We will learn how to process apple trees from worms in apples. Professional advice. How to get rid of excess earthworms

The wireworm greatly annoys gardeners, damaging potato tubers, various root crops, as well as the root system of vegetable seedlings, causing significant damage. To reduce the damage caused by this pest, site owners have to decide how to deal with the wireworm. This issue is complicated by a long period of development of pests and their almost constant presence in the soil.

Yellow or light brown worms, which have a generalized name - wireworm, are not independent insects. These are the larvae of various species of click beetles. They have a length of 10 to 45 mm, a shiny, worm-like body covered with a strong chitinous shell, equipped with three pairs of legs. It is precisely due to the fact that the larva of the click beetle looks like a pruning copper wire, she got her name - wireworm.

Pests of various garden crops are only some varieties of click beetle larvae (there are also predatory and omnivorous varieties). The greatest harm garden crops are inflicted by insect larvae of the genus Selatosomus and Agriotes, which damage the plantings of cereals (especially corn), potatoes, various vegetable crops, sunflower, as well as gourds, alfalfa, tobacco and even young fruit trees.

By biting into tubers and damaging the roots of vegetables, the wireworm weakens plants that lag behind in growth, and their yield is greatly reduced. In addition, fungi and bacteria enter the root passages cut by the pest. Damaged tubers not only lose their presentation, but are also not suitable for storage, as they quickly rot.

Click beetles are distributed throughout the country, and the wireworm is found in almost all areas and fields where various crops are planted. Therefore, the question: “how to get rid of the wireworm?” - regularly occurs both among amateur gardeners and owners of large farms.

The period during which the wireworm develops before turning into a beetle is very long - from 2 to 5 years. Click beetles hibernate underground, burrowing to a depth of 10-15 cm, the larvae survive the cold season, going to a depth of up to 60 cm.

Beetle years are usually observed in April. From the beginning of May to the end of July, click beetles lay their eggs in cracks and under lumps of soil. After two or three weeks, young wireworms appear from the eggs, which grow up to 5-7 mm in length in the first year.

The fight against this pest is aimed primarily at reducing its numbers to such a level as to cause minimal damage. It is almost impossible to achieve that the wireworm completely disappears from the site.

In practice, the fight against click beetle larvae is carried out in two ways: chemical and agrotechnical. The first method is based on the introduction of insecticides directly into the soil. For use on a personal plot, it is not acceptable for the following reasons:

• From exposure to pesticides, not only the wireworm will die, but also earthworms and beneficial microorganisms. The soil microflora will be disturbed, which will negatively affect its composition and, ultimately, the yield of garden crops.
• This method requires significant financial costs, and the fight may be more expensive than the damage caused by these pests.

Special agrotechnical measures can significantly (from 2 to 10 times) reduce the number of larvae, while at the same time they do not negative impact on the composition of the soil.

• In areas where corn and other silage crops are grown, the application of ammonium-containing nitrogen fertilizers (including ammonia water) is successfully used. Fertilizers are applied directly to the soil, with immediate incorporation, as ammonia quickly evaporates. On household plots this method is difficult to implement, since it requires special devices.
• The fight against wireworm is very effective by deep digging the soil in late autumn on the eve of persistent frosts. The wireworm, which is close to the surface of the soil, dies from the cold.
• The solution to the question: "how to get rid of the wireworm?" - on the site, one must begin with the careful removal of wheatgrass and chicken millet, and one should try to remove all the rhizomes of these weeds, even the smallest ones.
• Regular loosening of the soil surface in May and June not only helps to retain moisture and remove emerging weeds, but also reduces the number of wireworms. Eggs laid by click beetles exposed to the sun, under the influence of direct sun rays become unviable, and the larvae of them will not appear.
• Helps to reduce the number of pests in the soil simple traps. For their manufacture, bunches of semi-rotted grass, straw or hay are placed in small depressions in the soil, moistened and covered with pieces of slate or boards. After a certain time, the wireworm in large numbers will climb inside the bait in search of warmth and food. After a couple of days, heaps, along with pests, must be collected and burned.
• Similar baits can be made by laying out or burying pieces of potato tubers to a shallow depth. To simplify the work, you can string them on cords. After 1-2 days, the bait is taken out of the ground and scalded with boiling water. In the future, potatoes can be used to feed livestock and poultry.
• Compliance with crop rotation also helps to reduce the harm that wireworm causes to crops.

The use of these measures in combination will help gardeners to significantly reduce the harm caused by the larvae of the click beetle to various crops.

The appearance causes not only fear, but serious problems at gardeners. The worms are so gluttonous that in less than a month a tree will simply turn into an inanimate skeleton.

Caterpillars - larvae of various butterflies - "specialize" on leaves, fruits, young shoots. They can live under the bark. This real disaster, with which you need to start a fight as soon as the first "hungry guests" became noticeable.

Below we will tell you how to get rid of worms on an apple tree.

You saw worms on an apple tree, wormy apples - what to do? Guilty of this. The dark gray butterfly is sometimes even invisible against the background of tree bark.

Butterflies are flying when the tree starts to bloom and the flight lasts 2 months. During this period, they lay light green eggs.

One egg is placed on different parts of the culture. Each individual is able to lay 40-120 eggs. Hatched caterpillars enter the fruit through the petiole fossa or peel. The fruits do not develop, may fall off.

The result of such an invasion:

• In the first generation, up to 25% of apples are damaged;
• In the second - about 80% of apples.

Such a large loss is due to the fact that one caterpillar damages several apples. Gnawing the pulp of one fruit, the worms in the fruits of the apple tree move to another. When the apple falls, the caterpillar crawls out and looks for a place to form a cocoon. Usually such a place becomes the crown of a tree (hollows, cracks, cracks), uncleaned foliage. In spring, the chrysalis becomes a butterfly. This is how the life cycle of this insect works.

Control measures

How to deal with worms on apple trees? Let's start with prevention first. It is easier to prevent the appearance of a pest than to deal with it later.

• Cocoons with wintering caterpillars are removed in the spring-autumn period, cleaning off the old bark;
• The apple tree must be shaken daily so that the infected apples fall off. Carrion picking is one of important points prevention;
• Plant between apple trees flowering plants that will attract insects - enemies of the codling moth;
• The codling moth does not like the smell of tomatoes; this vegetable crop can also be planted nearby;
• When the first carrion appears (falling of immature, affected fruits), trapping glue belts are applied. To pupate, the larvae try to return to the apple tree and stick to the trapping belt;
• In the evening, caterpillars can be caught on apple syrup. Take 100 g of dried fruits, boil for 30 minutes in 2 liters. water, pour sugar and yeast. When the drink has fermented, it is placed between the trees. It attracts butterflies, which sink to the surface and die;
• When storing apples, the container should be tightly closed. Crumpled paper is folded into it, where the larvae from the carrion climb. The paper is burned, and the containers are washed and treated with boiling water.

Using preventive measures, you will save time and effort, your finances, harvest. That's why do not immediately use "chemistry" as a panacea for all ills.

Important! Codling moth caterpillars do not just make moves in an apple, they can be carriers of spores of fungi and bacteria that cause various diseases fruits. For example, apple rot.

Watch the video on how to remove caterpillars from apples:

Chemical control measures

And how to sprinkle an apple tree from worms? Various chemicals will help.

The butterfly flies out at night, so it is better to process in evening hours a week after the flowers of the apple tree have blossomed. Most commonly used for processing Confidor or Intavir.

By the time the apples ripen, the fruits no longer contain "chemistry". Can be applied Agrovertin or Lepidocid. They are safer because created on a biological basis. Spray them twice at weekly intervals.

Folk remedies

Often used Birch tar. It is necessary to moisten an old rag in tar and hang it in different places crowns.

It scares away butterflies that will not be able to lay their eggs on the tree.

Infusions of herbs and plants also repel the pest. use herbs with a strong smell, for example, wormwood, tansy.

Don't forget to add soap, it will allow the product to last longer on the leaves of the tree.

Attention! Planting a crop such as phacelia next to apple trees attracts a rider beetle, which lays its eggs in a codling moth egg, piercing it. By attracting birds, the garden can be rid of caterpillars.

Butterfly and beetle larvae causing the most serious damage

Worms (or in other words, butterfly larvae) there are a great many:

• Winter moth caterpillars affects leaves, buds, flowers. They hide between the leaves, sticking them together. The larvae are voracious: with a large number, veins can be seen instead of leaves;
• goose- a beetle that eats small holes in fruits. The laying of eggs of the female is left in the pulp of the apple. Then they gnaw the stalk and the apple falls off. The larvae continue their development in fallen fruits, then come to the surface of the soil and pupate;
• Subcortical leafworm- a butterfly that creates its masonry in the bark of an apple tree, cracks, damage. The hatched larvae gnaw out passages in the bark. Usually the lower part of the trunk, in which sap flow is disturbed, suffers greatly. After a number of years, the apple tree dries up;
• bluehead scoop- a large butterfly, places eggs on branches in the crown. In early spring, larvae with yellow stripes and a blue head emerge from them. They damage buds and feed on leaves;
• apple broom, whose caterpillars eat leaves, twisting and entangling with cobwebs. Butterflies hibernate in early spring again create clutches of eggs;
• Apple moth butterflies active at night. The masonry is left on the smooth bark of the tree branches. Yellowish caterpillars feed on young leaves. They turn brown, dry up and fall off;
• apple flower beetle- a weevil that leaves eggs in flower buds. Caterpillars eat pistils and stamens, gluing them together with their secretions. The flowers die, the fruit is not formed.

The most common caterpillars are listed, of which there are much more in nature. And some of them live in certain regions.

How to treat apple trees from worms in apples?

Used to kill insects insecticides. They are of general action (affect a number of pests) and directed action (affect a specific pest). Modern drugs are highly efficient and one treatment per season is enough to get rid of them completely.

Attention! In order not to overload your Apple orchard action chemical substances, choose one complex preparation that acts on most pests. If chemical agent is used for the first time, test it first on one tree, and only then use it in bulk.

The fight against sucking and gnawing pests, especially immediately after their appearance, is effective with the help of insecticides:

• Karbofos (10-30%);
• Trichlormetaphos (3.5%);
• Rovikurt (10-25%);
• Benzophosphate (10%).

Lepidocide is a biological insecticide. It strikes up to 40 insect species without making them addictive. Safe for other living organisms. It can be used in different periods of tree growth. It contains bacterial spores, which, getting into the intestines of the caterpillar, disrupt its function. The caterpillar stops feeding and dies after 2-5 days.

Iron and copper sulfate, urea, diesel fuel, drug 30+- Means that have stood the test of time. How they will act on a particular pest, you need to look individually. But often gardeners use them.

From the end of flowering until harvest, treatment with these substances (except for lepidocide) is not recommended, because. with the fruits they enter the body. How to process apple trees from worms, you will be prompted by the instructions on the package, which you must definitely read. Alternate drugs annually, pests become addicted to them. And no one canceled the use of PPE during processing.

Prevention measures

It is important to know when and how to process an apple tree so that there are no wormy apples. All enumerated methods traditional, safe, but in the event of a mass defeat, apple trees are not very effective:

• Use of trapping belts;
• Collection of caterpillars by hand with spider nests;
• The adult stage (beetles) can be shaken off in the morning on a bedding under a tree;
• Digging and loosening will allow you to cope with individuals wintering in the soil;
• The use of sex pheromones (attractants) that attract male butterflies;
• Collection and destruction of carrion, collection of fallen leaves;
• Stripping the old bark on a tree;
• Removal of branches damaged by pests;
• Preparation of infusions and decoctions from herbs with a pungent odor (wormwood, tansy, tobacco).

All these activities will help stop the invasion of voracious larvae of many insects, so they should not be neglected.

Important! Tobacco infusion, as a remedy loved by many, is not so safe. Nicotine is a toxic component of tobacco, from which nicotine sulfate (now a banned drug) was previously made. Therefore, you need to use security measures when working with it.

Processing by season

This is one of the serious questions that worries gardeners. Is there a drug, when to work with it? When will it be most effective.

1. In the earliest before swelling of the kidneys:
   • pruning old and diseased branches;
   • stripping the bark from egg-laying pests;
   • cleaning last year's nests of caterpillars.
2. When kidneys swell:
   • shaking off the pest (apple flower beetle);
   • pollination with copper sulphate or nitrofen.
3. Bud formation:
   • application of Bordeaux liquid.
4. At the end of flowering:
   • manual collection of caterpillar nests and egg-laying;
   • carrion cleaning;
   • imposition of trapping belts on the trunks.
5. All :
   • cleaning and destruction of carrion, caterpillars.
6. after leaf fall:
   • removal of trapping belts and their destruction;
   • cleaning the trunk from the old bark;
   • whitewashing boles;
   • cleaning up fallen leaves;
   • digging the soil;
   • collection and destruction of wintering clutches of pests;
   • cleaning up old branches.

How to get rid of a worm

In the trunk of an apple tree

Larvae lay in the bark of an apple tree. bark beetles, sapwood, subcortical leaflet. They gnaw holes in the bark and lay their eggs there. Then the faces appear: more often white and legless.

Almost no visible damage on the surface. there may be small holes.

But the branches in nearby places gradually dry out, as sap flow is disturbed.

Control measures you can use the following:

• Open the wound with a knife to a depth of 1 cm. The pest can not always be reached, but deeper cuts will harm the plant. Draw systemic into the syringe insecticide and inject into the depth of the wound. Where the pest or its larvae hide.
• You can prepare and apply a balm to the entire bark. This method more efficient, because will also treat those wounds that are invisible. A bark balm is being prepared: 5 hours of clay + 5 hours of lime + 1 hour each of copper and iron sulfate + 5 hours of young mullein. The composition is thoroughly mixed and applied to the bark. Before processing, the old bark is scraped off for the best effect from the balm.

in flowers

Lays eggs in a flower apple beetle. And one egg in each flower. The larva gnaws the bud from the inside. And if you open a flower, then inside you can see a worm or a chrysalis. It is clear that the ovary is not formed, which means that there will be no apples.

Control measures apply preventive and destructive:

• Use of trapping belts;
• Shaking in the morning on a tarp (adults);
• Whitewashing the trunk with lime milk;
• Treatment before bud break "Karbofos" or "Iskra".

Answers to frequently asked questions

How to get rid of white worms under the bark?

Small, small holes are noticeable on the bark, and nearby branches dry out. You can cut the bark, but you can’t get to the larvae. Therefore, we take a syringe, we collect in it insecticide BI-58(acts for sure) and enter into the wound on the tree. Cover the wound with garden pitch.

If there are worms and cobwebs on the apple tree?

Most likely a pest apple moth or. Folding the leaf, she pupates in it, fastening it with a web. If it is disturbed, the caterpillar wriggles and falls out of the leaf, hanging on the web.

Caterpillars of the apple moth also surround themselves with cobwebs, only they live in colonies. Environmentally sound control measures are infusion of wormwood, tobacco, garlic. You can cut the nest and burn it. And it’s also good to catch butterflies in the light (light traps), because. they are nocturnal.

Leaf worm remedies

The choice of drugs is very large: Kemifos, Aktellik, Tanrek, Commander, Golden Spark, Fas tablets, Biotlin biopreparation and many others. Don't use the same drug over and over. Pests get used to it, and the effect is gradually reduced to zero. Try to use modern means: they are effective and act quickly.

If green worms appeared?

Green caterpillars - leaflet larvae. They feed on buds, then leaves, from which only veins remain. She is very voracious and is a real natural disaster. Most often affects young gardens.

Over the summer they give several generations, so you need to carry out several treatments. If you see that the apples are all wormy, how to process the apple tree? Better to use insecticides, because at mass defeat cannot be done by other methods.

Conclusion

Grow an apple tree and get good harvest tasty and healthy fruits is a troublesome business. Pests visit the apple orchard every year. And not just visit, but want to settle down for a long time.

You need to carefully monitor the condition of the trees and start fighting them. immediately. Apply preventive measures annually by making a work calendar. Then you will not be left without a harvest.

In contact with

I asked a question online. And I find articles only about the benefits of earthworms. But what to do when they are, roughly speaking, "the sea"? Or is it no longer earthworms? Perhaps, as in this article from the Internet.

Worms do not give us life.

They appear en masse at the end of April, May and until the end of June. They crawl out to the surface of the earth when it gets dark, after rain,

I was prompted to take up the pen again by the article “Let's not argue with the opinion of the court gardener”, published in KG No.

2010 This gardener talks about the same worms I wrote about in KG #11, 2009. In response to the gardener, knowledgeable people

Like me, they again write about the benefits of earthworms. As a veterinarian, I know as much as pundits about the benefits of rain

Worms. But these are not those earthworms. They have very different habits, and they do more harm than any good. These worms

Outwardly similar to rain, only ten times larger than them. And they don't live everywhere. Having lived in Kazakhstan for 20 years and having a dacha, I

I did not meet, although there were a lot of earthworms. But in the city of Gryazi, Lipetsk region, there are a lot of them, and summer residents suffer from them.

Worms appear en masse at the end of April, May and until the end of June. They crawl out to the surface of the earth when it gets dark, after rain,

Holding on at one end somewhere in a mink, they stretch out over the surface by 20-30 cm. The entire garden, like noodles, is covered with thousands of worms.

They do not react to the light of a light bulb or flashlight, but are very sensitive to the shudder of the earth. To catch a worm, one has to

Very quietly step on the heel, then on the toe, bend over and grab it tightly with two fingers so that it does not slip out. Smoothly

Pull to tear away from the mink. If you pull hard, you can tear the worm. At the same time, the earth will tremble, and all his brethren in

Within a radius of a meter in a fraction of a second, shrinking like a spring, they will hide in minks.

Once after a rain in the evening in just 2 hours I collected their full ten-liter bucket. So much rain in a day

You will collect. These worms even in the yard from the cracks in the cement pads protrude and spread over the surface. collect them

Hard by hand. You walk bent over, dirt sticks to your shoes, and the garden is trampled down. But from such a collection for the next year

I sow cucumbers in grooves every 4 cm, and clearings up to a meter are obtained, I have to re-sow. And I grow purchased seeds

Seedlings in jars, planted in the phase of three true leaves. The worm can no longer damage such plants. There is a worm in the ground

It partially eats the hatched seeds, and from those that sprout, it tears off the cotyledon leaves and drags them into the mink. Same thing with

Carrot. Small root crops do not have time to form, in the morning after the rain you look - about 15 carrots are pulled out of the ground.

Again, stick them in place, and so on, until the heads are well rooted. Seedlings of tomatoes height in

I plant 20 cm under the film. The worm will hook it, pull it, bend it, and if it doesn’t break it, it will snatch the leaves. Here in the morning I check the garden:

I raise the recumbent seedlings, spud them so that the bush stands, or tie them to a stick.

One day I decided to grow cabbage seedlings myself. Landed early under a double film on the sunny side. Three days later

I looked, and there are only dirty sticks sticking out, the leaves are covered. The seedlings were very small, and there was no other greenery for the worms yet.

Was. They pluck everything that can be plucked and drag it into the burrows.

When digging a garden, there are a lot of earthworms, but you won’t meet a single one, apparently, they go deep. On new

The areas where people are building, they are also there, but in smaller quantities.

In autumn, when the garden has already been cleaned, but not dug up, bunches of leaves with grass stick out everywhere. I raise the leaves, and this is their mink is closed.

Moreover, the bundle is tightly drawn into the mink, probably closing from the cold.

So what good do they do for me? Correctly the gardener calls them creatures. It is a pity that walnut trees do not grow here, otherwise

I tried to get rid of the pest with a tincture of leaves. And it cannot be that two hundred years ago they already knew how to fight worms, but

Now nothing new has come up. I described everything in detail so that readers understand that the gardener is not writing about a harmless rain

Worm. I really hope for the help of readers. After all, I'm not the only one who suffers from these worms, but everyone who grows vegetables in our city.

R. A. Kalashnikov, Gryazi, Lipetsk region

When the house is cleaned and the kitchen shines with cleanliness, it is always clear sign the fact that clean owners live in the house. Beautiful interior decoration And original design only emphasize the status of the inhabitants of the house, but quite often, against this rainbow background, situations arise that literally turn everything upside down. Uninvited guests appeared in the kitchen, shining with brilliance, in a room where repairs had recently been made. The appearance of pests own kitchen, can be a shock for any hostess. Little worms on a beautiful new ceiling, in the kitchen, where?

However, situations continue to arise today when we again have to deal with domestic pests. Who has not had to deal with the fact that small worms appear in the kitchen from nowhere. The most unpleasant thing in this case is that we do not know where this attack came from and who these insects are.

The worms on the ceiling in the kitchen are aliens that came into our house from the outside, not by our will. Man's fault lies in the fact that we have artificially created in our kitchen ideal conditions for the habitat and reproduction of insects. The problem is so serious that any delay in making a decision threatens to be a disaster for you. In a day or two, following one worm on the ceiling, you will encounter a huge mass of moving larvae.

Worms on the kitchen ceiling - a biological portrait of pests

For reference: ideal climatic conditions for breeding food moth is a temperature above 23 0 C, with a humidity of 45-50%. Warm air, an abundance of food becomes an ideal environment for the rapid maturation of laid eggs.

The masonry is mainly done on the shelves and in the cupboards of our kitchen, where cereals, cereals and dry semi-finished products are stored in abundance. A week later, the eggs hatch into worms. white color, which on a huge scale absorb all edible bulk and dry products.

On a note: in the process of its growth, a colony of larvae of 500 individuals can render up to 100 kg unusable. products.

The waste products of the larvae render unusable any cereal or porridge that becomes unsuitable for human consumption.

If you notice a flying mole in the house, especially in the kitchen, sound the alarm. Otherwise, time will be lost and in just a couple of weeks you will have white worms on the ceiling in the kitchen that will become an unpleasant discovery for you.

Is food moth dangerous and where does it come from?

White worms on your kitchen ceiling in the kitchen - this is a consequence. The problem arises from the moment the food moth got into our house. This is where the biggest surprise lies. We never know what draws us into the house. In the case of food moths, the situation generally looks paradoxical. It's all about poor quality food. By itself, a mole cannot get into an apartment, but bringing it into a house is quite realistic. Without knowing it, we buy already contaminated food in the store or in the market. Porridge, flour and other bulk semi-finished products must pass without fail. fumigation during storage. Unscrupulous suppliers and manufacturers often neglect storage technology, packing products already infected with insects and putting them up for sale.

Note: food moth larvae are omnivorous and very voracious. Gnawing through plastic bags, the larvae quickly spread throughout the kitchen space in search of food. Dead caterpillars, feces and pupae make our habitable kitchen space unsightly and messy. Food products are subject to urgent disposal.

What is the way out of this situation. Pest Control Methods

Today, there are a lot of means of combating household pests. Eat folk remedies fight against food moths, but there are modern methods built on an integrated approach in order to achieve results.

The first step that will allow you to avoid an unpleasant situation is prevention. All foodstuffs subject to long-term storage must be removed from the kitchen. Pantry or balcony will become the best place for storage of bulk products. Cold air become an obstacle to the reproduction of larvae. If you suspect that the products are already contaminated, all cereals, cereals and even pasta must be heat-treated. To do this, it will be enough to ignite the products in the oven.

Relying completely on folk remedies is not worth it. In some cases, the food moth easily overcomes obstacles and quickly spreads indoors, infecting food.

Appeared worms on the ceiling. Pest Control Methods

On a note: laundry soap and vinegar are the first remedies to be considered, which are dangerous to food moths, and especially to their offspring.

As an aid today, effective traps are used that can disorientate adults and prevent subsequent reproduction of pests.

Eventually

The situation with worms on the ceiling is unpleasant, but not dangerous for humans. First of all, the aesthetics of your premises suffer, personal feelings from the presence of worms are unpleasant. All your food supply will have to be thrown away and replenished again. Once, faced with a similar problem and eliminated pests, you will already know for the future how to avoid such troubles.

Your ceiling will look cleaner and more inviting if you periodically wet clean the kitchen, including wiping the walls and ceiling.

The main essence of the article

People ignorant of biology mistakenly believe that nematodes are exclusively worms that settle in the human or animal body. In fact, the classification of helminths of this species is very diverse.

Roundworms, namely, this is how nematodes are characterized by appearance and the construction of the body, occupy the second place in terms of numbers among the multicellular organisms that inhabit the planet (arthropods have firmly settled on the first). Initially, helminths of this species were classified as worms, but this information is no longer relevant, and nematodes have long been a separate biological unit.

Description

But the most famous worms are, of course, those that infect a person and "his smaller brothers." These include roundworm, pinworms, whipworm.

The definition of "nematode" in Greek has two components: nematos is "thread", eidos is "form". Anatomical structure roundworms very primitive.

Mature individuals have about 1 thousand somatic cells that make up the body and several hundred cells that make up the reproductive system.

The gastrointestinal tract passes through the entire body of the nematode - from the oral cavity to the anus, forming, as it were, a tube in a tube, the inner of which ends in front of the tail. In addition to the digestive system, worms have a nervous, reproductive, and excretory organs. They do not have a respiratory or circulatory system. The sizes of helminths have a very large variation within the boundaries of indications. The smallest barely reaches 0.3 mm, and the largest can be more than 8 meters.

The color of nematodes is white or beige. A feature of the structure of nematodes is a developed musculocutaneous sac. The body is covered with a dense elastic cuticle, which can be annular or smooth, covered with epithelium from above.

There are several sub-orders, which include different kinds roundworms:

1. oxyurates. A bright representative is pinworms. The key difference is the thickened area towards the back of the body.
2. Ascaridina. Characteristic features: a cylindrical esophagus, three lips are located on the head section of the body. famous representative- roundworm.
3. Spirurates. Esophagus in the body - two, lips - an even number.
4. Strongylates. The difference from other species is the developed tail bursa. Represents this group of hookworm worm.
5. Filariata. Representatives of this suborder are viviparous.
6. Dioctophymates. Males are characterized by a muscular genital bursa.

In addition, some species of nematodes are united in the order Trichocephalida. Bright representatives: whipworm, trichinella.

Habitat

Roundworms can adapt to any ecosystem, so they can be found in fresh and salt water, soil, in the polar regions and in the tropics. Nematodes are ubiquitous. Scientists have found worms in every part of the earth's lithosphere.

Signs and symptoms of infection

The first signs that nematodes have appeared in humans are:

• sensation of itching in the area of ​​the anus and genitals;
• nausea and vomiting occurring in attacks;
• rashes resulting from an allergy to protein foods;
• disruptions in digestion;
• decreased immune defense;
• pain in the muscles;
• frequent fatigue;
• frequent mood swings.

Ways of development of a worm or life cycle

• oviposition. The female, while in the body, lays offspring, most of which leaves the body during defecation.
• Eggs remain in the ground, fall into the water. For the development of larvae inside the shells, special conditions: heat and humidity level.
• At a certain point, the host becomes infected and the larvae continue to develop already in the human body, spreading throughout the body.

The process of human infection

• Through the mouth. More often, infection with roundworms occurs due to a violation of the general hygiene rules, non-compliance with the rules of heat treatment of food, when using water affected by eggs with worms for food purposes.
• When insect vectors. When bitten, eggs from nematodes enter the bloodstream, spread throughout the body.
• Through skin in contact with soil, water, the skin does not have to be damaged.
• Eggs ended up on the surfaces of furniture, dishes and other items

What is the danger of infection?

Diagnostics

Main methods:

• Fecal analysis. It is carried out at least three times at each stage of treatment.
• Blood analysis: general; enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). In the first case, the composition of the blood is studied: leukocytes, eosinophils. With helminthiasis, these indicators are usually overestimated. ELISA allows you to get a more accurate picture, since during the study, antibodies to the antigen of helminths are determined.

The final diagnosis of the presence of nematodes in humans can be detected after laboratory tests. Be sure to take a sample of the patient's stool. An accurate diagnosis of helminths requires doing a study three times. In addition, the doctor will prescribe a blood test to determine the change in the number of white blood cells and the presence of antibodies to nematodes. In some cases, when helminths have affected organs that are not part of the digestive system (lungs, liver, heart), a biopsy and morphological examination are required.

Treatment

The fight against nematodes in humans has an integrated approach, which includes:

• anthelmintic preparations;
• special diet regime;
• drugs that normalize the state of the body after the toxic activity of nematodes;
• folk remedies for helminths as prevention and additional help;
• tablets to cure nematodes in animals if a person has contact with them.

Herbal and chemical preparations. The first of the options has a milder effect on the human body, but the effect of such funds is long-term, and the desired results are not obtained soon.

Chemical drugs affect worms more effectively, however, often harm people . In order to get rid of worms dying under the influence of drugs as soon as possible, it is recommended to take drugs with a laxative effect after treatment with anthelmintic drugs.

To disinfect food, meat and fish are subjected to a full heat treatment. Vegetables and fruits that are consumed fresh must be thoroughly washed in running water.

Nematodes in plants and in agriculture, soil

In agronomy and horticulture, they are also divided according to this principle: chrysanthemum (Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi), strawberry (A. fragariae), beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt), etc.

There are such plant nematodes:

• leafy (strawberry);
• stem;
• onion;
• root.

strawberry nematode

Over time, plants affected by pests dry and rot. Nematodes perfectly tolerate winter in dry foliage. Pests pass to plants through infected soil, weeds, from adjacent affected crops.

Usually suffer:

• strawberry;
• chrysanthemum;
• nephrolepis;
• carnation;
• aster;
• dahlia;
• orchid;
• crassula.

onion nematode lives in all types of bulbous plants. The individual feeds on juice. The result is a slow death of the plant.

stem nematode

Signs of defeat:

• shoots stop growing;
• stems thicken, lose color;
• buds turn pale, dry up;
• over time, the plant dries and dies.

Root nematodes

Gall nematodes (more than 60 species) are able to feed on almost all types of vegetable crops. They are called root nematodes. The worm has the shape of a pear, the front part of the body is pointed. They live in plant tissues. The female is able to lay up to 2000 eggs, which protrude to the surface of the root, in the form of dark droplets. Blisters are visible on infected plants. Worms make it difficult to feed vegetables, as a result, the plant fades, even dies.

The term of development is 20 - 40 days, depending on the species. Their life cycle can go in two directions: The female nematode at the time of laying eggs was in the ground, and not in the plant - in whole or in part, so the larvae from the eggs go into the ground. They begin to move until they get inside the roots.

This path of development is most often observed in the primary stages of infection. The female is located inside the root, the larvae come out there, travel a short distance along the roots and begin to feed on the contents. Such larvae cannot be eliminated biological methods using predatory nematodes, bacteria and fungi.

Plants affected by the soil nematode gradually wither, weaken, stop growing. The leaves curl up. Roots located below the galls stop developing and die. At the same time, the root beard (thin threadlike roots) begins to grow abundantly. Such roots do not contribute to the growth of the culture, but only take away nutrients from them.

Gall nematodes spread through contaminated soil, residues of roots, seeds, bulbs, inventory, from nearby plants. Chrysanthemums, ficuses, dracaenas, begonias, lilies, and aloe are most susceptible to these pests.

potato nematode

Particular attention is paid to a highly specialized type of worms- golden potato nematode (Globodera rostochiensis). With a sign, almost everyone who grew plants of the nightshade family at home or in the country. They prefer to settle on the roots of potatoes and tomatoes.

The main signs of damage: bushes develop poorly, forming a small number of stems, the leaves turn yellow, flowering stops or almost no flowers form. A similar situation occurs with tubers - they are either too small or completely absent.

With a weak injury external signs are absent, and nematode activity can only be detected by digging up one or more plants. With a strong infection, instead of tubers, a group of small fibrous roots is formed.

The individual develops into a rhizome. Cysts are spread by soil, wind, water, and infected tubers. Therefore, when a potato nematode is detected, the infection zone is closed for quarantine.

You should know that the golden potato nematode, like other similar plant pests, is absolutely safe for humans.

How to deal with the nematode

For the best effect, choose a calm, sunny day. Treatment with such poisons indoors is prohibited. When fighting root nematodes, the soil is watered with a solution. Poisons act only on adults, so the treatment must be carried out several times. Biological agents are good in that they are not toxic to plants and humans, and do not harm. Their active ingredients are natural ingredients. One of the most effective biological preparations is "Nematophagin". All preparations must be diluted, clearly following the instructions, so as not to harm the plants and not burn them.

Means and preparations

How to remove the nematode? There is a mass of systemic and contact poisons intended for spraying plants. Among nematocides, solutions of mercaptophos, lindane, as well as methyl bromide, chloropicrin, carbation and organophosphorus compounds are common. Systemic drugs penetrate the plant through the roots and poison the nematodes through the leaves and stems. Organophosphorus compounds (phosphamide, karbofos, methylmercaptophos) are sprayed on plant bushes or fruit trees to remove leaf and stem nematodes. To completely get rid of adult nematodes in your area, it is enough to process plants 3-4 times every week.

1. Phosphamide- moderately dangerous substance for humans and animals, but very toxic to pollinating insects. It is effective against garden mites or aphids as well as roundworms. Fruit trees like apple trees and pears are sprayed with a 0.1% or 0.2% solution with a calculation of 0.8 - 4.0 kg per 1 ha, for cherries and plums 0.8 - 3.0 kg is enough. Processing must be stopped one month before harvest. Experts do not recommend spraying next to greens, vegetable and berry crops.
2. Another means - LHC "Ecogel", environmentally friendly and safe, protects plants from various diseases, including root-knot nematodes. It is applied with introduction into the ground and has a detrimental effect on both eggs and adult worms. The duration of the effect is 3-9 weeks. You can soak the seeds before planting or spray the plants with a 1% Ecogel solution.
3. The drug "Nematofagin BT" based on predatory fungi and is introduced into the soil (to a depth of 15-20 cm). It is absolutely safe in comparison with chemicals, and mycelium of the fungus kills nematode worms after a day.
4. You can fight it with the help of the drug "Fitoverm". It is produced in the form of a 0.2% powder and, when acting on nematodes and their larvae, deprives them of the opportunity to eat normally. It is introduced into the soil under infected plants. If you follow the recommendations for sanitary preparation and fertilization of the soil, carry out frequent heat treatments of the earth, roots and seeds, then you can protect your plantations from the spread of nematodes. Give preference to plants with high immunity, plant nearby protective plants (marigolds, rye) to scare away roundworms.

How to prevent infection in the future

Outdoors

Material prepared: agronomist Sokolov V.A. jointly