How to make a product drawing. How to make a drawing: step-by-step instructions, tips and tricks for making a quality drawing. Do-it-yourself upholstered furniture drawings

Since the clothes do not adhere to the body over its entire surface, in order to build the design of the product, in addition to measurements, allowances for free fit and decoration. The amount of allowance for freedom of fit takes into account the type of product, the air gap that provides freedom of movement, the thickness of the fabric, and the decorative and constructive additions that create a certain silhouette of the product depend not only on the type of product, but also on the model.

Increases are indicated by a capital letter P, lowercase letters (subscript) - the area to which the increase is given. The increase in our case is:

• to the half-girth of the chest - P g \u003d 6-8 cm;
• to the circumference of the shoulder - P op \u003d 5-7 cm;
• to the width of the neck - P shg \u003d 1.0 cm.

Building the basis of the drawing

The basis for constructing a drawing of any shoulder product is the construction of contour lines of product details: back, front, sleeves. The drawing is built on a basic grid, which is a vertical and horizontal lines that determine the overall size of the product in width and length.

Due to the fact that the human figure is symmetrical, the drawing is built at half the width of the product.

The contour of the drawing of the back is made up of the following constructive lines: the line of the neck of the back, the line of the shoulder, the line of the side, the line of the bottom (Fig. 58). In the design of a shoulder product with a one-piece sleeve, the drawing of the front differs from the drawing of the back only in a deeper neckline, therefore the front and back are built simultaneously on the same basic grid (Table 11).

Rice. 58. Structural lines of the drawing of the basis of the shoulder product

Table 11. Construction of a drawing of the basis of a shoulder product with a one-piece sleeve

Practical work No. 15

Construction of a drawing of the basis of a shoulder product with a one-piece sleeve

Tools and materials: work box, ruler, square, pattern, TM-2M pencil, eraser, graph paper.

1. Construct the basis of the drawing of the one-piece sleeve shoulder product at a scale of 1: 1, using table 12.
2. Find on the drawings of the front and back the lines of the shoulder, waist, bottom of the product, side, middle of the front, middle of the back, bottom of the sleeve and sign them.

New concepts

Allowances (increases) for free fitting, constructive lines.

Control questions

1. What details does the drawing of a shoulder product with a one-piece sleeve consist of? 2. What is the difference between the drawing of the back and the drawing of the front? 3. On what measurements does the size of the base grid of the drawing depend?

In this tutorial we will learn how to turn a photo into a drawing in blue colors using Adobe Photoshop. If you are not a fan of spending long hours creating such works in the original, this technique will help you "fake" them, creating the appearance of a working drawing. We'll use filters to create baselines from the original photo and then add mesh and textures to make it look more realistic.

Result

Open the photo in Adobe Photoshop. This particular photo is freely available and you can download it.

From the menu select Image > Adjustments > Desaturate / Image> Correction> Desaturate to make the photo black and white.

From the menu select Filter > Stylize > Find Edges/Filter> Stylize> Select Edges to create the baselines of the drawing.

The drawing we want to emit must be drawn in white on blue paper, so select Image > Adjustments > Invert from the menu, to invert the colors.

In the photograph, most often there will be unnecessary objects that we do not need in the drawing. Outline the house (or your object) with the Pen Tool, including only the parts you want to keep. Then right click on the path and choose Make Selection.

With the selection still selected, click on the Layer Mask icon at the bottom of the Layers palette. This will hide all unnecessary details, leaving only what is inside the selection.

Create a new layer and drag it below the house layer. Fill this new layer with dark blue #051340. Change the blending mode of the house layer to Screen. So the black color of this layer will become transparent.

Double click on the home layer to open layer styles and select Stroke. Set the Stroke Weight to 5px, Position to Inside, Blending Mode to Screen/Lightening and 100% Opacity/Opacity.

Now we want to add a grid. To do this, we will create a pattern. Create a new document about 80x80px in size. The size depends on the size of your document.

Create a new layer and turn off the visibility of the background layer. Using the marquee tool, select the 2px thin long rectangles along the top and left edges of the document and fill them with white.

Press CMD/Ctrl+D to deselect, then choose Edit > Define Pattern from the menu. Name the pattern so that you can easily identify it later.

Close the document and return to our main document. Create a new layer and grab the Fill tool. In the drop-down menu in the settings panel, select the Pattern fill option / Pattern, then select the pattern we just created. Click anywhere in the document to fill it.

Use the marquee/rectangular area tool to create a selection around the main composition along the outline of the cells. Right click and select Stroke, then set the width to 5px, White color and position Center / Center.

With the same tool, select the areas outside of the frame we just created and press delete to clear them.

Give the mesh layer a mask. Hold ALT and click on the mask to edit its content. Download and open one of the dusty and scratched textures, then paste it into the mask. Scale and rotate it as needed.

Grab the Selection tool and click in the document to exit mask editing mode. Select the layer mask and hit CMD/Ctrl+L to open the Levels adjustment. Move the sliders as shown in the picture above.

We complete our work with the effect old paper. Download one of them, paste into the document, scale to right size, then desaturate and invert the colors.

Change the blending mode of the paper layer to Screen / Lighten.

Result

Translation - Desk

Make a drawing, draw a drawing... Not so long ago, these abilities were almost not available to those who do not have special "spatial thinking". If you are looking for where can i make a drawing then you have come to the right place.

If the drawing is made correctly, by a competent specialist, then for sure the part made according to such a drawing will perform its task with high quality, no matter how obvious it may sound.

The company "Modeler" will make the drawings as quickly as possible. How? For the customer to receive quick drawing, we can:

• use a sample of a product or part (we measure products and parts);
• design and develop new structures and make drawings;
• use working drawings, drawings for the production of products;
• create drawings for quotation.

We design for:

For whatever purpose our customers need draw a drawing, they must understand: our company performs any kind, be it detail drawing, Assembly drawing, drawing general view, theoretical, overall, assembly, wiring– all these drawings can be ordered by customers from the company and can be expected to be completed in at its best, and most importantly:

Need to make drawings? Contact us!

How to make a drawing or where can I make a drawing?

What conditions are necessary for a drawing to be correct and well executed? In order to have confidence in the correctness of the drawing, there is special standard: ESKD. How to make a drawing correctly, taking into account the requirements of ESKD, is taught to all engineers in technical universities. The Modeler Company employs only such engineers: those with a specialized technical higher education.

Of course, you may doubt the correctness of your drawing, but the verification of all drawings made in our company is prescribed in the STO (organization standard) - therefore, let questions like "how to make a drawing" or "how to do good drawing» you don't care anymore!

Make a drawing: price

Now that we've covered a lot of useful information, our potential clients should be left with a few questions: how much does it cost to make a drawing? And further: where to draw?

We are sure that if you read carefully, then question number two has disappeared by itself! Not dropped, and you still think: "Where to make a drawing to order", or "Where can I make a drawing"? Well, of course, in the Modeler Company! And the answer to question number one is this: call us, our managers will tell you, how much does it cost to make a drawing in your situation and for your product.

The main questions that people ask when they need to order drawings are:

• where can i make a drawing?
• how to make drawings with your own hands?
• how to make a drawing with dimensions?
• how to make a simple drawing

Quotation drawing

If our customer is interested in such a popular type of service as drawing for quotation, - then this type of drawings becomes available with the company "Modeler"!

Contact us by phone or fill out an application on the website, and we will contact you. Order a drawing in one click!

Do you need to draw a drawing? Contact us!

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IN recent years for the creation of an individual design of a dwelling, an interior, more and more often people are taken literally with their own hands. And if they start with accessories and decor items, the gradual transition to the manufacture of more complex things is not long in coming. It can be furniture for the kitchen, living room, hallway, children's room.

For this you need to understand general principle interior design process. The basis of the basics is a good sketch. If drawing skills are not perfect, it is better to look at furniture sketches on the Internet or specialized magazines. It is not necessary to repeat exactly the same, you can transform this or that object to suit your needs.

You can consider taking measurements using the example of creating kitchen set with your own hands.

Measurements have their own laws, because drawings are based precisely on correctly measured parameters:

• If you are making a kitchen set, or some kind of thing for the kitchen, you need to know the length of the walls.
• Then the height of the walls of the room is measured.
• If the basis is standard sizes kitchen cabinets, they will be as follows: height floor cabinet- 85 cm, depth - about 50 cm, width from 30 to 80 cm.
• Wall cabinets are made either according to the same parameters, or in a reduced version.
• Distance from wall cabinet to the floor - 65 cm.

All figures are only a standard, average size, which can be changed according to the characteristics of the kitchen and the height of the hostess. next moment- entering dimensions household appliances that fills the kitchen.

Now these dimensions need to be transferred to paper. Today, this can not be done manually; drawings are often drawn up in special graphic programs.

Furniture drawing library (video)

Correct sizing

Each piece of kitchen set is calculated separately. All elements are detailed, painted by component parts. Eg, cabinet for the kitchen signs as follows:

• Back panel - size;
• Side walls - size;
• Doors - size;
• Shelves - size.

Drawers are detailed separately. Places of fastening of accessories are designated. All dimensions are indicated with strict accuracy so that the drawings are error-free.

Do-it-yourself upholstered furniture drawings

To create upholstered furniture, it is tedious not only to create a drawing with your own hands, but also to choose the right materials. And in the list the right materials include:

• boards,
• bars,
• Filler,
• upholstery fabric,
• Sheets of fiberboard and chipboard,
• bars,
• Leg-split,
• sharp knife
• Drill,
• screwdriver,
• stapler,
• sewing machine,
• threads,
• self-tapping screws,
• Screwdrivers,
• Pliers,
• Glue,
• miter box,
• Keys in a set
• Hand saw.

Having even small skills in creating simple designs and using these tools, you can understand even more complex technology. The success of an enterprise will depend on how quality materials you are using.

Cushioned furniture requires a filler, a synthetic winterizer is ideal for this purpose. A good alternative to horsehair, but the cost of the latter seriously exceeds the cost of synthetic winterizer. Foam rubber is also suitable, the only remark is to choose foam rubber sheets of medium elasticity.

Work begins with the creation of a frame. When individual elements are created, and drawings are required. Parts are marked on the material, after which the blanks are cut.

The first fitting will show whether the design and drawings match - the parts must fit together. If there is no match, you need to correct the details immediately.

DIY kitchen corner (video)

Benefits of handcrafted furniture

Whether for the kitchen, or for another room, interior items are made, such designs have undoubted advantages:

• High quality- since you yourself choose the material, accessories, control all stages of the creation process;
• Significant cost savings- purchase of materials, that's all the expenses;
• Creation of a single interior ensemble- it is easier to make the interior harmonious with furniture created by oneself;
• Gaining experience and moral satisfaction from the work done.

In addition, non-standard room sizes, corners and ledges require appropriate furniture.

Special design programs

These programs greatly simplify the design process. They help to make the correct calculation of the sizes and not only. With the help of programs you can:

• Create Sketch certain thing;
• Create a design project, for example, a kitchen set;
• Narrow your choice of materials up to a certain category;
• Choose decor options, finishes, accessories;
• Build 3Dmodel future design;
• Optimal placement of parts on the sheet- precise cutting sheet material;
• Control the cutting process material.

In a word, you can computerize the entire process, thereby ensuring that mistakes are avoided, and everything that is difficult to do with your own hands can be done on a computer.

Creating a kitchen project using KitchenDraw on a computer (video)

Conclusion

Creating any interior items is not an easy task, but it is quite feasible for a non-professional. Accuracy of measurements, drawings, armament with modern computer programs design will simplify this process and allow you to create a really high-quality, original thing, which will serve the owners for a long time.

product name any item or set of items of production to be manufactured at the enterprise.

GOST 2.101-88* establishes the following types of products:

• Details;
• Assembly units;
• Complexes;
• Kits.

When studying the course "Engineering Graphics", two types of products are offered for consideration: parts and assembly units.

Detail- a product made from a material that is homogeneous in name and brand, without the use of assembly operations.

For example: a sleeve, a molded body, a rubber cuff (non-armored), a piece of cable or wire of a given length. Parts also include products subjected to coatings (protective or decorative), or manufactured using local welding, soldering, gluing stitching. For example: case covered with enamel; chrome-plated steel screw; a box glued from one sheet of cardboard, etc.

assembly unit- a product consisting of two or more constituent parts, interconnected at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations (screwing, welding, soldering, riveting, expanding, gluing, etc.).

For example: machine tool, gearbox, welded body, etc.

complexes- two or more specified products not connected at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations, but intended to perform interrelated operational functions, for example, an automatic telephone exchange, an anti-aircraft complex, etc.

Kits- two or more specified items that are not connected at the manufacturing plant by assembly operations and represent a set of items that have a common operational purpose of an auxiliary nature, for example, a set of spare parts, a set of tools and accessories, a set of measuring equipment, etc.

The production of any product begins with the development of design documentation. Based on the terms of reference, the design organization develops preliminary design, containing the necessary drawings of the future product, an accounting and explanatory note, analyzes the novelty of the product, taking into account the technical capabilities of the enterprise and the economic feasibility of its implementation.

The draft design serves as the basis for the development of working design documentation. Full set design documentation defines the composition of the product, its structure, the interaction of its components, the design and material of all its parts and other data necessary for the assembly, manufacture and control of the product as a whole.

Assembly drawing- a document containing an image of an assembly unit and the data necessary for its assembly and control.

General view drawing- a document that defines the design of the product, the interaction of its components and the principle of operation of the product.

Specification- a document defining the composition of the assembly unit.

A general view drawing has an assembly unit number and a SB code.

For example: assembly unit code (Figure 9.1) ТМ.0004ХХ.100 СБ the same number, but without the code, has the specification (Figure 9.2) of this assembly unit. Each product included in the assembly unit has its own item number indicated on the general view drawing. By the position number in the drawing, you can find the name, designation of this part, as well as the quantity in the specification. In addition, the note may indicate the material from which the part is made.

9.2. The sequence of execution of drawings of parts

Detail drawing is a document containing an image of a part and other data necessary for its manufacture and control.

Before making a drawing, it is necessary to find out the purpose of the part, design features, find mating surfaces. On the training drawing of the part, it is enough to show the image, dimensions and grade of the material.

1. Select main image (see ).
2. Set the number of images - views, sections, sections, remote elements, which unambiguously give an idea of ​​the shape and dimensions of the part, and supplementing the main image with any information, remembering that the number of images in the drawing should be minimal and sufficient.
3. Select the image scale according to GOST 2.302-68. For images on working drawings, a scale of 1:1 is preferred. The scale on the detail drawing does not always have to match the scale of the assembly drawing. Large and not complex details can be drawn on a reduction scale (1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5, etc.), small elements are better depicted on an enlargement scale (2:1; 2.5 :1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; etc.).
4. Select a drawing format. The format is selected depending on the size of the part, the number and scale of images. Images and inscriptions should occupy approximately 2/3 of the working area of ​​the format. The working field of the format is limited by a frame in strict accordance with GOST 2.301-68 * for the design of drawings. The main inscription is located in the lower right corner (on A4 format, the main inscription is located only along the short side of the sheet);
5. Execute the layout of the drawing. For rational filling of the format field, it is recommended to outline the overall rectangles of the selected images with thin lines, then draw the axes of symmetry. The distance between the images and the format frame should be approximately the same. It is selected taking into account the subsequent drawing of extension, dimension lines and corresponding inscriptions.
6. Draw detail. Apply extension and dimension lines in accordance with GOST 2.307-68. After completing the drawing of the part with thin lines, remove the extra lines. Having chosen the thickness of the main line, circle the images, observing the ratio of lines in accordance with GOST 3.303-68. The outline must be clear. After the stroke, make the necessary inscriptions and put down the numerical values ​​​​of the dimensions above the dimension lines (preferably with a font size of 5 according to GOST 2.304-68).
7. Fill in the title block. At the same time, indicate: the name of the part (assembly unit), the material of the part, its code and number, by whom and when the drawing was made, etc. (Figure 9.1)

Stiffeners, knitting needles in longitudinal sections are shown not shaded.

Figure 9.1 - Working drawing of the part "Body"

9.3. Dimensioning

Dimensioning is the most critical part of working on a drawing, as incorrectly affixed and redundant dimensions lead to marriage, and lack of dimensions causes production delays. The following are some guidelines for dimensioning when making part drawings.

The dimensions of the part are measured using a gauge in the general view drawing of the assembly unit, taking into account the scale of the drawing (with an accuracy of 0.5 mm). When measuring largest diameter threads, it is necessary to round it up to the nearest standard, taken from the directory. For example, if the diameter of the metric thread by measurement is d=5.5mm, then it is necessary to accept the M6 ​​thread (GOST 8878-75).

9.3.1. Size classification

All sizes are divided into two groups: basic (conjugated) and free.

Main dimensions are included in the dimensional chains and determine the relative position of the part in the assembly, they must provide:

• the location of the part in the node;
• the accuracy of the interaction of the assembled parts;
• assembly and disassembly of the product;
• interchangeability of parts.

An example is the dimensions of female and male elements of mating parts (Figure 9.2). The common contact surfaces of two parts have the same nominal size.

free sizes parts are not included in the dimensional chains. These dimensions define surfaces of the part that do not connect to the surfaces of other parts, and therefore they are performed with less accuracy (Figure 9.2).

A– enclosing surface; B– covered surface;

IN- free surface; d- nominal size

Figure 9.2

9.3.2. Dimensioning Methods

The following sizing methods apply:

• chain;
• coordinate;
• combined.

At chain method (Figure 9.3), the dimensions are put down sequentially one after the other. With this dimensioning, each step of the roller is processed independently, and the technological base has its own position. At the same time, the accuracy of the execution of the size of each element of the part is not affected by errors in the execution of previous dimensions. However, the total size error consists of the sum of the errors of all sizes. Drawing dimensions in the form of a closed chain is not allowed, unless one of the chain dimensions is indicated as a reference. Reference dimensions in the drawing are marked with * and are written in the field: "* Dimensions for reference» (Figure 9.4).

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

At coordinate In this method, dimensions are put down from the selected bases (Figure 9.5). With this method, there is no summation of sizes and errors in the location of any element relative to one base, which is its advantage.

Figure 9.5

Combined the dimensioning method is a combination of chain and coordinate methods (Figure 9.6). It is used when high precision is required in manufacturing individual elements details.

Figure 9.6

According to their purpose, the dimensions are divided into overall, connecting, installation and constructive.

Dimensional dimensions determine the limiting external (or internal) outlines of the product. They are not always applied, but they are often listed for reference, especially for large castings. Overall dimension not applied on bolts and studs.

Connecting And installation dimensions determine the dimensions of the elements by which this product is installed at the installation site or attached to another. These dimensions include: the height of the center of the bearing from the plane of the base; distance between hole centers; center circle diameter (Figure 9.7).

A group of dimensions that define the geometry of individual elements of a part intended to perform a function, and a group of dimensions for elements of a part, such as chamfers, grooves (the presence of which is caused by processing or assembly technology), are performed with different accuracy, so their dimensions are not included in one dimensional chain (Figure 9.8, a, b).

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8, a

Figure 9.8, b

9.4. Making a drawing of a part that has the shape of a body of revolution

Parts that have the shape of a body of revolution, in the vast majority (50-55% of the number of original parts) are found in mechanical engineering, because rotational movement is the most common type of movement of elements of existing mechanisms. In addition, such details are technologically advanced. These include shafts, bushings, discs, etc. processing of such parts is carried out on lathes, where the axis of rotation is horizontal.

Therefore, parts having the shape of a body of revolution are placed in the drawings so that axis of rotation was parallel to the title block of the drawing(stamp). The end face of the part, taken as the technological basis for processing, is desirable to be located on the right, i.e. as it will be located when processing on the machine. The working drawing of the sleeve (Figure 9.9) shows the execution of the part, which is the surface of revolution. outdoor and internal surfaces parts are limited to surfaces of revolution and planes. Another example would be the "Shaft" part (Figure 9.10) bounded by coaxial surfaces of revolution. The centerline is parallel to the title block. The sizes are put down in the combined way.

Figure 9.9 - Working drawing of the detail of the surface of revolution

Figure 9.10 - Working drawing of the part "Shaft"

9.5. Making a drawing of a part made from a sheet

This type of parts includes gaskets, covers, strips, wedges, plates, etc. Details of this form are processed different ways(stamping, milling, planing, cutting with scissors). Flat parts made of sheet material are depicted, as a rule, in one projection that defines the contour of the part (Figure 9.11). The thickness of the material is indicated in the main inscription, but it is recommended to indicate it again on the image of the part, on the drawing - s3. If the part is bent, then often a scan is shown in the drawing.

Figure 9.11 - Drawing of a flat part

9.6. Execution of a drawing of a part made by casting, followed by machining

Forming by casting makes it possible to obtain a rather complex shape of a part, with virtually no loss of material. But after casting, the surface is quite rough, therefore, the working surfaces require additional machining.

Thus, we obtain two groups of surfaces - foundry (black) and processed after casting (clean).

Casting process: molten material is poured into the mold, after cooling, the workpiece is removed from the mold, for which most of the surfaces of the workpiece have casting slopes, and the mating surfaces have casting radii of fillets.

Casting slopes can not be depicted, and casting radii must be depicted without fail. The dimensions of the casting radii of roundings are indicated in technical requirements drawing by writing, for example: Unspecified casting radii 1.5 mm.

The main feature of applying dimensions: since there are two groups of surfaces, that is, two groups of sizes, one connects all black surfaces, the other - all clean ones, and for each coordinate direction it is allowed to put down only one dimension connecting these two groups of sizes.

In Figure 9.12, these dimensions are: on the main image - the size of the cover height - 70, on the top view - size 10 (from the bottom end of the part) (highlighted in blue).

When casting, a casting material is used (the letter L in the designation), which has increased fluidity, for example:

• steel according to GOST 977-88 (Steel 15L GOST 977-88)
• gray cast irons according to GOST 1412-85 (SCH 15 GOST 1412-85)
• foundry brass according to GOST 17711-93 (LTs40Mts1.5 GOST 17711-93)
• aluminum alloys according to GOST 2685-75 (AL2 GOST 2685-75)

Figure 9.12 - Drawing of a casting part

9.7. Drawing a spring

Springs are used to create certain forces in a given direction. According to the type of loading, springs are divided into compression, tension, torsion and bending springs; in shape - on helical cylindrical and conical, spiral, sheet, disc, etc. the rules for the execution of drawings of various springs are established by GOST 2.401-68. In the drawings, the springs are drawn conditionally. The coils of a helical cylindrical or conical spring are depicted by straight lines tangent to the sections of the contour. It is allowed to depict only sections of coils in a section. The springs are shown with right-hand coiling, indicating in the technical requirements the true direction of the coils. An example of a spring training drawing is shown in Figure 9.13.

In order to obtain flat supporting surfaces on the spring, the extreme turns of the spring are pressed by ¾ of a turn or by a whole turn and polished. Preloaded turns are not considered working, therefore the total number of turns n is equal to the number of working turns plus 1.5÷2:n 1 =n+(1.5÷2) (Figure 9.14).

The construction begins with drawing axial lines passing through the centers of the sections of the coils of the spring (Figure 9.15, a). Then, on the left side of the center line, a circle is drawn, the diameter of which is equal to the diameter of the wire from which the springs are made. The circle is tangent to the horizontal line on which the spring rests. Then it is necessary to draw a semicircle from the center located at the intersection of the right axis with the same horizontal line. To build each subsequent coil of the spring on the left, at a distance of a step, sections of the coils are built. On the right, each section of the coil will be located opposite the middle of the distance between the coils built on the left. By drawing tangents to the circles, a sectional image of the spring is obtained, i.e. the image of the coils lying behind the plane passing through the axis of the spring. For the image of the front halves of the turns, tangents to the circles are also drawn, but with a rise to the right (Figure 9.15, b). The front quarter of the reference turn is built so that the tangent to the semicircle touches simultaneously the left circle in the lower part. If the wire diameter is 2 mm or less, then the spring is depicted by lines 0.5 ÷ 1.4 mm thick. When drawing helical springs with more than four turns, one or two turns are shown from each end, except for the reference ones, drawing axial lines through the centers of the sections of the turns along the entire length. On the working drawings, helical springs are depicted so that the axis has a horizontal position.

As a rule, a test diagram is placed on the working drawing, showing the dependence of deformations (tension, compression) on the load (P 1; P 2; P 3), where H 1 is the height of the spring during preliminary deformation P 1; H 2 - the same, with a working deformation P 2; H 3 - spring height at maximum deformation Р 3; H 0 - the height of the spring in working condition. In addition, under the image of the spring indicate:

• Spring standard number;
• winding direction;
• n is the number of working turns;
• The total number of turns is n;
• The length of the deployed spring L=3.2×D 0 ×n 1;
• Dimensions for reference;
• Other technical requirements.

Figure 9.13 - Working drawing of the spring

A	b

Figure 9.14. Images of preloaded coils of the spring

Figure 9.15. Spring Image Sequence

9.8. Making a gear drawing

A gear wheel is the most important component of many designs of devices and mechanisms designed to transmit or convert motion.

The main elements of the gear wheel: hub, disk, ring gear (Figure 9.16).

Figure 9.16 - Elements of the gear

Tooth profiles are normalized by relevant standards.

The main parameters of the gear are (Figure 9.17):

m=Pt/ π [ mm] – module;

da= mst(Z+2) is the diameter of the circle of the tops of the teeth;

d= mst Z- dividing diameter;

df= mst (Z- 2.5) - diameter of the circumference of the depressions;

St= 0.5 mstπ is the width of the tooth;

h a- height of the tooth head;

h f– height of the tooth stem;

h = h a + h f– tooth height;

P t- divisive circumferential step.

Figure 9.17 - Gear parameters

The main characteristic of the toothed rim is the modulus - the coefficient connecting the circumferential pitch with the number π. The module is standardized (GOST 9563-80).

m = P t/ π [mm]

On the training drawings of gears:

Tooth head height h a = m;

Tooth pedicle height h f = 1.25m;

The roughness of the working surfaces of the tooth - Ra 0.8[µm];

At the top right of the sheet, a parameter table is made, the dimensions of which are shown in Figure 9.18, often only the module value, the number of teeth and the pitch diameter are filled in.

Figure 9.18 - Table of parameters

The teeth of the wheel are depicted conditionally, according to GOST 2.402-68 (Figure 9.19). The dash-dotted line is the dividing circle of the wheel.

In section, the tooth is shown undissected.

A	b	V

Figure 9.19 - Image of a gear wheel a - in section, b - in front view and c - in left view

Roughness on the side work surface the tooth in the drawing is affixed to the pitch circle.

An example of a gear drawing is shown in Figure 9.20.

Figure 9.20 - An example of a training drawing of a gear

9.9. General arrangement drawing reading sequence

1. According to the data contained in the main inscription and the description of the operation of the product, find out the name, purpose and principle of operation of the assembly unit.
2. According to the specification, determine which assembly units, original and standard products the proposed product consists of. Find on the drawing the number of parts indicated in the specification.
3. According to the drawing, present the geometric shape, the relative position of the parts, the methods of their connection and the possibility of relative movement, that is, how the product works. To do this, it is necessary to consider all images of this part in the general view drawing of the assembly unit: additional views, sections, sections, and detail elements.
4. Determine the sequence of assembly and disassembly of the product.

When reading a general view drawing, it is necessary to take into account some simplifications and conditional images in the drawings allowed by GOST 2.109-73 and GOST 2.305-68 *:

On the general view drawing it is allowed not to show:

• chamfers, fillets, grooves, recesses, protrusions and other small elements (Figure 9.21);
• gaps between the rod and the hole (Figure 9.21);
• covers, shields, casings, partitions, etc. at the same time, an appropriate inscription is made above the image, for example: “Cover pos. 3 is not shown”;
• inscriptions on plates, scales, etc. depict only the contours of these parts;
• on the section of the assembly unit, different metal parts have opposite hatching directions, or different hatching density (Figure 9.21). It must be remembered that for the same part, the density and direction of all hatches are the same in all projections;
• on sections they show not dissected:
  • component parts of the product, for which independent assembly drawings are issued;
  • details such as axles, shafts, pins, bolts, screws, studs, rivets, handles, as well as balls, dowels, washers, nuts (Figure 9.21);
• a welded, soldered, glued product made of a homogeneous material assembled with other products in the section has hatching in one direction, while the boundaries between the parts of the product are shown by solid lines;
• it is allowed to show evenly spaced identical elements (bolts, screws, holes) not all, one is enough;
• if not a single hole, connection falls into the cutting plane, then it is allowed to “turn” it so that it falls into the section image.

On the assembly drawings, reference, installation, and performance dimensions are affixed. Executive these are the dimensions for those elements that appear during the assembly process (for example, pin holes).

Figure 9.21 - Assembly drawing

Figure 9.22 - Specification

9.10. Rules for filling out the specification

The specification for training assembly drawings, as a rule, includes the following sections:

1. Documentation;
2. Complexes;
3. Assembly units;
4. Details;
5. Standard products;
6. Other products;
7. materials;
8. Kits.

The name of each section is indicated in the column "Name", underlined with a thin line and highlighted with empty lines.

1. In the "Documentation" section, design documents for the assembly unit are entered. In this section in the training drawings enter the "Assembly drawing".
2. The sections "Assembly units" and "Details" include those components of the assembly unit that are directly included in it. In each of these sections, the constituent parts are recorded by their name.
3. In the section "Standard products" write down products used according to state, industry or republican standards. Within each category of standards, the record is made in homogeneous groups, within each group - in alphabetical order of product names, within each name - in ascending order of standard designations, and within each standard designation - in ascending order of the main parameters or dimensions of the product.
4. In the "Materials" section, all materials that are directly included in the assembly unit are entered. Materials are recorded by type and in the sequence specified in GOST 2.108 - 68. Within each type, materials are recorded in alphabetical order of the names of materials, and within each name - in ascending size and other parameters.

In the column "Quantity" indicate the number of components per one specified product, and in the section "Materials" - the total amount of materials per one specified product with indication of units of measurement - (for example, 0.2 kg). Units of measurement may be recorded in the "Note" column.

How to create a specification in the KOMPAS-3D program is described in the corresponding topic !