“Keep a staff for the path, and a word for the answer,” says an old saying. Almost everyone has an answer, whether suitable or not, but it is extremely rare to see a staff among travelers in our time.

The distant ancestor of the graceful cane is the staff. At the beginning of its history, it was an ordinary gnarled stick, an invaluable assistant on the difficult path of every traveler, the main purpose of which was support when walking. This attribute, which came to us from antiquity, can rightfully be considered the very first object that a person used, and the device was called not a cane, but a staff.

Even then, travelers tried to transform a gnarled tree branch by shortening it to required length and decorating. Particularly talented people used a knife to carve various shapes and patterns on the upper end of the staff. His most successful experiments were sold in the nearest city through which his route lay.

The cane changed, acquiring different characteristics: in ancient Rome, a strong cane, covered with copper, about a meter high, was a military weapon. IN ancient China In both Japan, the staff and cane have undergone a huge number of changes, turning into military weapons from nunchucks to two-meter long fighting staves of which there were more than 10 types. With the advent of the forged tip, the spear appeared.

But the most common type of staff is the shepherd's staff or "valashka". Shepherding was associated with a certain risk: wolves, robbers and other delights, so the shepherds owned the staff as if they were their own body. We can see similar staves among Ukrainian and Polish gurals; it is called “chupraga”.

Time passed, the combat staff was modernized, turning into a modern riot police baton. And the wanderer’s staff, used precisely as “a stick on which a person leans while walking,” eventually turned into a cane.

To determine whether what we have in front of us is a stick or an ordinary cane, we need to take a good look at this object. The difference between a stick and a cane is that a stick usually has a curved handle or knob to rest on when walking. But the cane has a round or cylindrical knob, intended simply for beauty.

In the 17th century, this simple device underwent major changes and became an effective addition to the costume, emphasizing the social status of its owner.

In Russia, interest in this accessory appeared during the reign of Peter I. Thanks to the great Russian reformer, elegant canes became an element of Russian secular costume for a long time. It’s no wonder. It is known that the king perceived with great curiosity all the innovations emerging in Europe, and was well acquainted with European culture. Peter I personally collected a large collection of canes, including: a sword cane, a ruler cane, and a cane with a telescope. Based on the tsar’s sketches, a cane was made, which Tsar Peter granted to his associate A.D. Menshikov in connection with the victory at Kalisz (1706). Its handle was studded with diamonds and crowned with a large emerald. The courtiers knew the weakness of Peter the Great and gave him canes for all kinds of holidays. Part of the collection consisted of canes inherited from the father of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, for example, one unusually luxurious one with a knob made of a huge carnelian with enamel and expensive stones. And the other cane is decorated with a golden double-headed eagle with rubies, emeralds and diamonds.

Precious canes were a favorite gift among nobles and crowned heads. Catherine II was partial to canes. On the occasion of the victory in the Russian-Turkish war, the Danes presented her with a unique cane with a built-in clock mechanism; it set in motion 21 elegant miniatures with battle scenes. The Prussian king Frederick the Great presented the empress with a cane with an amber knob in a gold frame studded with diamonds.

The finishing of the cane communicated taste and financial status. Often, after the cabinetmaker, the cane was sent to a jeweler, and then the value of the cane could be equal to the family fortune. Such canes were not only part of a secular costume, but also the subject of many collections. They were brought from long trips, ordered from the best masters, many of the products were truly unique and very expensive works of art. They were willingly shown to guests and left as inheritance to children and grandchildren.

Kings, nobles, diplomats, writers, etc. showed interest in the cane. For example, the same A.S. Pushkin had a lot of canes: “working”, “sports”, “out of necessity” and “just because”.

Canes were for men, women, and children; they were no longer a symbol of power, but became a sign of wealth; they were worn by different segments of the population. Depending on fashion, the following could be inserted into the cane: lorgnettes, umbrellas, lanterns, watches, and so on. You could find a whole first aid kit in a doctor’s cane, a smoking kit in a smoker’s cane, artists carried brushes in it, and musicians carried sheet music in it. In one of the stories

O" Henry described a cane in which it was possible to unscrew the knob of the cane and inside there was a secret flask. The cane was given to a young man as a symbol of entry into adulthood. In addition, the cane had to correspond to the mood of its owner and the fashionable trends of the time. It was believed that everyone who respected himself a secular person should have a dozen different canes. It was the wearing of a cane that distinguished a noble person from a commoner. In a word, the cane was very popular. Chaliapin and Yesenin walked with it, Mayakovsky and even the famous Mari poet and film actor Yyvan Kyrlya sported it.

This popularity could not bypass the glorious merchant city of Kozmodemyansk. Every self-respecting merchant had several canes: everyday, business, walking, ceremonial “going out” and so on. The middle class of the city, trying to look “fashionable”, also sported canes, but the townspeople could not afford to buy expensive specimens. Therefore, it is not at all surprising that it was here that a folk craft that was not typical for this area appeared - the making of canes.

The first artisan was a resident of Kozmodemyansk, Fedor Dmitrievich Kalashnikov. He began making handicraft canes in 1863. He made his first canes from birch, apple, maple and Karelian birch. The master's skill grew from year to year and in 1896 his products were exhibited at the All-Russian Industrial Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. What was the impetus for the development of this fishery in the Gornomariysky region. Unfortunately, the canes that Fyodor Dmitrievich made have not survived to this day, and very little information has been preserved about the master himself. But his work was continued and expanded by the residents of the villages of Nizhnye and Verkhnie Shelabolki.

The successor to the case of Kalashnikov F.D. and the founder of handicraft production in the village of Nizhnie Shelabolki, even before the revolution, was Timofey Kuzmich Baryshkin. He introduced innovations in the making of canes. While in military service in Dagestan, he adopted the experience and secrets of making painted and varnished patterned canes from the Untsukul masters. Combining the knowledge gained with the experience of F.D. Kalashnikov, adding the Mari national flavor, Timofey Baryshkin began to produce unique, colorful canes. From silver notching, which is an important decorative element of Untsukul canes, to the local craftsman, for lack of necessary materials, traditions, conditions for the development of this expensive jewelry art had to be abandoned. But the decorative system of firing canes using a candle, painting and varnishing the surface, characteristic of the Untsukul craft, was well mastered, which gave the cane an elegant look. At the same time, the shape of the canes was gradually modified and, along with thick sticks with a bent handle, similar to the Untsukul ones, the Mari carver began to make thin canes. The master involved his father Kuzma Petrovich Baryshkin, and later his son Peter, in the production of canes.

At first, production techniques were kept secret by artisans; material was collected secretly from others. But over time, other village residents joined in making canes: Nikodim Sergeevich Danilov, Ivan Osipovich Romashkin, Stepan Lvov and others. As a result, by the 30s of the 20th century, in only one village, Nizhnie Shelabolki, 35 artisans from 20 households were engaged in making canes. They produced 15-17 items per day. Their earnings were 80–100 rubles. The artistic production of canes among the mountain Mari acquired the character of a craft. They began to be made in the villages of Shyndyryaly, Nosely, Shelabolki, Chermyshevo. Canes became widespread among the local population, as well as in the Volga region, and later throughout Russia. At first, the sale of finished products was carried out by buyers from the city of Kozmodemyansk; they bought canes from artisans in batches for 3-5 kopecks apiece and went with them along the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod to Saratov, reselling the canes on the Volga piers. The buyers did not allow the handicraftsmen to sell their products themselves, creating interference even to the point of attracting the police. And only in the last pre-war years did artisans gain access to free sale. Their products quickly spread throughout the Volga region, and canes began to be sold throughout Russia, even in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the post-war years, the fashion for canes died out, and the demand for craftsmen's products fell. IN last years In the 21st century, only three masters were engaged in the manufacture of canes: Nikolai Konstantinovich Obodkin, Ivan Nikitich Trofimov and Ivan Fedorovich Yuadarov. At the fair of folk art crafts, which was held in Kozmodemyansk on June 22, 1985, only N.K. took part. Obodkin.

We especially need to talk about the talented carver, master of making canes - Nikolai Konstantinovich Obodkin (born in 1909). The master's creative experience spans six decades. Young Nikolai Obodkin began working at 17 summer age, since 1926, at this time almost the entire village, about 40 households, was engaged in this trade, which brought income and fame to the masters. Making canes has been a lifelong passion for him. In his free time from work, he stayed up late working on his products, each of which has an original pattern. Canes manufactured by N.K. Obodkin, are distinguished by carved handles in the form of a bird’s beak, the head of a venerable old man, a hedgehog with needles, or graceful, beautiful hands painted in green and red tones. In the hands of a master, a knotty stick or wooden block turned into a real miracle. Here is a description of the burnt pattern on one of the canes: in the upper part there are five different scenes, separated by stripes of two lines, between which there are dots. The central place is occupied by the image of the sun with rays, and then chains with dots run along a helical line almost to the very bottom, and in the middle there is a complex ornament copied from the frieze wooden house. The ornaments with which the master decorated the canes were very diverse: up to 20 – 25 options. Even in his old age, Nikolai Konstantinovich worked productively, with inspiration, with invention and imagination, with a confident dexterity that had strengthened over the years. In addition to canes and sticks, the master made pointers, which were no less in demand. His works were purchased by the All-Russian Museum of Decorative, Applied and Folk Arts, N.K. Canes. Obodkin are in the collections of many ethnographic and art museums, for example, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Yoshkar-Ola, Kozmodemyansk. His works have been exhibited more than once at foreign exhibitions in Finland, Hungary, and Canada. This is how photographer, journalist and traveler Levenshtein Henry - Ralph Rudolfovich (Johnston) described his meeting with Nikolai Konstantinovich: “In one of the villages, I noticed an old man who was sitting on the porch of a hut and holding two canes in his hands. He apparently heard that museum employees had arrived to purchase exhibits, and wanted to offer his products. The canes interested me. Sturdy, well made, with a hooked handle, their smooth surface was decorated with spiral and wavy lines, different combinations geometric and floral ornaments. The canes had a rubber tip and were apparently intended for older people with leg problems. I wasn’t one of those people at that time, but now I regret that I didn’t buy one of these beautiful and comfortable canes.

It’s hard now, he complained, to sell canes, not like it was before. I remember when the ships with tourists moored to the shore, my canes were in great demand.

Only years later did I find out that I had spoken with the last of the “Mohicans” who was engaged in making canes - Nikolai Konstantinovich Obodkin, a resident of the village of Nizhnie Shelabolki. Now he is no longer there, and with him the production of canes has ceased.”

Sticks and canes were made three types: thick, knotty with a curved hook-handle and thin canes with a carved handle, depicting animals, birds, snakes, etc. Each master prepared the material secretly from others, observing a number of rules and rituals. The tree from which the material is taken must be healthy, without rot or cuts. It should give the impression of strength and reliability; if it is a bush, then it should evoke a feeling of joy and well-being. Two branches or twigs are not taken from one tree. In some cases, a tree that has been struck by lightning is used. They approach a tree or bush from the east, left hand on the heart, the right one is placed on the tree so that you can immediately be in contact with it. Next, an apology comes from the soul. Asks for forgiveness for the harm caused. Then the master asks the tree for help to successfully make a cane, stick or wand. If this is not done, the fact that you have damaged the tree by depriving it of a branch or cutting it off will be deposited in your memory on a subconscious level. And in the future, negative energy will affect the work during the manufacture of the product. Many people, when they cut a living tree, do not understand that it hurts. And this generates negativity, and the product should not have any emanating negativity. If a small tree is cut or uprooted entirely for a cane, an apology is offered to the grove, forest, and trees around. After cutting, gratitude is said, the words must be found in the soul. The cut piece is immediately placed in a bag so that no one else can see it for the time being. Cut side up - towards the bag tie. At the edge of a forest or clearing, in gratitude, they leave a demand - bread, three charmed loaves are placed in a triangle, with the top to the tree, the latter is not necessary, it is enough to put the bread.

A tree is close to a person’s vibrational background; it is easy to find contact with it. The older the tree, the stronger it is, because it has accumulated energy over many, many years. Already at home, on the workpiece being cleaned small plot bark and a mark is applied to this place, the blanks are laid to dry for a year, all the bark is not removed, otherwise the wood will crack due to rapid drying. In the bag where the preparations lie, put herbs in a separate bag: chamomile, valerian, St. John's wort, calamus root, fern root. A year later, work continues. You can prepare the material from spring, when the snow begins to melt, until frost.

Used to make canes hardwoods trees and shrubs with hard wood: maple, oak, elm, honeysuckle, rose hips, hazel and sometimes apple trees. But if the master saw nodules of various configurations on roots and branches, then he would definitely cut off such a branch or dig up the root that interested him. Such influxes were used to decorate the handle. The craftsman's equipment consists of a knife, a chisel, a bend, a rasp, a tube with a lamp for burning, sandpaper, and a varnishing brush.

Work on the cane began with cutting off the branches from the trunk, after which the bark was removed and the blanks were placed in a warm oven to soften and straighten. Then the surface was smoothed with a knife, rasp and sandpaper.

After processing, various patterns were burned onto the canes, which were applied using a tallow candle; in the absence of this, it was replaced with tallow with a wick lowered into it, which burns with a fine flame. They blow on the flame through the fairy with appropriate force, directing it to the places to be burned, and obtain a design by gradually turning the cane. Later, patterns were applied using a metal blowpipe (revka) and a paraffin lamp. After burning, the cane should be washed with water, dried and varnished or rubbed with beef fat.

The patterns were very diverse, combining geometric and floral patterns. Particular attention was paid to the manufacture of the handle. Thin canes were made with a carved handle in the shape of a bird or snake. More massive cane handles, especially those with beads, were carved with more interesting compositions, depending on the size and shape of the bead. It could be the head of an animal, a figurine of a bird, the head of an old man, and so on. Obodkin N.K. cut out a man sitting on a chair. The most popular were canes with a handle in the shape of a bird. It was painted yellow and brown, red was used for the beak and comb, and black for the eyes. In bright, naturalistic colors, varnished, they seemed to have fluttered out of the Mari forests and sat down to rest on a cane.

When decorating, the craftsmen avoided colored backgrounds, preserving the light surface of the wood, emphasizing its natural beauty with a small amount of bright painting. The painting used gouache paints, which were diluted with a three to five percent solution of wood glue. This paint mass picks up well on a brush and easily lays on a pre-sanded surface. Gouache of this consistency can also be written on unprimed wood: it does not spread. Soft squirrel brushes are used for painting. Products are varnished after drying for two to three hours at room temperature. Under the varnish film, the colors acquire sonority and richness, and the product acquires a finished look. The masters were real wizards, in whose hands a simple branch turned into a real miracle.

Over time, the cane lost its appeal and began to become a thing of the past. In the new modern life there is no longer a place for the elegant cane; they can only be seen in museums. In the Ethnographic Open Air Museum named after. Romanov collected a small collection of sticks and canes. Each exhibit is distinguished by the wood from which it is made, decor, ornament and carved handle. The collection contains several canes, the knobs of which are made with the same image - the head of an old man in a headdress, but each cane is made in its own style.

The baton cane is made from the trunk of an apple tree, the structure of the bark is clearly expressed, the clumsiness, grooves, and irregularities are artificially emphasized. The knob is solid, carved in the shape of the head of an old man in a fur hat. The headdress is tall, with a small lapel, and decorated with a geometric pattern in the form of rhombuses using the wood burning technique. The hair and beard are highlighted with black paint, as well as the eyebrows, which gives the face expressiveness. The beard bifurcates at the bottom and is carved so carefully that the hairs can be distinguished.

On another cane, the head is not carved with as much care as on the previous cane. The hat is smaller in size, without patterns, painted in dark color, the beard is depicted conventionally. The cane is covered with a dot pattern using the wood burning technique.

Among them stands out a cane with a removable knob in the shape of the head of an old man with a hat on his head. The papakha is not high, cut with a wide lapel, facial features are carefully carved, a mustache and a short thick beard are clearly visible on the face, and the hair is long. In the manufacture of this cane, the master did not use paint so that the structure of the wood was visible. Despite the fact that the carving is large and a little rough, the overall impression of the cane is quite light and elegant. The cane itself is richly decorated with a floral-geometric spiral pattern, which gives the cane solidity.

A separate group consists of canes with handles in the shape of birds and animals. Of particular interest is a cane with a knob in the shape of a dog's head. It is carved very carefully, naturalistically, subtly. IN decorative finishing The cane master refused to use paint, showing the beauty of natural wood. The patterns are spiral, applied using the wood burning technique, and are weakly expressed. Thanks to this, the product looks light and elegant in appearance, despite some massiveness. The handle is curved and is integral with the cane.

The favorite images on reeds among craftsmen are birds. There are several such canes in the museum collection. One of them was made in 1960 by N.K. Obodkin from the trunk of a young honeysuckle. His cane is richly decorated with spiral geometric designs. The handle is straight, in the shape of a flying bird, the plumage is bright, the feathers are painted green and red.

But not all canes had carved handles; quite a lot of canes and sticks have simple bent handles. Such canes are richly decorated with ornaments, the beauty of which is emphasized by bright colors.

You can endlessly describe the beauty of canes and sticks, the skill of local artisans - carvers. It becomes a little pity that their products are not in demand and are a thing of the past. Future generations will be able to touch the art of the Kozmodemyansk and Shelabolkinsky masters only by visiting museums.

Nowadays, canes and sticks can only be found among elderly and sick people who have problems with their legs. And sticks and canes serve as support for them, but they are made not by hand, but by industrial means. They lack individuality, the warmth of human hands, the good energy of masters.

Lobanova Sofya Yurievna

Senior Researcher
Accounting and storage department

Used Books:

Kryukova T.A. Material culture of the Mari of the 21st century / Ed. Prof. Vorobyova N.I.. - Yoshkar Ola: Mari Book Publishing House, 1956.-160 p.
Folk arts and crafts of the Mari ASSR / Materials of the scientific and practical conference “Current problems in the development of folk arts and crafts and decorative and applied arts of the Mari ASSR.” - Yoshkar Ola: Mari Book Publishing House, 1988. - 120 p.
Smirnova D.A. Handicrafts (late 19th and early 20th centuries). - Kozmodemyansk; Kozmodemyansk publishing house, 2009.- 64 p.

I decided to make myself a walking stick, which is very useful when walking in nature, especially in the hills and mountains.

You can use a simple pole for walking, but I decided to decorate it to make it more interesting to use and just nice to look at, because I love creative things.

To make your own wooden cane, you will need a wooden pole (I used oak), some duct tape, a pen or marker, a chisel and, optionally, an engraver.

I have made several videos on how to make a cane. I use power tools in them, but if you don’t have them on hand, you can just get by with a chisel.

Step 1: Materials

Show 5 more images

I used:

Tasmanian oak with a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 1.8 meters
Insulating tape
Pencil or felt-tip pen
Chisel - I used a set of flat tools
Engraver (grinding machine)
Protective glasses
Sandpaper

The final processing of the cane is left to you. I used wax, but you can use wood oil, varnish, polyurethane. I also used 0000 grade steel wool and an old T-shirt as a rag to apply the wax.

To give the reed a tone, you can use various dyes, but I experimented with natural ones. chemical reactions. Oak contains tannins, which can be activated by various substances. I first used sodium bicarbonate and water, which gave the wood a tint, but it was barely noticeable. I then placed 4 tea bags in boiling water, let them steep for about an hour, then applied the resulting infusion to the wood. This gave the wood a much darker shade, I applied a few coats but was still not happy. The last experiment in making a cane was to place steel wool in vinegar and let it sit for 4 days, stirring the infusion occasionally. This component colored the wood much better, and I was pleased.

Step 2: Applying the Celtic Ribbon Pattern

The video will help you better understand how the pattern is applied. I took duct tape and wrapped it around the pole. The angle at which the tape is wrapped around the pole should be 45 degrees. Make sure the distance between each line of tape is the same, the video will help you understand how to achieve this.

Step 3: Marking Lines on Wood

In this video I used a chisel to mark lines on wood. When making lines, make sure that parts of your body are not in the direction of the chisel. Also make sure the pole is resting on a solid surface, such as a bench or floor.

In this step we cut through the grain of the wood, creating notches on the cane. These notches are called stop cuts. They are needed so that when you cut out the desired element, your chisel does not go further than the desired area, and you do not remove part of the wood that you did not want to touch.

Step 4: Using an Engraver to Mark the Design on the Wood

This step is identical to the previous one, the only difference is that I use an engraver instead of a chisel.

Wear safety glasses - if the cue ball breaks on the engraver, it can bounce at high speed and damage your eyes.

For this project I used a cutting bit. Using an engraver will greatly speed up the process.

Step 5: Cutting out the pattern using an engraver

Using a specific type of cue ball (look at the video), I cut out a pattern at the marking location. Don't forget to wear safety glasses.

Step 6: Using an engraver, cut out the diamond-shaped indentations

The process is similar to the previous step. I use the engraver again, but with a different shaped cue ball, to cut diamond-shaped indentations between the ribbons.

The cue ball I used is round and it leaves rounded indentations in the wood that I will work with in the next step.

Step 7: Use a chisel to sharpen the corners of the thread

In this video I use a chisel to sharpen the edges of a thread. At the end of the video general form The reeds are still rough, but after filming I sharpened the chisel and the cuts were very clean.

The final state of the cuts is not shown, since I did not take a video after sharpening the chisel.

After that, I sanded the wood with 320 sandpaper and painted it with the solution I described above. I applied the stain in two layers, letting the wood dry after each application.

The last stage of processing the carved cane was waxing. I took steel wool and used it to wax the cane, working along the grain of the wood. I then did the same with an old T-shirt, applying a lot of pressure to force the wax into the pores of the wood.

I have a recording of me waxing the bench. By watching this video, you can get acquainted with the technique of waxing wood.

The manufactory is located on the territory of the Sochi woodworking plant.
From here, every day, canes fly by plane to Moscow, St. Petersburg and throughout Russia.
Curious. At the factory, we are the only ones who work with wood. The rest buy and sell.

You send us a scan of the outline of your palm. You can simply trace your hand with a felt-tip pen on an A4 sheet of paper and take a photo.

And this is what the drawing of the future cane handle looks like. Not a single handle is repeated. Everything is according to science.

This is what the order board for canes looks like. For each order, the consultant prepares an order. Coordinates details with you. And the outfit ends up on this board.

Depending on the weight and support load, the future diameter of the shaft is calculated. The shaft is cut to turning and milling machine made of bone wood, oak or ash.

Elena Vostrotina does cutting and engraving on canes.

After applying the coating, polish the reed and protect it with a grease-repellent coating

Ilya Vostrotin grinds various arrowheads from bronze. Image, automatic.

Ready canes are waiting to be packaged and sent by courier.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Introduction

1. Historical sketch of the ancient cane trade

2. Cane manufacturing technology

3. Elements of the cane

4. Materials for creation wooden toys, canes

5. Woodworking tools

5.1 Wood cutting tools

5.2 Sawing tool

5.3 Splitting and planing of wood

5.4 Planing tool

5.5 Types and purposes of chisels

5.6 Use of special cutters

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The relevance of research. Today, wooden models are in demand. This is fair, since these cubes, pyramids, dolls, cars and other funny trinkets have a number of advantages. They are made from environmentally friendly materials, but more importantly, wooden toys return adults to their distant childhood. Wooden children's toys have become the most popular among buyers. To the above reasons for the demand for wooden crafts You can also add durability, strength, amazing design.

Speaking about the cane in more detail, it should be remembered that for many years it acted as both a reliable support and a good means of protection. In addition, it acted as an element of status, emphasizing the lifestyle of its owner, as well as his special social status. For many years, the cane was also a real symbol of solidity, independence and self-sufficiency.

Object of study is a wooden cane.

Subject of research is the technology of making a wooden cane.

The purpose of this work is the study of the basics of design, as well as consideration of the material, technology, tools and equipment applicable for the manufacture of wooden canes.

Research objectives:

1. Study the history of the cane.

2. Consideration of cane manufacturing technology;

3.Overview of the main elements of a cane;

4. Review of the material used to create wooden toys and canes.

5.Research on basic woodworking tools.

1. Historical sketch of the ancient cane trade

Even then, travelers tried to transform a gnarled tree branch, shortening it to the required length and decorating it. Particularly talented people used a knife to carve various shapes and patterns on the upper end of the staff. His most successful experiments were sold in the nearest city through which his route lay.

The cane changed, acquiring different characteristic features: in Ancient Rome, a strong cane, covered with copper, about a meter high, was a military weapon. In ancient China and Japan, the staff and cane underwent a huge number of changes, turning into military weapons from nunchucks to two-meter fighting staves of which there were more than 10 types. With the advent of the forged tip, the spear appeared.

In the 17th century, this simple device underwent major changes and became an effective addition to the costume, emphasizing the social status of its owner.

The finishing of the cane communicated taste and financial status. Often, after the cabinetmaker, the cane was sent to a jeweler, and then the value of the cane could be equal to the family fortune. Such canes were not only part of a secular costume, but also the subject of many collections. They were brought from long trips, ordered from the best craftsmen, many of the products were truly unique and very expensive works of art. They were willingly shown to guests and left as inheritance to children and grandchildren.

To make canes, they used deciduous trees and shrubs with hard wood: maple, oak, elm, honeysuckle, rose hips, hazel and sometimes apple trees. But if the master saw nodules of various configurations on roots and branches, then he would definitely cut off such a branch or dig up the root that interested him. Such influxes were used to decorate the handle. The craftsman's equipment consists of a knife, a chisel, a bend, a rasp, a tube with a lamp for burning, sandpaper, and a varnishing brush.

The patterns were very diverse, combining geometric and floral patterns. Particular attention was paid to the manufacture of the handle. Thin canes were made with a carved handle in the shape of a bird or snake. More massive cane handles, especially those with beads, were carved with more interesting compositions, depending on the size and shape of the bead. It could be the head of an animal, a figurine of a bird, the head of an old man, and so on. The most popular were canes with a handle in the shape of a bird. It was painted yellow and brown, red was used for the beak and comb, and black for the eyes. In bright, naturalistic colors, varnished, they seemed to have fluttered out of the Mari forests and sat down to rest on a cane.

2. Cane manufacturing technology

As many may already know, standard support canes consist of three main parts: a barrel, a handle, and a tip or knob. At the same time, the process of cane production itself is a special art, which only true professionals can master.

Before moving on to the process of making a cane, you need to pay attention Special attention choice suitable variety wood that you will use for this. As a rule, to make canes from standard types of wood, “sticky” wood species are used, which include: hornbeam, birch, elm and ash. If there is a question about the production of a lightweight walking cane, then various exotic wood species such as American cherry have become especially popular. In the event that the trunk is planned to be made from a branch, and not to process a single piece on lathe, special attention should be paid to its straightness. In this case, it is not necessary to select a perfectly straight branch, although the upper and lower sections should be extremely straight.

You will need to devote some time to the grinding process. In this case, the workpiece itself will need to be processed with sandpaper No. 120 and again No. 250. Best to use for this sandpaper precisely on paper.

The production of the handle or knob is carried out separately. Experiments are no strangers here, since the handle can have the most varied and exclusive shapes. The next step is to secure the handle. The easiest way to do this is to drill a hole in the handle itself and on the barrel. They must have a depth of about 5 centimeters and cannot be less than 10 mm. in diameter.

Connect the handle to the barrel using a dowel and place it on glue, pressing until it dries completely. Once the length is determined, a rubber tip is attached to the cane, which prevents wear and tear and prevents slipping while using the cane. It is important to note that the tip can also be made by gluing pieces of rubber and then screwing it to the base of the barrel.

The cane itself can be coated with varnish or used linseed oil. The oil should first be applied to a cotton cloth and rubbed into the wood. After which the wood should be allowed to dry for about two weeks. You can also use a wax-based polishing paste for these purposes, which will reveal the texture of the wood and give it a beautiful matte color.

The design of a decorative cane can consist of finishing with bone, turquoise or amber. And the unique carving will give the cane originality and a special style.

3. Cane elements

The basis of a cane is made up of three key elements: the shaft, the handle and the tip.

The shaft, also known as the trunk, is a wooden base, which is usually made from the following types of wood: oak, ash, beech, Macassar, ramin. Very popular in Lately various varieties of bamboo and cane. Much less common are solutions made from bones and rhizomes. The trunk itself in the final solution is usually covered with a layer of varnish, painted, and also decorated with metal plates and other decorative ornaments.

Moreover, it is believed that each type of tree says something about its owner. Thus, oak is a symbol of strength, beech is greatness, cedar is longevity, and samshin is a symbol of hardness and masculinity.

The lower part of the barrel is equipped with a tip, the main task which includes protection from damage and constriction. Regardless of the chosen model and material of the cane, the tip is the most important element of its structure and is necessarily present on every cane, even on purely decorative ones.

The basis of comfort is the handle - that part of the cane structure that catches your eye first. It can be made either in an ergonomic version, repeating the curve and shape of the human palm, or in a purely stylish one. Respected and wealthy people who used canes ordered handles trimmed with gold and inlaid with precious stones. True, now the tastes of cane owners have changed. First of all, consumers still focus on comfort, trying to make the handle not so voluminous, but comfortable to use and pleasant to the touch.

4. Materials for making wooden toys, canes

In the children's toy market, wooden toys occupy a separate niche and have recently gained increasing popularity. These toys are distinguished by their original simplicity and rather high price.

Wooden toys are made from high-quality wood and treated with natural compounds; all this is not cheap, but parents’ investments are fully compensated by the strength, durability and educational effect of these toys.

The basis of wooden toys is usually natural wood- beech, alder, linden, maple, pine, and plywood.

Beech is the most popular wood among other common ornamental wood species in terms of its ability to be planed well, processed on a lathe, and bent in a steamed state (in this it is second only to walnut).

Resistant to splitting, but not resistant to cracking. In everyday life it is used for the manufacture of cribs and playpens, elements of children's railways. It is afraid of moisture and is subject to severe warping, which makes high-quality wood processing necessary. protective oils and waxes.

Alder. Its wood is light, soft and viscous. It is very well processed, easy to sand, does not chip when milling, is not fragile, and does not crack when drying. The end of the wood is processed well and can be used for front side toys. Alder is especially well used in small miniature crafts, for example, in intarsia, where inserts of yellow and brown tones are required. Viscous and pliable for processing in all directions, it is used in such critical products as musical instruments: in some types of accordions everything wooden parts are made only from alder. The surface of toys made from alder is velvety to the touch.

Linden. Its wood is light, soft and tough. It cuts very well, does not prick during processing, is not fragile, and does not crack when dried. The tree is very soft wood and can be easily cut with a sharp knife (a dull knife will crush some loose areas). On the hardness scale of 50 European and exotic wood species, linden ranks first (the softest). Therefore, it is widely used for making various crafts and children's toys. If you have experience and a sharp tool, working with linden does not require much effort.

Maple. The wood is cut with force, but the result is clean smooth surface, it is well processed and tinted. In this sense, maple wood serves as a successful replacement for linden wood as a softer and more wrinkle-resistant material, or birch wood as a more caustic and weather-resistant material.

It is these varieties that are perfect for production, because... They have a uniform, dense structure, are easy to grind, are resistant to breakage, and are not prone to cracking and the formation of dangerous and hard burrs that can injure delicate baby skin.

For some, pine stands apart.

For a toy manufacturer conifers convenient for its accessibility. Thanks to the widespread use of pine in construction, you can easily find the required blank for making toys. However, pine and spruce also have significant disadvantages that limit their scope of application: the wood’s harshness and its striped texture. Pine wood has a pleasant smell of resin. Resin, in turn, creates many problems for the craftsman during processing, dulling and clogging cutting tools, melting in the sun, spoiling the paint layer and is easily susceptible to dents and chips.

Please note that there is a completely separate category of toys, also called wooden ones, which are made of plywood and are widely represented on store shelves.

Plywood. When producing toys from it, special equipment is usually used - milling machines and machines for laser cutting, usually program controlled. Toys made from plywood mean mass production and standardization of drawings, huge production batches at a fairly low cost of raw materials, which makes these toys especially popular as aids in kindergartens and among parents. Plywood bends easily, the FC grade (not moisture resistant) is quite safe for human and child health. However this material far from the properties of real wood, at least in the complete absence of internal energy, despite the fact that the plywood is made from rotary-cut veneer and all this is glued with adhesives of various safety levels. This is an excellent material for construction and finishing, making inexpensive household items and furniture.

Traditionally, canes are made from rattan, a tree-like reed native to Southeast Asia. Its jointed stem resembles bamboo, but it is not hollow. Rattan is a strong and durable material and makes the most durable canes. Like bamboo, rattan comes in a wide variety of diameters. Traditionally, the thickness of the cane is about 8 mm, some are thicker, some are thinner.

Most often, the main material for the production of canes is trees with a solid structure: autumn, walnut, beech, hornbeam and some others. At the same time, the material should also be as light as possible. A special rubber cover is attached to the base of the stick, which improves traction with the supporting surface and is also resistant to wear when walking. And if it wears out, then it is quite easy and simple to replace it later.

As for the knobs, they can also be made from various, but more valuable types of wood: jatobe, laiswood, sapele and some others. The shapes of the handles can also be very diverse: round, arced, wavy. Arc ones are notable for the fact that they provide more comfortable support for the hand, and can also be easily mounted on a hanger. The ball handle fits comfortably in the palm of your hand. In this case, polished metal handles are usually made in the shape of some plant or animal.

5. Woodworking tools

Typically, all types of devices designed for working on wooden surfaces are called cutters. This can include all cutting blades, saws, axes, chisels, specialty planes and more. Each of the tools is designed for a specific type of processing of a wooden workpiece.

Everyone individually selects an instrument that suits their needs and tastes. But if a person has no experience in wood processing and is just starting to engage in this type of activity, it is advisable to follow the recommendations of knowledgeable craftsmen.

5.1 Wood cutting tools

The manufacture of any item from wood begins with cutting out the blank. Wood cutters are sharp blades that usually produce shavings or sawdust as they work. When processing wooden surfaces manually, saws, jointers, one-handed planes, etc. are used. These are tools that allow you to work “on your own.” That is, the movement of the master’s hand goes in the opposite direction from the body.

In many foreign countries, wood processing is carried out using the “pull” method, when the direction of movement is towards the body of the master. As a rule, tools specially made for this method of work are used for this - hacksaws, saws, etc. These are double-sided cutters, two-handed plows and spoon cutters.

Fig. 1. Cutters for manual turning of wood: a - semicircular; b- flat oblique; c - cutting; g - cutting with figured sharpening; d - angular; e - shaped; g - spoon cutter-hook; h - spoon cutter-ring; and - beveled corner; k, l, m - special.

It must be remembered that it is extremely undesirable to cut with many devices, for example, chisels or knives: this can lead to serious injury.

Another rule is also known: if you need to process a large area wooden surface, the “pull” method is used, during which the work is facilitated by the energy of a moving axe, saw or plane. A cutter such as an adze, which is used only by the “pull” method, using hand movements, is not suitable here.

5.2 Sawing tool

To cut wood, multi-cutting devices called saws are usually used. They, in turn, can be longitudinal, transverse or universal sawing. Thus, saws designed for cross cutting have sharp triangular teeth, each of which consists of two edges for carving to the right or left. Ripping saws are equipped with chisel-shaped teeth. This shape allows the teeth to accumulate sawdust among themselves and remove them from the body of the wood. General purpose saws have teeth shaped like right angle, which are capable of cutting fibers both crosswise and lengthwise and at an angle.

Each type of saw is divided into the following varieties:

· simple;

· hacksaws;

· one-handed.

Mechanical saws come in band saws, two-hand saws, gasoline-powered saws, and circular saws.

Fig. 2. Tool for sawing: a - transverse hacksaw (wide); b - narrow hacksaw; c - a hacksaw with a butt; g - bow saw.

Typically, sawing the workpiece occurs using cross saws, crosscutting - one-handed or two-handed, and processing - with hacksaws, compass or bow saws. For rough woodworking, saws with large cutters are used, for precision processing - fine-toothed ones. cane wood sawing

5.3 Splitting and planing of wood

To make blanks from bars, logs or trunks, the following types of wood cutters are used: axes and cleavers. A splitting ax is a heavy ax that is used when cutting ridges is necessary. Together with the cleaver, metal or wooden wedges are used, which are driven into the body of the wood and thereby facilitate its splitting. Already made workpieces are trimmed using household (carpenter's) light axes, which are convenient to carry in special cases.

To trim the surface of a wooden workpiece, an adze is used - a type of ax in which the blade is perpendicular to the ax handle. This is a necessary cutter for making concave or shaped products. If necessary, an adze can be made with my own hands made of a thick steel plate with a sharply sharpened and curved edge.

Fig 3. Axes: a - Plotnitsky; b - Joiner; c - Rezchitsky; g - Cleaver; d - Tesla for making recesses; e - Tesla for sculptural carving.

5.4 Planing tool

Planing is the cutting of thin layers of chips from the surface of wood. This process requires the use of hand or turning tools of the following type: knives, two-handed planes with straight or semicircular blades, planes, sherhebels. Finish planing is usually done with planes that have a single or double blade mounted in a body made of metal or wood. The thickness of the chips depends entirely on how far the blade or housing is extended. The smaller the distance, the thinner the wood chips.

To make curved or rounded parts, such as, for example, rivets for a barrel, special planes that look like a convex knife are used. For workpieces concave across the plane, humpback planes are used. There are also planes for making edges and narrow grooves for panels or boards.

Fig 4. Planing tool: a - wooden plane; b- metal plane; c- jointer; g - selector; d - folding; e - zenzubel; g - tongue and groove; h - primer; and - shtap; k - kalevka; l - fillet; m - humpback with a concave and convex bottom.

5.5 Types and purposes of chisels

Chisels are the most popular type of cutters for woodworking. Typically, for cutting wood, devices are used that are steel rods with a flat surface, a sharp cutting blade and a shank. The shank is attached to a wooden handle with a ring.

Each type of chisel has its own purpose. Thus, straight and wide devices are used for stripping or cutting convex or even workpieces. Narrow tools are designed for processing wood in narrow areas of parts. For working with wood hard rocks or horn knots, straight chisels with round blades are used. If you need to clean a tree with a hollow or deep cavity, use a chisel-chisel with a thick steel rod. Besides, necessary tool in this case, a mallet will serve, with which the chisel will be driven deep into the wood.

Chisels are very good for cleaning wood from unnecessary fractions, but the main purpose of these tools is to cut out complex products. To create various grooves in the body of wood, cranberries are needed - chisels with curved or groove-shaped blades. They allow you to create a recess of the desired radius and depth. Initially, the hole is cut with the widest cranberry, then a smaller cranberry is used, then an even smaller one, etc.

In addition, the work of a cabinetmaker is unthinkable without the use of corner chisels. Using this tool, triangular recesses and grooves are cut, most often used in flat-relief carving.

5.6 Use of special cutters

In addition to all the described devices, wood carvers also use other equipment. For example, volumetric cutting used in the manufacture of works of art requires the use of spoon cutters. Such tools were developed centuries ago. The design of the cutters allows them to be used using the “pull” method both along and across the wood fibers.

Just as often as a spoon device, a double-sided cutter in the shape of the letter “T” is used.

Conclusion

Thus, all canes had carved handles; quite a lot of canes and sticks have simple bent handles. Such canes are richly decorated with ornaments, the beauty of which is emphasized by bright colors.

One can endlessly describe the beauty of the canes and sticks and the skill of the carvers. It becomes a little pity that their products are not in demand and are a thing of the past. Future generations will be able to touch the art of the masters only by visiting museums.

During the work, it was found that most often the main material for the production of canes are trees with a solid structure: autumn, walnut, beech, hornbeam and some others. At the same time, the material should also be as light as possible. A special rubber cover is attached to the base of the stick, which improves traction with the supporting surface and is also resistant to wear when walking. And if it wears out, then it is quite easy and simple to replace it later.

List of used literature

1. Kryukova T.A. Material culture of the Mari of the 21st century / Ed. Prof. Vorobyova N.I. - Yoshkar Ola: Mari Book Publishing House, 1956.-160 p.

2. Wood carving, Lessons from a master, Ilyaev M.D., 2015

3. Wood carving, Technique, Tools, Products, Afanasyev A.F., 2014.

4. Smirnova D.A. Handicrafts (late 19th and early 20th centuries). - Kozmodemyansk; Kozmodemyansk publishing house, 2009.- 64 p.

5. Thematic planning and lesson notes on carpentry, Teacher's Manual, 9th grade, Skurikhin D.A., 2010

6. Technology and equipment protective treatment wood, Rasev A.I., Kosarin A.A., 2010

7. Forgotten crafts: cane. Access mode: http://www.kmkmuzey.ru/index.php/2014-05-21-06-40-56/articles/1080-trost. Access date: 11/25/2016.

8. What types of wood cutters are there? Access mode: http://1poderevu.ru/instrumenty/vidy-rezcov.html#oglavlenie0. Access date: 11/25/2016.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

DIY walking cane drawings. Making a cane is a very unusual process. List of used literature

Step 1: Materials

Step 2: Applying the Celtic Ribbon Pattern

Step 3: Marking Lines on Wood

Step 4: Using an Engraver to Mark the Design on the Wood

Step 5: Cutting out the pattern using an engraver

Step 6: Using an engraver, cut out the diamond-shaped indentations

Step 7: Use a chisel to sharpen the corners of the thread

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Introduction

1. Historical sketch of the ancient cane trade

2. Cane manufacturing technology

3. Cane elements

4. Materials for making wooden toys, canes

5. Woodworking tools

5.1 Wood cutting tools

5.2 Sawing tool

5.3 Splitting and planing of wood

5.4 Planing tool

5.5 Types and purposes of chisels

5.6 Use of special cutters

Conclusion

List of used literature

Similar documents

Signs of hiccups by day of the week - interpretation of hiccups by time

Beef meatballs - recipe with photos, how to cook in the oven with a side dish of rice and mushroom sauce Beef meatballs