How to make a drawing of a product. How to make a drawing: step-by-step instructions, tips and tricks for making a quality drawing. DIY upholstered furniture drawings

Since clothing does not fit the body over its entire surface, to construct the design of the product, in addition to measurements, allowances for a loose fit and decorative design. The amount of allowance for loose fit takes into account the type of product, the air gap that provides freedom of movement, the thickness of the fabric, and decorative and structural additions that create a certain silhouette of the product depend not only on the type of product, but also on the model.

Increases are denoted by the capital letter P, and by lowercase letters (subscript) - the area to which the increase is given. The amount of increase in our case is:

• to the half-circumference of the chest - P g = 6-8 cm;
• to shoulder circumference - P op = 5-7 cm;
• to the width of the neck - P width = 1.0 cm.

Building the basis of the drawing

The basis for constructing a drawing of any shoulder product is the construction of contour lines of the product parts: back, front, sleeves. The drawing is built on a basic grid, which is a vertical and horizontal lines that determine the overall size of the product in width and length.

Due to the fact that the human figure is symmetrical, the drawing is drawn at half the width of the product.

The contour of the back drawing consists of the following design lines: back neck line, shoulder line, side line, bottom line (Fig. 58). In the design of a shoulder product with a one-piece sleeve, the front drawing differs from the back drawing only in the deeper neckline, so the front and back are built simultaneously on the same base grid (Table 11).

Rice. 58. Design lines of the drawing of the base of the shoulder product

Table 11. Construction of a drawing of the base of a shoulder product with a one-piece sleeve

Practical work No. 15

Construction of a drawing of the basis of a shoulder product with a one-piece sleeve

Tools and materials: working box, ruler, square, pattern, TM-2M pencil, eraser, graph paper.

1. Construct the basis of a drawing of a shoulder product with a one-piece sleeve on a scale of 1:1, using Table 12.
2. Find the lines of the shoulder, waist, bottom of the product, side, middle front, middle back, bottom of the sleeve on the front and back drawings and label them.

New concepts

Allowances (increases) for loose fitting, design lines.

Control questions

1. What parts does the drawing of a shoulder product with a one-piece sleeve consist of? 2. How does the drawing of the back differ from the drawing of the front? 3. On what measurements does the size of the basic grid of a drawing depend?

In this tutorial we will learn how to turn a photo into a drawing in blue colors using Adobe Photoshop. If you are not a fan of spending long hours creating such works in the original, this technique will help you "fake" them, creating the appearance of a working drawing. We'll use filters to create baselines from the original photo and then add mesh and textures to make it look more realistic.

Result

Open the photo in Adobe Photoshop. This particular photo is freely available and you can download it.

From the menu select Image > Adjustments > Desaturate / Image> Correction> Desaturate to make the photo black and white.

From the menu select Filter > Stylize > Find Edges/Filter> Stylize> Select Edges to create the baselines of the drawing.

The drawing we want to emit must be drawn in white on blue paper, so select Image > Adjustments > Invert from the menu, to invert the colors.

In the photograph, most often there will be unnecessary objects that we do not need in the drawing. Outline the house (or your object) with the Pen Tool, including only the parts you want to keep. Then right click on the path and choose Make Selection.

Without removing the selection, click on the Layer Mask icon at the bottom of the Layers palette. This will hide all unnecessary details, leaving only what is inside the selection.

Create a new layer and drag it under the house layer. Fill this new layer with dark blue #051340. Change the blending mode of the house layer to Screen. This will make the black color of this layer transparent.

Double-click on the home layer to open Layer Styles and select Stroke. Set the stroke thickness to 5px, position to Inside, blending mode to Screen and 100% opacity.

Now we want to add a mesh. To do this, let's create a pattern. Create a new document approximately 80x80px in size. The size depends on the size of your document.

Create a new layer and turn off the visibility of the background layer. Using the marquee tool, select thin, long 2px rectangles along the top and left edges of the document and fill them with white.

Press CMD/Ctrl+D to deselect it, then from the menu select Edit > Define Pattern. Name the pattern so that you can easily identify it later.

Close the document and return to our main document. Create a new layer and take the Fill tool. In the drop-down menu in the settings panel, select the Pattern fill option, then select the pattern we just created. Click anywhere in the document to fill it.

Using the marquee/rectangular marquee tool, create a selection around the main composition along the outline of the cells. Right click and select Stroke, then set the width to 5px, White color and Center position.

Using the same tool, select the areas outside the frame we just created and press delete to clear them.

Give the mesh layer a mask. Hold ALT and click on the mask to edit its contents. Download and open one of the dusty and scratched textures, then paste it into the mask. Scale and rotate it as needed.

Take the Selection tool and click in the document to exit mask editing mode. Select the layer mask and press CMD/Ctrl+L to open the Levels adjustment. Move the sliders as shown in the image above.

We finish our work with the effect old paper. Download one of them, paste it into a document, scale it to the right size, then desaturate and invert the colors.

Change the blending mode of the paper layer to Screen / Lighten.

Result

Translation – Duty room

Make a drawing, draw a drawing... Not so long ago, these abilities were almost inaccessible to those who did not have special “spatial thinking.” If you are looking where can I make a drawing, then you have come to the right place.

If the drawing is made correctly, by a competent specialist, then most likely the part made according to such a drawing will perform its task efficiently, no matter how obvious it may sound.

The Fashion Designer company will make drawings as quickly as possible. How? So that the customer receives quickly made drawing, we can:

• use a sample of a product or part (we take measurements of products and parts);
• design and develop new structures and make drawings;
• use working drawings, drawings for the production of products;
• create drawings for quotation.

We design for:

For whatever purpose our customers need draw a drawing, they must understand: our company carries out any type of work, be it detail drawing, Assembly drawing, drawing general view, theoretical, overall, assembly, wiring– clients can order all these drawings from the company and expect that they will be completed in a timely manner in the best possible way, and most importantly:

Need drawings made? Contact us!

How to make a drawing correctly or where can I make a drawing?

What conditions are necessary for a drawing to be correctly and well executed? In order to have confidence in the correctness of the drawing, there is special standard: ESKD. All engineers in technical universities are taught how to make a drawing correctly, taking into account the requirements of the ESKD. The Modelier Company employs only the following engineers: those with specialized technical higher education.

Of course, you may have doubts about the correctness of your drawing, but the verification of all drawings made in our company is prescribed in the STO (organization standard) - therefore, let questions like “how to make a drawing correctly” or "how to make good drawing» you don't care anymore!

Make a drawing: price

Now that we've covered a lot of useful information, our potential clients should still have a few questions: how much does it cost to make a drawing? And further: where to make a drawing?

We are sure that if you read carefully, then question number two disappeared by itself! Has not disappeared, and you are still thinking: “Where can I make a drawing to order”, or “Where can I make a drawing”? Well, of course, at the Fashion Designer Company! And the answer to question number one is this: call us, our managers will tell you, how much does it cost to make a drawing in your situation? and for your product.

The main questions that people ask when they need to order drawings:

• where can I make a drawing?
• how to make your own drawings?
• how to make a drawing with dimensions?
• how to make a simple drawing?

Drawing for commercial offer

If our customer is interested in such a popular type of service as drawing for commercial offer, – then this type of drawings becomes available with the “Modelier” company!

Contact us by phone or fill out an application on the website, and we will contact you. Order a drawing in one click!

Do you need to draw a drawing? Contact us!

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IN recent years Increasingly, people are literally taking it with their own hands to create an individual home and interior design. And if they start with accessories and decorative items, a gradual transition to making more complex things is not long in coming. These can be pieces of furniture for the kitchen, living room, hallway, or children's room.

To do this you need to understand general principle interior design process. The basis of the basics is a good sketch. If your drawing skills are not ideal, it is better to look at furniture sketches on the Internet or specialized magazines. It is not necessary to repeat it exactly; you can transform this or that item to suit your needs.

You can consider taking measurements using the example of creating kitchen set with your own hands.

Taking measurements has its own laws, because the drawings are based precisely on correctly measured parameters:

• If you are making a kitchen set, or something for the kitchen, you need to know the length of the walls.
• Then the height of the walls of the room is measured.
• If we take as a basis standard sizes kitchen cabinets, they will be as follows: height base cabinet– 85 cm, depth – about 50 cm, width from 30 to 80 cm.
• Wall cabinets are made either according to the same parameters or in a smaller version.
• Distance from wall cabinet to floor – 65 cm.

All numbers are just a standard, average size, which can be changed to suit the features of the kitchen and the height of the housewife. Next moment– entering dimensions household appliances, which fills the kitchen.

Now these dimensions need to be transferred to paper. Today this need not be done manually; drawings are often drawn up in special graphics programs.

Library of furniture drawings (video)

Correct size calculation

Each piece of kitchen furniture is calculated separately. All elements are detailed and described according to their component parts. Eg, The kitchen cabinet is painted as follows:

• Rear panel - size;
• Side walls - size;
• Doors – size;
• Shelves - size.

Drawers are detailed separately. The mounting locations for the fittings are indicated. All dimensions are indicated with strict accuracy so that the drawings are error-free.

DIY upholstered furniture drawings

To create upholstered furniture, it is tedious not only to create a drawing with your own hands, but also to choose the right materials. And to the list necessary materials include:

• Boards,
• Bars,
• Filler,
• Upholstery fabric,
• Fiberboard and chipboard sheets,
• Bars,
• Leg-split,
• sharp knife,
• Drill,
• Screwdriver,
• Stapler,
• Sewing machine,
• Threads,
• Self-tapping screws,
• Screwdrivers,
• Pliers,
• Glue,
• Miter box,
• Keys in the set,
• Hand saw.

Having even small creation skills simple designs and using these tools, you can understand more complex technology. The success of an enterprise will depend on how quality materials you use.

Cushioned furniture requires filler, padding polyester is ideal for this purpose. Horsehair is a good alternative, but the cost of the latter seriously exceeds the cost of padding polyester. Foam rubber is also suitable, the only note is to choose foam rubber sheets of medium elasticity.

Work begins with the creation of a frame. When individual elements are created, drawings will be required. Parts are marked on the material, after which the blanks are cut.

The first fitting will show whether the design and drawings match - the parts must fit together. If there is no match, you need to correct the details immediately.

DIY kitchen corner (video)

Benefits of handcrafted furniture

Whether interior items are made for the kitchen or another room, such designs have undoubted advantages:

• High quality– since you choose the material, accessories yourself, and control all stages of the creation process;
• Significant cost savings– purchase of materials, that’s all the expenses;
• Creation of a single interior ensemble– with furniture created by yourself it is easier to make the interior harmonious;
• Gaining experience and moral satisfaction from the work done.

In addition, non-standard room sizes, corners and protrusions require appropriate furniture.

Special design programs

These programs greatly simplify the design process. They help to make the correct sizing calculations and more. Using programs you can:

• Create a sketch a certain thing;
• Create a design project, for example, a kitchen set;
• Narrow down your choice of materials up to a certain category;
• Choose decor options, finishing, fittings;
• Build 3Dmodel future design;
• Optimal placement of parts on the sheet– precise cutting sheet material;
• Manage the cutting process material.

In short, you can computerize the entire process, thereby ensuring that mistakes are avoided, and everything that is difficult to do with your own hands can be done on a computer.

Creating a kitchen project using KitchenDraw on a computer (video)

Conclusion

Creating any interior items is not an easy task, but it is quite feasible for a non-professional. Accuracy of measurements, drawings, modern weapons computer programs design will simplify this process and allow you to create truly high-quality, original item, which will serve the owners for a long time.

Product call any item or set of items of production to be manufactured at the enterprise.

GOST 2.101-88* establishes the following types of products:

• Details;
• Assembly units;
• Complexes;
• Kits.

When studying the Engineering Graphics course, two types of products are offered for consideration: parts and assembly units.

Detail– a product made from a material that is uniform in name and brand, without the use of assembly operations.

For example: a bushing, a cast body, a rubber cuff (unreinforced), a piece of cable or wire of a given length. Parts also include products that have been coated (protective or decorative), or manufactured using local welding, soldering, and gluing. For example: a body covered with enamel; chrome-plated steel screw; a box glued together from one sheet of cardboard, etc.

Assembly unit- a product consisting of two or more components, connected to each other at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations (screwing, welding, soldering, riveting, flaring, gluing, etc.).

For example: machine tool, gearbox, welded body, etc.

Complexes- two or more specified products not connected at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations, but intended to perform interrelated operational functions, for example, an automatic telephone exchange, an anti-aircraft complex, etc.

Kits- two or more specified products that are not connected at the manufacturer by assembly operations and represent a set of products that have a general operational purpose of an auxiliary nature, for example, a set of spare parts, a set of tools and accessories, a set of measuring equipment, etc.

The production of any product begins with the development of design documentation. Based on the terms of reference, the design organization develops preliminary design, containing the necessary drawings of the future product, an explanatory note, conducts an analysis of the novelty of the product, taking into account the technical capabilities of the enterprise and the economic feasibility of its implementation.

The preliminary design serves as the basis for the development of working design documentation. Full set design documentation determines the composition of the product, its structure, the interaction of its components, the design and material of all parts included in it and other data necessary for the assembly, manufacture and control of the product as a whole.

Assembly drawing– a document containing an image of an assembly unit and the data necessary for its assembly and control.

General drawing– a document defining the design of a product, the interaction of its components and the principle of operation of the product.

Specification– a document defining the composition of the assembly unit.

The general drawing has the assembly unit number and SB code.

For example: assembly unit code (Figure 9.1) TM.0004ХХ.100 SB the same number, but without a code, has a specification (Figure 9.2) of this assembly unit. Each product included in the assembly unit has its own position number indicated on the general view drawing. By the position number in the drawing you can find in the specification the name, designation of this part, as well as the quantity. In addition, the note may indicate the material from which the part is made.

9.2. Sequence of execution of drawings of parts

Part drawing is a document containing an image of a part and other data necessary for its manufacture and control.

Before completing the drawing, it is necessary to find out the purpose of the part, design features, find mating surfaces. On the training drawing of the part, it is enough to show the image, dimensions and grade of material.

1. Select the main image (see).
2. Set the number of images - views, sections, sections, extensions that clearly give an idea of ​​the shape and size of the part, and supplement the main image with any information, remembering that the number of images in the drawing should be minimal and sufficient.
3. Select the image scale according to GOST 2.302-68. For images on working drawings, the preferred scale is 1:1. The scale in the part drawing does not always have to match the scale of the assembly drawing. Large and simple details can be drawn on a reduction scale (1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5, etc.), small elements are best depicted on an enlargement scale (2:1; 2.5 :1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; etc.).
4. Select drawing format. The format is selected depending on the size of the part, number and scale of images. Images and inscriptions should occupy approximately 2/3 of the working area of ​​the format. The working field of the format is limited by a frame in strict accordance with GOST 2.301-68* for the design of drawings. The main inscription is located in the lower right corner (on A4 format the main inscription is located only along the short side of the sheet);
5. Layout the drawing. To rationally fill out the format field, it is recommended to outline the overall rectangles of the selected images with thin lines, then draw the axes of symmetry. The distances between the images and the format frame should be approximately the same. It is selected taking into account the subsequent application of extension, dimension lines and corresponding inscriptions.
6. Draw the detail. Apply extension and dimension lines in accordance with GOST 2.307-68. After drawing the part with thin lines, remove the extra lines. Having chosen the thickness of the main line, trace the images, observing the ratios of the lines in accordance with GOST 3.303-68. The outline must be clear. After tracing, complete the necessary inscriptions and put down the numerical values ​​of the dimensions above the dimension lines (preferably font size 5 according to GOST 2.304-68).
7. Fill out the title block. In this case, indicate: the name of the part (assembly unit), the material of the part, its code and number, who and when the drawing was made, etc. (Figure 9.1)

Stiffening ribs and spokes are shown unshaded in longitudinal sections.

Figure 9.1 – Working drawing of the “Case” part

9.3. Applying dimensions

Dimensioning is the most critical part of working on a drawing, since incorrectly placed and extra dimensions lead to defects, and lack of dimensions causes production delays. Below are some recommendations for applying dimensions when drawing parts.

The dimensions of the part are measured using a meter on the drawing of the general view of the assembly unit, taking into account the scale of the drawing (with an accuracy of 0.5 mm). When measuring largest diameter thread, it is necessary to round it to the nearest standard taken from the reference book. For example, if the diameter of a metric thread is measured to be d = 5.5 mm, then it is necessary to accept an M6 thread (GOST 8878-75).

9.3.1. Size classification

All sizes are divided into two groups: basic (conjugate) and free.

Main Dimensions are included in the dimensional chains and determine the relative position of the part in the assembly, they must ensure:

• location of the part in the assembly;
• precision of interaction of assembled parts;
• assembly and disassembly of the product;
• interchangeability of parts.

An example is the dimensions of the female and male elements of mating parts (Figure 9.2). The common contacting surfaces of the two parts have the same nominal size.

Available sizes Parts are not included in the dimensional chains. These dimensions determine those surfaces of the part that do not connect with the surfaces of other parts, and therefore they are made with less accuracy (Figure 9.2).

A– covering surface; B– covered surface;

IN- free surface; d– nominal size

Figure 9.2

9.3.2. Dimensioning methods

The following sizing methods are used:

• chain;
• coordinate;
• combined.

At chain method (Figure 9.3), the dimensions are entered sequentially one after another. With this sizing, each roller step is processed independently, and the technological base has its own position. At the same time, the accuracy of the size of each element of the part is not affected by errors in the execution of previous dimensions. However, the total size error consists of the sum of the errors of all sizes. Drawing dimensions in the form of a closed chain is not permitted, except in cases where one of the dimensions of the chain is indicated as a reference. Reference dimensions in the drawing are marked * and written in the field: "* Dimensions for reference» (Figure 9.4).

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

At coordinate method, dimensions are set from the selected bases (Figure 9.5). With this method, there is no summation of sizes and errors in the location of any element relative to one base, which is its advantage.

Figure 9.5

Combined The dimensioning method is a combination of chain and coordinate methods (Figure 9.6). It is used when high precision in manufacturing is required individual elements details.

Figure 9.6

According to their purpose, dimensions are divided into overall, connecting, installation and structural.

Dimensional dimensions determine the maximum external (or internal) contours of the product. They are not always applied, but are often listed for reference, especially for large cast parts. Overall size Not applied to bolts and studs.

Connection And installation Dimensions determine the size of the elements by which this product is installed at the installation site or connected to another. These dimensions include: the height of the center of the bearing from the plane of the base; distance between hole centers; diameter of the circle of centers (Figure 9.7).

A group of dimensions that define the geometry of individual elements of a part intended to perform a function, and a group of dimensions for elements of a part, such as chamfers, grooves (the presence of which is caused by processing or assembly technology), are performed with different accuracy, therefore their dimensions are not included in one dimensional chain (Figure 9.8, a, b).

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8, a

Figure 9.8, b

9.4. Making a drawing of a part that has the shape of a body of rotation

Parts that have the shape of a body of revolution, in the vast majority (50-55% of the number of original parts) are found in mechanical engineering, because rotational movement is the most common type of movement of elements of existing mechanisms. In addition, such parts are technologically advanced. These include shafts, bushings, disks, etc. processing of such parts is carried out on lathes, where the axis of rotation is horizontal.

Therefore, parts having the shape of a body of revolution are placed in the drawings so that the axis of rotation was parallel to the title block of the drawing(stamp). It is advisable to place the end of the part, taken as the technological base for processing, on the right, i.e. the way it will be positioned during processing on the machine. The working drawing of the bushing (Figure 9.9) shows the execution of a part that is a surface of rotation. External and internal surfaces parts are limited to surfaces of revolution and planes. Another example could be the “Shaft” part (Figure 9.10), limited by coaxial surfaces of rotation. The center line is parallel to the title block. Dimensions are given in a combined way.

Figure 9.9 - Working drawing of a part of the surface of revolution

Figure 9.10 — Working drawing of the “Shaft” part

9.5. Making a drawing of a part made from sheet metal

This type of parts includes gaskets, covers, strips, wedges, plates, etc. Parts of this shape are processed different ways(stamping, milling, planing, cutting with scissors). Flat parts made of sheet material are usually depicted in one projection, defining the contour of the part (Figure 9.11). The thickness of the material is indicated in the title block, but it is recommended to indicate it again on the image of the part, on the drawing - s3. If the part is bent, then a development is often shown in the drawing.

Figure 9.11 - Drawing of a flat part

9.6. Execution of a drawing of a part manufactured by casting, followed by machining

Molding by casting allows you to obtain a fairly complex shape of a part, with virtually no loss of material. But after casting, the surface turns out to be quite rough, therefore, the working surfaces require additional mechanical processing.

Thus, we get two groups of surfaces - casting (black) and processed after casting (clean).

The casting process: molten material is poured into the casting mold, after cooling the workpiece is removed from the mold, for which most of the surfaces of the workpiece have casting slopes, and the mating surfaces have casting rounding radii.

Casting slopes need not be depicted, but casting radii must be depicted. The dimensions of the casting radii of roundings are indicated in technical requirements drawing by writing, for example: Unspecified casting radii 1.5 mm.

The main feature of applying dimensions: since there are two groups of surfaces, that is, two groups of sizes, one connects all black surfaces, the other connects all clean surfaces, and for each coordinate direction it is allowed to put down only one size, connecting these two groups of sizes.

In Figure 9.12, these dimensions are: in the main image - size of the cover height - 70, in the top view - size 10 (from the lower end of the part) (highlighted in blue).

When casting, a casting material is used (letter L in the designation), which has increased fluidity, for example:

• steel according to GOST 977-88 (Steel 15L GOST 977-88)
• gray cast irons according to GOST 1412-85 (SCH 15 GOST 1412-85)
• foundry brass according to GOST 17711-93 (LTs40Mts1.5 GOST 17711-93)
• aluminum alloys according to GOST 2685-75 (AL2 GOST 2685-75)

Figure 9.12 - Drawing of a casting part

9.7. Drawing a spring

Springs are used to create certain forces in a given direction. According to the type of loading, springs are divided into compression, tension, torsion and bending springs; in shape - for screw cylindrical and conical, spiral, sheet, disc, etc. rules for the execution of drawings of various springs are established by GOST 2.401-68. In the drawings, the springs are drawn conditionally. The coils of a helical cylindrical or conical spring are depicted by straight lines tangent to sections of the contour. It is allowed to depict only sections of coils in a section. Springs are shown with right-hand winding, with the true direction of the coils indicated in the technical requirements. An example of a spring training drawing is shown in Figure 9.13.

To obtain flat bearing surfaces on the spring, the outer coils of the spring are pressed by ¾ of a coil or by a whole coil and ground. The pressed turns are not considered working, therefore the total number of turns n is equal to the number of working turns plus 1.5÷2:n 1 =n+(1.5÷2) (Figure 9.14).

The construction begins by drawing axial lines passing through the centers of the sections of the spring coils (Figure 9.15, a). Then a circle is drawn on the left side of the center line, the diameter of which is equal to the diameter of the wire from which the spring is made. The circle touches the horizontal line on which the spring rests. Then you need to draw a semicircle from the center located at the intersection of the right axis with the same horizontal line. To construct each subsequent coil of the spring, sections of the coils are constructed on the left at a step distance. On the right, each section of the coil will be located opposite the middle of the distance between the coils built on the left. By drawing tangents to the circles, a cross-sectional image of the spring is obtained, i.e. image of the coils lying behind the plane passing through the axis of the spring. To depict the front halves of the turns, tangents to the circles are also drawn, but with a rise to the right (Figure 9.15, b). The front quarter of the support turn is constructed so that the tangent to the semicircle simultaneously touches the left circle in the lower part. If the wire diameter is 2 mm or less, then the spring is depicted by lines 0.5 ÷ 1.4 mm thick. When drawing helical springs with more than four turns, one or two turns are shown from each end, except for the reference ones, drawing axial lines through the centers of the sections of the turns along the entire length. On the working drawings, helical springs are depicted so that the axis has a horizontal position.

As a rule, a test diagram is placed on the working drawing, showing the dependence of deformations (tension, compression) on the load (P 1; P 2; P 3), where H 1 is the height of the spring during preliminary deformation P 1; N 2 - the same, with working deformation P 2; H 3 – height of the spring at maximum deformation P 3; H 0 – height of the spring in working condition. In addition, under the image of the spring indicate:

• Spring standard number;
• Winding direction;
• n – number of working turns;
• Total number of turns n;
• Length of the unrolled spring L=3.2×D 0 ×n 1 ;
• Dimensions for reference;
• Other technical requirements.

Figure 9.13 – Working drawing of the spring

A	b

Figure 9.14. Images of preloaded spring coils

Figure 9.15. Sequence of constructing an image of a spring

9.8. Making a gear drawing

A gear is an important component of many designs of devices and mechanisms designed to transmit or transform motion.

The main elements of a gear wheel: hub, disk, ring gear (Figure 9.16).

Figure 9.16 — Gear elements

The tooth profiles are normalized by the relevant standards.

The main parameters of the gear are (Figure 9.17):

m=Pt/ π [ mm] – module;

da= mst(Z+2) – diameter of the circle of the tooth tips;

d= mst Z– pitch diameter;

df= mst (Z– 2.5) – diameter of the circle of the depressions;

St= 0.5 mstπ – tooth width;

h a– height of the tooth head;

h f– height of the tooth stem;

h = h a + h f– tooth height;

P t– dividing circumferential step.

Figure 9.17 — Gear parameters

The main characteristic of the ring gear is the modulus - a coefficient that relates the circumferential pitch to the number π. The module is standardized (GOST 9563-80).

m = P t/ π [mm]

On training drawings of gears:

Tooth head height – h a = m;

Tooth stem height – h f = 1.25m;

Roughness of tooth working surfaces – Ra 0.8[µm];

At the top right of the sheet, a table of parameters is drawn up, the dimensions of which are shown in Figure 9.18; often only the modulus value, the number of teeth and the pitch diameter are filled in.

Figure 9.18 — Parameter table

Wheel teeth are depicted conventionally, according to GOST 2.402-68 (Figure 9.19). The dashed line is the dividing circle of the wheel.

In the section the tooth is shown uncut.

A	b	V

Figure 9.19 - Image of a gear wheel a - in section, b - in front view and c - in left view

Roughness on the side work surface The teeth in the drawing are marked on the pitch circle.

An example of a gear drawing is shown in Figure 9.20.

Figure 9.20 — An example of a training drawing of a gear

9.9. Sequence of reading a general view drawing

1. Using the data contained in the title block and the description of the product’s operation, find out the name, purpose and operating principle of the assembly unit.
2. Based on the specification, determine which assembly units, original and standard products the proposed product consists of. Find in the drawing the number of parts indicated in the specification.
3. Based on the drawing, represent the geometric shape, the relative position of the parts, how they are connected and the possibility of relative movement, that is, how the product works. To do this, it is necessary to consider in the drawing of the general view of the assembly unit all the images of this part: additional views, sections, sections, and extensions.
4. Determine the sequence of assembly and disassembly of the product.

When reading a general view drawing, it is necessary to take into account some simplifications and conventional images in the drawings, allowed by GOST 2.109-73 and GOST 2.305-68*:

It is allowed not to show on the general view drawing:

• chamfers, roundings, grooves, recesses, protrusions and other small elements (Figure 9.21);
• gaps between the rod and the hole (Figure 9.21);
• covers, shields, casings, partitions, etc. in this case, an appropriate inscription is made above the image, for example: “The cover pos. 3 is not shown”;
• inscriptions on plates, scales, etc. depict only the contours of these parts;
• in a cross-section of an assembly unit, different metal parts have opposite hatching directions, or different hatching densities (Figure 9.21). It must be remembered that for the same part, the density and direction of all hatchings are the same in all projections;
• on sections they are shown uncut:
  • components of the product for which independent assembly drawings are drawn up;
  • such parts as axles, shafts, fingers, bolts, screws, studs, rivets, handles, as well as balls, keys, washers, nuts (Figure 9.21);
• a welded, soldered, glued product made of a homogeneous material assembled with other products in the section has hatching in one direction, while the boundaries between the parts of the product are shown as solid lines;
• It is allowed to show evenly spaced identical elements (bolts, screws, holes), not all, one is enough;
• if not a single hole or connection falls into the cutting plane, then it is allowed to “adjust” it so that it falls into the cut image.

Assembly drawings contain reference, installation, and as-built dimensions. Executive dimensions are dimensions for those elements that appear during the assembly process (for example, pin holes).

Figure 9.21 – Assembly drawing

Figure 9.22 – Specification

9.10. Rules for filling out the specification

The specification for training assembly drawings typically includes the following sections:

1. Documentation;
2. Complexes;
3. Assembly units;
4. Details;
5. Standard products;
6. Other products;
7. Materials;
8. Kits.

The name of each section is indicated in the “Name” column, underlined with a thin line and highlighted with empty lines.

1. In the “Documentation” section, design documents for the assembly unit are entered. “Assembly drawing” is entered into this section in training drawings.
2. The sections “Assembly units” and “Parts” include those components of the assembly unit that are directly included in it. In each of these sections, the components are written by their name.
3. In the section "Standard products" write down products used according to state, industry or republican standards. Within each category of standards, the record is made in homogeneous groups, within each group - in alphabetical order of product names, within each name - in ascending order of standard designations, and within each standard designation - in ascending order of the main parameters or dimensions of the product.
4. In the "Materials" section, all materials that are directly included in the assembly unit are entered. Materials are recorded by type and in the sequence specified in GOST 2.108 - 68. Within each type, materials are recorded in alphabetical order of the names of materials, and within each name - in ascending size and other parameters.

In the column "Quantity" indicate the number of components per one specified product, and in the section "Materials" - the total amount of materials per one specified product with indication of units of measurement - (for example, 0.2 kg). Units of measurement may be written in the “Note” column.

How to create a specification in the KOMPAS-3D program is described in the corresponding topic !