from, from". Unlike the case ending -esO used primarily in the temporal meaning "from some time", for example: MyOs si butho suObyl sijakhamnikka?"From what time do you start classes?"; Ahop si buthO irhamnida"We've been working since nine o'clock."
Particle kkaji means "before", is used in both temporal and spatial meaning "to some place, time". For example: tu shi kkaji oseyo"come before two o'clock"; sodaemun kkaji capsida"Let's go to the West Gate." This particle can be combined with -esO, so with putho/butho, For example: ahop si butho tu si kkaji konbukhamnida"We study from nine to two o'clock."
The most difficult is the application of the particle -un/now. Usually it forms the subject and in this case is close in meaning to the end of the nominative case. However, there is a difference. Ending -i/ha draws up some new information, whereas -un/now shows that we are talking about something already known. At the same time, the subject with the particle -un/now can be omitted (because it is already clear from the context), and the subject with the ending -i/ha- No.
Consider the following example:
And sarami chanmuneul remember This man is looking out the window.
And saramyn chanmuneul remember This man is looking out the window.
The first sentence answers the question: “who is looking out the window?”. The second sentence answers the question “what is this person doing?”. It can be shortened to Changmunul remember, omitting the subject, since it is already clear who is being referred to.
Particle -yn placed after a consonant, a particle -now after a vowel: Saramyn, changmunun, caneun, ainin.
Personal pronouns
Face
on- I (neutral)
cho- me (polite)
uri- we (neutral)
chohi- we (polite)
As we can see, there are two sets of first person pronouns in Korean. One row is used when communicating with inferiors or equals, the second (polite) is used when communicating with superiors or simply unfamiliar people. This is one of the expressions of language etiquette, the possession of which is necessary when communicating with Koreans.
In the nominative case of the pronoun cho And on have corresponding shapes Che And ne.
Face
With the second person, the situation is somewhat more complicated. There is a pronoun But, which in the nominative case has the form Not(pronounced "ni") and means "you". Like Russian pronoun"you", it is not used in polite speech. The plural form is the pronoun nohi, also familiar. The written language uses the pronoun tanxing, however, it is most polite for Koreans not to use second person pronouns at all, but to refer to the interlocutor in the third, for example Park seonsaengnim-i odi kasimnikka? literally means "Where goes mr Pak?", but when referring to this Mr. Pak, it will only mean "Where are you going." At the same time, it is better to address Koreans by their last names, while adding polite endings. songsaengim or ssi, For example Yun-ssi.
Face
There are no third person pronouns as such. Written language uses words ky"this" in the meaning of "he", kynyo"this woman" in the meaning of "she", kydyl"these" means "they". In colloquial speech, the expression is usually used kibun"this gentleman" or "this lady" (indifferent) or less polite ky saram"this person", ky yoja"this woman". Accordingly, the plural will be formed using the particle -rear/dyl: kybundeul, ky saramdul etc. As the pronoun "it" the combination is used KygOt"this thing".
Demonstrative pronouns
Unlike the Russian language, there are three of them.
And- this, this, this (points to an object next to the speaker)
ky- that, that, that (points to an object located next to the interlocutor, or in the case when it comes to something mentioned, for example, “the person with whom we dined yesterday in a restaurant”)
cho- that one, that one, that one (points to an object equally distant from both interlocutors).
Note the difference in pronoun usage that is specific to Korean. Let's take two phrases: "This coat is expensive" and "This is a coat." In the first case we will say And khOthy-nyn pissio). In the second case, we must say IgOs-yn khOthy iyo, that is, literally "This thing is a coat." Omit the word kot/got"thing" in this case would be a blunder.
Interrogative pronouns
nougat"who", in the nominative case has the form nougat.
muot"what", in colloquial speech can be reduced to mvo.
Odie"where, where" depending on the case.
ve) "why, why"
Oje"When"
Ottokhe"How".
Musyn"what, what"
Otton"what (in quality)"
Ona"which one (when choosing from several items)."
(this material was freely copied from a website that died for a long time
lozawa.narod.ru)
Sentence structure
The sentence structure in Korean is different from that which exists in Russian or English. Its simplest form is:
Subject + object + predicate
학생은 학교에 가다.
Haksen-eun hakkyo-e kada.
The student goes to school.
In a more complex sentence, the structure would be as follows:
Subject + circumstance of time + arrangement of place + object + predicate
학생은 저녁에 집에서 숙제를 하다.
Haksen-eun jongyeong-e chib-eso sukche-ryl hada.
The student does his homework in the evening at home.
In cases where it is known what is being said, the subject can be omitted:
무엇을 합니까?
Muos-eul hamnikka?
What are you doing?
책을 읽습니다.
Cheg-ul iksymnida.
I read a book (lit. I read a book)
Plural
It is formed by adding the ending 들 (rear) to nouns. Omitted if the number of items has already been named.
사람 – 사람들
saram - saram-dyl
person people
chaek - chaektul
book - books
Cases
Nominative
Ending: after the consonant 이 (i), after the vowel 가 (ga).
Polite option: 께서 (kkeso)
Answers the question: who? What?
Nun-i ode.
Snowing.
Genitive
Ending 의 (th)
Answers the question: whose?
내 친구의 안경.
Ne chingu angyeong
My friend's glasses
Accusative
Ending: after the consonant 을 (eul), after the vowel 를 (reul).
Answers the question: who? What?
그 학생은 한국어를 배우다.
Ky haxen-yn hangugo-ryl peuda.
This student is learning Korean.
With a number of nouns, the accusative case indicates a direction and answers the question “where?”
휴가를 가다 (hyuga-reul kada) – to go on vacation
출장을 가다 (chuljang-eul kada) – to go on a business trip
유학을 가다 (yuhag-eul kada) – to go for an internship
소풍을 가다 (seophun-eul gada) – to go on a picnic
여행을 가다 (yohyeon-eul kada) - to go on a trip
IN spoken language the accusative case may be omitted.
Dative
Ending 에 (e)
Denotes:
병원에 가세요?
Byeongwon-e kaseeo?
Are you going to the hospital?
2) Time of action (when?)
다섯 시에 박교수님과 만나요.
Tasot si-e Pak kyosunim-gwa mannayo.
At five o'clock I meet Professor Pak.
3) Place of action with state verbs 있다 (be present), 없다 (not be, be absent), 살다 (live, live) and adjectives.
우리 집은 아남동에 있다.
Uri chib-yn Anamdon-e itta.
Our house is located in the Anamdong area.
4) Addressee of action (for inanimate objects)
어제 미국에 편지를 보냈다.
Oje Migug-e pyeongji-reul ponetta.
Yesterday I sent a letter to America.
Dative person
Ending: 에게 (yege)
Polite option: 께 (kke)
Colloquial: 한테 (hanthae)
Answers the question "to whom?". Only used with animate nouns
(human or animal).
친구에게 편지를 씁니다.
Chingu-ege pyeongji-ryl ssimnida.
I am writing a letter to a friend.
local case
Ending 에서 (eso)
1) Answers the question "where" and indicates the place of action with active verbs.
나는 여행사에서 일합니다.
Na-now yohensa-eso irhamnida.
I work for a travel company.
2) Answers the question "from where" and indicates the starting point.
어느 나라에서 왔어요?
Ona nara-eso wassoyo?
What country did you come from?
Local face case
Ending 에게서 (yegeso)
Colloquial: 한테서 (hantaeso)
Answers the question "from whom?"
나는 어머니에게서 그 말을 들었어요.
Na-now omoni-egeso ky mar-yl tyrossoyo.
I heard it from my mother.
Instrumental case
Ending 로 (ro) after vowels and if the word ends in ㄹ (일 - 일로; il - illo), 으로 after consonants (yro).
1) Denotes a means of performing an action and answers the question "how?", "What?".
나는 한자를 볼펜으로 씁니다.
Na-now hanchcha-ryl polpkhen-yro ssymnida.
I write hieroglyphs with a pen.
2) With verbs of motion, it indicates the direction, answers the question “in the direction of what?”, “Where?”.
그 버스는 종로로 가지 않아요.
Ky posy-nyn Chonno-ro kaji anayo.
This bus does not go towards Jongno.
3) Indicates the profession or essence of a person
김 선생님은 선교사로 러시아에 왔습니다.
Kim sunsaengim-eun songyosa-ro Rosia-e wassimnida.
Mr. Kim came to Russia as a missionary.
나는 공장에서 기사로 일합니다.
Na-now konjan-eso kisa-ro irhamnida.
I work in a factory as an engineer.
joint case
Ending: 과 (kwa) after consonants, 와 (wa) after vowels.
Colloquial: 하고 (hago)
Answers the question "with whom?", "with what?". Connects nouns like the Russian union "and".
시장에서 생선과 채소를 샀어요.
Sijang-eso senseong-gwa chaeso-ryl sassoyo.
I bought fish and vegetables at the market.
오늘 밤에 여자친구하고 같이 영화관에 가요.
Oneul pam-e yoja chingu-hago kachhi yonghwagwan-e kayo.
Tonight I'm going to the cinema with my friend.
vocative
Ending: 아 (а) after consonants, 야 (я) after vowels.
Used when referring to someone. It is used only with the lowest forms of politeness.
기민아, 이리 와!
Kimin-ah, iri wa!
Kimin, come here!
Particles
Particle 은/는 (eun/neun)
An emphatic particle that emphasizes a particular word in a sentence. The subject can be framed by it (instead of the nominative case), for example:
중국어는 참 어렵다.
Chunggugo-nyn chham orepta.
Chinese is really difficult.
그 사람은 내 아버지를 죽였다.
Ky saram-yn ne abodzhi-ryl chugetta.
This man killed my father.
It can also be attached to other cases, for example:
아침에는 내가 회사에 버스로 가다.
Achkhim-e-nyn ne-ga hvesa-e posy-ro kada.
In the morning I go to the firm by bus.
Particle 만 (man)
It means "only", "only". Usually replaces accusative and nominative cases.
나는 싼 옷만 사 입다.
Na-now ssan ot-man sa ipta.
I buy and wear only expensive clothes.
Joining other cases, this particle does not displace them. For example:
나는 쭉 서울에만 살았다.
Na-neung chchuk Sour-e-man saratta.
I have always lived only in Seoul.
Particle 도 (that)
It means "too", "also". Displaces the nominative and accusative cases. For example:
그분도 한국말을 가르쳐요.
Kibun-do hangukmar-yl karychhyeyo.
He also teaches Korean.
저는 공부도 해요
Cho-neung konbu-do heyo.
I am still learning.
This particle does not displace other cases. For example:
부산에도 사람이 많아요.
Busan-e-do saram-i manae.
There are also a lot of people in Busan.
일요일에도 회사에 나갑니다.
Ireir-e-do hvesa-e nagamnida.
I go to the firm even on Sundays.
IN negative sentences has the meaning "even", or emphasizes negation. For example:
그분은 그 책을 보지도 않아요.
Kibun-eun ky chaeg-eul poji-do anayo.
He doesn't even look at this book.
그분은 학교에 가지도 않았어요.
Kibun-yn hakkyo-e kaji-do anassoy.
He didn't even go to school.
그 아이는 아버지도 어머니도 없습니다.
Ky ai-nyn aboji-do omoni-do opsymnida.
This child has neither father nor mother.
그 사람은 학생도 아니고 선생도 아니에요.
Gee saram-eun haksen-do anigo sonsen-do aniye.
He is neither a student nor a teacher.
It also has the meaning "not only ... but also."
그녀는 공부도 잘 하고 일도 잘 합니다.
Kynyo-nyn konbu-do chal hago il-do chal hamnida.
She not only studies well, but also works well.
Particle 부터 (putho)
It has the meaning "from", it is used, as a rule (but not necessarily), with the adverb of time.
내일부터 대학교에 일찍 오세요.
Nail-butho tehakkyo-e ilchchik oseyo.
Come to the university early from tomorrow.
오늘은 101 페이지부터 공부하겠습니다.
Onyr-yn 101 pkheiji-butkho konbukhagessymnida.
Today we will start from page 101.
Particle 까지 (kkaji)
It means "before". For example:
어제 밤 늦게까지 책을 보았어요.
Oje pam nytke-kkaji chaeg-eul poasso.
I read a book until late at night yesterday.
Another meaning is "even".
너까지 나를 믿지 못하면 어떻게 하지?
No-kkaji na-reul mitchi mot hamyeon ottokhe haji?
What should I do if even you don't believe me?
부터 … 까지 (putho… kkaji)
They mean "from ... to." For example:
나는 오전 여덟 시부터 오후 다섯 시까지 근무해요.
Na-neung ojon yodol si-butho ohu tasot si-kkaji geunmuheyo.
I work from 8 am to 5 pm.
Particle 마다 (mada)
It means "everyone".
날마다 일기를 씁니다.
Nal-mada ilgi-ryl ssymnida.
I write a diary every day.
Particle 나/이나 (na/ina)
It means "or". Used with nouns (for verbs and adjectives there is another particle with the same meaning).
미국이나 불란서에 가고 싶어요.
Migug-ina Pullanso-e kago siphoyo.
I would like to go to the USA or to France.
기차나 고속버스로 관광을 합니다.
Kichkha-na-kosok posy-ro kwangvan-yl khamnida.
We will go on a tourist trip by train or express bus.
It also means "at least".
맥주가 없으니까 차나 마시자.
Mekchu-ga opsynikka cha-na masidja.
Since there is no beer, let's at least have some tea.
Used to mean "approximately":
그 일은 며칠이나 걸려요?
Ky ir-eun myochkhir-ina kollyeo?
How many days will this work take?
Particle 보다 (poda)
Used for education comparative designs. Can be used with the word 더 - more or 덜 - less.
비행기가 기차보다 빨라요.
Pihengi-ga kicha poda ppallayo.
The plane is faster than the train.
철수가 영수보다 키가 더 커요.
Cheolsu-ga Yeonsu da khee-ga to khoyo.
Cheolsu is taller than Yeonsu.
Particle 처럼 (chhorom)
It means "like", "like".
이 물건은 쇠처럼 무거워요.
And mulgon-yn sve-chhorom mugovoe.
This thing is heavy like iron.
나는 김 선생처럼 부지런하지 않다.
Na-neung Kim sunsen-chhorom pujironhaji antha.
I'm not as diligent as Mr. Kim.
Verb stems
The verb has two verb stems, which are joined by different suffixes and endings.
The first stem is formed by dropping the ending 다 (ta) from the dictionary form:
먹다 - 먹 (mokta - mok)
가다 - 가 (kada - ka)
The second stem is formed depending on the vowel in the root.
If the root contains the vowels 아 (a) and 오 (o), then the vowel 아 (a) is added to the stem of the verb: 받다 - 받아 (patta - pada); 높다 - 높아 (nopta - nopha). Moreover, if the stem of the verb ends in an open syllable with the vowel 아 (а), then two sounds 아 (а) merge into one: 가다 - 가 (kada - ka). If the stem of the verb ends in an open syllable with the vowel 오, then it merges with the suffix 아 (а) into the vowel 와 (wa): 오다 – 와 (ode – wa). If the polysyllabic stem contains the syllable 르 (ry), then 으 (ы) disappears and ㄹ (r) doubles:
모르다–몰라; (moryda - molla)
고르다 - 골라 (koryda - colla).
If all other vowels are in the root of the verb, then the vowel 어 (o) is added to the verb stem:
먹다 - 먹어 (mokta - mogo);
쉬다 - 쉬어 (wida - swio);
믿다 - 믿어 (mitta - mido);
열다 - 열어 (yolda - yoro).
Moreover, if the stem of the verb ends in an open syllable with the vowel 어 (o), then two 어 (o) merge into one sound: 서다 - 서 (soda - so). If the stem of the verb ends in 우 (y), then it merges with 어 (o) into the vowel 워 (wi): 배우다 - 배워 (baeuda - paewo). If the stem of the verb ends in 여 (yo), then it merges with 어 (o) into the vowel 여 (yo): 켜다 - 켜 (khyoda - hyo). If the stem of the verb (only in words with a polysyllabic stem). ends in 이 (and), then it merges with 어 (o) into the vowel 여 (yo):
기다리다 - 기다려 (kidarida - kidaryo)
The verb 하다 (hada; do) has two variants of the second stem: 해 (hae; used in colloquial speech) and 하여 (hayo; used in written language):
공부하다 – 공부하여 – 공부해.
konbuhada - konbuhayo - konbuhe
The second stem of verbs ending in 내다 (neda) ends in 내 (ne):
보내다 – 보내. poneda - pone
The verb stem is not conjugated and does not change, while the verb ending can be conjugated.
Time
Present tense
In the present tense, the verb is used in its dictionary form (the change occurs only in degrees of politeness).
대학생은 대학교에 가다.
Tehaksen-yn tehakkyo-e kada.
The student goes to the university.
The present tense form can also be used in the meaning of the future.
우리는 다음 주말에는 제주도에 여행을 가다.
Uri-nyn taym chumar-e-nyn Chejudo-e yohen-yl kada.
We will go to Jeju next weekend.
Past tense
The suffixes 았, 었, 였 (at, from, et) are used to form the past tense.
The suffix 았 is attached to verbs containing the vowels 아, 오 (a, o) at the root, while if the root syllable is open, then the root vowel merges with the suffix vowel into the sound 와 (wa): 보다 - 보았다 - 봤다 (pod - poatta-pvatta); 오다 - 오았다 - 왔다 (ode - oatta - watta).
The suffix 었 (from) is used for verbs that have all other vowels in the root.
The suffix 였 (yot) is attached to polysyllabic verbs whose root ends in 이 (y): 내리다 – 내렸다 (nerida – neryetta).
Verbs ending in 내다 (neda) are joined with the suffix ㅆ: 보내다 – 보냈다 (poneda – ponetta).
The past tense of 하다 (hada; do) and verbs ending in 하다 (공부하다, etc.) are 하였다 (hayotta) or 했다 (hatta). The first is usually used in written language, the second - in oral. >
김선생님은 어제 부산에 갔다.
Kim sunsaengim-eun oje Busan-e catta.
Mr. Kim left for Busan yesterday.
그녀를 서점 옆에서 기다렸다.
Kynyo-ryl sojom yoph-eso kidaretta.
I was waiting for her outside the bookstore.
simple future tense
It is formed by adding the suffix 겠 (ket) to the root of the verb. It is used only with the first and second person and indicates the intention to do something.
다음 학기부터 나는 일본어 배우기를 시작하겠다.
Taym khakki-butkho na-now ilbono peugi-ryl sidzhakhagetta.
Starting next semester, I intend to start learning Japanese.
[b] Complicated future tense
It is formed by adding the functional word 것 (cat) + the linking verb 이다 (ida) to the future participle. Used with all faces. Denotes an event that will certainly happen in the future.
삼 주일 후에 그들은 결혼할 것이다
Sam chuil hu-e kydyr-yn kerhonkhal koshida.
They will be married in three weeks.
Present Continuous / Continuous / Continuous
It is formed by adding the ending 고 (ko) to the root of the verb + the verb 있다 (itta; to be). Indicates an action that is currently taking place.
지금은 내가 서울에 살고 있다.
Chigym-yn ne-ga Sour-e salgo itta.
Now I live in Seoul.
[i][b]Constructions with verbs
Design that expresses desire
It has the form 고 싶다 (ko sipta) for the 1st and 2nd person and 고 싶어하다 (ko siphohada) for the 3rd person. It means "to want to do something".
지금도 그 사람을 만나고 싶습니까?
Chigym-do ky saram-yl manna-go sipsymnikka?
Do you still want to meet him?
커피 마시고 싶지 않니?
Khophi masi-go sipchi ani?
Do you want to drink coffee?
제 친구가 영화를 보고 싶어합니다.
Che chingu-ga yonghwa-reul in a go siphohamnida.
My friend wants to watch a movie.
Design that expresses intent
It means "to intend to do something". At the end of a sentence, it has the form 려고 하다.
저는 다음 주말에 출장 가려고 합니다.
Cho-nyn taim chumar-e chuljan ka-ryogo khamnida
I'm going to take a business trip next weekend.
The ending 려고 can also be used in the middle of a sentence with the same meaning.
부모님께 드리려고 선물을 샀습니다.
Pumo-nim-kke tyri-ryogo sonmur-eul Sassimnida
I bought a present to/intention to give to my parents.
However, with verbs of motion in this case, the ending 러 is used:
그 사람은 학교에 공부하러 간다.
Ky saram-yn hakkyo-e konbukha-ro kanda.
He goes to school to study.
A construction that expresses a duty
It means "to have to do something". It is expressed by the ending 야하다 attached to the 2nd stem of the verb.
학생은 열심히 공부해야 한다.
Haksen-yn yolsimi konbuhe-ya handa
The student must work hard.
외국에 가려면 여권을 받아야 합니다.
Vegug-e karyomyeon yogwon-eul pada-ya hamnida.
If you are going to travel abroad, you should get a passport.
Permission construction
It has the meaning "permit to do something" and is formed by adding the ending 도 되다 (that tweda) to the 2nd stem of the verb.
들어가도 됩니까?
Tyroga-do tvemnikka?
May I enter?
서울역에 가려면, 이 버스를 타도됩니다.
Soulleg-e karyomyon, and posy-ryl tha-do tvemnida.
If you want to get to Seoul Station, you can take this bus.
The ending of stem 2 of the verb +도 괜찮다 (that kwenchhantha) means "nothing that", "nothing if".
음식이 매워도 괜찮아요?
Eumsig-i maewo-do wenchhanae?
Nothing that the food is spicy?
담배를 피워도 괜찮아요?
Tambae-ryl phiwo-do Gwenchangae?
Mind if I smoke?
A construction expressing a prohibition
It means "you can't do anything". It is expressed by the ending 면 안 되다 (myeon ahn tweda).
한국어 수업 시간에 러시아말로 하면 안 돼요.
Hangugo suop shigan-e rosiamal-lo hamyeon an tweeyo.
You can't speak Russian during the Korean lesson.
Directional design
It means "doing an action for another person". It has no analogues in Russian, but is very often used in Korean. It is formed by adding auxiliary verbs 주다 (miracle; to give) or 드리다 (tyrida; to present) to the 2nd stem of the verb, while the latter option is more polite.
철수는 동생의 숙제를 도와 주었습니다.
Cheolsu-neung dongsen-y sukche-ryl tova chuossymnida.
Cheolsu helped his younger brother with his homework.
이 단어를 번역해 줘.
And tano-ryl ponyokhae chwo.
Translate this word for me.
Constructions with a substantive
From Korean verbs, you can form a substantive by adding the ending 기 (ki) to the first stem: 하다 (hada) to do – 하기 (hagi) doing; 배우다 (baeuda) to teach – 배우기 (baeugi) teaching. The substantive is used to form a number of constructions.
기를 + 좋아하다/싫어하다 (ki-reul + choahada/shirohada)
It means "I like to do something" / "I don't like to do something". It is usually used with a third person.
그분은 공부하기를 좋아해요.
Kibun-yn konbuhagi-ryl choaheyo.
He likes to study.
내 친구는 가르치기를 싫어해요.
Ne chingu-nyn karychigi-ryl siroheyo.
My friend doesn't like teaching.
With the first and second person, the construction 기가 좋다/기가 싫다 (ki-ga chotha/ki-ga siltha, which has the same meaning) is usually used.
이 음식은 맵지 않아서 먹기가 좋아요.
And ymsig-yn mapchi anaso mokki-ga choayo.
This food is not spicy, so I like to eat it.
그런데 왜 안 왔어요? 등산가기가 싫어요?
Kyronde ve en Vassoyo? Tynsankagi-ga siroyo?
Why didn't you come? You don't like going to the mountains?
기위해서 (ki vihaeso)
A construct with the meaning "in order to".
미국에 유학 가기 위해서 영어를 배우고 있습니다.
Migug-e yuhak kagi viheso yonyo-ryl peugo issymnida.
I am learning English so that I can study in the USA.
기 때문에 (ki taemun)
It means "because of something", "because of something". Emphasizes that the action in the second sentence happened because of the action in the first sentence.
머리가 아프기 때문에 좀 쉬어야겠어요.
Mori-ga aphy-gi ttemun-e chom svioyagessoyo.
Since my head hurts, I better rest.
기전에 (ki jung-ye)
A construction that means "before", "before".
한국에 오기 전에도 한국말을 공부했어요.
Hangug-e ogi jone hangunmar-yl konbuhessoyo.
I studied Korean before I came to Korea.
식사를 하기 전에 기도합니다.
Six-ryl hagi jone kidohamnida.
Before we eat, we pray.
기로 하다 (ki-ro hada)
A construct meaning "decide to do something".
내일은 기민 씨 생일이에요. 그래서 같이 저녁 먹기로 했어요.
Neil Kimin-ssi senir-ieyo. Kyreso kachhi chonek mokkiro hessoyo.
Tomorrow is Kimin's birthday. So we decided to have dinner together.
기로 되다 (ki-ro tweda)
It means "decided that".
박 선생님이 한문을 가르치기로 되었습니다.
Pak sunsen-nim-i hanmun-eul karychigi-ro tveossymnida.
It was decided that Mr. Park would teach hanmun.
[i][b] Connecting endings
고 to
Connects verbs and corresponds to the Russian unions "i", "a". It can denote both the simultaneity of actions and their sequence.
새가 울고,꽃이 핍니다.
Se-ga ulgo, kkoch-i phimnida.
The birds are singing and the flowers are blooming.
기민은 극장에 가고, 철수는 학교에 갑니다.
Kimin-eun kykchan-e kago, Cheolsu-neung hakkyo-e kamenida.
Kimin goes to the theater and Cheolsu goes to school.
나는 어제 일을 끝마치고 친구와 다방에 갔어요.
Na-now oje ir-yl kkytmachhigo chingu-va taban-e kassoyo.
Yesterday I finished work and went with a friend to a cafe.
(으 ) 며 (s)myo
It is synonymous with the ending 고.
여자 가수가 춤추며 노래 부르고 있어요.
Yoja kasu-ga chhum chhumyo nore purygo issoyo.
The singer dances and sings.
거나 horse
When connecting verbs, it means "or".
저녁에 책을 읽거나 텔레비전을 봅니다.
Jongyeong-e chaeg-eul ikkona tellebijon-eul pomida.
In the evening I read books or watch TV.
아 (어 , 여 ) 서 a (oh, yo) with
It has the meaning "due to the fact that" "because", "because", or means a sequence of actions.
나는 바빠서 회의에 참석하지 못하겠습니다.
Na-now pappaso hvey-e chhamsokhaji mot hagessymnida.
Since I'm very busy, I won't be able to attend the meeting.
철수가 책을 사서 동생에게 선물했습니다.
Cheolsu-ga chaeg-eul saso dongsen-yege sonmurhaessymnida.
Cheolsu bought the book and gave it to his younger brother.
(으)니까 (s)nikka
An ending indicating a reason. It translates as "because", "because". Unlike the form 아 (어, 여), 서 is usually used in imperative and inviting sentences.
오늘은 날씨가 추우니까 옷을 많이 입으세요.
Onyr-yn nalssi-ga chhuunikka os-yl mani ibyseeyo.
Since it's cold today, dress warmly.
버스는 복잡하니까 택시를 탑시다.
Posy-nyn pokchaphanikka taeksi-ryl thapsida.
Since there are a lot of people on the bus, let's take a taxi.
보니까 (ponikka)
It means "to gain some experience, knowledge." Attaches to the 2nd stem of the verb.
한국말을 공부해 보니까 재미 있어요?
Hangunmar-eul konbuhe ponikka chemi issoyo?
Have you started learning Korean (i.e. have already gained some knowledge about it), did you find it interesting?
는데 now
An ending that also denotes a reason. As a rule, it is not translated into Russian.
비가 오는데,우산이 있습니까?
Pi-ga oninde, usan-i issymnikka?
It's raining; you have an umbrella.
제가 책을 읽는데, 좀 조용히 해 주세요.
Che-ga chaeg-eul inneungde, jeom choyong and hae chuseyo.
I'm reading a book, please be quiet.
(으 ) 려고 (s)ryogo
Expresses the intention to perform an action. Can be translated as "in order to".
한국말을 배우려고 한국어학당에 다닙니다.
Hangunmar-yl peuryogo hangugo haktan-e tanimnida.
To learn Korean, I go to the Korean Language Institute.
시원한 공기를 마시려고 창문을 열었습니다.
Siwonhan kongi-ryl masirego chanmun-eul yorossynida.
To get some fresh air, I opened the window.
(으 ) 러 (s)ro
This ending also expresses intention, but is used exclusively with verbs of motion 가다 (kada) - to go, leave, 오다 (ode) - to go, come.
공부하러 학교에 갑니다.
Konbuharo Hakkyo-e kamenida.
I go to school to study.
아버지께서는 고기를 잡으러 바다에 나가셨습니다.
Abojikkeso-nyn kogi-ryl chabyro pada-e nagasyossymnida.
My father went to sea to fish.
(으 ) 면 (s)myeon
An ending meaning "if" or "when".
돈이 있으면 빌려 주십시오.
Ton-i issimyon pillyo chusipsio.
If you have money, lend me.
가을이 되면 단풍이 듭니다.
Kayr-i tvemyon tanphunyi tymnida.
When autumn comes, the leaves on the trees turn yellow.
(으 ) 면서 (s)myeongseo
Denotes the simultaneity of the action. It is translated into Russian by a gerund: "doing something."
나는 노래를 부르면서 샤워를 해요.
Na-now nore-ryl purimyongso syavo-ryl heyo.
I take a shower while singing a song.
김 선생 부인은 웃으면서 우리를 맞아주셨습니다.
Kim sunsaeng puin-eun usimyeongso uri-ryl majajuseossimnida.
Mr. Kim's wife greeted us with a smile (with a smile).
지만 chiman
Ending meaning "although", "but".
그 학생은 학교에 다니지만 열심히 공부하지 않아요.
Ky haksen-yn hakkyo-e tanijiman olsimi konbukhadzhi anayo.
Although he goes to school, he does not study hard.
그 애는 키는 작자만 마음은 커요.
Ky e-nyn khi-nyn chakchiman mayym-yn khoyo.
Although she is small in stature, she has a big soul.
다가 taga
End, which means that some action was interrupted for the duration of a new action. If 다가 is preceded by a past tense suffix, it means that there is a pause between actions.
학교에 가다가 친구를 만났어요.
Hakkyo-e kadaga chingu-ryl mannassoyo.
I was walking to school and met a friend.
창문을 열었다가 날씨가 추워서 다시 달았습니다.
Changmun-eul yorottaga nalssi-ga chhuwoso tasi tarassymnida.
I opened the window, but felt it was cold, so I closed it again.
자 cha
Means that one action happened immediately after another. Sometimes the ending 자마자 (chamaja) is used.
부산에 도착하자 친구에게 전화하겠습니다.
Busan-e tochkhaja chingu-ege cheonkhwahagessymnida.
As soon as I arrive in Busan, I will call a friend.
Communions
There are three participles in Korean: the present participle, the past participle, and the future participle, which is absent in Russian. At the same time, the Russian construction "A, which is B" in Korean is also indicated by one of the participles.
Present participle
It ends in 는 (now) after a vowel and 은 (un) after a consonant.
저기 가는 분이 이 선생입니다.
Chogi kaneun pun-i And sonsen-imnida.
The person walking (who is walking) there is Mr. Li.
한국말을 배우는 사람이 늘어갑니다.
Hangunmar-yl peunyn saram-i nyrogamnida.
The number of people learning (who are learning) Korean is increasing.
Past participle
Has the ending 은 (un) after a consonant and ㄴ (n) after a vowel.
어제 쓴 편지를 우체국에 가서 부쳤어요.
Oje sson pyeongji-reul uchegugg-e kaso buhyessoe.
I went to the post office and sent the letter I wrote (which I wrote) yesterday.
Future participle
Has the ending 을 (eul) after consonants and ㄹ (le) after vowels.
저녁에 먹을 음식을 준비하겠어요.
Jongyog-e mogul umsig-eul chunbihagessoyo.
I will prepare the food that I will eat in the evening.
Past participle with ending던 (tone).
Denotes the memory of some action that took place in the past.
이 음악은 내가 자주 듣던 것입니다.
And ymag-yn ne-ga chaju tytton kosimnida.
This music is the same one that I often listened to.
여기 있던 책을 누가 가져 갔나요?
Yogi itton chaeg-eul nu-ga kajo kannayo?
Who took the book that was here?
If the ending 던 (tone) is preceded by a past tense suffix, then the meaning of the completion of the action becomes more pronounced.
어제 만났던 사람을 오늘 또 만났어요.
Oje mannatton saram-eul onyl tto mannassoyo.
Today I met again the man whom I met yesterday.
3년전에 헤어졌던
Samnyeong jeon-e hyeojetton chingu-yegeso jeonghwa-ga wassimnida.
I got a call from a friend who left three years ago.
Constructions with participles
"after" construction.
Past participle + 후에 (hue) – after
밥을 먹은 후에 뭘 해요?
Pab-eul mogeun hue mwol hayo?
What do you do after eating?
A construction expressing the possibility / impossibility of an action
The construction “to be able to do something” is formed by adding the service noun 수 (su) + the verb 있다 (itta) to the ending of the future participle 을/ㄹ (eul/l) + the verb 있다 (itta) – to be, to be.
다방에 가면 친구를 만날 수 있나요?
Taban-e stone chingu-reul mannal su innaye?
If I go to the teahouse, will I be able to meet a friend?
The construction “not being able to do something” is also formed, only the verb 있다 (itta) is replaced with its negative form 없다 (opta) – not to be, to be absent.
몸이 아파서 학교에 갈 수 없습니다.
Mom-i aphaso hakkyo-e kal su opsymnida
Because I'm sick, I can't go to school.
The construction "it seems that", "it seems that"
It is formed using the future participle + the function word 것 (cat) + the adjective 같다 (katta).
비가 올 것 같아요.
Pi-ga ol goth kathayo.
It seems to be raining.
그 음식은 매우 맛이 있을 것 같군요.
Ky ymsig-yn meu mas-i issyl goth katkunyo.
This food seems to be very tasty.
The construction "past participle +적이 (chogi) +있다 / 없다
Indicates that someone had or did not have some experience. Reminds me of the perfect in English.
나도 그 사람을 만난 적이 있어요.
Na-do ky saram-eul mannan chogi issoyo.
I also met him (once).
나는 한국 음식을 먹은 적이 없어요.
Na-neung hanguk umsig-i chogi opsoyo.
I have never eaten Korean food.
Know / don't know construction
It is formed by adding to the present participle or the attributive form of the adjective ending 지 + the verb 알다 (alda) - to know or 모르다 (moryda) - not to know.
내가 누군지 알아요?
Ne-ga nugunji arayo?
Do you know who I am?
그가 어디에 갔는지 몰라요.
Ky-ga odi-e kannynji mollayo.
I don't know where he went.
Construction "future participle +때 (tte)"
It means "when".
내가 집에 돌아왔을때 내 아버지는
Ne-ga chib-e toravassil te ne aboji-nyn TiV-ryl pwassoyo.
When I got home, my father was watching TV.
Imperative and inviting moods
Imperative mood
In Korean, a command is expressed using verb endings, which vary depending on the style of politeness.
The most polite ending is (으)십시오 (ы)sipsio:
tyrysipsio
listen please
chucipsio
give me please
Less polite (but also polite) is the ending (으)세요 (y)seo.
밥을 먹으세요
paby-l mogyseyo
In the lower forms of politeness, it can be used as just the second stem of the verb: 먹어 (my) - eat; so is the ending 라 (ra), attached to the 2nd stem of the verb: 들어라 (tyrora) - listen.
A negative command is constructed by adding the ending 지 (chi) + the service verb 말다 (malda) to the verb, which changes according to the degrees of politeness:
들어가지 마십시오.
Tyrogadzhi masipsio.
Do not come in.
그 사람을 듣지 마세요.
Ky saram-yl tytchi maseeo.
Don't listen to him.
나를 그렇기 보지 말아라 (마).
Na-ryl kyrokhe poji marara (ma).
Do not look at me so.
invitation mood
Also expressed by verb endings, which change depending on the politeness style in which you speak. The most polite ending is (으)ㅂ시다 (ы)psida:
let's go
저녁 먹읍시다
chonyok mogypsida
let's have dinner.
Less polite is the ending 요 (yo) attached to the 2nd stem of the verb.
shijaheyo
let's start
let's get down.
In the lower forms of politeness, the ending 자 (cha) is usually used:
맥주 마시러 가자
mekchu mashiro kaja
Let's go have a beer
Conditional mood
Real condition
Formed with the ending (으)면 ((y)myeon) + ㄹ 것이다 (le gosida).
돈이 있으면 극장에 갈 것이다.
Ton-i issymyon kykchan-e kal gosida.
If there is/were money, I will/I would go to the theatre.
Unreal condition
It is formed using the past tense suffix + the ending 으면 (name) + ㄹ텐데요 (le hendeyo).
여름 방학때 돈이 있었으면 해외 여행을 갔을 텐데요.
Yoreum panhak tte dong-i issossimyon heve yohen-eul kassil thendeyo.
If I had money during the summer holidays, I would go abroad.
[i][b] Politeness styles
In Korean (as well as in Japanese) there is a complex system expressions of politeness. The speaker should always keep in mind his social position in relation to the interlocutor, as well as to the person in question. This is provided by a system of endings that are added to verbs and adjectives. So, the verb 가다 (kada) - to go can be used in this (dictionary) form only in a written text that is not addressed to the interlocutor (ex. indirect speech in a literary work). In oral or written communication, the form 가 (ka) will be used when communicating with a close acquaintance, while when communicating with an unfamiliar person, or a person who is at a higher level of the social hierarchy, the form 가요 or even more polite 갑니다 will usually be used.
Changing verbs and adjectives according to degrees of politeness
Formal polite style:
formed by adding ㅂ니다 (mnida) after vowels and 습니다 (semnida) after consonants to the 1st stem of the verb. Interrogative sentences use the endings ㅂ니까 (mnikka) and 습니까 (seumnikka), respectively:
가다 – 갑니다 – 갑니까
kada - kamenida - kamenikka
읽다 – 읽습니다 – 읽습니까
ikta - iksymnida - iksymnikka
Informal polite style:
it is this style that foreigners are advised to use, unless, of course, you are talking to a high-ranking person, a deep old man or your Korean friend or girlfriend.
It is formed by adding the ending 요 to the 2nd stem of the verb, while the ending in the interrogative form does not change.
가다 – 가요
kada - kayo
읽다 – 읽어요
ikta - ilgoyo
Colloquial style (panmal):
used either in relation to close friends, or in relation to those lower in the social hierarchy. Usually, the 2nd stem of the verb is used to form it without adding any endings:
kada - ka
읽다 – 읽어
ikta - ilgo
In interrogative sentences in Panmala, the ending 냐 or 니 can be added to the 1st stem of the verb: 어디 가냐 (odi kanya) - where are you going?
Sometimes in high styles of politeness there is a complete replacement of the verb with its polite counterpart:
있다 – 계시다
itta - kesida
to be, to be
먹다 – 잡수시다
mokta - chapsusida
eat - eat
주다 – 드리다
miracle - tyrida
to give - to give
자다 – 주무시다
Chada - Chumusida
sleep - rest
죽다 – 돌아가다
Chukta - Torahada
to die - to die
The suffix 시 (si) is also an indicator of politeness, which can also be used with lower degrees of politeness if the conversation is about a person who is at a higher level of the social hierarchy, for example, when two classmates talk about their professor:
박교수님께 벌써 가시오?
Pak kyosu-nim-kke polsso casio?
Has Professor Park already left?
In the same cases, polite analogues of verbs can also be used:
김선생님은 어제 돌아가셨어.
Kim sunsaeng-nim-eun oje toragasesso
Mr. Kim passed away yesterday.
Nouns and degrees of politeness
There are also polite analogues of nouns, for example: 집 - 댁 (chip - tek) - house. The "tek" form would be more polite than the "chip" form. Polite forms are widely used for words denoting relatives. So, you can call your father 아버지 (abodji), but someone else's - only 아버님 (abonym).
For pronouns and degrees of politeness, see the Pronouns section.
Adjectives (Descriptive Verbs)
In Western science, it is accepted Korean words, translated into European languages by adjectives, are called “descriptive verbs”, since they have a number of forms peculiar to the verb, primarily a change in tenses and styles of politeness.
Adjectives in Korean have two forms: finite and attributive. Verbal characteristics are characteristic exclusively of the finite form of adjectives.
Finite form of adjectives.
Just like the verb, adjectives in the finite form have the ending 다: 예쁘다 (eppyda) – beautiful, 길다 (kilda) – long. As well as verbs, they have two stems, formed according to the same rules, they also change in tenses and degrees of politeness in the same way.
예쁘다 (eppyda) – handsome
1st stem: 예쁘 (eppa)
2nd stem: 예뻐 (eppo)
Past tense: 예뻤다 (eppotta) – was beautiful.
이 여자 얼굴이 예뻐요.
And yoja olgur-i eppoyo.
This woman is beautiful
Definitive form of the adjective
It is formed in the same way as the past participle of verbs: 예쁘다 (eppyda) - 예쁜 (eppyn), 멀다 (molda) - 먼 (mon) - distant. In this case, the Korean adjective is placed before the noun and behaves exactly like an adjective in Russian.
그 예쁜 여자를 바라봤어요.
Ky eppyn yoja-ryl parabwassoyo.
I looked at this beautiful woman.
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
1st person pronouns
Singular: 나 (na) or more polite 저 (cho) - me.
With the nominative case, 가 (ga) takes the form 내 (ne) 제 (che).
Plural: 우리 (uri) - we.
2nd person pronouns
As such, they do not exist in Korean. The pronoun 너 (but) you (in the nominative case 네기 (pronounced ni-ga) is used only in lower courtesy styles. More polite is the address "the name of the interlocutor" + the suffix 씨 (ssi): 기민 씨 (Kimin-ssi), or else a more polite "position of the interlocutor + suffix 님 (nim)": 사장님 (sajang-nim) - mister head of the company; 교수님 (kyosu-nim) - mister professor, etc. lord) + 님 (nim) suffix: 박선생님 (Park sunsaeng-nim) - Mr. Park. The most common familiars are 아주마 (ajuma) for a woman, 아저씨 (ajussi) for a man, 아가씨 (agassi) for a girl. At the same time, all these appeals will be translated into Russian in the same way - with the word “you”:
박선생님은 이 책을 읽은 적이 있어요?
Pak sunsaeng-nim-eun and chaeg-eul ilgeun jogi issoyo?
Have you read this book? (when addressing Mr. Pak)
Between spouses, 당신 (tanjin) was traditionally used, which in Lately increasingly common as a universal 2nd person pronoun.
여러분 (Yorobun) is commonly used as the plural of the second person.
3rd person pronouns
As such, all the same options for the 2nd person can be used, as well as the words 이 (그, 저) 사람 (and (ky, cho) saram) - this (that, that) person, 이 (그, 저 ) 분 (and (ky, cho) bun) - this (that, that) master. The last option is more polite. In written form, in the meaning of “he”, the word 그 (ky) can be used simply - that. Women are denoted by the words 그녀 (geunyo) or 이 (그, 저) 여자 (i (gee, cho) yoja), that is, “she” or “this (that, that) woman.” For inanimate objects, the same demonstrative pronouns+ word 것 (cat) – thing.
Negative pronouns
아무도 (amudo) – no one
아무것도 (amugotto) - nothing
아무데도 (amudedo) - nowhere
언제나 (onjena) + negation: 그는 언제나 집에 없어요 (Geu-neung onjena chib-e opsoyo) – He is never (lit. always) away from home.
Interrogative pronouns
누구 (nugu) – who (with nominative ending 누가 nu-ga)
무엇 (muot) - what (short form of 뭐 (mwo)).
어디 (odi) – where, where, from where
무슨 (Museen) - which, which (genus, variety, type, class)
어느 (ons) - which one (when choosing from several specific items)
어떤 (ottone) – what (quality)
어떻게 (ottookhye) – like
몇 (meth) – how much (time period)
얼마 (olma) – how much (price)
왜 (we) – why, what for
언제 (onje) – when
Demonstrative pronouns
이 (and) is
그 (ky) - then
저 (cho) - over there
여기 (yogi) - here
거기 (kogi) - there
저기 (chogi) - over there
이리 (iri) - here
거리 (kori) - to go there
저리 (chori) - over there
Negation
Negation with verbs in Korean can be formed in several ways.
안 (an) and 지 않다 (chi antha)
The ending 안 (an) is placed before the verb: 먹다 (mokta) - to eat - 안 먹다 (an mokta) - not to eat; 가다 (kada) – to go; 안 가다 (an qada) – do not go.
The ending 지 않다 (chi antha) with the same meaning is formed in the following way: 1st verb stem + ending 지 (chi) + service verb 않다 (antha), which changes with tenses, politeness styles, etc.: 먹다 – 먹지 않다 (mokta – mokchi antha); 가다 - 가지 않다 (kada - kaji antha).
못 (mot) and 지 못 하다 (chi mot hada)
It has a meaning with a connotation of "not being able to do something."
The ending 못 (mot) is used in the same way as the ending 안 (an), that is, it is placed before the verb: 못 오다 (mot oda) – not being able to come.
The construction 지 못 하다 (chi mot hada) is formed in the same way as the construction 지 않다: 1st verb stem + ending 지 (chi) + 못 (mot) + service verb 하다 (hada).
NB: The verbs 있다 (itta) to be, to be, and 알다 (to know, understand) have the negative forms 없다 (opta) and 모르다 (morida).
Negation with nouns
To form a negation with nouns, the construction noun in the nominative case + 아니다 (anida) is used - the negative form of the linking verb 이다 (ida) - to be someone, something.
그 사라믄 학생이 아니예요.
Ky saram-yn haksen-i aniye.
This person is not a student.
이것은 볼펜이 아닙니다
Igos-yn polpkhen-i animnida.
This is not a pen
The linking verb 아니다 is also used in various degrees of politeness as the word "no".
아니요, 이 건물은 병원이 아니예요.
Aniyo, and konmur-eun byeongwon-i aniyo.
No, this building is not a hospital.
Numerals and counting complexes
The Korean language uses numerals of native Korean origin and numerals of Chinese origin - when the root base of the numeral is taken from the Chinese language (usually these are Chinese monosyllabic morphemes or elements and their pronunciation in Korean), and the numeral of the Chinese lexical system itself is written in a hieroglyph or hangul.
There is a rule that when counting in Everyday life for a small number of things, numerals of native Korean origin are used, and when counting more than a hundred things, numerals of Chinese origin are used. It is especially worth noting that when designating time, Korean numerals are used to designate hours, and Sino-Korean numbers are used to designate minutes.
Korean numerals
There are Korean numerals from one to 99.
하나 (hana) - one
둘 (tul) - two
셋 (set) - three
넷 (no) - four
다섯 (tasot) - five
여섯 (yoseot) - six
일곱 (ilgop) - seven
여덟 (yodol) - eight
아홉 (ahop) - nine
열 (yeol) - ten
스물 (simul) - twenty
서른 (soryn) - thirty
마흔 (maheung) - forty
쉰 (pig) - fifty
예순 (yesun) - sixty
일흔 (irheung) - seventy
여든 (yedeun) - eighty
아흔 (ahung) - ninety
It should be noted that the numerals "one", "two", "three", "four" and "twenty" before nouns have the so-called attributive form:
하나 – 한 (khana – khan)
둘 - 두 (tul - tu)
셋 - 세 (set - se)
넷 - 네 (no - not)
스물 - 스무 (simul - simu).
Numerals of Chinese origin
Exist from one to infinity
일 (il) - one
이 (and) - two
삼 (himself) - three
사 (sa) - four
오 (o) - five
육 (yuk) - six
칠 (chil) - seven
팔 (phal) - eight
구 (ku) - nine
십 (sip) - ten
백 (baek) - one hundred
전 (chon) - a thousand
만 (man) - ten thousand
억 (ok) - one hundred million
Numerals like "eleven", "twenty-five", etc. are formed as follows: two + ten + five: 이십오 (isibo).
Note that Korean has a special place for ten thousand. Thus, "one hundred thousand" would be 10 mana (십만, simman), a million would be 100 mana (백만, pen'man), and so on up to the rank of "one hundred million."
Ordinals
Original Korean ordinal numbers are formed by adding the ending 째 (chchae), while the numeral "one" is used in the form 첫째 (cheotchae).
둘째 (tulchae) - second
스물째 (simulchchae) is the twentieth.
To form Sino-Korean ordinal numbers, the prefix 제 (che) is added to them: 제일 (cheil) - the first; 제오 (cheo) is the fifth.
Counting complexes
In order to count something, Koreans use the so-called counting words. The closest Russian analogue here can be called expressions like “three glasses of milk”, “ten heads of cattle”, etc. That is, in Korean, all nouns are uncountable.
The most common counting word is 개 (ke) - piece. The following are some of the more common counting words:
번 (pon) - times, for events
세 (se) - for age
갑 (cap) - for packs (cigarettes, etc.)
명 (myeon) - for people
마리 (mari) – for animals
권 (kwon) - for books
자루 (charu) – for pens, pencils
잔 (chan) – for cups
채 (chae) - for houses
병 (byeong) - for bottles
그릇 (kyryt) - for portions of food
켤레 (khyolle) - for paired items
장 (chan) - for sheets of paper
시간 (shigan) – for time
The word 사람 (saram) - a person - can be used without a counting word: 두 사람 (tu saram) - two people.
In colloquial Korean, counting complexes are usually built in the following sequence:
Noun + numeral + counter word
고양이 두 마리
koyangyi tou mari
two cats
The case ending is always attached to the counter word:
고야이 두 마리를 봤어요.
Koyangyi tu mari-ryl pwassoyo.
I saw two cats.
Direct speech
Direct speech is formed in Korean with the ending (이) 라고 (i) rago + verb. In this case, the verb 말하다 (marhada) to speak is usually replaced by 하다 (hada) to do.
선생님이 학생들에게 "오늘은 제5과를 배우겠습니다"라고 말했습니다.
Sonsen-nim-i khaksendyr-ege “Onyr-yn cheo gva-ryl peugessymnida” rago marhessymnida.
The teacher told the students, "Today we will study lesson 5."
