Drilling rigs and their schemes. Technological scheme of drilling. The drilling rig includes

Targetwork: To study the purpose, arrangement of the main components and assemblies of drilling rigs for deep drilling of oil and gas wells, specifications installations, the main parameters, the procedure for conducting wells, select the installation class, and also consider the main designs and parameters of drilling rigs, the use of rigs and the calculation of their parameters.

Key points: An oil and gas well (Figure 1) is a vertical or inclined-horizontal development in a rock mass with a depth of 500-8000 m to the surface of the productive formation, while the axial length of the well significantly exceeds its diameter. The search, exploration and extraction of oil and gas in more than 90% is carried out through wells that are created by drilling rigs by rotary or rotary percussion drilling. The intervals of the well (direction, conductor, technical intermediate strings, production string) are cased after drilling to prevent collapse of the walls with special casing strings (Figure 2).

Figure 1 - Well design:

a - profile; b - concentric arrangement of casing strings in the wellbore; c - graphical representation of the design of wells; d - working scheme of the well design

The drilling rig (Figures 2a, 2b) is technical system, including a complex of surface equipment (rig, near-rig structures, power drive, winch, traveling system with crown block and travel block, rotator - rotor, equipment for drilling fluid, swivel), which, interacting with submersible equipment (drill string, tool - bit) , carries out technological process conducting a well.

Well drilling was invented BC in China and later forgotten. IN different parts Since ancient times, the principle of drilling has been used to extract salt and drinking water. But in the 19th century drilling was adopted by oil producers and revived again. This was not a fundamentally new industrial mining method, but rather borrowed from salt miners and water well drillers as a method that provided deeper penetration into the bowels of the earth and more efficient extraction of "ground oil" (oil).

Figure 2a - Drilling rig

The history of oil production itself begins with the drilling of the first industrial wells for oil.

The first, truly oil well, purposefully drilled for the extraction of "black gold", is considered to be a well drilled in the USA in 1859 in the town of Titusville (Pennsylvania) by prospector Edwin Drake on behalf of businessman George Bissel.

In Russia, the first oil well was drilled in 1865 in the Kudako river valley in the Kuban.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the beginning of the industrial development of its reserves is considered April 29, 1911, when, after a year since the start of drilling at the Dossor field in the town of Karashungul, well No. 3 produced oil from a depth of 225 m. The well gushed for 30 hours and produced 16700 poods of oil.

Drilling techniques and technology are constantly being improved. The main method of drilling on land and on the shelf of the sea is rotary (rotary, submersible drills, top drive) using cone bits. The deepest production well for oil drilled on land has a depth of 6300 m (USA, California), and the one drilled offshore, including the water column, is 7700 m (Gulf of Mexico). The deepest gas production well - 8900 m (USA, Texas). The maximum achieved well depth is 12100 m (Russia, Kola Peninsula). One of the most important technological achievements of recent years is the development of directional and horizontal drilling: if in 1988 200 horizontal wells were drilled in the world, then in 2010 - more than 6,000. At the same time, the length of the wells reached 10 km.

Figure 2b - Scheme of a drilling rig for deep rotary drilling: 1 - drilling line; 2 - traveling block; 3 - tower; 4 - hook; 5 - drilling hose; 6 - leading pipe; 7 - gutters; 8 - drilling pump; 9 - pump motor; 10 - pump piping; 11 - receiving tank (capacity); 12 - drilling lock; 13 - drill pipe; 14 - hydraulic downhole motor (not installed in rotary drilling); 15 - chisel; 16 - rotor; 17 - winch; 18 - winch and rotor motors; 19 - swivel

Figure 3 - Functional diagram of the drilling rig (numbers indicate transmission elements)

1 - sub and centralizer; 2, 3 - Kelly sub and swivel; 4 - drilling hook; 5 - leading branch of the rope; 6, 7, 9 - transmission of the winch and rotary rotator (rotor); 8 - line high pressure supply of drilling fluid to the well; 10 - clamps (wedge liners) of the rotor

The main parameters of drilling rigs are permissible load on the drilling hook of the traveling system and the depth of drilling of the well. According to these indicators, CIS drilling rigs (manufactured by the Volgograd Drilling Equipment Plant and Uralmash) are divided into 11 classes (Table 1)

Table 1. Specifications of CIS drilling rigs

Note: BU-10000 and BU-12500 units are manufactured by Uralmash by special order.

Purpose of the main components and assemblies of the drilling rig

Derrick - this is a structure above the well for lowering and lifting drilling tools, drill and casing pipes, downhole motors, placing drill stands (connections of 2-3 drill pipes) after lifting them from the well, as well as to protect the drilling crew from atmospheric influence.

oil and gas well drilling rig

Travel system designed to reduce the tension of the drilling line, reduce the speed of movement of the drilling tool, casing and drill pipes and consists of a fixed crown block (Figure 6) in the upper part of the tower, a traveling block (Figure 7) connected to the crown block with a traveling rope, one end of which is attached to the drum winches, and the other is fixed at the bottom of the drilling rig and the drill hook.

Drawworks serves to perform the following operations:

descent-raising of drilling and casing pipes;

holding on the weight of the drilling tool;

lifting of various cargoes and equipment.

Swivel is a mechanism that connects a non-rotating traveling system with a drilling hook to a rotating drill string and provides the supply of drilling fluid to cool the drilling tool and carry cuttings from the bottom of the well.

mud pumps are used to inject drilling fluid into the well. Deep drilling uses double-acting twin-cylinder piston pumps or single-acting multi-cylinder pumps. Washing liquid under pressure according to pressure hose from the pump is fed to the moving swivel and further along the kelly and drill string to the tool.

Rotary rotator (rotor ) transmits rotation to the drill string and tool through the kelly, supports the string of drill pipes or casing pipes and perceives the reactive torque of the drill string, when equipped with a downhole motor (turbodrill, electric drill, propeller drill).

Actuator (electric, diesel, diesel-electric) ensures the operation of the drilling rig. Electric drive from DC motors or alternating current easy to install and operate, but applicable only in electrified areas. Diesel drive is applicable in areas not provided with electricity. Diesel - The electric drive consists of a diesel engine that drives a generator that powers an electric motor.

The total drive power of the drilling rig is 1000-4500 kW and is distributed to the drives of the drawworks, pumps, rotor, automatic drilling tong, wedge grippers.

TO attached structures relate:

premises for placing a drive and a drawworks;

pump room;

receiving walkways for supplying drilling technological equipment;

transformer site;

racks for drilling and casing pipes.

Tripping operations (SPO) lifting and lowering of drill pipes and casing strings take 18-20% of the drilling time, and to reduce them, special mechanisms such as MSP, ASP, AKB-ZM, wedge grips, etc. have been developed.

Shop (candle receiver) Designed to accommodate and hold drill stands and drill collars that are installed vertically on the drilling rig platform on the stand and into the magazine. The store is a frame divided into sections in the form of a comb. In installations with manual arrangement of candles, at a certain height of the tower, a platform for a riding worker is mounted, and in installations with ASP, a mechanism for arranging candles is located.

Guides. IN last years In connection with the development of top drive systems, drilling rigs are equipped with special removable guides along the height of the drilling rig, the length of which is determined by the stroke length of the rotator (top drive). They are made of pipes or profile rolled products.

Drilling process consists of the following operations:

installation of a leading pipe with a bit into the swivel and rotor and drilling a well to its length (13-15m);

lifting the kelly from the rotor, unscrewing the bit from the kelly and the kelly from the swivel, and installing the kelly into the hole;

lifting the drill pipe on the elevator with a hook, screwing the bits on it, installing the drill pipe with the bit on the elevator or on the wedges of the rotor, screwing the kelly on the drill pipe coupling and fixing it on the swivel, lowering the drill pipe and kelly into the rotor and fixing the kelly in the rotor ;

start of the rotor and mud pump for pumping drilling fluid;

as the well deepens, the drill string is built up with standpipes of 2-3 pipes, the kelly is reinstalled on the swivel and the rotor, and the drilling fluid and the rotor are started.

The rise of the column consists of repetitive operations, which consist in lifting the candles, placing them on a special candlestick inside the tower.

After drilling each interval of the well, it is fixed with casing pipes and cemented (Figure 4).

Figure 4 - Cementing

The drilling rig is designed for drilling wells for various purposes, differing in depth, diametrical dimensions and designs. These differences are determined by the purpose of drilling. Wells are drilled for solving engineering, surveying, geophysical, structural-- prospecting, geological exploration and oil and gas production tasks. At the same time, climatic, geological and road conditions, as well as the environment where drilling is carried out: land or sea.

Such a variety of factors suggests the need to develop a system range of drilling rigs. The presence of such a series allows the only reasonable choice of the drilling rig size for the given drilling conditions.

In this regard, all types of drilling rigs are divided into two categories:

the first one is for operational and deep exploration drilling;

the second one is for drilling shallow exploration, structural and engineering wells.

In the oil and gas industry, drilling rigs of the first category are used. They provide drilling of wells in a rotary way for prospecting and exploration of deposits, as well as for oil and gas production.

Analyzed kinematic scheme.

In accordance with the given kinematic scheme, describe the transfer of power from the engines to the hook and the rotor table.

Calculate the efficiency of the kinematic scheme from the motors to the hook and the rotor table.

Calculate the speed of rotation of the shafts, the winch drum and the rotor table and plot the rotation speed diagram.

1. Description of the section of the kinematic scheme that combines the power of power engines

Examples of describing a section of a kinematic diagram can be performed using fragments of several kinematic diagrams.

For more modern drilling rigs, a scheme for combining engine power using a chain combining transmission is used.

This scheme, with minor changes, is used in most drilling rigs. Consider it on the example of BU 80 BrD (Figure 1)

The movement from the first diesel is transmitted through the clutch to the turbo-transformer. From it, through the cardan shaft, the movement is transmitted to the winder. Here, both half-couplings are mounted on the shaft of the connecting transmission. The half-coupling with the tire is deaf, and the half-coupling with the drum is on rolling bearings. Therefore, there are no losses with this installation of the coupling.

Picture 1

From the clutch, the movement is transmitted to the shaft, then through a chain drive to the output shaft. (For the reason discussed above, we do not take into account the losses in the winding machine at the output of the combining transmission). From it, through the cardan shaft, the movement is transmitted to the input shaft of the inclined gearbox, then through the chain drive to the input shaft of the gearbox.

When power is transferred from the second engine to the gearbox, the kinematic chain, in comparison with the kinematic chain from the first engine, is extended by one chain drive and one shaft.

When power is transferred from the third engine to the gearbox, the kinematic chain is further extended by one chain drive and one shaft.

The formula for calculating the efficiency from the first engine to the input shaft of the gearbox looks like this

zd1-kor \u003d zm * ztt * zkv * zv * zc * zv * zkv * zv * zc

zd1-core \u003d 0.991 * 0.9922 * 0.991 0.991 * 0.993 * 0.991 * 0.991 * 0.991 * 0.993 \u003d 0.9934 \u003d 0.711

zd2-core = 0.9938 = 0.682

When transferring power to the pumps, we get the same kinematic chains, only in the numbering the first and third engines are interchanged.

When calculating the total power of drives with turbo transformers, the power of the engines is simply added up.

At a constant speed of rotation of the motor shafts, the secondary shaft of the turbo transformer will change the rotation speed depending on the load. On average, the speed of the secondary shaft of the turbo-transformer is half the speed of the engine shaft.

2. Gear boxes

Gearboxes and transmissions from them to the winch and to the rotor are performed differently at the installations of the Volgograd Drilling Equipment Plant and the Uralmash Plant.

Gearboxes of the Volgograd drilling equipment plant with planetary gears will not be considered due to their rare use.

Most often, gearboxes of the Volgograd Drilling Equipment Plant are made according to a scheme that has become almost standard. Consider it on the example of BU 80 BrD (Figure 2)

Between the primary and secondary shafts of the box there are four chain drives with different gear ratios, which allows the secondary shaft to rotate at four speeds. These four speeds are transmitted using chain drive 5 (z=23 - z=72) on the lifting shaft of the winch. The same four speeds are transmitted to the rotor through a chain drive (z=31 - z=31), a shaft, a bevel gear (z=24 - z=25), a shaft, a cardan shaft.

Note that the number of teeth of the bevel gear is not indicated in this diagram. Unfortunately, almost all kinematic schemes have such disadvantages. You can find the necessary data by considering other related kinematic schemes. So the installations BU 80 BrD and BU 80 BrE differ in the type of engines used. Gearboxes and winches in them are the same. We use the data from this kinematic diagram.

When calculating the efficiency of a section of the kinematic scheme, it should be taken into account that only one speed can be switched on during operation. Losses in chain drives rotating at idle are considered negligible. The coupling halves for each of all couplings in the considered section of the kinematic diagram are located on the same shaft. Therefore, there are no losses in the couplings.

Figure 2

When calculating the efficiency from the input shaft to the hook, the sequence of taking into account the efficiency of the elements is as follows: efficiency of the input shaft of the box, efficiency of the chain drive, efficiency of the secondary shaft of the box, efficiency of the chain drive, efficiency of the lifting shaft, efficiency of the traveling system. Here we note that the efficiency of the lifting shaft differs from the efficiency of other shafts (see Appendix 1).

See also Appendix 1 for the efficiency of the traveling system.

When calculating the efficiency from the input shaft to the rotor, the following components should be taken into account: the efficiency of the input shaft of the box, the efficiency of the chain drive, the efficiency of the secondary shaft of the box, the efficiency of the chain drive, the efficiency of the shaft, the efficiency of the bevel gear, the efficiency of the shaft, the efficiency of the cardan shaft, the efficiency of the rotor.

Mathematical notation of efficiency will be as follows:

zpv-hook \u003d zv * zts * zv * zts * zpv * zts

zpv-hook = 0.991 * 0.993 * 0.991 * 0.993 * 0.993 * 0.9913 = 0.9924 = 0.786

4x5 rig accepted

zpv-rotor \u003d zv * zts * zv * zts * zv * z kzp * zv * zkv * rotor

zpv-rotor = 0.991 * 0.993 * 0.991 0.993 * 0.991 * 0.993 * 0.991 * 0.991 * 0.997 = 0.9921 = 0.81

Calculation of the speeds of rotation of the winch drum and the rotor table

The speed of rotation of the output shaft of the motors is 750 rpm.

For convenience of description, let's designate the shafts on which the rotation speed changes with Roman numerals, as shown in Figure 3.

On shaft 1 we have 750 rpm.

To calculate the speed of rotation of shaft 2, which is driven from shaft 1 through a chain drive (z=31 - z=46), we perform the calculation:

Where 31 is the number of teeth of the chain sprocket located on shaft 1;

46 - the number of teeth of the chain sprocket located on the shaft 2.

Acting similarly, we calculate the speed of rotation of the input shaft 3 of the gearbox:

Figure 3

The output shaft of gearbox 4 will have four speeds.

The first lowest speed will be obtained with the highest gear ratio:

Performs the following functions:

1. Maintenance drill string on traveling system when drilling with unloading
2. Tripping operations with casing and drill pipes
3. Installation traveling system and means of mechanization of tripping operations, including platforms of the upper working device, ASP and KMSP mechanisms.
4. Accommodation drill pipes
5. Placement of drill collars retrieved from the well

Derrick is installed above the borehole for lifting and lowering drilling equipment (casing pipes, downhole motors, etc.). It is equipped with ladders and a special platform for interaction and maintenance of the crown block, as well as a platform for a riding worker, where drill stands are installed.

Oil rig in general view looks like that:

Oil rig classification:

By appointment:

For mobile drilling rigs, for offshore drilling rigs, for devices overhaul wells, for cluster and stationary drilling rigs.

By design

Tower and mast.

Mast towers are A and U-shaped, with an open edge and 4-support.

Usually drilling lung installation and medium classes are equipped with mast-type drilling rigs, and in heavy-class units, mast and tower-type derricks are used.

Also drilling rigs subdivided into tower and A-shaped. A-shaped have gained the greatest popularity and distribution, their feature is two supports that hold the entire structure in an upright position.

Tower-type drilling rigs are used in drilling at sea and in deep drilling.

Mast towers are divided into two-mast (A-shaped) and single-mast (with an open front edge). Both designs are made from all-welded overall sections of a trihedral or rectangular section, connected to each other by quick-release or flange connections. Their advantages are in the quick assembly of the rig, good visibility, reduced metal consumption compared to tower drilling rigs, and the possibility of a more convenient and easy location of the SPO mechanisms.

a - B4.01.00.000; b - Sb01/BU2500EU;

c - B1.01.00.000; B11.01.00.000; B11.01.000-01

The advantage of tower towers is the rigidity of their design, less labor intensity and cost compared to mast towers.

In table. 27-29 shows the parameters of mast drilling rigs manufactured by the VZBT plant and Uralmash Production Association (figures).

Tower drilling rig VBMA 53x320 for offshore drilling is designed to complete drilling rigs with a lifting capacity of 1600...2000 kN for drilling oil and gas wells with a depth of 3000?5000 m from stationary offshore platforms using a set of ASP equipment (figure).

Tower tower WB 53x320M Designed to complete the equipment on the drilling rigs "Uralmash ZD" and "Uralmash 4E" (suspension of the traveling system, placement of the crown block and mechanical equipment) for drilling oil and gas wells with a depth of 3000?5000 m.

The design of the tower (figure) consists of the frame of the under-crown block platform 1, leg sections 2, the upper and lower balconies of the riding worker 3, a set of mid-flight stairs 4, belts 5, diagonal rods 6, arched struts 7, etc.

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Today it is quite expensive, which is why not everyone can afford such a pleasure on suburban area. The final price largely depends on the depth of the object. The larger this parameter, the more expensive such a source of clean and cold water. Nevertheless, a do-it-yourself drilling rig is made quite simply. Thus, you can make a well not only for yourself, but also earn some money. Let's talk about everything in order.

Rig classification

To date, there are only 4 types of drilling rigs that are used in one way or another. Some of them are more popular, others less. For example, an installation operating according to the shock-rope principle of operation is the easiest to manufacture. In fact, this is a triangular-shaped frame to which a cable and bailer are attached.

Screw installations are more popular. The screw is used as a working part throughout the process. It is noteworthy that the borehole is not washed with water during drilling.

Rotary units are even more difficult to manufacture. They work on the principle of hydraulic drilling, which already complicates the design. There is also a rotary manual hydraulic drilling rig. It is relatively simple to make such a unit with your own hands, we will talk about this a little lower.

About the advantages of homemade installations

Of course have a large number of advantages of a drilling rig assembled on your own. First, it is cost savings. Of course, you will have to buy some components, but this does not compare in price with ready-made equipment. In any case, you will keep approximately 40-50% of your assets and gain experience in the process. Secondly, a homemade drilling rig will have the same technical characteristics as a factory-type product. It's pretty important point, since you can assemble a completely productive device. Typically, the weight of the unit is relatively light, and it can be quickly dismantled and reassembled. Along with decent mobility, this will allow you to drill wells even in the most inaccessible areas. As you can see, at least take away the merits. Let's move on to the practical part and talk directly about the assembly.

What do you need to get started?

Naturally, just taking and making a drilling rig will not work. To do this, you first need to prepare. It is desirable that by the time of assembly you have minimum experience welding work. This will greatly facilitate your life, since you will not need to involve specialists or acquaintances. Also at hand should be an electric drill and a grinder. Why all this is needed, we will consider a little later.

But this is not the whole list of tools. It will be difficult for you to do without a device for creating an external thread, as well as an adjustable wrench and a plumbing cross. As a material, we need a galvanized pipe and a ½ inch drive. A special coating in our case is necessary, since if there is no zinc, the pipe will quickly rust. There is nothing good in this, since replacing it is a very problematic task. Well, now let's move on to the practical part of this article.

The first stage of assembly work

At the very beginning, we need to prepare the pipe sections of the drilling rig, which are its main part. Their connection is realized by means of drives and crosses. To avoid any problems, a 2-centimeter external thread is provided at the ends of each pipe section. A metal plate is welded to two segments, it will be a tip. Such an installation will be effective only if water is constantly supplied to the drilling site. This will remove the soil, and thereby gradually deepen the hole. To supply water, you can use a regular hose that connects to the hole in the cross blank. In priority, the connection must be made using a suitable adapter. Well, now let's go further.

Do-it-yourself mini-drilling rig: we continue to work

At this stage, you should threaded connections. It is necessary to ensure that they are durable, since the duration of the operation of the drilling rig depends on this. The equipped tip should be connected to the lower end of the pipe, that is, to the one that will be in direct contact with the surface to be treated. The connection should be made with the help of a drive.

You should have several tips on hand. This is necessary so that in the process of work they can be changed. That is, at the very beginning of drilling, the shortest one is used, and after we get a hole 1 meter deep, we set a longer one. At the same time, you must understand that the length of the tip and the workpiece are different. Drilling is carried out by rotating the working unit. The sharp tip and water will do the rest of the work for you. On the whole this stage quite simple, the main thing is that the connections are of high quality, and the tips are strong. By the way, the latter must be changed periodically, as they will break, become dull, etc.

How to make a drilling rig with your own hands?

We have already done about half of the work. But then there were the most responsible and milestones. The basis of the drilling structure is assembled from a square section profile. By and large, this is a rack with the constituent elements of our design. To connect the supports to the racks, you must use the transition platform. It is quite natural that in this case it is problematic to do without welding. If you can, then cook it yourself, if not, call someone who will do it well.

The platform and the motor are attached to a square profile. The latter is mounted on a rack in such a way that it can move along it, that is, pivotally along the guides. It is desirable that the dimensions of the profile at least slightly exceed the dimensions of the rack. Any self-made, must have a suitable electric motor or gasoline engine. Regardless of the type of power element, its power must be at least 0.5 liters. With. This will be quite enough for the drilling process to proceed normally. It is desirable that it be possible to adjust the power; for this, an intermediate shaft must be installed between the engine and the working body.

Completing work

Now we turn on the water. Please note that it must be fed to the drill during the entire period of work. If this simple rule is not observed, then drilling efficiency will decrease significantly. High-performance drilling rigs with a high number of revolutions often imply the presence of water cooling. In our case, this is not necessary at all, but it is necessary to remove the soil from the well in any case. If you follow all the above rules, then everything will be fine. In any case, homemade drilling rigs require care and periodic maintenance. With your own hands, you will repair them, change the tip, change the lubricant in the gearbox, etc.

Conclusion

There are currently many varieties makeshift installations for drilling wells. Some of them are really good and have high efficiency, the design of others leaves much to be desired. For example, if you decide to make a drilling rig with a cartridge, then the weight of the latter should be as large as possible. This is due to the fact that it is they who will carry out drilling. As a blank, you can take a pipe with a diameter of 10-12 cm and a length of 10-20 cm. This should be quite enough for effective work.

Now you know how a do-it-yourself drilling rig is made. During the assembly process, it is desirable to use popular drawings, which will allow you to comply with the dimensions and design features. Your homemade drilling rig will be no worse than any factory, and maybe even better.