Ways of fastening ladder elements. How to independently install bowstrings for stairs, taking into account the features of fastening and marking

Bowstring stairs are often installed in multi-level apartments and in private houses. This traditional stair design is different from other options high level reliability, and, in some cases, attractive appearance. For experienced craftsmen installation of stairs on bowstrings does not present any problem.

But, at self-fulfillment work, you will need a photo or video installation instructions to minimize the number of questions that arise during installation. In addition, you should study in advance all the features of fastening and marking, as well as the basic rules for their arrangement. Consider not only the essence of the concept, but also existing species structures, as well as possible technologies for their self-manufacturing.

Types of stairs

Bowstrings - side elements of the ladder structure that hold the steps and act as limiters. It is worth noting that in different form bowstrings are present in almost all designs.

Variety of models:

1. Attached. The simplest option of all possible. Most often used on summer cottages. It includes only a few elements: transverse crossbars (steps) and side bowstrings. Anyone can make such a ladder with their own hands. A video instruction recorded by experienced craftsmen can help with this.
2. Folding attic. This model has two sections. In this case, the bowstring is folded. As connecting elements loops, carriages and other fasteners are used.
3. Screw. One of the most complex structures. The bowstring is located on the outside. Such models made of wood look very impressive.
4. Marching. The most common design. The bowstring in this case form a march and hold the steps.

Mounting options for steps

From the side it may seem that the stairs on the bowstrings look monotonous and uncomplicated. But, this is far from the case. There are a huge number of options for their design.

In order to pick best option installations, you should study possible ways installation steps:

1. Sliding steps are not just inserted into pre-made grooves, but gently slide into them. The cut recess should have not only an entrance for the steps, but also an exit to the outside. In these designs, the treads can be dismantled without disassembling the entire staircase structure.
2. Mortise steps - a standard technique for connecting treads and risers. A hole is cut in advance in the bowstring, into which a step is then hammered. In order to make grooves, you should use manual frezer. If there is no router, then you can take a chisel and a hammer. But, this method takes a lot of time. After the steps are fixed on one bowstring, the second element should be filled from the other edge.
3. The use of corners. This method involves the use of additional elements. In order not to waste time cutting corners, you can attach metal corners to the sidewalls. It is for these additional elements in the future, treads will be attached.

Bowstring for stairs: features of fastening and marking

If you plan to build a staircase with mortise steps, then the grooves are made with inside. Their depth should be in the range of 1.5 to 2 centimeters. After that, risers and treads are carefully inserted into the grooves. When working on your own, remember that the bowstring should have cutouts with even edges and the same depth.

Pay attention to marking the relative position of the grooves on the two support beams. If it is uneven, then in the future an unexpected distortion of the staircase structure may occur.

Experts recommend in such cases to make special templates cut from thin sheet plywood. To prevent the bowstring from turning into a kosour, the guides should be fixed at a distance of 50 millimeters from the pre-marked line.

The marking for the grooves is as follows. Longitudinal lines are drawn on the inside of the beam. From the edges of the beam, they should recede by 50 millimeters. If such a need arises, then this distance can be reduced to 30 millimeters. Next, the finished template is carefully moved along the edge using guides. The location of the steps is marked with a pencil.

Remember that when marking the bowstring of one ladder structure, the location of the grooves must be completely mirrored.

The lower and upper parts of the support beams must completely coincide with the levels of the floors. But this coincidence will be vertical or horizontal, it directly depends on the type of structure.

Experts who know all the features of fastening and marking do not recommend quickly sawing off excess ends. It is possible that they will be needed for tapping into a special support beam during final installation.

In order to get a reliable and very durable staircase on a bowstring, the fastening of the side elements is best done with the help of rods. It can be a wooden band on bolts or wedges, as well as a metal band on nuts. Tie rods are installed from two edges of the stairs and in its central part. These elements make it possible to avoid undesirable extension of the sidewalls, which occurs when walking on steps and with a high load on them.

DIY installation instructions

Determine the height of the structure, its dimensions and the number of steps. In order for you to get a bowstring, take a wooden stick of the required thickness. As noted above, cutting grooves should be done using templates.

When cutting grooves yourself, copy the marks from the template to the workpiece. Wood is processed with a special milling cutter with a nozzle of the required diameter.

After that, fix the inner bowstring at the construction site and connect all the elements of the steps. When the work is completed, on the second side, press the elements of the steps with another bowstring and gently tamp. Using glue and nails, you can make the structure more durable and reliable in use.

By installing strands, you can prevent unwanted loosening of the ladder structure. The strands are mounted at the rate of one per 5 steps.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that it is not so difficult to design a bowstring for a staircase with your own hands, as it might seem at first glance. Before using the ladder structure for its intended purpose, you should make sure that the fasteners are strong.

If necessary, additional vertical support elements can be installed. For this purpose, metal tubes or wooden beams are suitable. Models of stairs look interesting, which are mounted to the ceiling with the help of suspensions.

As for the fences, they can be installed both on the bowstring and on the steps themselves. It all depends on your aesthetic preferences. If you are not sure that you can do the job yourself, even with the help of video instructions, then it is better to contact specialists. The company "Stairs Master" employs masters who will perform all the tasks assigned to them not only quickly, but also with high quality. Such a bowstring for stairs is guaranteed to be reliable, durable and aesthetically attractive.

Making bowstrings for stairs is a complex process, because with large sizes design requires high precision. Often, these load-bearing elements, which are the basis for fastening the steps, have a complex configuration, therefore, in carpentry workshops for cutting parts, they most often work on modern CNC machines.

Wooden stairs on bowstrings are durable and are worthy decoration space at home. They can be performed in classical style and become a good addition to the loft interior.

How to make a staircase on bowstrings, how to attach steps and balusters to it, is described in detail in this article.

Ways to make a ladder on bowstrings with your own hands

There are several ways to install stairs on bowstrings. The most popular are free and wall-mounted stair bowstrings. The wall bowstring for the stairs can be seen only from one side of the stairs, and the free bowstring, otherwise called the light string, can be seen from all sides.

It is these properties that must be taken into account before making a ladder on a bowstring with your own hands and opting for any particular type of wood, as well as when processing the surface of wooden blanks.

The assembly of stairs on bowstrings differs from the assembly of the structure on stringers by the method of fastening. The steps of such stairs are inserted into the grooves of the supporting beams, which are called bowstrings. Sometimes only one bowstring is used in the design. In this case, the installation of the second side of the steps is made into the wall.

Ladders on bowstrings can be open and closed. stairs open type look lighter, and when creating closed structures, risers are used, thanks to which the staircase visually seems massive.

The most convenient and simple to create are stairs on bowstrings with a straight march, in which the steps are fastened between two straight beams - bowstrings. Such stairs can be single-flight and double-flight - depending on the size and design of the room. In addition, bowstring structures can be designed with an intermediate platform or winder steps. The shape of landings (rectangular, square or rounded) directly depends on the chosen design of the structure.

One of the requirements for mounting a ladder on a bowstring is the availability of free space. This factor, as well as the distance between the floors, determines the design. Depending on this, the type of fences will be selected.

One of the most simple designs stairs made of wood on bowstrings, as well as stairs on stringers, which is suitable for beginners, is considered to be attached (single-march straight). Tilt angle flight of stairs will depend on the amount of free space for the structure and on the height of the floor.

If there is not enough space, then it is recommended to build a two-flight straight staircase with winders or an intermediate platform. Thanks to this, you can save useful floor space. In addition, this ladder is very convenient to use.

Do-it-yourself ladders on bowstrings can be made with risers, although the latter are rarely used in this type of structure. Due to the absence of these elements, the stairs look lighter and not as massive.

As for the decor, in the stairs to the second floor, mounted on bowstrings, the supporting beams, as well as the stringers, may well act as decorative elements.

If desired, they can be arranged, for example, using artistic carving on wood. good decoration is forging metal, which is attached to a bowstring made of wood.

Railings play an important role in the design concept of the flight of stairs. They can be made of wood or wood with forging elements, of stainless steel. Railings are usually light, so the stairs look even more "transparent".

Another distinguishing feature of the design of stairs on bowstrings is the ability to place balusters in any order and at any frequency, which is problematic to do in stairs on stringers, in which the order is more limited.

Handmade wooden stairs with bowstrings are distinguished by reliability and ease of use. They are safe and durable, because, despite the apparent lightness, they are able to withstand significant loads.

The basic principles of building a ladder structure on bowstrings do not differ from building a ladder on stringers. Openings, supporting bowstrings on the lower and upper beams are built according to the same principles as when installing stairs on stringers.

The main difference lies in the way the steps are supported. In the stairs on the stringers, the steps rest on the boards from above, and in the stairs on the bowstrings, the steps are located between the boards (strings). When a step is subjected to a vertical load, the tread flexes downward and then straightens out. At the same time, a thrust is formed at its ends. To prevent the bowstrings from spreading to the sides, it is recommended to connect them with a metal bar with a diameter of 8-12 mm with threads at the ends and nuts. You can also use strands of other designs.

One of the common designs is a staircase with mortise steps. When erecting it, cutouts are made in the bowstring - grooves 15-20 mm deep, into which treads and risers will be inserted. For a snug fit, the tread grooves of the bowstring should be with even planes and the same depth.

Watch the video "Ladder on strings", which shows various ways installations of such structures:

How to properly mark and secure the bowstring of the stairs

To prevent distortion of the structure, Special attention attention should be paid to the accuracy of the marking of the grooves. Before marking the string of the stairs, prepare a template that is almost the same as the template for stringers made from a sheet of plywood. The only difference is that the wooden planks in this case must be nailed, keeping an indent of 50 mm. Otherwise, the bowstring will be cut to the very edge of the board, and it will thus become a stringer. The offset can be 40, 30 or 20 mm. In the process of marking, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the bowstrings are not the same elements, but are a mirror image of each other.

The correct marking of treads and risers is carried out by moving the template along the edge of the bowstring. To do this, a reference line is applied along the long edge of the bowstring at a distance of 50 mm from the edge of the board (or at a selected distance). When moving the template along the bowstring, a line of steps is marked with a pencil, the tops of which should lie on the reference line of the bowstring. At the ends of the bowstring, the extended tread marking line will correspond to the floor level, and on the other hand, the perpendicular to the top of the riser line will correspond to the floor level of the second floor or intermediate floor. These ends are sometimes advised to cut off immediately, but still it is better to try on the bowstring in place. It is likely that the ends of the bowstrings will be used for tapping into the ceiling. Grooves for treads can be made independently using hand tool, but it is advisable to use a manual milling machine.

Regardless of the material of manufacture of the bowstring (solid board or modified wood), the grooves for the steps must be selected obliquely to the direction of the fibers. To perform a high-quality groove, it is recommended to use a power tool and mill the bowstrings using a plywood stencil.

And how to fix the bowstring of the stairs, which, for example, consists of 18 lifts without intermediate platforms for attaching treads? To do this, use 3-4 tension bolts passing through both bowstrings. Directly into the tread, the installation of their shortened versions takes place.

The use of tension bolts in the tread is a task for professionals, but if all the rules are observed, even a beginner can handle it.

Making a stencil for marking the bowstring of the stairs

When making a stencil for marking the bowstring of a ladder, two bars should be nailed to a rectangular piece of plywood parallel to the edges of the bowstring so that the distance between them is equal to the width of the bowstring. Next, the stencil must be placed on the bowstring and draw a reference line on it. Then you should remove the slats from the step template and place it on the stencil for the grooves so that the reference lines coincide. It is necessary to draw lines that will correspond to the sides of the step. The tread should be placed on the stencil to the tread line and circled around it. If necessary, you can expand the hole by a distance equal to the gap between the cutter and the round flange of the milling machine.

To tread with a drill and a jigsaw, you need to make an enlarged hole in the stencil. The bowstring should be put on the goats and a stencil should be installed on it. Then the line of the first tread must be aligned with the tread line of the stencil and temporarily nail the stencil to the bowstring. After that, you should go through the bowstring with a cutter to a depth of 15-20 mm in several passes. When the work is finished, it is recommended to process the corners of the grooves with a chisel.

Immediately before assembling the stairs on the bowstrings, the end of the step and the groove should be smeared with glue. Exists a large number of types of adhesives for wooden surfaces. In this case, almost anyone will do, the main thing is to carefully read the instructions before using it.

When mounting the connection on wedges, the grooves of the bowstring should be expanded with a slope towards the back so that they acquire a trapezoidal shape.

Installation of stairs: ways to fasten the steps to the bowstring

The tread, inserted into the grooves, is to be wedged from below with wooden wedges, which press it against the upper side of the recess. To increase the strength of the connection, the tread must be additionally attached to the bowstring with screws that are attached from the outside.

The heads of the screws must be sunk into the wood of the bowstring and puttied. You can also screw the screws deep into the wood, seal the holes with wooden plugs and grind. There are other ways of attaching steps to bowstrings. So, for example, treads are attached to them using bars of square and triangular cross-section, using surfboards, or using steel fasteners. In such cases, the bowstrings of the stairs must be made of planed boards, be smooth, without grooves. Short bars or surfs are usually attached to them from the inside with screws, and the steps are mounted directly to them.

mount in wooden stairs on bowstrings, treads and risers between themselves can be made in several ways, similar to fastening stairs along stringers.

The next section of the article is devoted to how to attach balusters to the bowstring of the stairs.

Proper fastening of balusters to the bowstring of a wooden staircase to the second floor

When arranging stair turns on bowstrings that do not have interfloor platforms, you can use a central support post or dock the bowstring on the railing balusters. Plug-in swivel fittings are also permitted.

Proper joining of the stair bowstrings on the balusters not only provides a strong and reliable connection, but is also a beautiful and elegant building solution.

When attaching balusters to the bowstring of a staircase, stresses that usually appear on load-bearing elements structures (at the bottom of the stairs), are transferred to the fences (at the top of the structure).

Thus, the whole structure works on the load when using the stairs; bowstrings, balusters and fencing. A single rigid spatial system is formed.

The articulation of bowstrings on swivel fittings is technically more complex. It allows you not to limit the design of stairs to one type of railing. By itself, this knot is a truncated likeness of a joint on balusters, without an upper power belt. The swivel baluster, on which the bowstring was joined, is here replaced with short pieces of bowstrings. But the requirements for such nodes are increased: especially for the quality of the tie-ins and the material of the bowstrings.

Double-flight staircase on bowstrings: assembly and installation of the structure

Strengthening the bowstrings of two-flight stairs can be done in a similar way. It is necessary to fix the central support baluster on the landing beam, into which the internal bowstrings of the ascending and descending marches will be inserted.

Also, bowstrings can be bolted to its side faces. And the wall bowstrings should then be nailed to the wall.

The second option is the fastening of two racks of reduced section to the platform beam. In one of them you need to cut the bowstring of the ascending march with a spike, and in the other - the bowstring of the descending march.

Most often, modified wood (glued boards) is used to create bowstrings, and all tie-ins are made using glue.

It must be borne in mind that the nodes of the stairs on wooden joints can lead to creaking and gradual loosening of the nodes. Therefore, if the craftsman does not have sufficient experience in carpentry, it is recommended to use metal ties to connect the bowstrings, which are able to fix the joints for the entire life of the structure.

A ladder on bowstrings is a type of construction that involves the installation of treads into the grooves of the bowstring to a depth of 20-25 mm. The cutting of these grooves is usually done by gouging, cutting or using a milling cutter.

There are the following types of steps:

• mortise,
• inserted into grooves;
• inserted into through grooves, pre-hollowed out in a bowstring. They can be with or without risers.

The connection of the bowstring and steps occurs with the help of tension bolts. Threaded studs with a diameter of 10-14 mm can also be used. As a general rule, the tension screws should be located in the middle of the string, just below the tread.

When installing a curved ladder, the tension bolts, which are located on the line of its bend, should also be bent. Thus, they will be parallel to the front edge of the tread. In this case, the bolt nut will be perpendicular to the bowstring of the ladder. As a result, the nut will cut into stair string, and the hole on the other string can be masked with a decorative insert.

The video "Making ladders on bowstrings" will help you better cope with this task:

Stairs between floors country houses equipped with load-bearing beams, which are kosour or bowstring. Both designs are quite reliable, but differ in the way the steps are attached to the beams. The best way to adapt to the surrounding interior is a staircase with a bowstring, in which the step must be fixed into the internal grooves.

The outer part hides the docking points, which does not spoil the appearance of the structure. The view of the stairs is even and inclined, the steps are located at the ends between the boards. You can buy ready-made wooden or metal stringer with a serrated edge, while fastening is carried out on the teeth for boards.

The size of the stairs with a stringer is more compact, but less reliable. Multi-storey housing owners choose different ways how to fasten the steps to the bowstring of a wooden staircase, while making them open or closed, with the organization of the riser. You can always buy finished project, but if desired, all work can be done by hand.

Staircase with bowstring

The staircase will be more reliable and convenient during active use if a fence is attached to it with balusters. Each support column is attached vertically to the handrail, connecting below to the beam in increments of no more than 15 centimeters. Such fastening is necessary for the safe placement of the fence and a minimum margin of safety.

The installation of a wooden staircase is carried out independently in a short time, but it is necessary to carefully choose the wood for the structure in order to prevent cracking and resin release over time. Reliable material and competent calculation allow you to install the ladder for a long time, while none of the details will let the owner down in terms of service life. Railings and landings, flights of stairs to any floor must be fixed with balusters, so the installation of this element is especially important.

It is possible to fasten balusters on stairs, at the base of which there is a bowstring, in any place, since fastening is carried out not on a step, but on a beam. Typically, the installation of racks is done from the outside in the sidewall of the carrier beam. In this case, screws are used, which are screwed into the grooves and covered with decorative dowels. On top of the edge on the lamella, a baluster is attached through a board, the size of which is larger than the bowstring. Such a baluster at the bottom has a groove that is put on the bowstring. Racks are screwed on top of this structure using self-tapping screws.

Experts recommend fixing the structure when attached to the bowstring with carpentry glue (to splice them together), and fastening with clamps. Balusters are planted on the beam with the help of dowels, round spikes for fasteners. It is necessary to pre-make a hole for them in the rack, avoiding backlash. The dowels are inserted tightly into the racks and fixed with an adhesive solution. The bowstring and railing are connected by the lower parts of the dowels.

How to fasten the racks to the bowstring?

To the surface of the support beam of the rack, you need to fasten with studs. This will require conventional drill and end saw. From the materials you will need the bowstring itself, fence posts, galvanized studs with a thread of at least M6, PVA glue in a tube. Typical work sequence:

• It is necessary to mark the places for attaching the railing in the form of racks. If selected complex design, the project is recommended to be checked by professionals;
• It is recommended to securely fasten the rack and cut off its lower corners, maintaining the angle of the inclined beam;
• Make holes with a diameter of 12 mm for a length of 80 mm;
• Push the pins into adhesive composition and insert into the holes, leaving 7 centimeters out;
• Make holes in the bowstring, for this the drill bit must be fixed up to 14 mm. Depth of work - 10cm;
• Balusters are inserted with studs, while the fixation process comes from the extreme pillars.

To the bowstring of the stairs, the step is attached by tie-in or mounting on supporting parts. These include special bars that are attached to the beam with screws on the tread. The tread itself is attached to the supports with the same screws.

Some experts recommend splicing a step. In this case, short bars are used for gluing, which makes the surface not solid, but with longitudinal and transverse seams. You can splice in a checkerboard pattern, which resembles the connection of parquet.

It is allowed to arrange a staircase with steps cut into the bowstring with grooves 2 cm deep. It is necessary to first mark them, stepping back from the edge of the edge, then insert a tread with a riser inside. by the most in a simple way is screwing the board from the end with a screw.

The ladder and its bowstring will be reliable and safe if the bowstrings are docked on the balusters. In this case, there are several sections in the beam, the fastening of which is made in baluster grooves.

All incoming load from the top of the stairs is transferred to the fence posts, so during operation the entire structure becomes a single system. Balusters, step and bowstring will be interconnected. The choice of step type does not affect the strength of the structure, but if the steps are spliced ​​together, the surface characteristics will be significantly improved.

Methods for attaching steps to a bowstring ladder

Mortise Mount

You can make a mortise type mount yourself using a drill and a hand mill, a chisel and a jigsaw, a screwdriver. It is also worth preparing screws, plywood, wood slats, risers and treads.

1. The bowstring must be marked with a plywood template, in which the tread is cut with or without a riser according to the size of the march;
2. Apply the reference line with an indent from the edge of the edge by 50mm;
3. Make fastening rails of the guide type, sliding along the top of the board. The template moves along the material in such a way that the tops of the zigzags of the step are located along the reference line;
4. Grooves are made in the bowstring, with the obligatory observance of the angle to the location of the fibers of the material. A reliable way to get the groove right is to use a stencil with a hole in the plywood. In this case, a jigsaw and a drill can be done right size holes;
5. The beam is placed on the goats, a stencil is placed on top of it so that the tread matches, a mount is made;
6. With a milling cutter in the clockwise direction, a groove is cut 20 cm deep, after which the corners are processed with a chisel;
7. Having made the required number of grooves, the ladder is assembled, each step in the groove is smeared with glue;
8. The risers and treads need to be fixed with a screw, each step is fastened to the bowstring with screws from the outside. A decorative cap is installed over the fastener.

Mounting with supports

Fastening steps using metal supports does not require milling. Of the tools you need only a hammer and a drill, nails, screws and metal corners. It is necessary to mark the tread according to the plywood template, then nail the support bar. Metal corners are fixed with screws using prepared holes. Each step is connected to the supporting element with a screw.

A staircase with a one-sided bowstring, when the second function is performed by a wall, is done as a fastening of steps and balusters. To do this, you need to make a bowstring, in which cut the mortise grooves with a milling cutter. Treads and risers are assembled into steps. The bottom of the step is attached to the groove on the support beam on one side, and on the other - to the baluster.

The lower racks are bolted to the floor, connecting the base of the lower step with screws. The installation of the second stage is carried out, fixed to the fence post (handrail). The back of the lower step is needed to support the front of the next step, and the middle is fixed to the uprights. This principle works for all steps in the ladder.

When choosing a design option for a staircase in a private house, you should pay attention to the stairs on bowstrings. This is perhaps the most classic way to perform. In addition, such a staircase can be made without risers, which will reduce material costs and facilitate construction. Of course, everyone knows what the steps look like. But here's how to properly cut the bowstring for attaching them? We will talk about this below.

What is a bowstring

The bowstring is a support bearing beams, located on the sides, with grooves cut out on the inside. The grooves are designed for mounting steps. There are usually two such load-bearing beams. But if the ladder on one side adjoins the wall, then in this case only one on the opposite side is required. From the side of the wall, fastening is carried out on the bolts.

There are stairs on a string with risers and without (open). At the same time, their absence will make the design lighter and less expensive, but in terms of reliability, it will be inferior.

Material

As building material for the bowstring of the stairs, wood or metal is most often used. Reinforced concrete is also suitable, but at home it will be difficult to make such a bowstring.

The best option is probably wood. Such a staircase looks great and there is no need to work with welding, which can ruin appearance the presence of seams.

When choosing wood, you should pay attention to the following species:

• Coniferous. The disadvantage of spruce, pine, fir and cedar will be the release of resin. This can affect how evenly the paint will lie. Although such breeds look great in natural color. In addition, they have good technical characteristics.
• Deciduous. This type of wood is chosen most often due to the ease of processing and painting. Among them are oak, maple, cherry and beech.

When choosing lumber for a future bowstring, it is necessary to calculate its dimensions so that the beam turns out to be solid, without splicing. The length and width must be in accordance with the design guidelines.

Bowstring calculation

For the calculation, a formula is used that depends on the step length. There are several rules for competent calculation:

• The human step is 63 centimeters long. Based on this, the optimal ratio will be in the formula for calculating: 2 step heights + step depth = 63 ± 3 centimeters.
• The most comfortable slope of the stairs is 30-40 degrees.
• The optimal step depth parameter is 28-30 centimeters. In the case when the bowstring is unable to provide the required depth, the step is made wider, compensating for the lack of a ledge.
• The optimal step height parameter is 15-20 centimeters.

As for the dimensions of the bowstring, they will depend on how long the future has. At the same time, there are standard sizes. A wooden support beam 90 centimeters wide must have a thickness of at least 4 centimeters and a width of 30 centimeters. A suitable level for cutting grooves is 2-3 centimeters.

It must be understood that the distance between the grooves and their width on the inner plane of the bowstring will set the characteristics of the span - the width and height of the step. In addition, these parameters also affect the angle of the slope of the stairs.

The minimum beam width will be 27.5 centimeters. This value is due to the need to leave a strip of bowstring above and below the steps with a width of at least 5 centimeters.

When marking the bowstring, it is taken into account that the number of steps will actually be less than the calculated one. This happens because the last rung of the stairs is the floor of the second floor. To mark the bowstring, you can use a ruler or a corner. But in this case there is a risk of error formation. It is best to prepare a special template.

Steps can be positioned relative to the bowstring in the following ways:

• The reference line is missing. For such a bowstring, the grooves are made open.
• With baseline. In this case, the tie-ins are made closed.
• With a reference line, but without tie-ins, but with the use of a support mount, overlays, corners.

The reference line is a line drawn along the entire length of the beam edge. It is located at a certain level, but not less than 50 mm. from the edge.

After all the details of the stairs are ready, it is necessary to treat them with antiseptics and soak them with a primer.

Manufacturing instructions

Before starting work, it is necessary to make calculations and prepare the required material. Next, markup is done. After that, you can start manufacturing.

The work will be carried out using the following tools:

• rulers, building level;
• jigsaw;
• manual milling machine;
• drills;
• hammer with a rubber tip.

The grooves are cut out after marking with a manual milling machine. These works will prepare the bowstring of the stairs for the installation of steps.

After that, the installation of the structure is carried out. The string of the stairs will adjoin two surfaces - the landing of the first floor and the ceiling or half of the second floor.

The maximum load in the design of the stairs falls on the lower support. There is a load at the top support vertical type if there are horizontal supports on the site.

The bowstring can be fastened against the wall. In this case, it is necessary to carefully measure the beam and saw off the top and bottom, where the supports pass to the floor and cross beam opening.

Most often, a design with mortise is used. grooves in support board make two centimeters. At the same time, it is important that they are all the same and even - this will help to avoid the "walking" of the step. It is best to use a template to mark the distance evenly. Plywood is suitable for its manufacture, to which planks are nailed with an indent of 5 cm from each corner.

Grooving can be done by hand, but it is better to cut the holes with a router. manual machine using a stencil.

Stencil making:

• A pair of bars is nailed so that they are parallel to the edge of the bowstring. It is necessary to maintain a distance between them equal to the width of the bowstring.
• A stencil is placed to draw a reference line coinciding with the beam.
• The stencil for steps is placed on the template for milling.
• Align support lines.
• Draw lines corresponding to the sides of the tread.
• The stencil for the step is moved to the tread line, circling the resulting markings with a marker.

After that, proceed to cutting holes. A jigsaw or drill is suitable for this. With their help, it is necessary to make holes a little larger than necessary. After that, the bowstrings are placed on the goats, and markings are applied using a stencil. Hole with a diameter of 15 or 20 mm. cut with a milling machine. In the corners pass with a chisel.

Installation is carried out in the following order:

• A march is assembled, which is laid on its side so that the wall bowstring is placed below. After that, a line is drawn from the inside of the riser and the upper step.
• Next, a line is drawn connecting the rear edge of the frieze tread to the level of the plinth. Often this line is 7.5 cm long.
• Now you need to remove the top riser. The bowstring is sawn off along the guides.
• The lower part of the beam is sawn off parallel to the floor line.
• Before installation, a recess is made located on the upper support post. This notch is used to push the rack onto the top floor. The recess is made during the installation of the finished march.

March Position Calculation

• The bowstring is attached to both support posts with the help of tongues in special pre-made grooves.
• To increase the reliability of fastening the stairs, it is necessary to fix the march to the beams. This is done with screws through the support posts. Fastening to the wall is made through a bowstring.

The bowstring can be fixed to the floor in two ways.:

• The support post is installed in a pre-prepared hole in the floor screed.
• The support post is installed using steel anchors. This option is the easiest to implement.

Installing stairs to the second floor is a long and costly process. To make it as easy as possible, you need to properly prepare. For more convenience, preparatory work can be divided into 3 stages:

1. design (creation of a drawing);
2. selection of necessary materials;
3. preparation of tools.

Installation of a spiral staircase: a brief description

Since the form screw design differs from marching varieties, the installation principle is different here. It is recommended to install such a staircase to the next floor in the following order:

1. a drawing is made;
2. based on the calculations, structural elements are made;
3. in the selected place, the lower support assembly is installed and attached to the floor;
4. a vertical stand is inserted into the node;
5. steps are pinched (or put on it) in a tripod;
6. a platform is installed at the floor level of the second floor and a support rod is fixed;
7. balusters are inserted into the holes on the steps, on which the railing is put on.

Finished installation spiral staircase

It requires a careful approach and attentiveness from the master. Incorrect calculation or poor-quality fixation of elements can adversely affect the strength and durability of the structure. For this reason, the assembly of the ladder structure must be carried out with special care.