Do-it-yourself drilling of wells under water. Manual well drilling: hydrodrilling, how to drill with a garden drill. How to drill a well for water on your own

Providing the site with water is the first task of its owner. The grander the plans for the improvement of your territory, the more acute the lack of water supply will be felt. Water is needed to perform construction works, for the garden you are about to plant, and for your own daily needs. If you drilled a well for water with your own hands, the dream of water supply will not only come true, but will also allow you to save significantly.

There are several real ways get life-giving moisture, which we will tell you about. There are several technologies that can be used to independently extract water in a suburban area.

Choose suitable option you will have to do it yourself, as it depends on the landscape of the area, as well as on the technical equipment, finances and skills that you possess. Let's consider the main borehole structures.

It is difficult to give preference to any one design: each has its own advantages and disadvantages, so the choice depends on the landscape of the area and on the capabilities of the site owner

The most common well

If there is a spring on your site, then the arrangement of the well - great option water extraction. The shaft of this structure will play the role of a fluid storage tank. If the source is active enough, up to 2 cubic meters of water will always be at your disposal.

Abyssinian tubular well

In fact, this is also a well, but narrow and long. Due to the fact that its length can be approximately 8-12 meters, pollution from the soil surface does not get into the water that fills it.

The Abyssinian well is often called a needle well, because the pipe driven into the ground during the creation of this structure really resembles a needle

Sand well (filter)

The deepening of this structure by 15-30 meters is carried out in any way: auger, shock-rope, core. The walls of the well are formed using a pipe with an average diameter of 100 - 180 mm. The deep end of the wellbore is equipped with a filter. The grid is used as a filter. of stainless steel, which is welded or soldered to the first link of the pipe string before it is immersed in coarse sand mixed with pebbles.

So you can schematically represent the design of the well "on the sand", where number 1 will be the casing, number 2 is the statistical water level, and number 3 is the strainer

This design is able to meet the water demand of a small country house with two water outlets. If the operation of the structure is seasonal, it will last about five years. With constant use, you can count on 15 years of water supply.

When the well is still silted up, it will be possible to try to flush it. If resuscitation measures do not give the desired effect, a new shaft will have to be drilled. Place it next to the previous one.

Artesian well without filter

This building does not need a filter. Such a well can reach a depth of 100 meters or more. The water produced by such a facility is contained in limestone cracks. The liquid accumulated in them due to condensation can be not only crystal clear, but also mineralized. A little mineralization is acceptable for everyday use. If the extracted water in its composition is among the mineral waters, then it cannot be used for domestic purposes.

Scheme of an artesian well: 1 - conductor, 2 - statistical water level, 3 - intermediate column, 4 - production string with perforation

It is difficult to determine in advance the depth of the well that will have to be drilled in search of water. You can only approximately orient yourself by talking with your neighbors in the area and finding out from them what parameters similar structures have in their territories. The ground layers lie unevenly, so the information obtained still cannot be considered accurate for your site. For this reason, casing pipes are purchased taking into account the correction of the data obtained.

How is a well set up?

If you do not focus on the nuances, the essence of arranging a water well for a country house is the same: it is a long narrow pit that reaches the place where the water occurs. The walls of the working are reinforced with casing pipes. Wells differ from each other in width, depth and additional devices that increase their productivity and reliability.

In addition to the casing pipe, wells are equipped with equipment for the forced lifting of fluid and its distribution. To choose the right pumping equipment and storage capacity, you need to know the characteristics of the well, the most important of which is its depth and flow rate.

The flow rate of a well is an indicator of its productivity: the maximum volume of fluid obtained per unit of time. It is calculated in cubic meters or liters per hour or day.

Image Gallery

Casing Functions

Casing pipes are the main element of the well. Casing is carried out using separate segments, soldered, welded or screwed together. Special attention they should be given equal diameter: the whole structure should create a straight, even column. If the casing pipes have an external thread, the links are connected by couplings, due to which the penetration diameter increases.

Casing pipes are needed to:

• while drilling the well, there was no shedding of the mine;
• the barrel is not clogged during its operation;
• the upper aquifers did not penetrate the structure.

Casing pipes made of steel alloys and polymers (PVC, PVC-U, HDPE) are widely used. Cast iron and obsolete asbestos-cement products are less commonly used. The space between the pipe and the soil is poured with concrete if the working was drilled in loose soils or the aquifer lies at a considerable depth.

Only after this work is completed, all other equipment is installed. Sometimes during the operation of the well, a slight "squeezing" of the pipe to the surface may occur. This natural process without requiring any additional action.

Threaded metal and plastic casing pipes are considered the most popular. The photo shows the installation of a blue plastic casing

Pipe with filter

A pipe with a filter is lowered into the wellbore, made according to the double casing scheme. Through its perforated first link, filtered water will flow into the backing, and then be pumped to the surface. After the pipe is installed at the desired depth, it is desirable to fix its mouth. For this purpose, a clamp is used to prevent spontaneous subsidence of the pipe.

Image Gallery

Well cap

The upper part of the casing pipe is equipped with a head. The basic design of this device is the same for heads of any kind. It consists of a flange, a cover and a rubber ring. Different types of heads differ from each other in the type of material from which they are made, and additional options.

Heads are made of cast iron and plastic. This is a sealed device. It is used to fasten the pump cable and the outlet of the water pipe.

Due low pressure, created with the help of a tip in the pipes, the inflow of water and, as a result, the flow rate of the well increases.

Caisson, adapter, packer

To high humidity did not affect the operation of the instruments associated with the well, a special reservoir is provided for them - a caisson. It is made either from metal or plastic. Metal caissons, unlike plastic ones, can be repaired, they are better adapted to the climate with significant temperature differences. In addition, a metal product can be independently assembled from parts that are sold separately. But plastic models cheaper and they don't rust.

To hermetically connect the ground water supply and the well, you will need an adapter. This device is usually placed in the place where all the equipment that needs to be protected from water is assembled. Most often this is a technical room. One part of the adapter is attached to the casing, and the hose from the pump is screwed to the other part.

A metal caisson is an expensive thing: its price reaches 40 thousand rubles, so you can buy it in parts and assemble it yourself, which will make the purchase cheaper

Sometimes there is a need to allocate a local section of a deep artesian well, where, for example, repair work. For this purpose, well packers are used.

The listed elements are part of the well device, exerting a great influence on its functionality.

Four types of drilling

You can drill a well under water with your own hands different ways. Consider the most popular types of drilling:

• auger;
• rotary;
• columnar;
• shock-rope.

All types of drilling are carried out both manually and with the use of mechanization. Between themselves, these technologies differ in the methods of destruction of the rock during the construction of the well and the methods of extracting soil from the wellbore of the structure to the surface. For implementation various methods used equipment different types, which has a significant impact on the cost and quality of the finished structure.

Drilling by hand is the most time-consuming process

For manual drilling, performed by auger, shock-rope or combined technology, will need the following mechanisms and materials:

• winch;
• drilling rig;
• rods;
• casing.

If the well that is supposed to be built is deep enough, a drilling rig will be needed. With the help of this design, the drill with rods is immersed and its subsequent rise. If the well is shallow, you can do without a tower. In this case, the work with the drill is performed in manual mode.

The function of the drill rods can be performed by narrow pipes, which are interconnected using threads or special keys. The drill in the process of assembling the structure must be attached to the lowest rod.

Drilling tools for manual drilling: a, b - spoon drills; V - auger drill; d-d - drilling bits; e - bailer

The integrity of the soil is violated by the cutting nozzles of the drill. They are made of durable 3 mm steel. The edges of the nozzles must be sharpened, taking into account the fact that the drill will rotate clockwise and destroy the soil as a result of the rotational-translational movement.

First we choose a place for drilling. In the soil we make a recess about two bayonets of a shovel. This is how a guideline for the drill is dug. Above the place of entry of the drill indicated by us, you need to install a tower. The height of the derrick should correspond to the length of the drill rod: it should be slightly higher than this length. Only in this case, the bar can be easily and simply pulled out after completion of work.

Getting started will not seem difficult to you. The first turns of the drill enter the soil quite easily. This task can be done by one worker. But with further immersion in the ground, with each turn, the drill goes harder and slower. At this stage of work, you can no longer do without an assistant. If the drill becomes difficult to bring to the surface, it should be turned counterclockwise, and then try again.

Manual drilling of wells for water as an industrial method was used relatively recently. And now it is possible in those places where it is difficult to deliver drilling equipment

When the subsequent penetration of the drill encounters significant resistance, there may be a danger of equipment failure. Therefore, you need to try to soften the soil, using water for this purpose.

The work is in progress, the drill is moving down, but do not forget that every half a meter of its advancement it is necessary to free the tool from the ground, and for this it is necessary to raise it to the surface. When the tool is completely immersed in the soil up to the handle, it must be extended with the next rod.

The whole drilling process takes a lot of time, most which has to be spent on lifting the drill to the surface and cleaning it from the soil. Therefore, it is worth using each cycle as efficiently as possible, trying to extract as much soil as possible.

When drilling a well in manual mode, only the first time you can do the work yourself, then you will definitely need an assistant

If the layers that the tool passes through are characterized by increased flowability, then there is a danger of collapse of the well shaft at the most inopportune moment. To prevent this from happening, casing pipes should be used to prevent the walls of the mine from crumbling.

But the state of the land that comes to the surface has changed: the drill has reached the aquifer. There is very little left. Behind aquifer must be waterproof. The drill must be immersed to the water-resistant layer so that maximum amount water. The maximum depth, which is achieved by manual drilling, is from 10 to 20 meters. It is at this depth, most often, that the first aquifer is located.

First to surface dirty water, which is pumped out manually or submersible pump. To flush the well, it is enough to remove just a few buckets of dirt. If pure water do not rush to change the dirty one, you should drill another meter or two.

Budget auger drilling

It is believed that it is auger, and not rotary drilling, that is the simplest and most affordable option for constructing a well under water. It is the use of the auger method that is incorporated in most modern small-sized drilling rigs.

Auger drilling can be done with the help of such a mobile unit, which can be easily transported to the place of its operation.

The auger is the well-known Archimedean screw. Those who have ever seen how fishermen drill a hole for ice fishing can imagine what we are talking about. In a similar way, a shallow, up to 10 meters, well is created. In the course of work, neither drilling fluid nor water is used, with which the tool is washed in other cases.

If you ask for help from a specialized organization, then most likely they will use auger drilling equipment in their work, which is easily transported and widely used.

A feature of this type of work is that it can not be performed on all types of soil. With the help of an auger, it is impossible to pass rocks or quicksand, but on dry and soft sedimentary rocks this method has proven itself perfectly. When performing this work, attention should be paid to protecting the mine from contaminated water from the soil surface.

Image Gallery

Rotary method for rock formations

If the development is to be arranged in rocky soils, then a rotary drilling method is used to create it. It is based on the use of a special drill pipe, which resembles a thin glass turned upside down with a cone bit crushing soils along the lower edge.

Communications used in drilling pass through the cavity of the pipe. The hydraulic installation creates a load on the bit, making its way through the rock. The load is supplemented by the mass of the pipe string.

During rotary drilling of a well, the rock is broken with such a bit that can overcome even solid obstacles in its path

The soil is washed out of the well with the help of a drilling fluid fed into the pipe by one of two possible methods.

• Direct flush. The solution is pumped into the pipe using a pump, after which it flows out through the annulus along with the rock.
• Backwash. The solution enters the pipe by gravity, and from the annulus it is pumped out together with the rock.

It is believed that backwashing is more effective than direct flushing: with its help, a greater well flow rate is achieved due to the highest quality opening of the aquifer. But to implement this flushing method, it is necessary to use expensive equipment, which affects the increase in the cost of work. Direct flushing is cheaper than reverse flushing.

Expensive percussion rope method

If you want to get a well that will last you up to 50 years, and have enough time, effort and nerves to implement your plans, then choose the percussion drilling method. It will take a long time to work. You will slowly but surely make your way to your cherished goal.

This shock-rope structure consists of a frame, a bailer and an impact chuck, which is made of a thick-walled pipe and is responsible for the drilling process itself.

The process is based on the use of a specific projectile - a bailer. This is a piece of thick-walled pipe from 1 to 2 m long with a ball valve or petal valve at the bottom. A “window” is cut out in the upper part of the pipe to extract the soil, the top is equipped with an eye for the torso.

Tied to a cable thrown over a block, the bailer is freely thrown to the face. Falling down, it loosens the soil and captures it with a valve. The process is repeated several times before removing the bailer from the barrel. The bailer removed from the well is freed from the soil: it is turned over and shaken out through the hole.

This method of punching a mine is considered very labor-intensive, but effective. Besides saturated with water sands and loose sedimentary rocks can be extracted from the well only by the shock-rope method. When gelling, drilling fluid is not used, so it cannot be confused with groundwater that has appeared in the well.

Due to the high labor intensity, this method is superior in price to the rotary one. In addition, if the goal is to go beyond the first aquifer, you will have to incur the cost of isolating the mine from water carriers that are located above. For this, additional casing pipes are used. In addition to increasing the consumption of materials, the volume of work performed by specialists is also growing. Therefore, such a construction will cost a lot.

Video example of manual drilling of a well

Like any other job manual drilling can be upgraded using a hydraulic pump and an electric drill. You can do this work even without helpers. The entire drilling process can be seen in this video.

Each type of water well has its own advantages and disadvantages. Now that you have got an idea about the type of wells, their design and construction methods, it will be easier for you to make a choice in favor of a particular design, based on the characteristics of your site and your own financial capabilities.

Private property is not only abundance clean air and silence, but also the need to create individual communications for a decent living in the house. One of the most demanded is water supply. For these purposes, a do-it-yourself water well (but not artesian) is widely applicable today.

A source found in soil layers can serve from 5 to 100 years, depending on the depth of its occurrence and the total flow rate of the well (an artesian source serves the maximum). Therefore, we will consider the methods of a well with our own hands on the site. And we will reveal to you several methods of self-drilling.

Important: self-drilling is possible only with sand wells. Artesian sources on the site require complex technical equipment and paperwork. You can't do it with your own hands.

screw method

If you wondered how to drill a well with your own hands on the site and at the same time want to equip a well on sand, then this soil development method is the easiest. To carry out the work you will need:

• Auger with extension pipe;
• Casing pipes for the entire length of the well;
• Mesh filter;
• Pump (surface or submersible, depending on the flow rate of the well and your water needs).

First of all, it is worth deciding on a place for a well. It is very important to consider the lowest point of the well on the site. It is here, according to the laws of geodesy, that underground water accumulates. It is also important to take into account the depth of the aquifer. Ask your neighbors about this. After all, if the reservoir with water is located lower than 20 meters, then you cannot cope with your own hands.

Before making a well, consider the location of unwanted objects relative to the future source. Neighboring septic tanks are dangerous, industrial enterprises etc. Water from such a neighborhood will be pretty spoiled by harmful chemical compounds.

So, let's get down to direct drilling:

• The auger must be turned clockwise in four hands. That is, you need an assistant. We turn the drill until it is completely deepened into the ground, after which we take it out with a winch. We clean the blades from the layers of soil and deepen the drill again.
• Thus, you need to reach the impervious soil. You can mark this layer by the composition of the wet soil that you have chosen on the aquifer.

Important: a bailer can be used to level the walls of the well and clean it from soil layers.

• The finished well is equipped with a casing pipe with a strainer at the end. Now you need to pump out some water with a pump. Over time, the liquid in the source should go clean. But if after pumping the water is still cloudy, it is worth deepening the well by another 1-2 meters.

You can learn more about creating a sand well with your own hands from the video:

Pipe deep drilling

• If you are wondering how to drill a well yourself, then you can use this method for greater convenience. Here it is necessary to prepare casing pipes, the diameter of which will exceed the diameter of the screw by several centimeters.
• First you need to act according to simple auger drilling. As soon as manual drilling reaches the level of 70-100 cm, you can install a pipe in the hole and deepen it under the influence of impact force using a sledgehammer.
• Drilling of the well continues already inside the pipe. And each time, taking out the auger with a winch, it is necessary to deepen the pipe up to the aquifer.

Important: do not be zealous with clogging the pipe in the bottomhole itself. Otherwise, you can accidentally block access to groundwater in your well. It is also worth noting that this source development method does not include a filter. Therefore, it will be necessary to completely pump out the well several times and only after that give water for analysis.

• It is desirable to fill the annular space with strong cement mortar to prevent dirty groundwater and wastewater from entering the source.

Rope percussion drilling

For those who do not know how to drill a well, we also reveal another way to develop a source. This method is the most powerful of all listed. Since the soil will be drilled under the influence of a large impact force. To complete the work you will need:

• Powerful and durable tripod made of metal pipes;
• Winch with steel cable;
• Impact glass made from steel pipe, weighted and having sections for cutting the soil on one side;
• Bailer;
• Casing pipes with a mesh filter.
• First of all, you need to prepare a special hole for the well. That is, we dig out a platform with dimensions of 1.5x1.5x2 meters. It is advisable to overlay it with boards so that the soil does not crumble into the well during work.
• So, we set the tripod over the intended area so that the impact glass is located exclusively in the center of the tripod. We mount the winch, and we attach the impact glass to the steel cable.
• With the help of a neighbor (friend, brother), we act on the impact cartridge with a winch, sharply lowering the drill. The carving on the glass will cut into the ground, absorbing the cut layers.
• Raise the glass and clean it from the remnants of the soil.
• Thus, you now know how to drill a well without sophisticated equipment.

Important: do not forget about good mesh filters that will prevent sand from entering the well water.

But before you work through the source manually, weigh the pros and cons. It is quite possible that it will be more profitable for your site to drill an artesian source.

Video about percussion drilling: