Today, you can pick mushrooms not only in the forest, but also in your own garden. At the same time, in terms of taste and quality characteristics, such a product is in no way inferior to its “wild” counterpart. Grown on own garden, domestic mushrooms are more environmentally friendly and practically do not succumb to the harmful effects of insects. Breeding a delicacy is easy. The main thing is to comply with all the requirements for their transfer and adaptation to the ground, including natural mycorrhiza - a symbiotic association (coexistence) of the body's mycelium with other plants. What other nuances do you need to know when cultivating mushrooms with your own hands?
Almost any fruit bodies can be bred in the country and in the garden. At the same time, due to the absence of a vegetative period in mushrooms, they can be grown all year round except for winter. But in order for the home cultivation of mushrooms to be successful, it is necessary to properly organize a new environment and growing conditions for them. First of all, we are talking about the choice of a place for planting fruiting bodies, the quality of the soil and the presence of tree varieties similar to the forest microclimate - pine, spruce, aspen, birch, oak. This allows the mycelium to freely connect with the root system of the plant, fully feed and utilize excess moisture.
Most successful options for growing edible forest mushrooms on a personal plot are:
- oyster mushrooms;
- milk mushrooms;
- Polish mushrooms;
- aspen mushrooms or redheads;
- white mushrooms or mushrooms;
- boletus;
- yellow chanterelles;
- boletus ordinary;
- flywheels chestnut or brown mushrooms;
- russula-breasts;
- mushrooms;
- honey mushrooms;
- Champignon.
Also, exotic types of fruiting bodies, such as truffles, lend themselves well to breeding in the country. The method of cultivation of mushrooms is almost the same, with the exception of the individual varietal characteristics of the product.
Growing technology
When proper fit mushrooms and favorable conditions for their growth, the first harvest can be expected in 1–2 months for champignons, or next year for porcini mushrooms, boletus and other species. The duration of the fruiting of the mycelium is from 3 to 5 years. At the same time, from 1 m² the amount harvested crop reaches from 2 to 4 kg.
Breeding methods
For the cultivation of wild mushrooms in the garden, several methods are used, ideally suited both for the purpose of obtaining seedlings and tubers, and for direct cultivation of mushroom plantations.
Diving forest mycelium
For planting, it is necessary to deliver a carefully dug mycelium to the site from the forest. The rhizome should be transferred very carefully, making sure that the earth in it is not shaken, and the vegetative body is not deformed. Before planting, the soil must be specially prepared. To do this, it is necessary to remove 30-40 cm of the top layer of soil and put compost on the bottom of the resulting small pit. After that, the mycelium can be placed at the planting site. Upon completion, the fruiting body should be watered and covered with a layer of fallen leaves. For the best growth of mushrooms, the place of their transplantation should coincide with the previous environment. That is, correspond to the same tree as the parent tree.
Sprouting through mycelium
Represents the most popular method of cultivation of mushrooms. Produced in granular form and sold in garden stores. For planting mycelium, the soil is carefully prepared. A place for mushrooms is chosen in a shady and humid area of \u200b\u200bthe site, at a distance of about 60 cm from the tree, with which the fruiting body will later come into contact. The total sown area of the mycelium is determined by its quantity in the package.
The preparation of the substrate includes the creation of a special substrate from needles, dust, sawdust and leaves, which are laid on the bottom of the previously prepared hole, up to 50 cm deep. The mycelium is mixed with the ground and a growth stimulator, after which the resulting mixture is evenly distributed over the surface of the substrate and covered with soil. The bed is carefully watered and covered with fallen leaves. An alternative to natural compost can be a ready-made mushroom substrate.
A similar method of planting mycelium requires regular loosening of the site and compliance with the irrigation regime. It is very important not to allow the soil to dry out, so in dry seasons it is allowed drip irrigation mycelium. With proper implementation of all work, the result in the form of the first harvest can be observed already next year, and the mycelium will bear fruit for at least 2 years.
Reproduction through mushroom seedlings (solution)
simple and affordable way cultivation of wild mushrooms. The seed mixture is prepared from mushroom pieces and caps finely ground in a meat grinder, which, after grinding, must be insisted in water for a day. The substance is placed in a bed fertilized with compost, after which it is covered with a layer of earth and leaves.
Growing by spores
The most straightforward method. It consists in dispersing fungal spores around the site. To do this, overripe fruit bodies collected in the forest are crushed to the state of crumbs or small pieces and scattered throughout the garden. The sowing zone itself is well moistened. The method is very effective, as it allows you to create as close to forest conditions as possible. But you should be careful and place mushroom zones away from garden crops.
In case of absence on the plot forest trees, you can breed fruiting bodies from the shady side wooden buildings. Special attention should be given to the mycelium in the cold season, protecting it with roofing material or polyethylene.
In order for the labor spent to give its results, and for the cultivation of edible forest mushrooms to be maximized, adhere to the following recommendations:
- It is better to collect young fruiting bodies for sowing without cutting the stalk, but taking it out of the ground entirely with the root.
- When choosing mushrooms for further cultivation, pay attention to the mother tree under which they grow.
- Collected mushrooms must be healthy.
- In order for the mycelium to take root better, you can add a little alcohol (4 tablespoons per bucket) or sugar (45–50 g) to the aqueous solution with mushrooms.
- Process the collected mushrooms no later than 10 hours after their collection. Sowing material to produce the next day. Only fresh fruiting bodies are cultivated, frozen mushrooms are not suitable for breeding.
- Before planting, it is imperative to clean the soil prepared for the mycelium from pathogenic microflora by disinfecting it with a disinfectant solution based on oak bark or black tea.
- Mycelium should be planted at a distance of about 0.5 m from the trees.
- To avoid drying out of the mycelium, a planting site should be chosen in the shade with a high humidity coefficient.
Learning how to grow real forest mushrooms in your dacha or backyard seems to be a rather difficult task, but in fact, the task is quite doable.
Boletus and aspen mushrooms, boletus, chanterelles and porcini mushrooms that you yourself have grown will delight you with nutritious dishes in summer and delicious preservation in winter.
The big advantage of such mushrooms, unlike purchased ones, is the confidence that they are grown without the addition of chemicals, in an environmentally friendly place.
For successful cultivation mushrooms in the country, it is necessary to create certain conditions: the site must contain trees of the same species as the trees near which the mushrooms grew in nature.
Mycelium (mushroom root) penetrates the root system of the tree, receiving nutrition and giving off excess moisture. A close relationship is established, which fungal spores "remember". Most often, such trees become: birch, aspen, pine, spruce or oak. Two or three trees are enough on your site to create a favorable microclimate.
Growing forest mushrooms depends not only on proper planting, but also on other factors: weather conditions, natural precipitation, average daily temperature. At favorable conditions the first harvest can be harvested the next year, and this harvest can be 2-3 kg of mushrooms per 1 sq.m. your garden.
To grow forest mushrooms on the site, several methods are used. They are suitable both for obtaining planting material and for direct cultivation of the fungus.
Method 1 - Grind and sprinkle
The easiest way to sow white fungus, boletus and boletus:
- in the area of \u200b\u200bthe root system of the tree, remove a layer of soil, about 10 cm
- chop the young mushrooms, which consist of their mycelium filaments
- scatter finely chopped mushrooms in place of the removed soil
- cover everything on top with a layer of moist leafy or spruce compost
- as it dries, the shelter must be moistened.
You will receive the first harvest (in several mushrooms) in the next season.
Method 2 - Move the soil layer
One of the most simple ways cultivation of forest mushrooms (butter, camelina, boletus, boletus) - transfer of the top layer of soil, together with the sprouted mycelium, from the forest to the summer cottage:
- mark the place in the forest where the mushroom you like grows
- at the end of the season, remove a layer of soil, about a shovel bayonet, and transfer to the site
- the time between soil removal and planting should be kept to a minimum to avoid drying out.
Important: pay attention that inedible mushrooms do not grow nearby. Make sure the soil is not infested with their spores. The fungus is more likely to thrive under the same type of tree you took the soil from.
Method 3 - Mushroom "seedlings"
This method is more complicated, but brings best result, since the seeds (mycelium) of the fungus will be adapted to planting and have a sufficient food base.
- choose old, overgrown mushrooms
- put them in a container or bucket
- fill with rainwater or well water (do not use tap water)
- put the container in a dark room with a constant temperature of approximately 20 degrees for several days. After a while, the mushrooms will spread on the threads.
- add gelatin and wheat flour to the mixture, one tablespoon each, stirring wooden spoon or a stick
- spill this solution on the area that you set aside for growing mushrooms.
After a year, the spores of the fungus will germinate, penetrate the root system of the tree, and after 2-3 years they will begin to bear fruit.
There is another option for awakening spores: after you chop and pour old mushrooms with water, you need to add "French" (dry) yeast to this mixture at the rate of 2 teaspoons per 1 liter of mixture.
After a month, the pulp of the mushrooms will settle to the bottom, and you can use the resulting liquid for sowing. Keep in mind that the solution is concentrated. For sowing, add 1 cup of the solution to a barrel of water.
After that, you can start sowing mushrooms: using garden watering can shed trunk circles those trees under which mushrooms will grow.
Method 4 - Replanting trees
The longest and most laborious way. It consists in transplanting several young trees from the forest, near which the mushrooms we need have already grown, into the garden. Here you need to be patient, because the harvest will take quite a long time, several years.
Although the method is not simple, but thanks to it, you can grow the most complex mushrooms, for example, butterdish, which will bear fruit from May to September. All in all, worth the effort!
When growing forest mushrooms, you should follow a few tips. They will help you, no matter which method of planting mushrooms you choose:
- for landing, choose the coolest time of day
- the soil must be constantly moist. If possible, organize drip irrigation
- place the landing site in dense shade, within a radius of a meter from the tree trunk
- in the spring, apply fertilizer with a growth activator to the soil
- best time for planting mycelium - the period from late summer to early autumn
- forest mushrooms do not take root well under fruit trees
Method 5 - Oyster mushroom
Of all the mushrooms, the most not picky and not demanding special care- oyster mushroom. IN Lately many enterprises have appeared that breed, grow and sell planting material- grain sterile mycelium.
Oyster mushroom naturally grows on dead wood, preferring birch and poplar. For self-growing, you will need to prepare chocks hardwood tree no longer than 30 cm and a width of at least 15 cm. Soak them in water for two days. In the prepared logs, drill holes at least 10 cm deep or make cuts with a saw. These holes are filled with moistened mycelium.
Usually, mushrooms that you transplanted from their natural habitat begin to bear fruit at the same time as their forest "brothers", but under favorable conditions, the harvest can be several times larger. Do not be afraid to experiment, as well as be patient, and you can create a real forest glade on your site.
Published by DecorateMe. Updated 31 Jan 2019 . Many people love mushrooms, but often there is not enough time to go to the forest for them. You can, of course, just buy them. But there are some doubts: it is not known where they were collected and whether they are poisonous. Yes, and expensive. Therefore, you can find out, and try to do it yourself. This not only saves time and money, but is also an interesting activity.
The necessary conditions
On an ordinary bed, wild mushrooms themselves will never grow. There must be at least one tree on the site. This is a prerequisite for the growth of many types of fungi, the mycelium of which is formed by the introduction of a mushroom root into the root system of a tree. From there it receives amino acids and carbohydrates. In return, it gives minerals that protect the tree from diseases and insect pests. A place for planting mushrooms should be chosen away from berry, fruit and vegetable plantations. It should be as close as possible to the natural forest environment.
Growing mushrooms with a special solution
For a small but constant harvest, summer residents often use a special solution. It is made from overripe mushrooms (which are crushed into dust), one tablespoon of flour and gelatin powder. This mixture is slightly diluted with water and watered over moist soil under the trees. Fungal spores germinate, forming a fungus root. After two seasons, abundant fruiting begins.
at the cottage by instillation
The collected young mushrooms are heavily crushed and buried in the ground next to the tree, which consists of enveloping threads of mycelium. Then you need to keep this area moist. In a year there will be several mushrooms. You can just scatter small pieces and cover with fallen leaves.
Breeding honey mushrooms and butter
The optimal, but rather inconvenient and time-consuming way, is to transplant young trees along with mycelium from the forest to a summer cottage. Most of all, it is suitable for breeding butter and mushrooms. On the site, you need to prepare a place in advance, if there is not enough lime in the soil, then fertilize it. Trees should be planted in such a way that they get enough sunlight. Young specimens easily tolerate transplantation and take root well. The soil must be watered regularly, and in a year or two an overgrown mycelium will appear, giving a good harvest.
Cultivation of mushrooms in the country
First, you need to find old mushrooms in the forest. Then put them in a bucket filled with rain or well water. Mushrooms should be in it for several days, but always in the house, with room temperature. During this time, they will "spread" along the threads. You get a mixture, which, after stirring, water the area near the tree.
Growing with mycelium
How to grow mushrooms in the country with the help of mycelium? First you need to find it in the forest. The earth is carefully cut off in a small layer and transferred to the summer cottage (so that it does not crumble). It is necessary to plant the brought myceliums to a new place immediately. To do this, you need to prepare a small hole in advance. Such a transplant is done only in the morning or in the evening. The best time for her is the transition from summer to autumn (plus or minus one week). At this time, there is still enough moisture and heat in the ground.
It is necessary to water the place where the mycelium was transferred daily, even in inclement weather. If everything is done correctly, then in a year you can expect a harvest. To maintain it, you need to throw pieces of mushrooms into this place every year.
Growing white mushrooms with mycelium
You can grow a white mushroom in the country with the help of mycelium. Removed before planting under a tree upper layer earth. Compost is laid on the bare area, and the pieces must be laid out on top in a checkerboard pattern. Then put the removed sod on top and water well. One tree needs 3 buckets of water. But you need to water carefully so as not to erode the soil.
To achieve the best and quick results the place is covered with fallen leaves or straw. This helps retain moisture, as the mycelium should not be allowed to dry out. It is best to add fertilizer to the water with which the plot is watered. In the cold season, the mycelium is covered with branches, straw and fallen leaves - a thick layer so that the soil does not freeze much. In the spring, this "veil" must be removed. White mushrooms will appear as soon as the mycelium takes root. And they will grow on this site up to 4 years. When watering with fertilizers - up to 7 years.
Sowing porcini mushrooms
Growing porcini mushrooms in the country is not such a difficult task. The main thing is that deciduous or coniferous trees. Mushrooms are soaked overnight in a bucket of water. Then they are kneaded by hand until smooth. Water is filtered through a rag or gauze. The remaining liquid is poured onto the roots of the tree, and a cloth with the mushroom mass remaining in it is placed on top, covered with turf and watered abundantly. Then the humidity is constantly maintained. A year later, you can get the first harvest.
Cultivation of chanterelles
How to grow mushrooms in the country if there are no trees on the site? In this case, they must first be planted or transferred from the forest. Mushroom with chanterelles forms mycelium (mycorrhiza), which grows into the roots of trees. These mushrooms love pines and spruces. And also they can be found near beeches, oaks. But next to garden plantings they don't grow. Therefore, there should be young forest trees in the summer cottage.
One of the most favorite mushrooms of many gourmets is that you can grow it in the country in two ways: sow spores or transfer mycelium from the forest. In this case, it is best to grab a little land on which the mycelium was located. It is the most reliable and fast way grow chanterelles in the country. Spores are sown in the ways described just above.
Oyster mushrooms: cultivation, care and collection
Oyster mushrooms grow very quickly and give a good harvest. . How to grow wild mushrooms at home and in the country? First you need to choose a room that will be used for growing mushrooms (garage, basement, cellar, etc.). It is disinfected with a 4% solution of lime. Then it closes for two days and then it is well ventilated until the smell goes away. Two such premises should be prepared: prosprostnaya and vegetative.
Prepare the substrate. It can be made from sunflower seed husks, corn cobs, sawdust, straw or cereal plants. You can use several of the materials listed at once. Substrate preparation:
- the mixture is poured warm water for 20 minutes;
- dirty water is drained, the mixture is squeezed out and poured for 7 hours, oppression is placed on top;
- water is drained again, and the mass is squeezed out;
- superphosphate, urea and a little ground limestone and gypsum are added to the resulting mixture.
Next, bags are prepared on which oyster mushrooms will grow. Any polyethylene will do. Holes with a diameter of 2 cm are made in them, through which mushrooms will then sprout. The distance between them should be 15-20 cm.
The bags are filled with ready-made wet substrate. First by 15 cm, then - a layer of mycelium, etc., until the bag is 2/3 full. Then it is tied up and transferred to the room. The bags can be either suspended or simply placed in rows.
The temperature in the growing room should be maintained between 22 and 24 degrees. In bags - no more than 28. Humidity in the room - from 90 to 95%. Lighting is not required. The bags are transferred to the growing room as soon as the substrate is overgrown with mycelium. Put or hang them at a distance from each other for good ventilation.
In the plant room, humidity should be maintained from 90 to 95%, and the temperature should be from 12 to 18 degrees. You can install automatic sprayers or leave water containers indoors. But it must not be allowed to fall into the bags. Lighting should work only 12 hours a day. Conventional fluorescent lamps are used. Good ventilation is required.
As the oyster mushroom begins to grow, the holes get larger. Mushrooms can be cut already on the eighth day. They are stored in special containers or plastic bags. The second crop appears in two weeks.
Oyster mushrooms can also be grown right in the garden. For this, a base is selected - logs or pieces of wood. Then holes, grooves are made in them and the wood is moistened. Mycelium is filled into the holes and covered with bark. Then these pieces of wood are placed in small holes in the ground (on a layer of sawdust) and covered with foil. Good humidity is constantly maintained. Oyster mushrooms will appear in the second month and will bear fruit for several years.
What increases the chances of survival of the mycelium
How to grow mushrooms in the country? If the site already has deciduous or coniferous plantations, then it is better to take mushrooms that grow in the forest near the same tree. You can store them after collection for no more than 10 hours. Mushrooms cannot be frozen. After defrosting, it is useless to plant them - they will not grow. When soaking, alcohol is added to the water (4 tablespoons per 10 liters) or sugar (50 grams per the same number of liters).
The place of the future mycelium is watered with a disinfectant solution 3 hours before planting. Solutions from tannins or black tea are mainly used). Let them cool before watering. Mushrooms take root well if planted before mid-September. If later, they may not grow at all or the mycelium will not take root. The landing site in the heat is watered once a week with four buckets of water.
Many are interested in how to grow mushrooms in the country so that there is a good harvest. Here are some tips to help you get good results:
- it is better to choose a landing site in the shade;
- if the soil lacks moisture, you need to water additionally;
- mushrooms are planted no further than 1.5 meters from the tree, in the cool time of the day;
- Mushrooms do not take root well near fruit trees.
Now you know everything to successfully grow mushrooms.
Your dacha can become not only a place where fragrant pears, ripe tomatoes and red-sided apples await you, but also a whole plantation of plump boletus, red-headed boletus or dark brown boletus. So, all the secrets of the mushroom picker in our article.
About methods of growing mushrooms
Transfer from the forest
Perhaps this method is the easiest for beginner mushroom pickers. To implement it, it is enough to dig up a mycelium at the forest edge and move it to your site.
Before you arrange a mushroom "moving", take care of preparing the soil under the tree. At a distance of 0.5-0.6 m from the tree trunk, remove 30-40 cm of soil. Lay compost from wood dust, leaves and soil at the bottom.
Before laying the mycelium, pour the compost with water, and cover the mycelium itself with a layer of fallen leaves.
Advice!
In the absence of rain for the first 12-14 days, water the landing site with a drip method.
If forest mushrooms are to be transplanted, choose a place for them under the same tree as their mother. For example, it is better to plant boletus under a birch, and boletus under a small aspen.
Reproduction by mycelium
Do-it-yourself mushrooms for the garden can be planted using mycelium, which is purchased at gardening stores.
- Select appropriate place in the shade of a tree, shoot 0.5 m 60 cm from its trunk.
Note!
The required plot area is indicated by the manufacturer and the amount of mycelium in the package is determined.
- Lay the bottom on 20 cm with a forest substrate consisting of fallen leaves, needles, dust and sawdust. Cover the substrate with 10 cm of soil.
- The composition of the next 10 cm layer will include soil and substrate.
- Next, mix mycelium, soil and growth enhancer. Spread the mixture with your hands, tamping a little.
- The last layer is soil.
The first small harvest can be obtained the next year, full fruiting will begin only two years after sowing.
mushroom seedling
The method of growing mushroom seedlings is the least expensive of the proposed ones. The legs and caps of forest mushrooms are ground through a meat grinder and soaked in water for 24 hours.
Around the tree, which will become the new home of the mushroom family, dig up the ground and bring in the forest substrate. For irrigation, use infused water, and cover the site itself with fallen leaves.
Even among experienced mushroom pickers, opinions about the first harvest differ, someone is happy to try homemade mushrooms in the same year, someone only after a season.
The above methods are great for growing chanterelles, porcini mushrooms and camelinas.
Secrets of the mushroom picker
Substrate preparation
Experienced mushroom pickers treat the preparation of the substrate with all responsibility and begin work a month before the direct laying of the mycelium.
The main component of the substrate is fallen leaves, which are harvested in the spring and harvested in the amount of 10 buckets. In addition, you will need 1 bucket of rotten wood or sawdust fruit trees and 1 bucket of pure cow dung without straw.
If you did not have time to stock up on leaves, straw, sunflower seed husks and needles do an excellent job with their role. The main condition is the use of last year's material, which is well subject to decay.
The resulting composition is watered with a 1% solution of nitrate (ammonia) and covered with a waterproof material. Every week the mass is shoveled until it becomes homogeneous. This process will take about a month.
Advice!
When digging a place for a mycelium, it is recommended to fill up 10 cm of stones at the bottom, which will perform the function of drainage.
The mushroom bed itself should have the shape of a hill so that rainwater does not stagnate in it.
Landing mycelium
It's no secret that mushrooms grow in small families, at a depth of 5-10 cm there is a mycelium. Having found such a family in the forest, carefully dig a layer of earth 30 cm thick with a shovel.
Before planting, the resulting layer must be divided into 5-6 parts and planted on a prepared bed in a checkerboard pattern, departing from each other at least 30 cm. At the same time, the depth of mycelium embedding should not exceed 3-5 cm.
Immediately after planting, the bed is watered and "hidden" under a layer of leaves to obtain a favorable microclimate. Whole further care behind the mushroom bed will consist in regular watering and shelter for the winter.
Container method - to be or not to be
Separately, it is worth considering the container method, which can be implemented even on small plot. Plastic bags do an excellent job as a container, and the function of the substrate is assigned to the husks of sunflower seeds or straw.
Steps by container method:
- Success in the implementation of the container method depends on the right location, a well-ventilated barn or basement is the most suitable.. Before you populate a mushroom family in a room, treat it with a 4% solution of bleach, this will be an excellent prevention of a number of diseases.
- Husk or chopped straw is poured with boiling water for 4-5 hours. As time passes, the straw is allowed to drain. The mycelium is kneaded into crumbs and placed in a bag in layers. The optimal filling density is considered to be 0.5 kg/liter. On average, the finished bag should have a height of 70 cm, a diameter of 25 cm and a weight of about 13 kg.
Note!
Extremely important point is the calculation of the amount of mycelium per bag.
An insufficient amount will provoke the formation of mold in the substrate, an excessive amount will lead to growth and a rise in temperature inside the bag, which inevitably ends in the death of fungal germs.
The optimal ratio of mycelium and substrate is 5:100.
- The filled blocks are tied and hung at a distance of 10 cm. After 10 days, the places of ripening of whole bunches of mushrooms will be noticeable, in these places the bags must be cut.
- Further care for the mushroom family is to maintain high level humidity by daily spraying. In addition, mushrooms need artificial lighting.
- After a month, you can take on a basket and go to harvest. At proper care one container is able to produce up to 12 kg of domestic mushrooms, and after another 3-4 weeks you can re-harvest. This method is perfect for lovers of shiitake and oyster mushrooms.
Features of growing various types of mushrooms
oyster mushrooms
The most suitable place for oyster mushrooms is wood chocks in basements or greenhouses, shady places personal plot. Freshly cut trunks of poplar, aspen or oak are sawn into chocks up to 40 cm long and 20 cm in diameter.
In the resulting segments, holes are drilled with a diameter of 2 cm and a depth of 5 cm. If you do not have a drilling tool at your disposal, you can limit yourself to notches or notches.
A small amount of mycelium is laid out in the holes formed and covered with sawdust, a piece of bark, moss or wood chips.
It will take 2-3 months for the mycelium of the fungus to penetrate all the chocks. For further growth, they can be dug in the street under a tree to a depth of 10-15 cm. Mushrooms planted in this way grow for 5-6 years.
Interesting!
Oyster mushroom mycelium is so unpretentious that it can be sown outdoors even in winter.
Champignon
These mushrooms are the least whimsical and can grow in the most spartan conditions of a dark, damp cellar or dugout barn. The best soil- horse manure or cattle manure, to which 30-35% of leaves, straw, tomato or potato tops are added before use.
When preparing the substrate, for every 50 kg of manure, 12 kg of gypsum, 13 kg of lime, 1.5 kg of urea are added. The heap moistened and covered with a film is left for 15-20 days.
If the cultivation will be carried out indoors, boxes or racks will be required. IN open field landing is carried out directly into the ground or in trenches 30 cm deep.
Humidity should be at least 55%, a downward deviation leads to the fact that the mycelium grows very slowly, to a large one - development occurs only in the upper layer.
After two weeks, the mycelium grows by 4-5 cm, and an unattractive white coating. You can get rid of it with the help of good greenhouse soil, which is poured with a layer of 3-4 cm. The mushroom bed is watered using a sprayer.
The first harvest can be harvested after 30-40 days, fruiting continues for 2-3 months.
You can start picking champignons when the film has stretched over the plates, but has not yet burst and has a pale pink color. It is important that the mushrooms do not age, this process inevitably leads to the depletion of the mycelium.
Mushrooms are carefully twisted, holding the ground with the other hand. Empty place sprinkled with earth.
White mushrooms
Those who have previously planted coniferous trees on the site can take up the cultivation of porcini mushrooms. Most suitable soil is the earth with high content peat, which is used for.
Landing is carried out in a checkerboard pattern on a pre-prepared substrate. Experienced mushroom pickers recommend the first watering with a sugar solution, which is prepared at the rate of 50 g of sugar for every 10 liters of water.
In a year, the first harvest awaits you, on average, its volume can reach 2-5 kg. Mushroom fruiting continues for 3-4 years.
Conclusion
Growing mushrooms in a summer cottage is a useful and interesting activity. Can you just imagine how in the winter you will get a jar of fragrant mushrooms from your home bins, have you imagined? Then it's time to get acquainted with the video in this article, which will tell you how to grow mushrooms on garden plot.
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Ecology of consumption. Homestead: Plant mushrooms. "Who will plant them, these are mushrooms." But you can plant them, checked in practice. The fact is that mushrooms reproduce in two ways. With the help of mycelium (here we are powerless, the main thing is not to harm). And yet - spores that ripen in a hat.
Plant mushrooms. "Who will plant them, these are mushrooms." But you can plant them, checked in practice. The fact is that mushrooms reproduce in two ways. With the help of mycelium (here we are powerless, the main thing is not to harm). And yet - spores that ripen in a hat.
Everyone knows "witch rings" when mushrooms grow like a ring. The explanation here is simple. The hat is round, not far from the ground, the spores pour out "under itself". The following year, fungi grow in a small dense ring. And again, everyone dusts himself. And after 10-15 years, the ring reaches a diameter of 1-2 meters. This effect should be used, especially for the reproduction of mushrooms in the forest, in a summer cottage, an alpine hill.
This is done simply. As a rule, a mushroom picker, having found an old flabby or wormy mushroom, simply leaves it on the ground, and even turns the hat upside down. There is absolutely no point to this. I do so. I take my hat and put it on spruce branch, or I prick on dry. This kills two birds with one stone.
Firstly, the cap does not rot, but dries, the spores ripen and dust over a large area. You look, and several new foci of mycelium are tied up. Secondly, the mushroom dries. And in winter, at the hungriest time for animals, you look, and it will please any hare, squirrel or bird.
You work - 5 seconds, and the benefits are great. If each mushroom picker at least 20-30 mushrooms "prick" for a trip, then the mushrooms will become more and more, not less and less. Leave the mushrooms to your descendants, do not deprive them of this pleasure.Source - magazine "Do it yourself"
Mushrooms on the plot
It's hard to believe, but up to 30 species of a wide variety of mushrooms can be grown in a garden plot. Of course, some of them settle in our gardens on their own, but we simply don’t notice some of them, we kick others with our feet, considering them to be grebes. However, despite the strong commitment of compatriots to porcini mushrooms, milk mushrooms and similar gifts of the forest, it does not hurt to reconsider our attitude to some of them, which grow literally under our feet, edible and tasty, but unfamiliar.
So, in Europe, the purple leg row is considered one of the most delicious mushrooms. In our area, it grows on potato ridges. The dissonant name of the dung beetle does not detract from the value of this fungus, which can grow on a lawn, in a shady place on manured garden soil. When fried to taste, white shaggy dung beetle leaves behind the most delicious mushrooms. Umbrella mushrooms, ringworms, several types of champignon readily grow on composts. One hat of a motley umbrella is enough for a whole frying pan. And what about shiitake? healing properties this mushroom with a Japanese name is legendary.
My own practical experience confirms that it is possible to grow wild mushrooms in the garden plot - porcini, boletus, butterdish and others.
Very often field or forest mushrooms appear in garden plots by self-sowing. The thin pig is often found in the beds with cucumbers, if they grow nearby: birches. On our lawn, fertilized with a fertile substrate, two types of edible mushroom grow by self-sowing. Sometimes in the gardens there are plentiful milkweeds. violins, morels and other mushrooms.
In addition to forest and field mushrooms, tree mushrooms successfully grow in the open-air garden. -different types oyster mushrooms. mushrooms are summer, autumn and winter, and it's hard to believe. - shiitake. Mushrooms and ringworms can be successfully grown on compost beds. And now let's take a closer look at the mentioned mushrooms and how to grow them in the garden. plot.
Macorrhiza mushrooms
These are mushrooms that live in symbiosis with trees, that is, their fruiting bodies are formed only after the introduction of the mycelium into the roots of trees and the formation of mycorrhiza, or. in other words, mushroom root. That is why many hat mushrooms grow only in the forest. Moreover, often a certain mushroom is confined to a certain tree species, as evidenced by the popular names of these mushrooms: boletus, boletus, boletus, etc. Different mushrooms have different preferences for soil fertility and its acidity.
The relationship between the tree and the fungus in general terms is as follows: the host tree stimulates the growth of the mycelium only if it lacks mineral substances. obtained from the soil. Then the branched hyphae of the fungus begin to supply the tree with mineral salts and water from the upper soil layer in exchange for carbohydrate nutrition in the form of tree sap with sugars. Therefore, white mushrooms are more likely to appear under a birch on poor sandy soil than on fertile soil. The question arises, how to make wild mushrooms grow in the garden?
Porcini
White mushroom, or boletus (Boletus edulis). - tubular mushroom, without a doubt, the most welcome guest, both in the kitchen and in the garden. Its nutritional value and taste can hardly be overestimated. For a person who grew up in Russia, no mushrooms smell as pleasant as dried porcini mushrooms.
It makes no sense to describe the appearance of the porcini fungus, it is not familiar, perhaps, to newborns. But the fact that white mushrooms growing under different trees, differ from each other in appearance, not uninteresting.
Those. that grow under birch trees, the hat is light, the flesh is tender and, according to some mushroom pickers, the most delicious. White mushrooms, growing under spruce, darker. And the most beautiful white mushroom, with a red-brown hat, grows under a pine tree. It is believed that each of these varieties of white fungus forms mycorrhiza only with its own tree species.
White mushroom in terms of dry matter contains 41% protein, which is more than in any other mushroom, and significantly more than in meat (31%).
White mushrooms prefer sandy soils if they grow under birch trees; on fertile soils with a high nitrogen content, their fruiting bodies are formed worse. Although under oaks, which are much more demanding on soil fertility, porcini mushrooms are more likely to grow on rich soil.
The birch form of the white fungus is more common, since there are birches in almost every forest. White fungus prefers to grow under fairly mature trees - from twenty years and older. If they are not there, then it is best to bring young birch trees from the forest, but those that grew near the adult birch, where porcini mushrooms were seen.
In this case, one can hope that the roots of the trees already have mycorrhiza.
It is easier to breed porcini mushrooms in a garden plot if there are adult birches there. I have tested two methods. The first method is simple, but not effective enough. It consists in the usual unfolding of mature mushroom pieces under the leaf litter within a radius of 1.5 m from birch trunks. The second method turned out to be more productive; it is based on the preparation of a suspension of spores isolated from old fungi and their inoculation.
Making a spore suspension at home
From the caps of large mature (and even overripe) porcini mushrooms collected in the forest under birches, you need to separate the tubular layer (hymenophore), where spores are formed, pass this mass through a meat grinder, transfer it to a container with water (1-2 kg of mushroom mass per 10 l of water) and mix thoroughly. Then add 15 g of dry baker's yeast to the mixture, mix again and leave everything to infuse (for convenience, the mixture can be poured into three-liter jars) at room temperature for two weeks. Soon, a foam with pulp particles and small debris forms on the surface of the liquid.
In the middle part of the container there will be a clear liquid, and spores will gather at the bottom with a layer of several centimeters.
The addition of baker's yeast spore suspension is very effective in promoting germination. Yeast is a nutrient substrate, and also contributes to the mixing of the crushed mass of mushroom pulp and the release of spores.
Sunlight falling on the plantation in the morning and in the evening stimulates the fruiting of the white fungus.
The foam from the surface must be carefully removed with a spoon, the water carefully drained, and the sediment with spores from different containers combined into one jar and set to settle for another week. After that, drain the supernatant once more, and pour the remaining suspension with spores into plastic liter bottles and store in the refrigerator.
The finished suspension of spores sometimes acquires a not very pleasant smell, but remains viable for a year.
It is advisable to use a suspension of spores within a month after preparation, since when long-term storage spore activity decreases.
Sowing spores and caring for a mushroom plantation
Before sowing, the suspension with spores must be diluted with water in a ratio of 1:100. evenly pour the liquid under the birches (you can use a watering can with a strainer) and wait for the harvest. At good care behind the plantation, the fruiting bodies of the white fungus may appear as early as next year. What is this care?
As you know, all mushrooms love high humidity of the soil and air. Therefore, in dry time crops need to be watered and protected from the hot midday sun. In the porcini mushroom growing area, under the trees, it is advisable to plant shrubs or other plants that create a light shade and protect the area from the sun from the south side.
Watering is needed not only during the development of mycelium in the soil, but also after the appearance of fruiting bodies. In the afternoon, when the sun's rays no longer fall on the plantation due to the crowns of trees and shrubs, it is advisable to arrange a mild “mushroom rain”. that is, watering with a fine spray of water heated during the day.
After the night, the mushroom caps are moistened with morning dew, then the moisture evaporates, and at this time the fungus grows, since, along with the evaporation of moisture, nutrients enter it from the mycelium. Then watering and evening drying of the hats also stimulates the growth of the fruiting body.
Soil application mineral fertilizers can provide Negative influence on the development of mycelium, so they should not be used on a mushroom plantation.
Cultivation of white fungus in garden plots with different conditions
In 2006, two different sites were "sown" with a suspension of spores of porcini mushrooms collected in the forest and prepared according to the technology described above: one in the Moscow region, the other in the Tver region. Rarely growing birch trees were present on a plot of two hundred square meters near Moscow different ages, young birches grew on the second plot. Previously, porcini mushrooms were not found in both garden plots. In previous years, pigs, russula and boletus were found on a site in the Tver region. In addition to the different ages of birches on different areas, the differences in conditions were as follows: in 2007, which is considered non-mushroom due to the dry summer, regular irrigation was carried out on the plot near Moscow, while there was no irrigation on the plot in the Tver region. Probably, these reasons led to different results, namely: on the first site, my labors were rewarded with 20 porcini mushrooms for three waves of fruiting in August, on the second - porcini mushrooms did not appear.
Porcini mushrooms and boletus are in a competitive relationship, so it is better to sow their spores in different, isolated areas with birch trees.
Obviously, the presence of old birch trees and regular watering have a beneficial effect on the growth of porcini mushrooms. One of possible causes The absence of mushrooms in the second area, in my opinion, is the presence of the mycelium of the boletus, which is in competition with the white fungus and suppresses the development of its mycelium.
Boletus and boletus
Both of these tubular fungi are widespread in our forests, including those near Moscow. They. undoubtedly popular with compatriots and very tasty.
Boletus (Leccinum) is represented by two species. In commonwealth with the aspen, the boletus L. aurantiacum grows - a beautiful mushroom with a red cap and a leg covered with red scales.
Unfortunately, aspen is a rare species of wood in the garden.
Another species of boletus, L. vulpinum, is found under pine trees. It has a darker cap and black scales on the stem. Gardeners, especially in last years, willingly plant pines and other conifers on their plots.
Aspen mushrooms grow better in poor sandy soils than in rich ones.
Fruiting bodies of both species have a bright taste and a strong pleasant smell different from other mushrooms. Aspen mushrooms are little affected by insect larvae and are well stored. This is the perfect mushroom for stir-fry. On the pieces of the mushroom, which partially retain their shape when frying, a delicious crust forms. Fried boletus has a slightly sour taste. Mahra (tubular layer), as a rule, is also suitable for soup and roast. The broth turns out dark, but thin slices of boletus caps with terrycloth become a decoration for mushroom soup.
Many gourmets put the boletus to taste in fried and boiled form in the first place.
Boletus mushrooms have an undeniable advantage over porcini mushrooms and aspen mushrooms: the likelihood of their appearance on the garden plot after sowing is much higher.
Boletus, or common boletus (Lec-cinuni scabrum). tastes closest to porcini mushroom. At a young age, it has a dense pulp and a beautiful velvety hat; in older boletus, the terry becomes loose. This mushroom is in many ways inferior to white fungus and boletus in consistency. Its less dense fruiting body contains more water and does not keep well. The legs of the boletus quickly become hard and fibrous. To make the boletus more attractive in dishes, the terry is removed and they are pre-blanched to remove some of the excess water.
With proper care of the boletus plantation, its yields are more frequent and higher than that of the white fungus. With regular moistening of the earth, they can appear under birch trees on their own. In the garden plot, where the growth of mushrooms is under constant supervision, the boletus does not have time to worm, they can be collected in a timely manner, although under natural conditions these mushrooms are strongly affected by insect larvae and quickly deteriorate.
Sowing spores and caring for a mushroom plantation in a garden plot
A joint suspension of boletus and boletus was prepared in the same way as in the case of porcini mushrooms. Boletus spores, when settling in jars, settled in the form of a dark layer. Boletus spores mostly remained in the mixture with the pulp, precipitating poorly, so we had to use the suspension of spores along with the pulp.
Sowing of boletus and aspen mushrooms was carried out in August 2006 on a garden plot in the Moscow region throughout its territory, except for two acres allocated for white fungus.
In dry times, the soil was regularly moistened, as in a plantation with porcini mushrooms. The mushroom plot was protected from direct sunlight during the day due to plantings, but had morning and evening sun. When fruiting bodies appeared, watering was daily.
mushroom harvest
Sowing spores, we hoped that the boletus would take root on the roots of pines, and the boletus on the roots of birches. In 2006, one aspen mushroom grew on this site, and in 2007 there were none. They gave boletus big harvests. In fairness, it must be said that boletus came across in this garden plot in 2006 before our sowing. But in the non-mushroom year of 2007, they grew several times more than in the wet mushroom year of 2006.
However, we do not lose hope for good “harvests” of boletus in the future: the appearance of even a single mushroom inspires confidence.
Chanterelles and dry milk mushrooms
Chanterelles and milk mushrooms are also mycorrhizal fungi. These mushrooms have a gnmenophore. where spores ripen, in the form of plates, therefore they are called lamellar. The chanterelle is in symbiosis with coniferous trees, although it is also found in deciduous forests, and the dry mushroom forms mycorrhiza with birches. Both fungi prefer calcareous soil. The real chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) grows steadily from June until frost, constantly and everywhere even in a dry year.
In Europe, and in Russia, many prefer chanterelles to other mushrooms. There are reasons for that. They are bright yellow, so they are easy to find. They often come across in groups, so you can pick up a lot of them. Even those who are not particularly versed in mushrooms know that chanterelles are not poisonous. Chanterelles often appear spontaneously in garden plots in the presence of coniferous trees.
Concerning palatability chanterelles, their taste and smell, although mushroom, is weak. They are good in frying, as they are not fried much, but it is better to cook them together with other, more aromatic mushrooms. published
