BTP - Block heating point - 1var. - this is a compact thermomechanical installation of complete factory readiness, located (placed) in a block container, which is an all-metal load-bearing frame with sandwich panel fences.

ITP in a block container is used to connect heating, ventilation, hot water supply systems and technological heat-using installations of the whole building or part of it.

BTP - Block heating point - 2 var. It is manufactured in the factory and supplied for installation in the form of ready-made blocks. It may consist of one or more blocks. The equipment of the blocks is mounted very compactly, as a rule, on one frame. Usually used when you need to save space, in cramped conditions. By the nature and number of connected consumers, the BTP can refer to both ITP and CHP. Supply of ITP equipment according to the specification - heat exchangers, pumps, automation, shut-off and control valves, pipelines, etc. - Supplied in separate items.

BTP is a product of full factory readiness, which makes it possible to connect objects under reconstruction or newly built to heating networks in the shortest possible time. The compactness of the BTP helps to minimize the equipment placement area. Individual approach to the design and installation of block individual heat points allow us to take into account all the wishes of the client and translate them into a finished product. warranty for the BTP and all equipment from one manufacturer, one service partner for the entire BTP. ease of installation of the BTP at the installation site. Production and testing of BTP in the factory - quality. It is also worth noting that in case of mass, quarterly construction or volumetric reconstruction of heating points, the use of BTP is preferable compared to ITP. Since in this case it is necessary to mount a significant number of heating points in a short period of time. Such large-scale projects can be implemented in the shortest possible time using only standard factory-ready BTPs.

ITP (assembly) - the possibility of installation heating point in cramped conditions, there is no need to transport the complete heating unit. Transportation of individual components only. The equipment delivery time is much shorter than BTP. Cost is lower. - BTP - the need to transport the BTP to the installation site (transportation costs), the size of the openings for carrying the BTP impose restrictions on dimensions BTP. Delivery time from 4 weeks. Price.

ITP - a guarantee for various components of a heating point from different manufacturers; several different service partners for various equipment included in the heating substation; higher cost installation work, terms installation work, T. e. when installing the ITP are taken into account individual characteristics specific premises and "creative" solutions of a specific contractor, which, on the one hand, simplifies the organization of the process, and on the other hand, can reduce the quality. After all, a weld, a bend in a pipeline, etc., is much more difficult to perform qualitatively in a “place” than in a factory setting.

Thermal point

Thermal point(TP) - a complex of devices located in a separate room, consisting of elements of thermal power plants that ensure the connection of these plants to the heating network, their performance, control of heat consumption modes, transformation, regulation of coolant parameters and distribution of coolant by type of consumption.

Substation and attached building

Purpose

The main tasks of the TP are:

Converting the type of coolant
Control and regulation of coolant parameters
Distribution of heat carrier by heat consumption systems
Shutdown of heat consumption systems
Protection of heat consumption systems from an emergency increase in the parameters of the coolant

Types of heat points

TPs differ in the number and type of heat consumption systems connected to them, the individual characteristics of which determine the thermal scheme and characteristics of the TP equipment, as well as in the type of installation and placement of equipment in the TP room. There are the following types of TP:

Individual heating point(AND SO ON). It is used to serve one consumer (building or part of it). As a rule, it is located in the basement or technical room of the building, however, due to the characteristics of the serviced building, it can be placed in a separate building.
Central heating point(CTP). Used to serve a group of consumers (buildings, industrial facilities). Most often located in a separate building, but can be placed in the basement or technical room of one of the buildings.
Block heat point(BTP). It is manufactured in the factory and supplied for installation in the form of ready-made blocks. It may consist of one or more blocks. The equipment of the blocks is mounted very compactly, as a rule, on one frame. Usually used when you need to save space, in cramped conditions. By the nature and number of connected consumers, the BTP can refer to both ITP and CHP.

Heat sources and thermal energy transport systems

The source of heat for TP is heat generating enterprises (boiler houses, combined heat and power plants). TP is connected to sources and consumers of heat through heating networks. Thermal networks are divided into primary main heating networks connecting TP with heat generating enterprises, and secondary(distributing) heating networks connecting TP with end consumers. The section of the heating network that directly connects the heating substation and the main heating networks is called thermal input.

Trunk heating network, as a rule, have great length(distance from the heat source up to 10 km or more). For the construction of trunk networks, steel pipelines with a diameter of up to 1400 mm are used. In conditions where there are several heat generating enterprises, loopbacks are made on the main heat pipelines, uniting them into one network. This allows you to increase the reliability of the supply of heat points, and, ultimately, consumers with heat. For example, in cities, in the event of an accident on a highway or a local boiler house, heat supply can be taken over by the boiler house of a neighboring district. Also, in some cases, the common network makes it possible to distribute the load between heat generating enterprises. Specially prepared water is used as a heat carrier in main heating networks. During preparation, the indicators of carbonate hardness, oxygen content, iron content and pH are normalized in it. Unprepared for use in heating networks (including tap water, drinking water) is unsuitable for use as a heat carrier, since when high temperatures, due to the formation of deposits and corrosion, will cause increased wear of pipelines and equipment. The design of the TP prevents relatively rigid tap water to the main heating systems.

Secondary heating networks have a relatively small length (removal of TS from the consumer up to 500 meters) and in urban conditions are limited to one or a couple of quarters. Diameters of pipelines of secondary networks, as a rule, are in the range from 50 to 150 mm. During the construction of secondary heating networks, both steel and polymer pipelines can be used. The use of polymer pipelines is most preferable, especially for hot water systems, since the rigid tap water in combination with elevated temperature leads to intense corrosion and premature failure of steel pipelines. In the case of an individual heating point, there may be no secondary heating networks.

Water supply systems serve as a source of water for cold and hot water supply systems.

Thermal energy consumption systems

In a typical TP, there are the following systems for supplying consumers with thermal energy:

Schematic diagram of a heat point

The TP scheme depends, on the one hand, on the characteristics of thermal energy consumers served by the heating point, on the other hand, on the characteristics of the source supplying the TP with thermal energy. Further, as the most common, TP is considered with a closed hot water supply system and an independent scheme for connecting the heating system.

circuit diagram heating point

The coolant entering the TP by supply pipeline heat input, gives off its heat in the heaters of hot water and heating systems, and also enters the consumer ventilation system, after which it returns to return pipeline thermal input and is sent back to the heat generating enterprise for reuse through the main networks. Part of the coolant can be consumed by the consumer. To make up for losses in primary heat networks at boiler houses and CHPPs, there are make-up systems, the coolant sources for which are water treatment systems these enterprises.

Tap water entering the TP passes through the cold water pumps, after which part cold water sent to consumers, and the other part is heated in the heater first stage DHW and enters the circulation circuit of the DHW system. In the circulation circuit, water with the help of circulation pumps hot water supply moves in a circle from the TP to consumers and back, and consumers take water from the circuit as needed. When circulating around the circuit, the water gradually gives off its heat and in order to maintain the water temperature at a given level, it is constantly heated in the heater second stage DHW.

The heating system is also a closed circuit, along which the coolant moves with the help of heating circulation pumps from the heating substation to the building heating system and back. During operation, leakage of the coolant from the circuit of the heating system may occur. To make up for losses make-up system a heat point using primary heating networks as a heat carrier source.

Notes

Literature

Sokolov E.Ya. Heat supply and heat networks: a textbook for universities. - 8th ed., stereo. / E.Ya. Sokolov. - M.: Publishing House MPEI, 2006. - 472 p.: ill.
SNiP 2.04.07-86 Heating networks (ed. 1994 with change 1 BST 3-94, change 2, adopted by the Decree of the Gosstroy of Russia dated 12.10.2001 N116 and with the exception of section 8 and applications 12-19). Thermal points.
SP 41-101-95 “Codes of rules for design and construction. Design of thermal points.

Energy
structure by products and industries

Power industry:
electricity

Traditional

Thermal power plants	Condensing power plant (CPP) Combined heat and power plant (CHP)
hydropower	Hydroelectric power plant (HPP) Pumped storage power plant (PSPP)
Atomic	Nuclear power plant (NPP) Floating nuclear power plant (FNPP)

Alternative

Geothermal	Geothermal power plants (GeoTPP)
hydropower	Small Hydro Power Plants (SHPPs) Tidal Power Plants (TPPs) Wave Power Plants Osmotic Power Plants
Wind power	Wind power plants (WPP)
Solar	Solar power plants (SPP)
Hydrogen	Hydrogen power plants Fuel cell plants
Bioenergy	Biopower plants (BioTES)
Malaya	Diesel power plants Gas reciprocating power plants Gas turbine plants low power Gasoline power plants

Electrical network

Electrical substations Power transmission lines (TL) Power transmission towers

Heat supply:
heat energy

decentralized

Heating network

Fuel
industry :
fuel

organic

gaseous

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Homeowners know what proportion of utility bills is the cost of providing heat. Heating, hot water - something on which a comfortable existence depends, especially in the cold season. However, not everyone knows that these costs can be significantly reduced, for which it is necessary to switch to the use of individual heating points (ITPs).

Disadvantages of central heating

The traditional scheme of centralized heating works like this: from the central boiler house, the coolant flows through the mains to the centralized heating unit, where it is distributed through intra-quarter pipelines to consumers (buildings and houses). The temperature and pressure of the coolant is controlled centrally, in the central boiler room, with uniform values for all buildings.

In this case, heat losses are possible on the route, when the same amount of coolant is transferred to buildings located at different distances from the boiler house. In addition, the architecture of the microdistrict is usually buildings of various heights and designs. Therefore, the same parameters of the coolant at the outlet of the boiler room do not mean the same input parameters coolant in every building.

The use of ITP became possible due to changes in the heat supply regulation scheme. The ITP principle is based on the fact that heat regulation is carried out directly at the inlet of the heat carrier into the building, exclusively and individually for it. To do this, heating equipment is located in an automated individual heat point - in the basement of the building, on the ground floor or in a separate building.

The principle of operation of the ITP

An individual heating point is a set of equipment with which the accounting and distribution of thermal energy and heat carrier in the heating system of a particular consumer (building) is carried out. ITP is connected to the distribution mains of the city's heat and water supply network.

The operation of the ITP is built on the principle of autonomy: depending on the outside temperature, the equipment changes the temperature of the coolant in accordance with the calculated values and supplies it to heating system Houses. The consumer is no longer dependent on the length of highways and intra-quarter pipelines. But heat retention is completely dependent on the consumer and depends on the technical condition of the building and methods for saving heat.

Individual heat points have the following advantages:

regardless of the length of the heating mains, it is possible to provide the same heating parameters for all consumers,
the ability to provide an individual mode of operation (for example, for medical institutions),
there is no problem of heat loss on the heating main, instead, heat loss depends on the provision of insulation of the house by the homeowner.

ITP includes hot and cold water supply systems, as well as heating and ventilation systems. Structurally, ITP is a complex of devices: collectors, pipelines, pumps, various heat exchangers, regulators and sensors. This a complex system, requiring adjustment, mandatory preventive maintenance and maintenance, while the technical condition of the ITP directly affects the heat consumption. ITP controls such coolant parameters as pressure, temperature and flow. These parameters can be controlled by the dispatcher, in addition, the data is transmitted to the heating network dispatching service for recording and monitoring.

In addition to directly distributing heat, ITP helps to take into account and optimize consumption costs. Comfortable conditions with economical use of energy resources - this is the main advantage of using ITP.

Thermal points: device, work, scheme, equipment

A thermal point is a complex of technological equipment that is used in the process of heat supply, ventilation and hot water supply to consumers (residential and industrial buildings, construction sites, social facilities). The main purpose of heat points is the distribution of heat energy from the heating network between end consumers.

Advantages of installing heat points in the heat supply system of consumers

Among the advantages of thermal points are the following:

minimization of heat losses
relatively low operating costs, cost-effectiveness
the ability to select the mode of heat supply and heat consumption depending on the time of day and season
silent operation, small dimensions (compared to other equipment of the heat supply system)
automation and dispatching of the operation process
Possibility of custom-made

Heating points can have different thermal schemes, types of heat consumption systems and characteristics of the equipment used, which depends on the individual requirements of the Customer. The configuration of the TP is determined on the basis of technical parameters heating network:

thermal loads on the network
temperature regime cold and hot water
pressure of heat and water supply systems
possible pressure losses
climatic conditions, etc.

Types of heat points

The type of required heating point depends on its purpose, the number of supply heating systems, the number of consumers, the method of placement and installation, and the functions performed by the point. Depending on the type of heat point, it is selected technology system and equipment.

Heat points are of the following types:

individual heating points ITP
central heating points
block heat points BTP

Open and closed systems of heat points. Dependent and independent schemes for connecting heat points

IN open heating system water for the operation of the heating point comes directly from the heating networks. Water intake can be full or partial. The volume of water taken for the needs of the heating point is replenished by the flow of water into the heating network. It should be noted that water treatment in such systems is carried out only at the entrance to the heating network. Because of this, the quality of water supplied to the consumer leaves much to be desired.

Open systems, in turn, can be dependent and independent.

IN dependent scheme of connection of the heat point to the heating network, the heat carrier from the heating networks enters directly into the heating system. Such a system is quite simple, since it does not require the installation of additional equipment. Although the same feature leads to a significant drawback, namely, to the impossibility of regulating the heat supply to the consumer.

Independent schemes for connecting a heat point characterized economic benefit(up to 40%), since heat exchangers of heat points are installed in them between the end-user equipment and the heat source, which regulate the amount of heat supplied. Also an indisputable advantage is the improvement in the quality of the water supplied.

With regard to energy efficiency independent systems many thermal companies are reconstructing and upgrading their equipment from dependent systems to independent ones.

Closed heating system is a completely isolated system and uses the circulating water in the pipeline without taking it from the heating networks. Such a system uses water only as a heat carrier. A leakage of the coolant is possible, but the water is replenished automatically using the make-up regulator.

The amount of heat carrier in a closed system remains constant, and the generation and distribution of heat to the consumer is regulated by the temperature of the heat carrier. The closed system is characterized by high quality water treatment and high energy efficiency.

Ways to provide consumers with thermal energy

According to the method of providing consumers with thermal energy, single-stage and multi-stage heat points are distinguished.

Single stage system characterized by direct connection of consumers to heating networks. The place of connection is called subscriber input. For each object of heat consumption, its own technological equipment (heaters, elevators, pumps, fittings, instrumentation and control equipment, etc.) must be provided.

The disadvantage of a single-stage connection system is the limitation of the permissible maximum pressure in heating networks due to the danger high pressure for heating radiators. In this regard, such systems are mainly used for a small number of consumers and for heating networks of short length.

Multistage systems connections are characterized by the presence of heat points between the heat source and the consumer.

Individual heating points

Individual heating substations serve one small consumer (house, small building or building), which is already connected to the district heating system. The task of such an ITP is to provide the consumer hot water and heating (up to 40 kW). There are large individual points, the power of which can reach 2 MW. Traditionally, ITPs are placed in the basement or technical room of the building, less often they are located in separate rooms. Only the coolant is connected to the ITP and tap water is supplied.

ITPs consist of two circuits: the first circuit is a heating circuit for maintaining the set temperature in the heated room using a temperature sensor; the second circuit is a hot water circuit.

Central heating points

The central heating points of the CHP are used to provide heat to a group of buildings and structures. The central heating stations perform the function of providing consumers with hot water, cold water and heat. The degree of automation and dispatching of central heating points (only control over the parameters or control / control of the parameters of the CHP) is determined by the Customer and technological needs. Central heating stations can have both dependent and independent circuits for connecting to the heating network. With a dependent connection scheme, the coolant in the heating point itself is divided into a heating system and a hot water supply system. In an independent connection scheme, the heat carrier is heated in the second circuit of the heating point with incoming water from the heating network.

They are delivered to the installation site in full factory readiness. At the place of subsequent operation, only connection to heating networks and equipment adjustment is carried out.

The equipment of the central heating point (CHP) includes the following elements:

heaters (heat exchangers) - sectional, multi-pass, block type, plate - depending on the project, for hot water supply, maintaining the desired temperature and water pressure at water points
circulating utility, fire-fighting, heating and backup pumps
mixing devices
thermal and water meter units
control and measuring devices for instrumentation and automation
shut-off and control valves
expansion membrane tank

Block heat points (modular heat points)

Block (modular) heating point BTP has a block design. The BTP may consist of more than one block (module) mounted, often on one joint frame. Each module is an independent and complete item. At the same time, the regulation of work is general. Blösnche heat points can have both a local control and regulation system, and remote control and dispatching.

A block heat point can include both individual heat points and central heat points.

The main systems of heat supply to consumers as part of a heat substation

hot water system (open or closed circuit connections)
heating system (dependent or independent connection scheme)
ventilation system

Typical schemes for connecting systems in heating points

Typical DHW system connection diagram
Typical scheme for connecting a heating system
Typical diagram for connecting the DHW and heating system
Typical diagram for connecting the DHW, heating and ventilation system

The thermal substation also includes a cold water supply system, but it is not a consumer of thermal energy.

The principle of operation of heat points

Thermal energy is supplied to heating points from heat generating enterprises through heating networks - primary main heating networks. Secondary, or distributing, heating networks connect the heating substation already with the end consumer.

The main heating networks usually have a large length, connecting the heat source and the heat point directly, and the diameter (up to 1400 mm). Often, main heat networks can combine several heat generating enterprises, which increases the reliability of providing consumers with energy.

Before entering the main networks, water undergoes water treatment, which brings the chemical indicators of water (hardness, pH, oxygen content, iron) in accordance with regulatory requirements. This is necessary in order to reduce the level of corrosive effect of water on inner surface pipes.

The distributing pipelines have a relatively short length (up to 500 m), connecting the heating point and the end consumer.

The coolant (cold water) flows through the supply pipeline to the heating point, where it passes through the pumps of the cold water supply system. Further, it (the heat carrier) uses the primary DHW heaters and is fed into the circulation circuit of the hot water supply system, from where it flows to the end consumer and back to the heating substation, constantly circulating. To maintain the required temperature of the heat carrier, it is constantly heated in the heater of the second DHW stage.

The heating system is the same closed circuit as the DHW system. In the event of leakage of the coolant, its volume is replenished from the feed system of the heating point.

Then the coolant enters the return pipeline and goes back to the heat generating enterprise through the main pipelines.

Standard equipment of heating points

To provide reliable operation substations, they are supplied with the following minimum technological equipment:

two plate heat exchangers (brazed or collapsible) for the heating system and the DHW system
pumping station for pumping the coolant to the consumer, namely, to the heating devices of a building or structure
automatic control system for the quantity and temperature of the heat carrier (sensors, controllers, flow meters) for monitoring the parameters of the heat carrier, accounting for heat loads and flow control
water treatment system
technological equipment - shut-off valves, check valves, instrumentation, regulators

It should be noted that the complete set of the heat point with technological equipment largely depends on the connection scheme of the hot water supply system and the connection scheme of the heating system.

So, for example, in closed systems heat exchangers, pumps and water treatment equipment are installed for further distribution of the coolant between the DHW system and the heating system. And in open systems mixing pumps are installed (for mixing hot and cold water in the right proportion) and temperature controllers.

Our specialists provide a full range of services, from design, production, supply, and ending with installation and commissioning of heating points of various configurations.

A thermal substation or TP for short is a set of equipment located in a separate room that provides heating and hot water supply to a building or group of buildings. The main difference between the TP and the boiler house is that in the boiler room the heat carrier is heated due to the combustion of fuel, and the heat point works with the heated coolant coming from the centralized system. Heating of the coolant for TP is carried out by heat generating enterprises - industrial boiler houses and thermal power plants. CHP is a heating substation serving a group of buildings e.g. microdistrict, urban-type settlement, industrial enterprise etc. The need for central heating is determined individually for each district on the basis of technical and economic calculations, as a rule, one central heating point is erected for a group of facilities with a heat consumption of 12-35 MW

The central heating point, depending on the purpose, consists of 5-8 blocks. Heat carrier - superheated water up to 150°C. Central heating stations, consisting of 5-7 blocks, are designed for a heat load of 1.5 to 11.5 Gcal/h. Blocks are manufactured according to standard albums developed by Mosproekt-1 JSC, issues from 1 (1982) to 14 (1999) "Central heating points of heat supply systems", "Factory-made blocks", "Factory-made engineering equipment blocks for individual and central heating points", as well as individual projects. Depending on the type and number of heaters, the diameter of pipelines, piping and shut-off and control valves, the blocks have different weights and overall dimensions.

For a better understanding of the functions and operating principles of the central heating center Let's give a brief description of thermal networks. Thermal networks consist of pipelines and provide transportation of the coolant. They are primary, connecting heat generating enterprises with heat points and secondary, connecting central heating stations with end consumers. From this definition, it can be concluded that central heating centers are an intermediary between primary and secondary heating networks or heat generating enterprises and end consumers. Next, we describe in detail the main functions of the CTP.

4.2.2 Tasks solved by heating points

Let us describe in more detail the tasks solved by central heating points:

conversion of the heat carrier, for example, the conversion of steam into superheated water

changing various parameters of the coolant, such as pressure, temperature, etc.

coolant flow control

distribution of heat carrier in heating and hot water supply systems

water treatment for domestic hot water

protection of secondary heat networks from an increase in the parameters of the coolant

ensuring that the heating or hot water supply is turned off if necessary

control of coolant flow and other system parameters, automation and control

4.2.3 Arrangement of heat points

Below is a schematic diagram of a heat point

The coolant entering the TP through the supply pipeline of the heat input gives off its heat in the heaters of the hot water supply (DHW) and heating systems, and also enters the consumer ventilation system, after which it returns to the return pipeline of the heat input and is sent back to the heat generating enterprise through the main networks for reuse. Part of the coolant can be consumed by the consumer. To make up for losses in the primary heat networks at boiler houses and CHPPs, there are make-up systems, the sources of heat carrier for which are the water treatment systems of these enterprises.

The tap water entering the TP passes through the cold water pumps, after which part of the cold water is sent to consumers, and the other part is heated in the DHW first stage heater and enters the DHW circulation circuit. In the circulation circuit, water, using hot water circulation pumps, moves in a circle from the transformer substation to consumers and back, and consumers take water from the circuit as needed. When circulating around the circuit, the water gradually gives off its heat and in order to maintain the water temperature at a given level, it is constantly heated in the heater of the second DHW stage.

The heating system is also a closed circuit, along which the coolant moves with the help of heating circulation pumps from the heating substation to the building heating system and back. During operation, leakage of the coolant from the circuit of the heating system may occur. To make up for the losses, a heating substation feeding system is used, using primary heating networks as a source of heat carrier.