Old secrets of kiln craftsmanship. All about ovens. Master's Secrets. Protection of personal information

In the old days, specialists in the manufacture of stoves and fireplaces were worth their weight in gold. In large villages, the most important people were considered: a priest, a doctor, a blacksmith and a stove-maker.

Pechniki -masons passed on their experience and secrets from generation to generation only to the best students. Some of the secrets of that time, used in the construction and maintenance of stoves and fireplaces, have come down to time. Here are some of them.

It is best to build a fireplace in the middle of summer. After completion of construction, allow 2-3 weeks for natural drying.

In ancient times, immediately after construction, the fireplace was covered with skins - fur to the stone - for 10 days. It was believed that in this way the fireplace would gain heat from nature.

After complete drying in the hot season, the first heating of the fireplace was made in the early morning from 5 to 7 in the morning. This was considered important for the long and good operation of the fireplace.

Clay for making a fireplace was tested in two ways.

The first way: a wooden stick was inserted into the prepared barrel with clay (liquid) and slowly pulled out. Clay should have stuck to it, not slipped off.

The second way: a ball (about 5 cm in diameter) was rolled out of clay and kept in the sun for 3 days or in a room for 5 days. Then they threw it on a wooden floor from a height of one meter. The ball is whole - the clay is excellent.

It was believed that the longer the clay was kneaded, the more durable the caine would be. Information came that for "responsible" fireplaces in the royal lands, clay, onfor 6 months.

Close the front of the fireplace with a curtain of chains - then the sparks will not be able to get into the room.

1 It is believed that firewood from a 2-year-old felling burns best.

2 Old masters recommend not throwing potato peelings into the pit, but drying them. By burning a bucket of dried potato peels once every two months, you can completely clean the chimney from soot and condensate. For the same, you can use aspen. This is not as effective, but it also gives a positive result.

To give the fire originality, firewood must be sprinkled with a strong saline solution of water. Then the flame of fire will present multi-colored flames to those sitting in the room. The same effect can be achieved by sprinkling firewood with diluted blue vitriol.

On holidays or special days, small "sheaves" of thin cherry branches are thrown into the fireplace on hot coals. Burning, this tree emits a pleasant smell that fills the room.

The soot that settles on decorative elements, white parts of marble or on stone, our grandmothers removed with a cloth dipped in lemon juice. You can also use boric acid for this purpose.

Winemakers, boasting to each other about the quality of their wine, poured one glass on the hot coals of the fireplace and determined the championship by fire.

Old-timers say that when your head hurts, you need to dip left hand V cold water and wipe her forehead, then comb her hair (1 min), collect the hairs with a wet hand from the comb and throw into the fireplace (burning or smoldering). And the disease will leave you. Warm yourself by the fireplace and do not get sick

K category: Stove heating

In order to split a brick, you need to know that burnt, unburned and cracked bricks are not suitable for pinning. Brick is selected normal firing, without cracks. When struck with a hammer, it makes a clear sound.

For fathering, it is better to choose a slightly unburned brick.

Water for the preparation of a clay solution should not contain acid and alkali. Most the best option- use rain water.

The laying of the furnace must be carried out strictly according to the drawing and description. Each row must be compared with the drawing and immediately correct the mistakes made. Special attention you need to pay attention to the dressing of the seams, the horizontality of the rows and the verticality of the corners.

When laying out the first row dry between the bricks, a gap is left for a seam 5-6 mm thick. The corners are laid out on a square. Side walls between the corners they lay out exactly in a straight line, which is outlined by applying the rule. The walls of the furnace are made parallel to the walls of the building. For this, the distances from the extreme bricks of one side to the walls of the building are made equal. After laying the bricks of the first row dry, the contour is outlined with chalk, and only then do they begin laying with mortar.

The horizontality of the first row is achieved in the following way. One of the extreme bricks is placed on the mortar, a thicker layer of mortar is placed under the second brick, and a rule with a level is placed on these bricks. By pressing the second brick into the mortar, “a strict horizontal row is achieved. Do the same with the rest of the corner bricks.

To lay out the corners along the plumb line, nails are driven into the ceiling in the right places. A cord is attached to the nails, the lower ends of which are tied to nails driven into the seams in the corners. To achieve precise installation, the nails are bent in the right direction.

Small-sized furnaces can be built using retractable formwork. The formwork consists of corner steel guide posts, which are installed at the corners, and wooden box without a bottom, 50 cm high. The dimensions of the box along the perimeter are equal to the dimensions of the oven. The box is inserted into the corner posts after laying the first rows, including furnace door. Then the laying is carried out inside the formwork to its top. After its filling, the formwork is shifted up and the operation is repeated. If the formwork is to be used repeatedly, it is recommended that it be sheathed with sheet steel to inner surface stay smooth longer.

The lining of the firebox with refractory bricks cannot be tied with ordinary bricks of the outer walls of the firebox, because refractory and ordinary bricks have different coefficients of thermal expansion.

Fireboxes and chimneys must not be coated with clay mortar inside.

For a better passage of flue gases, the inner surface of the chimneys should be smooth, the corners should be rounded, and the expansions should be smooth.
Burning potato peels reduces soot deposits in the chimney. Aspen logs are also suitable for this purpose. The draft is checked by burning paper rolled into a tube at blower door. With good draft, the flame is drawn into the blower hole.

If the laying of the furnace is carried out in winter time, the temperature in the room where the work is being carried out must be sufficient so that the solution does not freeze. The solution is made on water at a temperature of 18-20 ° C.

Many of us admire the fact that stoves built at the beginning of the 20th century are still in working condition and delight the eye with the perfect simplicity of their external forms, but this simplicity is so attractive that it was able to contain all the best from the world of visible and invisible forms. and exudes a stream of fertile energy. The question arises of how, at that distant time, from local building materials, such successfully operating and perfectly preserved long-lived stoves were obtained. And the answer is very simple, it lies on the surface and therefore is imperceptible, because they do not pay attention to it, but direct their gaze in another - a false direction.

Beauty! And they burn garbage in it.

To convey information to the reader, I will try to create a non-standard flow of text. This will require the ability to use standard words, but through a certain construction of phrases, even what is said then becomes an anchor and is filled with Power.

This Force will knock on the doors of Your Mind, and if the vibrational characteristics coincide, it will fearlessly let it into its near individual space and open its arms to accept the above.

In any profession, there are different levels of knowledge of their subject. This article is intended for those who have achieved the highest professional skills and deep knowledge of the stove topic. Naturally, we will talk from the point of view and from the Height of this Level, that is, from the Level of reference grandmaster norms, which in no way humiliates those who have not reached these heights, but, nevertheless, builds fully functional furnaces, of which the majority are expanses of Russian bakery.

Let's start with the fact that the construction of furnaces was carried out by the masters of this direction, who received their Knowledge and Secrets of this art by inheritance from their ancestors. Only the most worthy, who had mastered the practice of stove-building to perfection, were introduced to the world of the Spirits of those Elements, in whose department and under whose control the stove product was. When the master finished his career, he passed on his Spirit - the Patron to a worthy student, and they began to create together. The furnace was considered a spiritual Creation of the Creator, it was given a Name and a consecration ceremony was performed by a priest. The Creator's Creation, in turn, became the Creator of its Creation, which subdued Fire, gave birth to heat, and baked food. The furnace had its own unique character and temperament of the master-creator, who gave it life in close cooperation with Astra-mental forces, without which it is impossible to fertilize the embryo of the intended creation. Without their participation, the furnace will be a stillborn structure and will not emit the Gracious power, which is necessary where people will be present and food will be prepared. This furnace will have only a form and will be similar to an incubator egg, which does not carry the continuation of life, because it is empty and unfertilized, unlike the village ones, in which there is a clot of life. And it is so strong that when a person becomes ill, the disease is rolled out by this egg, the germ of which winds a web of disease around itself. The egg becomes inedible, and even hungry, homeless dogs disdain it. A furnace built without the patronage of the Spirit has a passive information capacity, because it contains only the Yin or Yang beginning - it is, in fact, a disabled furnace, although it has completed external forms. According to the laws of pair harmony, two incompatible opposite individuals, masters and beings of the world of invisible astral forms, exist peacefully, letting each other into their near intimate space, becoming one, striving for balance, that is, for existence despite changes. That is why, the master, the creator of the furnace creation, stands simultaneously with both feet in both worlds, without losing his path in any of them. Here, not the speed of movement is used, but the elimination of distance - this is a certain space of the zero point of time, where it is motionless, the so-called cosmic hour, during the duration of which Eternity and the expanses of the Universe were created.

If the Russian stove is the Queen of stoves and their recognized Queen, with a calm and peaceful character, then the sauna stove - its opposite is a quick-tempered Tsar and an arrogant King, with a proud and independent disposition, who does not forgive neglect of himself, requires a reverent attitude from us and even worship. To get in touch with the Spirit in whose jurisdiction are sauna stoves, you need to have the recommendations of spirits lowest level who are subordinate to him. Furnaces of other directions are subjects and unintelligent children of Russian Spirits and Sauna stoves. When a furnace master builds furnaces under the Astral protection of the Spirit - the Patron, then this product will radiate a huge creative and healing power, similar to praying Icons, or centuries-old Dolmens. As a node of the Force, the furnace emits energy with a wavelength and vibrational characteristics similar to the vibration of living organisms. Being in the Zone of this radiation, a person receives that dose of radiant and healing energy that his body is able to receive and assimilate.

But along the way, the question arises whether it is possible, without the help of a teacher, to break into a parallel world and make contact with the Spirits of the elements. Yes, it is possible, but it is a long process and a difficult path. First you need to master the skill of the Furnace to perfection, learn to feel and understand the nature and whims of the materials used, love your profession and dissolve in it. Only by possessing knowledge of the material world, one can free and loosen its fetters and try to enter the chambers of the Spiritual World. For this it is necessary, Possibility, Ability and Desire, to unite into one whole. This thought form, being condensed by its own kind, turns into a crystal of thought, which is a form of thought. Thought, like energy, is not limited by anything, it is infinite and all-pervading. And although she does not see herself, she will see the result of her own creation, since she will be its creator. Reading and assimilation of information occurs through the enlightenment of the mind - this is a long process and a difficult path, but insight is instantaneous. Everything that was achieved during the period of enlightenment was perceived by the brain at the moment of insight. It is Illumination that gives strength to create unique masterpieces, no matter how complex they are. Because complexity is simplicity itself, laid out in detail. Artists, sculptors, poets also create by the power of illumination. To easily connect your consciousness to the energies of a parallel world, you need to grow a beard and long hair. They serve as antennas and help not to lose direction when communicating with the Spirits of the Elements. Due to long hair, women are more advanced in this range of contacts. As a rule, people associated with art wear a beard and long hair. The ministers of the Church use the same methods to contact the World of Guardian Angels and Spirits. But in order to see the matrix of insight, you need to enter with your eyes closed into the space of Darkness, or pull it on yourself. Its black color is the color of Strength and the King of all colors, it contains all the other colors of the visible spectrum. He is everywhere in everything and in everyone, he fills the universe with himself from the beginning of creation. He was never born and therefore cannot be destroyed, for he is the Messenger of the Anti-material Worlds. Darkness, absorbing Light, draws energy from it, and Light draws energy from Darkness, filling it with Itself. When connecting the Void of the Spheres of Light and Darkness, Information is born, it is not born in the Minds, it passes through them, and the brain is its Intermediary.

The black color is actively used by the ministers of the Church, in monasticism and Islam, it is in the same vibrational field with the space of Darkness and therefore is not rejected by it. The outstanding modern sculptor Dashi Namdakov, who is recognized by the civilized world community, whose works are acquired by the leading countries of the world, receives Illumination from a parallel spiritual Space. He spoke about this at one of his exhibitions. This allows him to create unique masterpieces. And, although in ordinary life he is imperceptible among the lowest, but shines like a nugget among the Highest, and the first among the Equals.

The cube of the Kaaba in the great Mecca - the Shrine of Muslims around the world is also black, like the sacred stone of unearthly origin, located in it. The black color gave birth to all other colors, it is their Father and Mother, it contains both male and female principles, but there is no struggle of opposites. This is their cradle, it is from here that they begin to fill the rest of the Worlds.

Now in more detail it is possible to characterize the brick that was used in the construction of furnaces. As a rule, it was made by manual plastic molding, from the sand and clay of the area. Drying and firing were carried out in a handicraft way in small batches. All components of the furnace were born in the mineral kingdom of the area, and therefore their Rh factor characteristics coincided. In the body of the furnace, they worked as one, and there was no rejection of each other. The energy and Spirit of the master who erected the furnace, the Spirit of the kingdom of minerals, filling the array of the furnace and the Spirit of the Astro-mental Patron, filled the body of the furnace with joint energy, and it became a source of Power. While dismantling the stoves built in 1900 in the near Moscow region, I was delighted with their well-thought-out design and the quality of perfectly preserved bricks. Two years ago, from a similar brick, selected from the destroyed buildings built in 1825, I erected two stoves in the courtyard of the Church of St. Nicholas. This was a forced measure, since the Moscow Patriarchate had no money for building materials. And, although the brick was with deviations in the geometry of shapes and sizes, it was perfectly processed in all directions and successfully withstood two winter cold seasons, with a two-time furnace fire, in the morning and in the evening. The temperature of the walls was from +70 to +90 degrees.

Furnace brick should have a low brand, only such brick was used at that distant time in the construction of furnaces and it proved its right to exist. It had a pronounced porosity, was well processed, and was quite soft. It could easily be given any shape by processing hand tool and without injuring the internal array of bricks. But at the same time, it had high mechanical strength, it was used both in the firebox and in the outer walls. With minimal thermal expansion, it had an enviable fire resistance, and due to its high porosity, a long and uniform heat transfer is achieved. Those water vapors that are released during the burning of firewood at the start of ignition, when the temperature is low, are absorbed by the pores of the brick without damaging it. As the temperature rises, the brick releases the accumulated moisture back.

At present, oven bricks, in the vast expanses of Russia, simply do not exist. The brick that we purchase is designed for any construction works, but has nothing to do with stove building, although they call it stove. modern brick does not have the energy of Mother Earth, although once, in the form of components, it was in her womb. Passing through a string of electromagnetic fields, during its production, the living substance of his body is destroyed, and the brick becomes dead and empty, it will forever remain a passive Pentacle, although a product made from it may look Magnificent and please the eye with the beauty of its external forms, but this will already be merit master, the Creator of his Creation!

Archaeologists attribute the appearance of the first stoves for heating a dwelling in Rus' to the 9th-10th centuries. At the beginning of the XX century. such an ancient find was discovered in the form of untreated boulders folded into a kind of hearth, which were not held together by any solution.

Historians believe that in this form, a stove for heating a home and cooking existed until the beginning of the 15th century. A step forward in the development of the stove business was the “kurnaya”, that is, the stove, which was heated “blackly”. This means that even the semblance of a pipe for removing smoke did not exist, and it went outside through a hole in the ceiling.

To arrange such stoves, no special art was required, most likely every owner in those days was "his own stove-maker."

Up until the 17th century, people in Russia were heated "black", until one day someone's "bright head" figured out that the smoke could be directed somehow. At first, they began to install a smoke cap - epancha, which was connected to a hole in the ceiling, above the stove.

Only about half a century later, a through pipe appeared, leading the combustion products of fuel straight to the street. This was the beginning of the design, which still remains almost unchanged and is called the Russian stove.

For the device of such a furnace, you already need to have special knowledge and skills. This is how the craft of the stove-maker arose.

About craft

As a rule, they studied as a stove-maker, as they say, "from under the arm." At first, the student was taken as an apprentice, then he could become an independent master. Often, whole dynasties of stove-makers arose, where skill passed from father to son.

Outstanding personalities took part in the development of the oven industry. Peter I tried to somehow modernize the stoves, borrowing ideas from abroad. Most likely, he sent our stove-makers there to study.

Mikhail Lomonosov was fond of furnace business and conducted scientific research to improve the scheme of the furnace.

Furnaces were modernized and improved. This is understandable, because without heating in cold weather they could not simple people, nor kings.

Despite the fact that scientists were engaged in the modernization of stoves, the stove-maker's craft in the 18th-19th centuries remained one of the lowest paid, especially in artels.

In 1865, the architect V. I. Sobolshchikov (1813-1872) wrote the book “Stove Mastery. A book that teaches how a good stove master should work and how to make such stoves that will heat and ventilate the room. In his book, he praises the importance of a quality stove-maker:

After reading my instruction on how a stove-maker should work, an honest master will say: you can work like that, but what should you take for such work? This can be answered: do what you should and take what you should.
The furnace master must be kept at home in the same way that a doctor is kept at the family.

The stove-maker's craft became more and more in demand with the development of technical progress, with the construction of factories and plants. We had to arrange special, special ovens. Of course, the design and schemes were developed by specialist architects. But it was impossible to do without good stove-makers.

Here is how the magazine "Advice of Professionals" describes the already modern stove-maker:

What is an approximate portrait of a modern stove-maker, a master of his craft: a little more than middle-aged.
The stove-maker is erudite - he can easily draw an analogy between the furnace "current century" and the "past century".
A professional stove-maker is a competent specialist, a person who has found his vocation and knowing the price high-quality, skillful, meaningful and well-done work.

Professional quality

A stove specialist must have a wide range of skills and knowledge:

• stonemason
• tiler plasterer
• carpenter
• digger
• fitter
• concrete worker
• locksmith
• carpenter

And besides:

• understand heat engineering
• be able to mix the solution
• understand the quality of materials

And that's not all. Experienced stove-makers joke that they also need to be psychologists in order to talk with customers, and artists, and economists.

Basic tools

• The pickaxe hammer is the main tool of the stove-setter, it is used for splitting, trimming bricks, and also performs all the functions of a conventional hammer.
• The trowel is another basic tool. Serves for spreading the solution.
• A rubber mallet is used for upsetting and leveling bricks during laying.
• The building level determines the horizontal laying of the furnace walls.
• Roulette - a tool for measuring length-width-height.

In addition, plumb grinding machines, drills and much more.

Craft in our time

The stove-maker's craft can now be called a profession. You can study at special courses, but there are very few vocational schools that train specialists in this area.

In the late 1990s, stove-makers began to unite in guilds. There is, for example, the Guild of Stove Makers of the Moscow Chamber of Crafts, in St. Petersburg there is a similar organization.

Photo gallery

Helpful information

pecheklad
furnace master
to bake - to trade in the craft of a stove-maker
bakery

chicken hut

“Kurnaya”, that is, heated in black, the stove was the main, and among the peasants, the only heating device in a residential hut. A Russian adobe stove without a chimney and a stove made of stone with clay mortar with your own hands were called chicken stoves. And the hut is a chicken hut. As the name shows, the kiln stove did not allow a large fire to be built in it because of the danger of igniting a wooden hut.

Decrees of Peter I

The tsar forbade in St. Petersburg, in Moscow and in other large cities, the construction of black huts with chicken stoves. He introduced mandatory cleaning of chimneys from soot, installation heating stoves with indents from the wall (decree of December 10, 1722) and reduced the cost of making stove tiles. At the initiative of Peter 1, factories for the production of cheap bricks, tiles and stove appliances began to be built in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities, and trade was opened. building materials to build a furnace.

Svizyaev I.I.

The architect Sviyazev Ivan Ivanovich (1797-1875) can be considered the central figure in the Russian bakery industry of the 19th century. The son of a serf, in 1815 he was admitted to the Academy of Arts, and in 1821, after receiving the free council of the Academy, he was awarded the title of artist-architect.

Since 1834 holds the position of senior architect of the commission for the construction of the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow.
Sviyazev I.I. during 50 years of his activity, he mainly studied and tested numerous designs of heating equipment, theoretically substantiated the methods of its design, and also invented many original fireboxes and stoves.

Beliefs

In the old days, mystical properties were attributed to stove-makers, as well as to blacksmiths. They tried to appease them and not quarrel with them, since they really could “plant kikimora” in the house of a miserly owner. That was the name of the doll, a sliver, which embodied the malicious and restless "house demon", well known in the Russian North.

Sometimes, folding the stove, they imperceptibly built a hollow bottle or the neck of a bottle or a squeaker into it. Then, when the stove was burning, sighs and howls were heard in the hut - clear sign the presence of a kikimora, which usually seemed to live precisely behind the stove.

Such tricks, as well as "bylichki" about these and similar intrigues, obviously, are the later rational reinterpretation and reinterpretation of the ancient confidence in the close acquaintance of these "knowledgeable" people with evil spirits.

USSR stove-maker

The practice of developing stoves in the USSR did not provide for compulsory licensing of stove-makers. The stove-makers were trained in vocational schools, vocational schools, trade schools, organizations that train workers at the state expense and have the right to do so, where they were issued a certificate of the established form.

In the USSR, stove-makers, along with specialists in other construction professions, were assigned categories from 1 to 6, and they worked as part of construction, repair and construction organizations and were not licensed. This gave them the right to engage in the furnace business. Furnace business, outside construction organizations, was "folk art", or individual entrepreneurship.