Today we will talk about what medicinal hawthorn is and consider its types. We will also describe each variety in detail and its medical use.
Hawthorn is known to everyone as a medicinal plant. But, in addition to its medicinal properties, it is distinguished by its beauty.
Description of the plant
Hawthorn is beautiful both during the flowering period and during the ripening of the fruits. Depending on the type of plant, its berries may vary in color and shape. There are about one and a half thousand different species of hawthorn in the world. Therefore, we can talk a lot about it. Moreover, this plant has valuable medicinal properties. The variety of hawthorn species makes it possible to grow it both in the form of a bush and in the form of a small tree. Some ornamental types can be converted into bonsai. Since this plant is distributed throughout the world, you can find evergreen hawthorn. Its species have spines. This is a distinctive characteristic of the shrub.
The family to which hawthorn belongs is called Semi-evergreen. It should be said that over the past few years the plant has begun to be used in industrial production medications.
The main differences between varieties are the color of the fruit, plant height, and leaf shape.
As a rule, it falls in the month of June. This plant has white flowers. The fruits ripen by the beginning of the autumn season. By the way, they are very beneficial for human health.
Hawthorn fruits can be round or oblong. The color range of berries is quite diverse, from the standard red to yellow and black. Hawthorn fruits taste sweet and sour.
For medicinal purposes, you can use decoctions of the leaves, flowers and berries of the plant. All of them have valuable properties. It is especially recommended for people with problems with the cardiovascular system to consume hawthorn.
We will consider the types of this plant further. Now I would like to say that hawthorn contains a large amount of useful microelements and vitamins. In order for this plant to grow well and bear fruit on plot of land, you should take the choice of variety seriously. Therefore, before purchasing one or another, you need to find out which types of hawthorn (photos of some are presented in the article) are most suitable for the area where they are supposed to be planted. To do this, you need to take into account the climatic characteristics of the region. Namely, temperature conditions, amount of precipitation and sunshine and other weather features in the area.
Common hawthorn (thorny)
Now let's figure out what hawthorn is like. Let's look at its types and the characteristics of each. The common hawthorn is the most common type of this plant in our country. This is due to the fact that it is frost-resistant. In most regions of Russia, the winter season is quite long. Therefore, this type of hawthorn is widespread. The height of an ordinary hawthorn does not exceed 5 meters.
It has a rather dense crown and there are thorns on the branches. It has wide leaves divided into lobes, their number is 4 or 5. The common hawthorn blooms in inflorescences. The flowering period is about 2 weeks. This type of plant begins to bear fruit in late summer or early autumn. The berries of the common hawthorn are round in shape. They are painted red or burgundy. Their size is one centimeter in diameter. Another reason for the widespread distribution of common hawthorn is that it does not require any special care. This plant can tolerate both bright sun and heat, as well as shade and dry weather. This hawthorn is also frost resistant. Can grow on any soil and does not need fertilizing. Surely many have encountered an ordinary hawthorn growing like a wall. You can also see this plant in city parks and forest edges.
Altai hawthorn
What other types of hawthorn are there? A photo of Altai is presented below. This species, like the ordinary one, is an unpretentious plant. The main difference is that it needs soil selection. Altai hawthorn prefers more moist soil. The height of the plant is eight meters. In the wild, it settles near water bodies on chalk soils with stone scattering. There are thorns on the branches of Altai hawthorn.
The leaves have a bluish tint and a hairy structure. Altai hawthorn begins to bloom in late spring or early summer. It has lush inflorescences in the form of a ball. The fruits of this type of hawthorn ripen in August. The color of the berries of Altai hawthorn differs from ordinary ones. They are orange or yellow in color. This plant begins to bear fruit 6 or 7 years after planting.
Pear
What types of hawthorn are known? Pear. The most common habitat for hawthorn is the midwestern United States. In this area, the height of the plant is 11 meters, its branches are straight with thorns that grow up to 5 centimeters. Pear hawthorn has white dense inflorescences. This type of plant has red fruits. Their diameter reaches 10 millimeters. A distinctive feature of pear hawthorn is that it is not as frost-resistant as ordinary and Altai hawthorn. Therefore, in Russia it is recommended to plant it only in southern regions with a warmer climate.
Fan-shaped
What other type of hawthorn is there? The types of this plant are quite diverse. For example, there is a fan-shaped hawthorn. It is widespread in the northern regions of our country and in the Caucasus mountains.
A distinctive feature of the fan-shaped hawthorn is the presence of curved spines on its branches, which grow up to 7 centimeters. The height of this plant is about 6 meters. Also this hawthorn is quite wide, about 3 or 4 meters. The leaves are elongated and divided into 4 or 6 lobes. IN spring period The leaves of the fan-shaped hawthorn are covered with delicate fluff. Then over time it fades away. Then the leaves become smooth.
The inflorescences of this plant are not particularly fluffy. The berries ripen in late summer or early autumn. They come in different colors, from yellow to red.
The berries are apple-shaped. This variety of hawthorn is distinguished by the juiciness of its fruits. Fan-shaped is frost-resistant and can grow in the shade.
Daurian hawthorn
The main distribution areas of this variety are Siberia and Primorye, as well as the Amur region. Many types of hawthorn are unpretentious. But this one is quite picky. Grows in places with moist, fertile soil, near rivers. Also loves bright and sunny places.
The plant reaches a height of 6 meters. Has rather small spines and grey colour bark. The leaves are dark green. They can be diamond-shaped and have 3 or 5 blades. It blooms, like most many hawthorns, either at the end of May or at the beginning of June. Flowers can be either white or pink. The dark red stamens look very beautiful. The berries of this plant have a bright red color and an oblong shape.
Douglas hawthorn
Different types of hawthorn have their own characteristics. This plant variety loves moisture. Therefore, its habitat is places directly next to rivers. The height of the plant reaches 12 meters. Doesn't need a lot sunlight. The bark of this type of hawthorn has a dark brown tint and a lamellar structure. There are practically no thorns on the branches. Sometimes they occur, but they are small in size and curved in shape. The leaves are dark green and oblong. As a rule, all types of hawthorn bloom in May, this one is no exception. When flowering, hawthorn produces white or cream flowers.
Burgundy berries ripen by early autumn. Sometimes the color of the fruit reaches a black tint. It begins to bear fruit five or six years after planting. The berries are one centimeter in diameter.
In addition to fruit-bearing plants, there are types of ornamental hawthorn. These plants are used to decorate parks, squares and summer cottages.
How to plant correctly?
Since hawthorn is a medicinal plant and has a beneficial effect on the body, you should think about planting it in your summer cottage or garden. Hawthorn species are quite widely represented in Russia. Therefore, you need to know how to care for them. Despite the fact that this plant is unpretentious, it would be better to plant it in heavy soil with drainage. It is better if the soil is fertile. But, as a rule, in garden plots and dachas it is just that.
First you need to prepare the mixture for planting. It needs to be made from sand, peat and humus. You also need to add leaf flour there. You need to put lime in the planting hole, but it is important that the hawthorn root system does not touch it. The bottom layer of the pit is lined with a drainage layer. It can be made from crushed stone, gravel or broken bricks. This layer should be about 15 centimeters. It is better to choose a sunny place for planting. This will ensure good fruiting of the hawthorn. You should know that the plant has a long root system. Because of this feature, hawthorn can only be replanted for up to 5 years. As a rule, plants are planted in their permanent location at the age of two. The procedure for transplanting hawthorn should be carried out either in the spring or in the autumn of the year. The hole should be 70 centimeters. If you plan to plant several hawthorns, then a distance of two meters should be laid between them. After the plant is planted, it is recommended to water it. After 6 years it begins to bear fruit.
How to care for hawthorn on a plot of land?
Everything is done quite simply. It is necessary to trim dry and dead branches. Some people use hawthorn as a living fence. Under this condition, the plant should be trimmed, leaving one third of the shoot. This needs to be done in the spring. Hawthorn lends itself very well to pruning. Therefore, you can come up with or copy interesting shapes.
It wouldn't hurt to feed the hawthorn. It is recommended to fertilize the plant in the spring. You can use liquid manure for this. This procedure should be done before the plant blooms. Hawthorn needs to be watered once a month. Moreover, this must be done abundantly. About fifteen liters of water should be poured onto each bush. If the summer is dry, then it is recommended to water the hawthorn more often.
You also need to remove weeds and dig up the soil. You should dig carefully so as not to damage the root system of the plant. To do this, the shovel does not need to be inserted into the ground strictly vertically. The maximum digging depth should be about 10 centimeters. The above procedures for caring for hawthorn are quite enough.
How does it reproduce?
There are several ways to propagate hawthorn. Namely: seeds, root cuttings or through grafting.
The method of propagation through hawthorn seeds is quite labor-intensive. Firstly, the plant has thick skin. Therefore, the stratification process is quite lengthy. In time it is one year. Ripe seeds also take a long time to awaken. This process usually takes 2 years. Moreover, not all the seeds will sprout, but only a part, since some may be empty inside.
There is a certain order of how to propagate hawthorn through seeds:
- First of all, you need to collect the berries of the plant. Unripe fruits are suitable.
- They should be filled with water and left in this position for 3 days.
- After this, you need to rub the seeds with sandpaper or sand.
- Next, they need to be washed and placed in a solution (one percent) with saltpeter for two days.
- In late autumn, the seeds are planted in the ground. In a couple of years, the seedling should reach a height of 60 centimeters. During this period you need to trim it. But you should leave 3 buds in height from the base. It is also necessary to cut off the shoots that are located on the side. Only 2 should be left.
Hawthorn propagation through root cuttings
To propagate a plant using this method, you need to take the roots and select 20 mm of them. Then you can cut them into 10 centimeters. After this, they should be placed in the ground, preferably in a greenhouse. Moreover, they should be buried at an angle so that the thick end of the root extends out about 2 centimeters. Spring and autumn seasons are suitable for planting.
It is possible to propagate hawthorn through grafting. This procedure is done in August. To implement it you need some experience. You can vaccinate different types hawthorn.
How to collect hawthorn?
You should know that beneficial properties all types of hawthorn possess. Also, all parts (flowers, leaves, fruits and even bark) of the plant are medicinal. Therefore, during flowering, flowers and leaves of hawthorn are collected. They are dried and placed in a special container for further storage. The fruits of the bush are collected in late summer or early autumn when they ripen. The berries are dried and transferred to an enamel bowl. The container with these fruits must be closed with a lid. It is better if it is sealed.
Is it possible and how to eat hawthorn fresh?
Hawthorn is not only possible, but also necessary to eat fresh. Since the collected berries contain the largest amount of useful microelements and vitamins. Everyone can eat these fruits. There are no age restrictions. But it usually happens that the berry harvest exceeds the amount that can be consumed by all family members. And so the question arises of how to keep hawthorn fresh. You can freeze it, but the easiest and most affordable way preserving the medicinal properties of the plant is drying the berries. Then they can be used to prepare compotes, teas, various desserts and more. Any hawthorn can be dried.
There are certain recommendations for consuming this berry. You should know that fresh hawthorn should be consumed in limited quantities. The norm is 150 grams of berries per day. Moreover, this figure includes the consumption of desserts using the fruits of the plant. Exceeding this dose can lead to increased blood pressure, failure of the stomach and heart. In general, it should be remembered that it is recommended to eat raw hawthorn after meals, since the fiber in the berries is an irritant to the walls of the stomach. Therefore, people prone to diseases of this kind should use this fruit carefully.
What types of hawthorn are used in medicine? Since ancient times, the plant has found its use for medicinal purposes due to its composition. In Russia, the blood-red variety is mainly used. But in European countries they prefer single-pistillate hawthorn. Although different types of plants may have differences in their composition, they are all interchangeable and can be used as a medicine.
Conclusion
Now you know what hawthorn is, we have named and described its types and varieties. They also talked about how this plant is used in medicine, how to dry it and consume it.
Hawthorn is a genus of deciduous shrubs and low trees of the Rosaceae family. It is a long-liver among many plants, because it can grow for about three centuries. It has beneficial properties and is used for decorative and medicinal purposes. Planting hawthorn is slightly different from planting other trees. Plant care includes not only pruning, mulching and watering, but also the fight against various diseases and pests. As for propagation, the shrub can be grown from seeds, by cuttings, and also by grafting. The plant is unpretentious in watering, as well as in fertilizing. One bucket of manure liquid will be enough for him before flowering begins. In the middle latitudes of our country, several of the most popular varieties of hawthorn are grown.
Varieties and varieties
The plant genus includes about 200 varieties of hawthorn, not counting various hybrid forms. In our country, 50 species are known and more than 100 have been introduced.
- Crimean hawthorn- a tree-like shrub or tree of medium height. It grows on the Crimean peninsula, near Simferopol and Feodosia. Can be found in group plantings of deciduous trees. The shoots are covered with hairs, have a rich cherry color, and are dotted with numerous spines. Hawthorn leaves are wedge-shaped with a dark green color at the edges and a lighter shade at the base. Has large flowers.
Crimean hawthorn
- Chinese hawthorn(pinnately cut) is a plant native to China and Japan. In Russia it can be found in the Far East. Loves bright places with good lighting, but also tolerates shady areas. The height of Chinese hawthorn can reach 6 m. This species differs from others in the complete absence of thorns on the shoots. The leaves are rich green. The fruits are round in shape, dark red in color, glossy.
Chinese hawthorn
- Hawthorn softish- a species common in America. Grows on slopes with high humidity and the edges of the forest. Frost-resistant variety, undemanding to soil composition. It can reach a height of 8 m.
Hawthorn softish
- Hawthorn prickly(common) is a deciduous shrub characterized by very slow growth. Grows in the Urals, Caucasus, Siberia and Central Asia. It has spines on which leaves can grow. Hawthorn fruits are used in cooking for making jam, jam, decoction, compote, as well as in medicine and scientific research. The plant has variety of leaves. So in hawthorn you can find whole, serrated, three or five-lobed or separate leaves.
Hawthorn prickly
- Hawthorn blood red – small tree or shrub. It was popularly called “lady” or “boyarka”. Grows mainly in Siberia. Light-loving, but tolerates shade. Can grow long time without watering. The maximum height of the blood-red hawthorn is 6 m, and the average growth duration is about 4 centuries. One kilogram of hawthorn can contain up to 2 thousand fruits.
Hawthorn blood red
Hawthorn: planting and care
Hawthorn prefers rich soil. A prerequisite for its planting is the presence of drainage. It is used as brick chips, crushed stone or gravel. The drainage height in the dug hole should not be less than 15 cm.
Advice. To plant a plant, you need to prepare a mixture of sand, peat and humus with the addition of leaf flour. Hawthorn also loves lime, but it should not come into direct contact with its root system.
The ideal place to plant a tree would be a sunny area of the garden, otherwise the plant will grow and bloom poorly.
Transplantation of the shrub to a permanent place is carried out only in the second year of life. It is better to do it in spring or autumn. The plant is planted to a depth of about 50–65 cm. Immediately after planting, the hawthorn should be watered and the soil around it mulched. It is worth being patient, because the tree will begin to bear fruit fully only by 10 years.
Hawthorn blossom
As for watering, a bucket of water per month will be enough for a bush or tree. In drier times, it is necessary to increase the number of waterings to several times.
No special care is required for the plant. Removing weeds, loosening the soil and trimming dried branches - that’s all the basic care for hawthorn.
Fertilizer
Of course, like any plant, hawthorn is not indifferent to fertilizers. It will be enough for him to feed him in the form of one bucket of slurry in the spring, before flowering begins. After such feeding, the shrub or tree will grow more actively, and flowering will be more abundant.
Hawthorn propagation
Hawthorn propagation is carried out in three main ways:
- Seeds.
- By cuttings.
- Vaccination.
Hawthorn fruits
Growing a plant from seeds a very long process. The seeds have a thick shell. In this regard, they must go through a long process of stratification, which will help them germinate faster. Stratification can last up to one year. Even the best seeds can take a couple of years to sprout. The reason for this is a considerable number of empty seeds.
In general, hawthorn seeds are collected when they have not yet ripened. They are left in water for 72 hours. Then they wipe sandpaper or sand and rinse. Then the plant seeds are placed in a 1% solution of potassium nitrate for two days, and only after that they are sown in the ground. Sowing is carried out in late autumn.
Root cuttings
Reproduction root cuttings a little simpler. Take the roots, cut them into 10 cm pieces and dig them into the ground at an angle with the thick side up. Both autumn and spring are suitable for cuttings. But it’s still better to plant in a warm place. For example, a greenhouse.
For vaccinations Common hawthorn or single-pistillate hawthorn is perfect. Although any variety of plant is suitable for grafting. The vaccine is given in August.
Diseases and pests
Hawthorn caterpillar
Pest control involves the use of chemicals. For example, chlorophos, karbofos, nitrafen, as well as green oil concentrate and soap solution.
Uses of hawthorn
Hawthorn - very useful plant, it is rich in B vitamins, pectins, vitamin C, carotene and other microelements.
Hawthorn decoctions are very beneficial for human health
It is used to cleanse the blood, and since the 20th century - as a medicine for cardiovascular diseases. It helps eliminate the symptoms of atherosclerosis, arrhythmia and hypertension. During the Great Patriotic War The plant was used to replace heart medications due to their shortage. How medical drug Hawthorn is available in two forms: tablets and tinctures.
Advice. To prevent viral diseases, it is recommended to take a decoction of the plant or eat several berries a day.
The fruits are also used in cooking. They are used as filling for pies.
Hawthorn has become widespread in landscape design. It makes excellent fences and hedges. This result can be achieved by planting plants very close to each other. And also intertwining their branches. Another condition original design site will be the choice of plant variety and timely pruning of branches. Hawthorn can be given absolutely any shape: square, oval, circle, etc. And the most the best option To decorate the garden there will be hawthorn monopistillate, Maksimovich, Pauls Scarlet and plum-leaved.
A hedge of hawthorn bushes
Hawthorn is a useful plant. For the most part, unpretentious. Planting it will require a certain sequence of actions, but care consists of loosening the soil, cutting off old branches, watering and infrequent fertilizing. You will have to be patient until the plant begins to bear fruit fully. But the result will undoubtedly exceed all expectations. The plant is not only great option for registration summer cottage, but also a storehouse of vitamins. It is used for medicinal purposes and also folk recipes. Its main focus is improving heart function.
Features of caring for hawthorn: video
Growing hawthorn: photo
The hawthorn plant is known for its decorative and medicinal properties. This crop can be used as a hedge to produce fruit. Growing hawthorn plant in open ground will require basic knowledge about its agricultural technology. It is also important to choose the right ones for climate zone varieties and types. The proposed descriptions and photos will help in this difficult task.
Family: Rosaceae.
Homeland - North America, Eurasia, Russia.
What does a hawthorn tree, leaves and fruits look like: characteristics and description, height and flowering (with photo)
The characteristics of the hawthorn plant begin with the fact that it is distributed mainly in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, mainly in North America, as well as Eurasia. There are 47 species of this plant found in Russia. The most famous of them: blood red and Siberian. Many people, even novice gardeners, know what a hawthorn tree looks like. Look at the hawthorn in the photo and in the description of the plant - this will allow you to obtain all the necessary knowledge for choosing seedlings:
A beautiful, spherical shrub up to 2.5 - 3 m high, sometimes low trees, shoots with numerous spines up to 5 cm long. The height of a hawthorn tree depends largely on pruning and shaping. The crown is dense, round, spherical or ovoid, often asymmetrical. The leaves are pinnately lobed, pinnately dissected or entire, bluish-green or yellow-green in color. Hawthorn foliage is especially beautiful in the fall, when it displays bright yellow or red colors. The bark is brown. See what hawthorn leaves look like in the photos offered on this page:
The flowers are white, less often pink or red, collected in semi-umbrellas or corymbose inflorescences. There are varieties with double flowers. Blooms in late spring - early summer (May - June). The hawthorn blossom in the photo impresses with its amazing beauty.
Hawthorn fruits are small dry or fleshy apples with 1–5 seeds. If hawthorn flowers are the same, then the fruits can vary in shape, size, and color. Moreover, they are all edible, but not always tasty. Often, hawthorn fruits can hang on the branches all winter. The fruits ripen, depending on the type, in August - late October, and do not fall off for a long time. See what hawthorn fruits look like in the photo illustrating the fruiting process:
Hawthorn grows slowly. Begins to bear fruit from 10-15 summer age. But it lives a long time - 200-300 years. In the East, hawthorn was called “wild apple tree”: The hawthorn tree really looks like an apple tree, especially with its leaves and roots. The presented hawthorn tree in the photo and in the description can become the basis for forming a hedge or a shady corner of the garden.
More than 200 species of hawthorn are known. The most common types are:
Common hawthorn, or barbed (C. oxiacantha)
Hawthorn blood red (S. sanguinea), hawthorn punctata (S. punctata) and etc.
When several types of hawthorns are grown together by cross-pollination, hybrids are easily formed.
Usage
The presence of thorns and a dense crown make it possible to use hawthorn as a reliable hedge. The shrub is also good in single and group plantings.
Hawthorn is decorative and is used for landscaping parks and squares. It is good for creating hedges. Hawthorn is widely used in green construction and for protective afforestation. It has an important soil-protective value in mountainous conditions. Sometimes used in fruit growing as a rootstock for dwarf apple trees and pears. Hawthorn is a good honey plant. From the branches and bark you can prepare a decoction for dyeing fabric red. In addition, the bark is used in tanning leather.
Hawthorn wood is of great value. It is durable, viscous, has a beautiful texture, various carpentry crafts and art utensils are made from it, and toys are cut out. The wood is used to make handles for shovels and impact tools.
Juices, jams, jams, jelly, marmalade and compotes are prepared from hawthorn fruits. Fruits and flowers are of great use in medicine - for heart diseases, insomnia, dizziness, shortness of breath.
Conditions for growing hawthorn and propagating from cuttings
The conditions for growing hawthorn are nothing supernatural, since it unpretentious plant. It is drought-resistant, light-loving, does not tolerate darkening, and is very winter-hardy. It does not need to be regularly watered or fertilized; the bush grows for several years and can withstand even severe frosts. Thanks to its well-developed root system, hawthorn thrives in any soil, but prefers loam or clayey, medium-fertile, calcareous soil. It is best to propagate and grow hawthorn in sunny areas. At a young age, all hawthorns easily take the form of a bush when the main trunk is pruned. Shaping pruning should only be done after the first flowering.
It is mainly practiced to grow hawthorn from cuttings, since this allows the plant to quickly bear fruit. To plant it, use a cutting, a piece of root with layering (by grafting to another bush).
Planting hawthorn seeds: cultivation and care in open ground (with video)
Planting hawthorn seeds requires enormous patience from the gardener. Hawthorn can be propagated by seeds, which sprout in 1.5–2 years. In the first year, the seedlings grow 10–12 cm. In the 2nd year, they are transplanted for growing; in the 3rd year, the growth is cut off, leaving 2–3 buds above the soil level. This measure causes rapid growth of the bush. A more reliable method is propagation by root suckers or grafting of the desired shoots onto monopistillate or prickly hawthorn. Planting and caring for hawthorn in open ground will require timely feeding, without which it is difficult to obtain a healthy plant.
For planting, select a greenish fruit, take out the seeds from it, keep them in a solution of potassium nitrate, then dry them and leave them in a cool, dry place until spring. Planting pit for one hawthorn bush it should have a length and diameter of 60 cm.
Hawthorn is planted both in spring and autumn; to obtain fruits - in pits, to create a hedge - in a trench. The holes are dug with a diameter and depth of 60 cm at a distance of 1.5–2 m from each other. 1–2 buckets of compost are added to each of them, and from mineral fertilizers– 5 tbsp. spoons of nitrophoska. A trench is dug 60 cm wide and 50 cm deep. Add 1–2 buckets of compost and 4 tbsp. spoons of nitrophoska per 1 linear meter. Bushes in the trench are planted every 40–50 cm.
(apple trees, pears, cherries, etc.) are not grown next to hawthorn, since they have common pests, such as hawthorn, apple aphids, leaf rollers, and cherry sawflies.
After 5–6 years it begins to bear fruit. Caring for it involves weeding, loosening, fertilizing and crown formation. Bushes in hedges can be pruned to the desired height, this encourages the formation of lateral branches.
In the second year after planting and in subsequent years before fruiting begins, hawthorn is fed 2 times.
The first feeding is carried out in the spring before flowering and when the leaves bloom: dilute 3 tbsp in 10 liters of water. spoons of “Potassium Humate” universal, consumption – 15–20 liters per bush, depending on the age of the plant.
The second feeding is carried out in the fall (September): 3 tbsp. spoons of nitrophoska per 10 liters of water, consumption – 15–25 liters per bush.
Fruiting bushes are fed 3 times. The first feeding is done in the spring before flowering and during leaf bloom: 2 tbsp. spoons of “Potassium humate” for fruit and berry crops and 2 tbsp. Intermag spoons for fruit crops are diluted in 10 liters of water, solution consumption is 20–30 liters per bush.
The second feeding is carried out at the beginning of flowering: 4 tbsp. spoons of “Potassium humate” for fruit and berry crops are diluted in 10 liters of water, the solution consumption is 30–40 liters per bush.
The third feeding is done during fruiting: 3 tbsp. spoons of nitrophoska are diluted in 10 liters of water, consumption is 30–40 liters per bush.
During the growing season and fruiting period, foliar feeding is carried out in the form of spraying with the growth regulator "Emistim". Spray until the crown is completely wetted.
Watch the cultivation and care of hawthorn in the video, which shows all agricultural operations:
Hawthorn pests
Hawthorn is a host plant for very large quantity pests – fruit sawfly, apple flower beetle, hawthorn fruit leaf beetle, cherry weevil, hawthorn gall midges, bud mite, hawthorn psyllid, aphids, maple mealybug, acacia false scale, several scale insects, moths, moths, lancets, pear mites, apple and wrinkled sapwood. Among the fungal diseases on this plant, fruit mummification, powdery mildew, spotting, rust, blackhead, and central trunk rot are common. Hawthorn is also damaged by nematodes.
Against hawthorn, apple aphids, leaf rollers and sawflies, the bush is sprayed in the spring, before flowering, with a solution of the drug "Karbofos" (60 g per 10 liters of water). Treatment is carried out in the morning or evening. The drug "Citcor" is also used (1.5 ml per 10 liters of water).
Hawthorn hedge: how to plant (with photos and videos)
To create a hawthorn hedge in the first year after planting, you need to trim the bush heavily, leaving the stumps no higher than 10-15 cm from the soil level. This pruning is done in April; it promotes the formation of powerful basal shoots. In the second year, at the same time, to create a strong skeleton, deep pruning is again carried out, which ensures the appearance of new shoots and increased growth of last year's shoots. If the hedge remains insufficiently thick, such severe pruning is carried out in the third year. When pruning, try to give the hedge a conical shape. Usually, from the moment of emergence of seedlings to the formation of a dense hedge 1.4 - 1.5 m high, up to 10 years pass. Before annual shaping and trimming, a cord is pulled along the hedge to mark the boundary of the required trimming. The hawthorn hedge in the photo is grown in a similar way:
To create a hedge, you can use the following species that are widespread in the European part of Russia: prickly hawthorn (common or smooth), blood-red hawthorn (Siberian) and monopistillate hawthorn, which differs from prickly hawthorn in its rapid growth and pinkish tint of flowers. Hawthorn spur, or "cock's spur" comes from the eastern regions North America, and got its name because of the long curved spines covering the shoots. But it is not frost-resistant enough and tolerates haircuts worse than others.
When creating a hedge, it should be taken into account that all hawthorns develop better, bloom profusely and bear fruit on well-drained, fertile sandy loams and loams with obligatory liming, preferring open sunny spaces.
Since the roots of hawthorn are located deep in the ground, only young, 3–6-year-old seedlings are selected for planting - older plants take root much less well.
Before planting hawthorn for a hedge, prepare a trench with a width of 40–50 cm (for a single row) to 1 m (for a double row hedge) and a depth of 50–70 cm. If the soil is poor, make a mixture of equal parts of peat, humus and trenches of earth. Depending on the type of hedge, a planting pattern is selected: 30–50 cm between plants in a single-row hedge, 50–70 cm for a two-row hedge, with a distance between rows of 50–60 cm. In the latter option, plants are planted in a checkerboard pattern. To create formed living walls, one row of plants is laid according to a pattern of 0.8–1.2 m, unformed (free-growing) - 1.2 m.
Trellis-type hedges are more labor-intensive to form; it is better to use prickly hawthorn plants. In this case, 1–2-year-old seedlings are planted every 20–30 cm in one row along a temporary fence with poles horizontally located at a height of 25, 35 and 50 cm. A year after planting, the plants are cut “for reverse growth,” that is, to a stump 10 cm high. Of the newly grown shoots, only the two strongest shoots located in the plane of the trellis are left. After another year, these shoots are oriented in opposite directions at an angle of 45 degrees. In this case, the shoots of neighboring plants cross each other and (for better fusion) part of the bark is cut off at the places of their contact, and the combined areas are tightly wrapped with ribbons of plastic film and coated with garden pitch. The entire structure is attached to the lower transverse pole at a height of 25 cm, cutting off branches protruding beyond this border.
In the spring of next year, the two strongest, parallel shoots are left. In relation to the supporting branch of last year, they are located at an angle of 90 degrees. They are also crossed with neighboring shoots and tied at a height of 35 cm and cut off. In the fifth year, shoots are tied to the third pole. Subsequently, the trellis is cut like an ordinary hedge and brought to a height of 1.0–1.5 m, while the sides are cut so that the width of the wall does not exceed 30 cm. The intertwined shoots grow together, thicken, and the window-cells between them gradually overgrown. The result is a very durable, beautiful and impenetrable hedge, which also takes up very little space in width. If desired, the number of horizontal poles can be much larger, and they will be located much higher. Accordingly, the duration of formation of this high hedge increases.
With strong shoot growth, hawthorns can be pruned 2–3 times per season, and the last pruning should be no later than mid-July. In this case, 1/2–2/3 of the length of the current growth is cut off each time.
For low hedges, hawthorn can be cut into a rectangle, but for living walls it is better to make a trapezoidal profile with an angle of inclination of the side walls of 70–80 degrees, which allows the lower branches to also receive sunlight. Look hedge from hawthorn in the video, which shows all the moments of its cultivation and formation:
When creating such a fence, it should be taken into account that this type of planting requires very careful and timely care. In the first two years after planting, watering and double-sided loosening of the soil in a zone of 50–80 cm from the plants themselves are required. After two years, fertilize with organic fertilizers in dry form - in the fall or in early spring under digging. As top dressing, use 2–4 kg of humus or compost or 2–3 kg of peat per 1 m2 of occupied area. Along with organic fertilizers, mineral fertilizing is also carried out. However, the rule is clearly followed here: phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied when digging up the soil in the fall, and nitrogen fertilizers only during early spring loosening. Per 1 m2: ammonium sulfate 60–80 g, superphosphate 60–80 g, potassium salt 30–40 g.
It should be borne in mind that hedges, especially hawthorn, are often used as intermediate hosts for a subsequent “attack” on the garden. Therefore, it is imperative to carry out chemical or biological protection against pests.
Types and varieties of hawthorn: description with photos
We propose to consider the types and varieties of hawthorn growing in middle lane. All types and varieties of hawthorn with photos offered on this page are quite easily propagated and grown in difficult climatic conditions.
Common hawthorn (C. laevigata =C. oxyacantha) is a very common species in Western Europe, which, with proper care, grows magnificently in the central zone. Its branches have a red-brown color, they may contain rare spines up to 2.5 cm long. Shiny leaves can reach a length of 6 cm, they have smooth surface with 3–5 blades. Rarely flowered small inflorescences are formed by small white flowers. The red fruits are about 1.2 cm long and have 2–3 seeds inside. Common hawthorn is the founder of many excellent varieties:
Rubra, Crimson Cloud.
Punicea – have dark red flowers with a white center, Rosea Flore Plena – has double flowers of pink color.
Let's look at other types of hawthorn with descriptions and basic botanical characteristics.
Douglas hawthorn (C. douglasii) at correct pruning can form wide and dense bushes, and if not pruned, it grows into a large spreading tree that bends its branches to the ground. There are practically no thorns on the red-brown branches, but there are an abundance of shiny oblong leaves with lobes in the upper part up to 8 cm long. Dense and wide inflorescences are replaced by black shiny fruits with yellow sweet pulp with a diameter of about 1 cm.
The most common Asian species is hawthorn blood red (C. sanguinea). A photo of this hawthorn variety and description allows you to decide whether such a crop is needed on the site. Its branches are reddish-brown and shiny, lined with spines up to 4 cm long and abundant dark green foliage. The leaves are large, up to 10 cm long, with 3–4 deep lobes. Flowers are collected in small, about 5 cm, inflorescences. Ripe hawthorn fruits are more than 1 cm in diameter, red in color, have a glossy surface and juicy, mealy pulp. This variety is very similar to Daurian hawthorn (C. dahurica) with smaller leaves, as well as Maksimovich's hawthorn (C. maximowichii), which is distinguished by a more cut-out leaf shape.
There are other types of hawthorn, photos of which are offered further on the page. Short description varieties of hawthorn will help you decide on the range of seedlings purchased for planting.
Siberian hawthorn distributed in the East of the European part of the country, mainly east of the Volga, in Western Siberia, in the south of the Urals, in the western and southwestern parts of Eastern Siberia, as well as in Transbaikalia. There is a lot of hawthorn in the Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, in the Voronezh region, and in a number of republics of the North Caucasus. It grows singly or in small groups in sparse, broad-leaved and mixed forests, forest edges, clearings, river banks, mountain slopes, and among shrubs. Prefers fresh, fertile, alluvial soils of medium moisture. Tolerates shade, but grows better in open areas.
In the Far East, in the basin of the middle and lower reaches of the Amur and Ussuri, hawthorn is found in the form of a tree up to 6 m high. The spines are few in number, up to 2 cm long. The fruits are spherical or pear-shaped, up to 1.7 cm long, up to 1.5 cm in diameter, bright -red, shiny, with whitish warts, hard, with 3-5 seeds and red dense flesh. The fruits are edible and have a sour taste. This hawthorn grows along sandy ridges in riverine forests, and is less common on the gentle slopes of foothills with loamy soil, in the undergrowth of sparse oak forests and in logging areas. It is winter-hardy and heat-tolerant, as well as light-loving. It blooms in May–June, the fruits ripen in August–October.
Hawthorn prickly, nicknamed the lady, grows in forests and shrubs in the southwestern part of the Transcarpathian region. In the middle zone it is grown in park plantings as a hedge. Prickly hawthorn is a small thorny tree with alternate, more or less deeply dissected leaves. The flowers are small and usually white or reddish in color. The berries are red, but can also be orange-yellow.
The following types of hawthorn can be used as fruit plants:
Arnold, a little soft.
Holmes, Champlain, Ellwanger and others.
They are distinguished by large fruits with a fairly high content ascorbic acid and carotene, with an average amount of polyphenols, are pleasant to the taste.
Of these species, the softest hawthorn is the most valuable. It is winter-hardy, bears fruit annually, and abundantly. These species can be recommended as a fruit crop. Their fruits are suitable for use in fresh and dried form. Juice and syrup, jam and compote are prepared from them.
Hawthorn cockspur (C. crus-galli) - native to North America, has a low, wide and flat crown. The twisting branches are located in a horizontal plane, they have numerous strong spines up to 10 cm long. On thick branches, the spines can wriggle and reach 20 cm in length. Large, up to 10 cm, dense leaves with clear veins. In autumn, they shine beautifully and shimmer in orange and red. Large inflorescences are replaced by round fruits up to 1.5 cm in diameter with dry pulp and a dirty green crust. Less dangerous with its thorns, but also beautiful in autumn, is the plum-leaved hawthorn (C. x prunifolia).
Terrible hawthorn, glandular or round-leaved (C. horrida = glandulosa = rotundifolia) - is a dense shrub with dense branches covered with thin and crooked spines. Rounded leaves up to 5 cm long, with sharp serrated edges and small lobes. In autumn the leaves turn yellow early. Large flowers give way to round red fruits. Fan-shaped hawthorn (C. flabellate) has numerous similarities with this species - a shrub with twisting olive-brown branches with strong curved spines up to 10 cm long and large leaves with small serrated lacy edges. These varieties grow well in the climatic conditions of Central Russia.
Zbigniew. The shoots are geniculate, brown, later gray, with numerous spines 5...6 cm long. The leaves are large, broadly ovate, shallowly lobed, with a sharp apex and a rounded base, serrated, glabrous above, pubescent along the veins below. The fruits are spherical, up to two cm in diameter, bright red, with light dots, weighing 3.5...5.0 g. The pulp is juicy, sweet and sour, of excellent taste. Valued for its high taste qualities And early date maturation.
Zlat. The shoots are straight, young dark brown, tomentose, later gray or light brown with gray spots, practically without thorns. The leaves are small, with a wedge-shaped base, obovate, three to five-partite, with elongated, almost entire lobes, light green, hairy pubescent. The fruits are spherical, ribbed, two cm in diameter, yellow, slightly pubescent, sour-sweet, tasty, weighing 2.5...4.0 g. Late ripening - end of September. Valued for its good taste, large fruit, and lack of thorns.
Chinese 1. The shoots are straight, young reddish-brown, with large white lentils, later brownish-gray, non-thorny. The leaves are large, with a wedge-shaped base, pinnately cut with serrated lobes, shiny, dark green above, lighter below, glabrous. The fruits are spherical, slightly flattened, three cm in diameter, dark burgundy, with large light warts, sour, with hard pulp, weighing 10...20 g. Very late ripening - mid-October. Advantages: very large fruits, absence of thorns.
Chinese 2. The shoots are straight, young dark brown, later gray, practically thornless. The leaves are medium-sized, with a wedge-shaped base, pinnately cut with serrated lobes, shiny, dark green above, lighter below, glabrous. The fruits are ellipsoidal, slightly faceted, two cm in diameter, dark red, shiny, with soft sweet pulp, weighing 4...5 g. Late ripening - early October. Valued for its large fruit, lack of thorns, and good taste.
Lyudmil. The shoots are straight, gray, and usually not thorny. The leaves are medium-sized, obovate, sometimes with shallow lobes, with a wedge-shaped, casque base, serrated, smooth on top. The fruits are more or less spherical, 2.0...2.5 cm in diameter, light orange-red, with light dots, weighing 4.5...10.0 g. The pulp is juicy, of satisfactory taste. Late ripening period - end of September. Valued for its large fruit size, long shelf life, and lack of thorns.
Shamil. The shoots are slightly geniculate, brown, later gray, with a few spines three to four cm long. The leaves are large, broadly ovate, with shallow lobes, with a sharp apex and usually rounded base, serrated, rough on top. The fruits are spherical, two cm in diameter, red, with light dots, with large sepals, weighing 4...6 g. The pulp is juicy, sweet and sour, of excellent taste. Late ripening period - end of September. Valued for its large fruit and excellent taste.
All of the above varieties, except Zlata, are characterized by high winter hardiness and can grow in most of the European territory of Russia. The limiting factor for them is heat supply and, as they move north, the fruits of late-ripening varieties may not acquire their inherent qualities.
These varieties grow in sharply continental climates, but do not tolerate soil freezing and low temperatures. Therefore at a young age ornamental shrubs should be covered with spruce branches in winter and protected from active sunlight in the first 2 years.
When does hawthorn begin to bear fruit after planting?
Most gardeners are concerned about the question of when hawthorn begins to bear fruit after planting, and how many years they will have to wait for the first harvest. Most varieties produce their first harvest after 2 years.
Attention! You can’t pick flowers in the morning (during dew) or after rain.
The berries are picked ripe in the fall, when the foliage has fallen off and they are especially visible on bare branches. They tear off the entire shield, then remove all the stalks, unripe and spoiled fruits. The collected raw materials are scattered on tin trays in a thin layer and placed in a preheated but not hot oven. From time to time, the berries are mixed, removing burnt ones, and the dried ones are poured into bags or plywood boxes. Properly dried raw materials can be stored for up to eight years without losing their healing properties.
What is valuable about hawthorn?
Blood-red hawthorn is most suitable for treatment. It contains flavonoids, saponins and other compounds. The fruits contain a lot of sugars, starch, organic acids, pectin substances, as well as vitamins C (hawthorn fruits contain more ascorbic acid than even oranges, and in some species the vitamin C content is even higher than rose hips!), B, E, K , carotene, trace elements: potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium, iron. The seeds contain fatty oil.
Preparations are prepared from hawthorn fruits that are useful for vascular spasms, headaches, shortness of breath, insomnia, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Hawthorn can also purify the blood.
People call hawthorn “bread of the heart.” It's not difficult to understand why. Hawthorn helps the heart beat smoothly, improves blood supply to blood vessels and the brain, and reduces the excitability of the central nervous system. nervous systems s, increases blood circulation in the coronary vessels, relieves mental and physical fatigue, and normalizes sleep. Hawthorn preparations are especially useful for menopausal women and the elderly. The most effective preparations are those made from fresh flowers. Hawthorn berries are especially useful for patients with diabetes. The liquid extract of the fruit is part of the well-known drug - cardiovalene. It has low toxicity and has a stimulating effect on a tired heart and reduces cholesterol levels in the blood. After taking hawthorn preparations in regular courses, your well-being noticeably improves, blood pressure decreases, decreases or disappears. headache, dizziness, noise in the head or ears, the cholesterol level in the blood decreases and the concentration of lecithin increases, there is a tendency towards normalization of blood clotting parameters. Many modern doctors believe that hawthorn is one of the the best means prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. This is explained by the fact that it causes dilation of blood vessels, has a mild diuretic effect, and accelerates recovery after a serious illness. Some argue that hawthorn with black fruits is especially useful for those suffering from atherosclerosis and tumor diseases: its fruits are rich in anthocyanins - opponents of free radicals.
Attention! Hawthorn preparations should not be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Decoctions and tinctures should not be taken on an empty stomach - only half an hour after a meal.
People with low blood pressure should take hawthorn with caution, keeping in mind the ability of hawthorn to lower blood pressure.
You should not take hawthorn for too long, as this may cause heart rate depression.
Our grandmothers, growing garden strawberries, or strawberries, as we used to call them, did not particularly worry about mulching. But today this agricultural technique has become fundamental in achieving high quality berries and reducing crop losses. Some might say it's a hassle. But practice shows that labor costs in this case pay off handsomely. In this article we invite you to get acquainted with the nine the best materials for mulching garden strawberries.
Succulents are very diverse. Despite the fact that “little ones” have always been considered more fashionable, the range of succulents with which you can decorate modern interior, it’s worth taking a closer look. After all, colors, sizes, patterns, degree of prickliness, impact on the interior are just a few of the parameters by which you can choose them. In this article we will tell you about the five most fashionable succulents that amazingly transform modern interiors.
The Egyptians used mint as early as 1.5 thousand years BC. It has a strong aroma due to the high content of various essential oils, which are highly volatile. Today, mint is used in medicine, perfumery, cosmetology, winemaking, cooking, ornamental gardening, and the confectionery industry. In this article we will look at the most interesting varieties of mint, and also talk about the features of growing this plant in open ground.
People began growing crocuses 500 years before our era. Although the presence of these flowers in the garden is fleeting, we always look forward to the return of the harbingers of spring next year. Crocuses are one of the earliest primroses, whose flowering begins as soon as the snow melts. However, flowering times may vary depending on the species and varieties. This article is dedicated to the earliest varieties of crocuses, which bloom in late March and early April.
Cabbage soup made from early young cabbage in beef broth is hearty, aromatic and easy to prepare. In this recipe you will learn how to cook delicious beef broth and cook light cabbage soup with this broth. Early cabbage cooks quickly, so it is placed in the pan at the same time as other vegetables, unlike autumn cabbage, which takes a little longer to cook. Ready cabbage soup can be stored in the refrigerator for several days. Real cabbage soup turns out tastier than freshly prepared cabbage soup.
Looking at the variety of tomato varieties, it’s hard not to get confused - the choice is very wide today. Even experienced gardeners He's annoying sometimes! However, understanding the basics of selecting varieties “for yourself” is not so difficult. The main thing is to delve into the peculiarities of the culture and start experimenting. One of the easiest groups of tomatoes to grow are varieties and hybrids with limited growth. They have always been valued by those gardeners who do not have much energy and time to care for their beds.
Once very popular under the name of indoor nettle, and then forgotten by everyone, coleus today is one of the most colorful garden and indoor plants. It is not for nothing that they are considered stars of the first magnitude for those who are primarily looking for non-standard colors. Easy to grow, but not so undemanding as to suit everyone, coleus require constant supervision. But if you take care of them, bushes made of velvety unique leaves will easily outshine any competitor.
Salmon backbone baked in Provençal herbs provides tasty pieces of fish pulp for a light salad with fresh wild garlic leaves. The champignons are lightly fried in olive oil and then poured over apple cider vinegar. These mushrooms are tastier than regular pickled ones, and they are better suited for baked fish. Wild garlic and fresh dill get along well in one salad, highlighting each other’s aroma. The garlicky pungency of wild garlic will permeate both the salmon flesh and mushroom pieces.
Conifer tree or shrubs on the site is always great, but a lot of conifers is even better. Emerald needles of various shades decorate the garden at any time of the year, and phytoncides and essential oils released by plants not only aromatize, but also make the air cleaner. As a rule, most zoned mature conifers are considered very unpretentious trees and shrubs. But young seedlings are much more capricious and require proper care and attention.
Sakura is most often associated with Japan and its culture. Picnics in the canopy flowering trees have long become an integral attribute of welcoming spring in the Land of the Rising Sun. The financial and academic year here begins on April 1, when the magnificent cherry blossoms bloom. Therefore, many significant moments in the life of the Japanese take place under the sign of their flowering. But sakura also grows well in cooler regions - certain species can be successfully grown even in Siberia.
I am very interested in analyzing how people's tastes and preferences for certain foods have changed over the centuries. What was once considered tasty and was an item of trade, lost its value over time and, conversely, new fruit crops conquered their markets. Quince has been cultivated for more than 4 thousand years! And even in the 1st century B.C. e. About 6 varieties of quince were known, and even then methods of its propagation and cultivation were described.
Delight your family and prepare themed cottage cheese cookies in the shape of Easter eggs! Your children will be happy to take part in the process - sift the flour, combine all the necessary ingredients, knead the dough and cut out intricate figures. Then they will watch with admiration as pieces of dough turn into real Easter eggs, and then with the same enthusiasm they will eat them with milk or tea. How to make such original cookies for Easter, read our step by step recipe!
Among tuberous crops, there are not so many decorative deciduous favorites. And caladium is a true star among the variegated inhabitants of interiors. Not everyone can decide to own a caladium. This plant is demanding, and first of all, it requires care. But still, rumors about the extraordinary capriciousness of caladiums are never justified. Attention and care can avoid any difficulties when growing caladiums. And the plant can almost always forgive small mistakes.
We have prepared a hearty, incredibly appetizing and simply easy-to-prepare dish for you today. This sauce is one hundred percent universal, as it goes with every side dish: vegetables, pasta, or anything. Chicken and mushroom gravy will save you in moments when you don’t have time or don’t want to think too much about what to cook. Take your favorite side dish (you can do this in advance so everything is hot), add some gravy and dinner is ready! A real lifesaver.
Among the many different varieties of these most popular vegetables, we will tell you about three that are distinguished by their excellent taste and relatively unpretentious conditions growing. Characteristics of the eggplant varieties “Almaz”, “Black Beauty” and “Valentina”. All eggplants have medium-density pulp. In Almaz it is greenish, while in the other two it is yellowish-white. What unites them good germination and excellent yield, but at different times. Everyone's skin color and shape are different.
