lat. suggestio). Presentation of information perceived without critical evaluation and influencing the course of neuropsychic and somatic processes. Through V., sensations, ideas, emotional states, and volitional impulses are evoked, and the vegetative functions are also influenced without the active participation of the individual, without the logical processing of what is perceived.
The main means of V. is the word, the speech of the suggestor (the person producing V.). Non-verbal factors (gestures, facial expressions, actions) usually have an additional influence.
Various classifications of V. are offered: V. and self-hypnosis; B. direct or open, indirect or closed; B. contact and distant. In medical practice, appropriate V. techniques are used in the waking state, in the state of natural, hypnotic and narcotic sleep.
V. in a state of wakefulness is present in varying degrees of severity in every conversation between a doctor and a patient, but can also act as an independent psychotherapeutic effect. V.'s formulas are usually pronounced in an imperative tone, taking into account the patient's condition and the nature of the clinical manifestations of the disease. They can be aimed both at improving general well-being (sleep, appetite, working capacity, etc.), and at eliminating individual neurotic symptoms. Usually V. in reality is preceded by an explanatory conversation about the essence of therapeutic V. and the patient's conviction of its effectiveness. The effect of V. is the stronger, the higher in the eyes of the patient is the authority of the doctor who produces V. The degree of implementation of V. is also determined by the characteristics of the patient's personality, the severity of the "magical" mood, the belief in the possibility of influencing some people on others using means and methods unknown to science.
V. in a state of natural sleep by whispering phrases to a sleeping child was used by I. V. Vyazemsky (1903), Bourdon (Burdon Ch., 1904), etc. It is carried out in a quiet voice, but in an inspiring tone. Phrases aimed at deepening sleep alternate with therapeutic V., repeated with pauses. Up to 6 series of such Vs are performed per session. Treatment with this method is difficult, which may be due to too sensitive, superficial sleep, leading to easy awakening, a pronounced orienting reaction, or too deep sleep, in which it is not possible to achieve a suggestive effect. V. found the widest use during natural sleep in the treatment of phobias and hysterical symptoms in children (see Somnopsychotherapy according to Perelmuter). However, it cannot be ruled out that under these conditions communication with the sleeping person takes place according to the type of hypnotic communication.
V. in a state of hypnotic sleep for medicinal purposes is widespread.
When using the technique of narcopsychotherapy, the therapeutic effect of V. is realized under conditions of artificially induced narcotic sleep. Methods close to narcopsychotherapeutic include the use of a gas mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide for psychotherapeutic purposes (see Narcopsychotherapy using a gas mixture of nitrogen and oxygen).
Indirect V. is the basis for the development of mediating and potentiating indirect psychotherapy, which has been developed recently in the works of mainly resort psychotherapists. A kind of indirect V. can be considered placebo therapy, in which a placebo drug is prescribed (Latin placebo - I will like, satisfy) - a harmless drug used under the guise of a drug.
Self-hypnosis is a technique of V. some thoughts, desires, images, sensations, states to oneself. In psychotherapeutic practice, various methods of self-hypnosis are used. Most often they are variants of the long-proposed method of self-hypnosis according to Coue (Coue E., 1928). Self-hypnosis is the basis (or one of the essential mechanisms of therapeutic action) of many other methods of psychotherapy (see Autogenic training).
SUGGESTION
The impact on the human psyche, in which, through predominantly unconscious mental activity, an attitude is created for the functional deployment of its reserves. V., as it were, overcomes anti-suggestive barriers - critical-logical, intuitive-affective and ethical [G. Lozanov, 1971]. At the same time, V. is realized if it corresponds to the logical constructions inherent in the patient's thinking; emotionally and ethically unacceptable theses of psychotherapeutic influence are swept aside. It is assumed that V. is based on a special suggestive setting, which is an important mechanism for balancing the relationship of the patient's personality with environment. V.'s success depends both on suggestibility and on retention, V.'s strength, since the patient may be suggestible, but V. itself turns out to be fragile, unstable. V. can be direct and indirect, in which certain value attached to certain objects and phenomena; in hypnosis and in waking states; verbal and visual, in which images of persons, objects, situations are used in a special sense. In the process of hypnosis, V. can provide for the desired activity or feelings of the patient for the period after the hypnotic session (V. post-hypnotic).
Synonym: suggestion (lat. suggestio - suggestion).
SUGGESTION
English suggestion) - a type of purposeful communicative influence on the behavior and consciousness of a person (or a group of people), as a result of which a person (a group of people), contrary to the available factual information (perceived, retrieved from memory), recognizes the existence of something that does not really exist, or something it does contrary to its intentions or habits. In other words, V. changes the ways of analyzing information and ways of behavior inherent in a person. The effect of V. is due to a decrease in self-control and self-criticism in relation to the content of V., which takes place, for example, in a state of hypnosis (see Age regression). Verbal V. and mental V. are especially singled out (see Parapsychology). See also placebo. (B. M.)
SUGGESTION
suggestion - (in psychology) the process of changing the beliefs, opinions or emotional state of people by suggesting to them the need for such a change. Sometimes this term is used as a synonym for the term "hypnosis". See also Autosuggestion.
SUGGESTION
1. The process of getting someone to behave in a certain way, to accept a certain opinion, or to believe in something by indirect means. This term is used only when no force, reasoning, command, or coercion is used to bring about the desired change. 2. The actual verbal or pictorial communication used in this process.
SUGGESTION
Suggestion is the most banal phenomenon of everyday life. As Ogurlayan (1982) said, "if I repeat the gesture of another person, then it can already be said that this gesture has been suggested to me."
In hypnosis, the patient hears speech addressed to him, so it is impossible, when speaking of hypnosis, not to resort to the concept of suggestion. But the word "suggestion" hides different realities: between the provision of new experience from a position of readiness, as proposed by the new hypnosis, and the fundamental hypothesis of traditional hypnosis - the belief that the state of hypnosis allows the imposition of other people's ideas - there is a whole abyss of misunderstanding (Godin , 1990a).
According to Weitzenhoffer, what we call suggestion in hypnosis is a message or sequence of messages intended to evoke a visible action or an invisible response from the patient. These communications are called suggestions because their effects are not arbitrary responses and/or the responses are most often unconscious (see Wertzenhoffer, 1989.1). Such communications are fundamentally different from orders, demands, instructions, which imply conscious cooperation and an arbitrary response. This definition, formulated in relation to direct suggestion, can apply to other types of suggestions: open, activating and indirect.
Indeed, suggestion has something in common:
With hypnotic induction;
With the phenomena that appear during hypnosis;
With the type of connection of the protagonists during the hypnotic state.
This applies to hypnosis in those cases where it is determined by an appropriate attitude towards the operator's suggestions (see: scales.) On the contrary, from the point of view of the new hypnosis, the task is by no means to fill one's head with suggestions coming from outside (see: classification of suggestions).
SUGGESTION (PARAMETERS)
En.: Suggestion (parameters)
In order to analyze the suggestions of therapists and especially indirect suggestions, I once proposed (Godin, 1988) to answer the following questions:
1. Is the suggestion completely externally imposed or is it, as it were, relayed by the patient? In other words, is the suggestion coming from outside, or is something being evoked within the patient?
2. Is the suggestion visible and recognizable to the patient?
3. Is the form of suggestion permissive or authoritarian?
4. Is the effectiveness of suggestion based on the use of unconscious mechanisms? (Wouldn't it be utopian to try to determine the degree of coercion in this case?)
5. How definitely is the suggestion addressed to the patient's unconscious?
These parameters were used by Erickson. For him, the presence of at least one of them was enough to speak of indirect suggestion. More precisely, if the therapist's sentence is labeled with symbols corresponding to each of the five parameters above, then each sentence will appear as a five-digit formula. Such an analysis, applied to Erickson's 1974 entry, showed that any combination of these features is possible, but some are more common (Godin, 1988b). This analysis, when applied to each author, will reveal his favorite methods of work and his style (and perhaps his evolution over time).
Suggestion
in social psychology) - a method of influence, which is based on an uncritical perception of incoming information by a person. V., like persuasion, is aimed at removing the peculiar filters that stand in the way of new information and protect a person from delusions and mistakes. However, unlike persuasion, V. presupposes the assimilation by the object of V. of a message without requiring proof of its truth. With V., the words of the subject of V. evoke precisely those very ideas, images, sensations that the inspirer has in mind. In this case, a situation arises when the complete clarity and unconditionality of the indicated representations requires actions with the same necessity, as if these representations were obtained by direct observation. Being accepted without proper critical reflection, the behavior inspired by a person may not be consistent with his beliefs, habits, inclinations. While persuasion, being a largely intellectual influence, appeals mainly to the knowledge and experience of the listener, V., which is of an emotional-volitional nature, is based on faith (or on trust - the difference here is only in the degree of non-critical perception of words and actions of a significant other). In everyday life, V. occurs daily in the process of communication between people. It is characterized by the fact that one person, without substantiating the positions put forward by him, achieves real, and not formal, acceptance by another person. The degree of suggestibility of an individual is determined by the level of development of his personality, his self-awareness and self-esteem, willpower, as well as the characteristics of interpersonal relations in a group, and in particular the attitude towards subject B. Most often, an uncritical attitude to information occurs when it is transmitted to the referential for the object B. face. At the same time, the source of V. does not have to be a well-known person for a long time; sometimes there are enough confident manners, voices, categorical speech. The effect of V. is especially enhanced by the mass media, which are regarded by many people as a filter in the way of inaccurate information. Such personal characteristics as credulity and conservatism are associated with low critical thinking and perception. In addition, the degree of suggestibility largely depends on age. The level of criticality is closely related to the amount of knowledge, therefore, with the accumulation of individual experience, criticality increases. The growth of criticality in the process of ontogenesis leads to an increase in creativity, but the associated decrease in suggestibility makes it difficult to control the behavior of children. Of great importance for the development of criticality is the style of parenting. In the case when parents include children in the discussion of family problems, limit interference in their affairs, know how to treat them as equals, the suggestibility of children is low. And vice versa - the more parents control the behavior of children, achieving full compliance with their instructions, the higher the suggestibility. This applies equally to the life of society. In countries with a totalitarian or authoritarian regime, the degree of criticality of people to the information that comes to them, be it rumors or media reports, is generally much lower than in liberal democratic states. This is due to the fact that many areas of social life in non-democratic societies are closed to criticism, and attitudes to limit criticism in any area invariably affect the general level of criticism of those who are brought up in these conditions. I.G. Dubov
SUGGESTION
emotional and intellectual impact exerted by one person on another, in particular a doctor on a patient in the course of his treatment.
At the initial stage of the formation of psychoanalysis, Freud drew attention to the role that the doctor plays in the treatment of patients. In the work “Studies of Hysteria” (1895), jointly written with J. Breuer, he noted that in order to overcome the resistance of patients, along with intellectual motives, an affective moment is also important - the authority of the doctor, which is important "in all methods of therapy used in medicine." The recognition of this fact led to an understanding of the problem of suggestion and to the disclosure of this phenomenon in relation to psychoanalysis.
In the work “On Psychotherapy” (1910), Z. Freud drew attention to the fact that psychoneuroses are accessible to mental influence and that the personality of a doctor can have such an impact on patients, due to which they recover without the use of any medications. At the same time, he emphasized that analytic therapy should not be confused with hypnotic suggestion treatment, which had to be abandoned in the transition from the cathartic method to psychoanalysis. "In fact, there is the greatest opposition between suggestive and analytic technique."
Explaining the meaning of the opposition between hypnotic suggestion and psychoanalysis, Z. Freud used an analogy put forward by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci in relation to art: if the painter works by applying strokes of paint on a colorless canvas, then the sculptor, on the contrary, acts by taking away from the stone what hides the statue in it. In the same way, the suggestive technique operates without thinking about the origin, strength, and meaning of the symptoms of the disease, but, using suggestion, expects that it will be strong enough to prevent the manifestation of the pathogenic idea. “Analytic therapy, on the contrary, tries not to impose anything, not to introduce anything new, but takes away, eliminates, and for this purpose it thinks about the origin of painful symptoms and the psychic connection of the pathogenic idea, the elimination of which is its goal.”
The emergence of psychoanalysis was associated with the rejection of hypnosis. Z. Freud noted that when working with patients in many cases, hypnotic suggestion gradually disappears, the old neurotic symptom returns or a new painful manifestation appears in its place. Moreover, the suggestive technique does not contribute to the understanding of the play of hidden psychic forces, does not contribute to the discovery of resistance, with the help of which the patient resists recovery and maintains his illness. Given these circumstances, Z. Freud abandoned the technique of suggestion, and with it hypnosis, because, by his own admission, he "despaired the possibility of making suggestion as strong and persistent as is necessary for the final treatment."
It would seem that psychoanalytic treatment is based on the principle of not using suggestion as such. However, with the discovery of the phenomenon of transference in the process of analysis and with Freud's justification of the need to use transference as an important, indispensable means of analytical therapy, the question inevitably arose that, like other types of therapy, psychoanalysis not only does not exclude, but, on the contrary, presupposes the technique of suggestion. . The result was a kind of paradox, because, having abandoned hypnosis and suggestion, psychoanalysis placed at the center of its technique the development of transference, which voluntarily or involuntarily included elements of suggestion. This did not escape the attention of S. Freud. It is no coincidence that in a number of his works he had to give explanations about how and to what extent transference is connected with suggestion, how and in what way psychoanalysis differs from other types of psychotherapy that use suggestion as a means of healing patients. In any case, Z. Freud's reflections on transference, suggestion and the specifics of psychoanalysis were contained in such works as “On the Dynamics of Transference” (1912), “Advice to Physicians in Psychoanalytic Treatment” (1912), “Introduction to Treatment” (1913), Lectures on Introduction to Psychoanalysis (1916/17) and others.
Reflecting on the therapeutic significance of transference, Z. Freud agreed that, ultimately, "the results of psychoanalysis rest on suggestion." At the same time, it is important to keep in mind what is meant by suggestion in psychoanalysis. If the suggestive technique is about the direct, purposeful influence of the doctor on the patient's psyche, then in psychoanalytic therapy, suggestion is understood as the impact on the patient with the help of possible transference phenomena. Z. Freud proceeded from the fact that often the transference itself is able to eliminate the symptoms of the disease, but temporarily and as long as it persists. In such cases one can speak of treatment by suggestion, and not of psychoanalysis. As the founder of psychoanalysis emphasized in his Introduction to Treatment, "treatment deserves the last name only when the transference uses its intensity to overcome resistance."
The disease state becomes impossible if the transference is allowed. Therefore, unlike the suggestive technique, psychoanalysis sets as the goal of therapeutic activity not suggestion as such, but work with the transference used to overcome the patient's resistance. At the same time, as Z. Freud noted in the article “On the Dynamics of Transference”, “using suggestion, we take care of the final independence of the patient in order to force him to do mental work, which has an indispensable consequence of a long-term improvement in his condition.”
The founder of psychoanalysis also believed that there is nothing reprehensible if the psychotherapist combines part of the analysis with a certain amount of suggestive influence on the patient in order to achieve the desired success in treatment in a short time. But in such a case it is necessary that the physician should not delude himself about his therapeutic activity, since the method he uses is not "real psychoanalysis."
In the "Introduction to Psychoanalysis Lectures", Z. Freud emphasized that the tendency to transference is characteristic not only of neurotics, but also of normal people. This common character trait of people was noticed before the advent of psychoanalysis. Thus, the French physician I. Bernheim (1837–1919), to whom Z. Freud visited in 1889 in order to improve the technique of hypnosis, substantiated the doctrine of hypnotic phenomena based on people's ability to suggestibility. Paying tribute to I. Bernheim, the founder of psychoanalysis at the same time noted that he failed to understand the nature of suggestibility, while the rejection of hypnosis helped him "rediscover suggestion in the form of transference."
According to Z. Freud, the psychoanalytic suggestion he discovered differs from hypnotic suggestion in the following way: hypnotic therapy tries to cover up something, obscure something in the patient's mental world, while psychoanalytic therapy tries to reveal and eliminate something; “the first works like cosmetics, the second works like surgery”; hypnotic therapy uses suggestion to inhibit symptoms and increase repression, but the mental processes that led to the formation of neurotic symptoms remain unchanged, while psychoanalytic therapy penetrates the essence of mental conflicts and uses suggestion to change the outcome of these conflicts; the first therapy leaves the patient inactive, unchanged and, therefore, incapable of resisting a new cause for the disease, and the second is aimed at identifying and eliminating internal resistances, due to which the patient's mental life changes, rises to a high level of development, remains protected from a new disease; hypnotic therapy is capricious and unstable in its results, while analytic therapy is calculable and yields more or less stable results; in suggestive treatment the transference is carefully guarded and untouched, while in analytic treatment it itself becomes the object of treatment and is decomposed into concrete forms of its manifestation; in hypnotic therapy, a positive result is due to suggestion, while in psychoanalytic therapy it is “not by suggestion, but by overcoming internal resistances achieved with its help, based on the internal change that has taken place in the patient.”
If many researchers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries believed that suggestion is the main factor in the mental life of people and a kind of “indecomposable primordial phenomenon”, then Z. Freud proceeded from the fact that it itself should be explained and that a person has the right to counter-suggestion. An attempt to explain the nature of suggestion was made by him in the Introduction to Psychoanalysis Lectures, where he considered transference through the prism of a person's excessive ability to extend libidinal attachment to various objects. However, a psychoanalytic understanding of the nature of suggestion was given by him in his work “Mass Psychology and Analysis of the Human Self” (1921), in which a direct connection was established between libidinal, emotional relationships between people and suggestion, between identification and suggestibility.
Introduction……………………………………………………………………2
1. Concepts and mechanisms of suggestion……………………………………4
2. Hypnosis as a manifestation of suggestive behavior……………..15
3. Suggestion in psychological and pedagogical work………………...20
4. 10 rules for suggestion to note to a social worker ... ... 26
5. Self-hypnosis and autogenic training……………………….27
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………33
Bibliographic list of references………………………….34
"Suggestion in the broadest sense is true
universally in human mental
relationships….
Unsuggestibility is the same as distrust
B. F. Porshnev
Introduction
Suggestion as a powerful means of influencing the psyche was known in ancient times, however, due to the historical limitations of human knowledge, for many centuries it could not become an object of scientific knowledge. At the same time, religion widely used a variety of methods. "God's shepherds" were familiar only with the external manifestation of suggestion, but they widely used this psychological phenomenon to assert their power. One of such socio-psychological mechanisms used by religion is suggestion.
Religious cults of many tribes and peoples over the centuries have been looking for ways to influence the human psyche. In this process of searching for means of hypnosis, suggestion and self-hypnosis, the transfer of the psyche to a twilight state, yogis were the most successful.
Yogis offer a system of physical and mental exercises, with the help of which communication with supernatural forces is allegedly achieved. In the ancient Egyptian books "Vedas" a detailed description of the system of exercises that a yogi must do in order to learn how to control the soul and body is given. Being in this state, the yogi does not feel pain, he can remain for a long time without food, without water. If we discard the religious content of the teachings of yogis, then it should be recognized that the very technique of suggestion, self-suggestion and hypnosis they have developed very skillfully.
The first steps in the scientific explanation of the nature of suggestion and the practical use of this phenomenon for medicinal purposes were taken by medicine.
At the beginning of the XIX century. 2 schools are distinguished that study the phenomena of hypnosis. Both schools - both Nancy and Paris - acted as a united front against mysticism, as the main enemy of the study of suggestion.
The Charcot school believed that mild suggestibility and hypnotic lability were characteristic only of mentally abnormal people. Hypnotic sleep, according to Charcot, is a pathological phenomenon, and it can only be induced in persons with a predisposition to hysteria.
This understanding of the nature of suggestion and hypnosis was sharply criticized by Bernheim. He said that the hypnotic state is not a neurosis like hysteria, but an artificially induced sleep that most people succumb to.
A huge contribution to the development of the problems of suggestion and hypnosis was made by V. M. Bekhterev. He considered suggestion as a mental process that causes certain sensations and ideas without proper criticism. V. M. Bekhterev associated the hypnotic state with the emotion of description, which causes the strengthening of the effect of suggestion. He showed that suggestion can be used both for the benefit and to the detriment of a person.
The physiological basis of suggestion and hypnosis was discovered by I.P. Pavlov. The classical experimental studies of I.P. Pavlov revealed the true picture of the conditioned reflex activity of the higher nervous system, the nature of the processes of inhibition and excitation of the cerebral cortex made it possible to create an integral doctrine of sleep, hypnosis and verbal influence, which became the theoretical basis of psychotherapeutic practice.
Describing the general significance of suggestion, the Georgian scientist I. T. Bzhalava notes that it is impossible to name another psychological phenomenon that would be so widespread in society. “It occupies an important place in pedagogy, sociology, medicine, social psychology, etc.”
B. F. Porshnev “In general, suggestion is one of the most effective, practically important mechanisms of social psychology.”
For modern social psychology, extremely topical research questions are:
The specificity of the inspiring influence of the individual on the team;
A similar influence of the team on the individual;
Suggestion transmitted from group to group;
Finally, interpersonal suggestion
The concept and mechanisms of suggestion
Suggestion - the influence of one person on another, partially or completely unconscious.
Suggestion - presentation of information, perceived without critical evaluation and influencing the course of neuro-psychic influences.
By way of suggestion, sensations, ideas, emotional states and volitional impulses can be evoked, as well as an impact on vegetative functions without active participation, without logical processing of the perceived (A. M. Svyadoshch).
Suggestion is a component of ordinary human communication, but it can act as a specially organized type of communication that involves non-critical perception of the information being communicated, which is opposite to persuasion.
If persuasion is accompanied by inevitable criticism, which is manifested to one degree or another by the person being convinced, then suggestion, as V. I. Bekhterev figuratively put it, enters the human mind “not from the front door, but, as it were, from the back wing, bypassing the watchman - criticism” .
Suggestion is impossible in the absence of semantic (semantic) content and message. For example, a person cannot be taught something in an unfamiliar language.
The multivolume of the word, as a specific stimulus of the GNA, can be shown in the following cases. Often, if one person declares that a room is cold, other people in that room begin to feel that they are cold too. The mention of delicious food causes increased salivation. A word can evoke in a person not only such relatively simple, but also complex emotional reactions. The joyful news makes our heart beat faster, our breathing quickens, and it makes us smile.
A great sensation in medical circles was made by reports of the possibility of inducing various trophic changes in the skin by verbal suggestion in hypnosis: bruises, blisters, burns. Sumbaev and Bakhtiyarov describe experiments in which subcutaneous hemorrhages were induced in subjects under hypnosis by verbal suggestion as a result of an imaginary bruise, while they emphasize that in hypnosis the subject can be caused not only those trophic changes in the skin that he had previously.
In addition to semantic information, additional information is also introduced - verifying information that increases the reliability of the main one. So, for example, you can say to the hypnotized: "The eyelids are heavy" or "The eyelids are completely heavy." In the second case, the additional information in the word “absolutely” is carried by your voice - intonation of speech, facial expressions and one of the main components - your authority.
If this additional information is not present, then the suggestion effect will not occur. And the more confidently a person speaks in a tone, the more verified effect his speech has.
V. N. Kulikov sees the socio-psychological aspect of the phenomena of suggestion in connection with its following features.
Firstly, the content of suggestion, in the final analysis, is always socially determined, since it is determined by the ideology, morality, and politics of the society whose interests and goals are protected by the source of suggestive (suggestible) information.
Secondly, the process of suggestion is the interaction of members of a suggestive pair, in the role of which are social communities and their constituent personalities.
Third, the course and outcome of the suggestion process depends on who has the inspiring influence, as well as on the influences that they experience from their social environment.
At present, suggestion is integral part normal human communication. Together with other methods of communication, suggestion performs important social and psychological functions:
It contributes to the formation of the social psychology of people, the introduction into the consciousness of similar views and beliefs, opinions and assessments, norms of activity and behavior
Directs and regulates the activity of the individual, prompting to one deeds and actions or keeping them from them.
It is interesting to note that the writer L. N. Tolstoy and the psychoneurologist V. M. Bekhterev at different times and in different ways came to the same idea about the enormous importance of suggestion in education. “Children are always, and especially the younger, in that state which doctors call the first degree of hypnosis. And children learn and are brought up thanks to this state. So people always learn and educate only through suggestion, which takes place consciously and unconsciously.
Speaking of suggestion, one cannot help but dwell on the issue of a person's faith, which can be considered as the subject's attitude to events, theories, and even fictions that are accepted as reliable and true.
The term "faith" also refers to the belief in the truth of scientific conclusions, confidence in the inevitable implementation of any event, social ideal.
For example, a huge number of people believe in horoscopes, although impartial checks have repeatedly shown the failure of astrological predictions and astrological personality analyzes.
Perhaps people believe in predictions because, paradoxically, they are correct. But they are true because they are so generalized, evasive and vague that they are suitable for everyone and for no one. The Barnum effect, known to psychologists, works here in honor of the famous American entrepreneur and circus owner Phineas Barnum. The Barnum effect can be formulated as follows: “A person is inclined to take general, vague, banal statements personally if he is told that they are obtained as a result of studying some facts he does not understand.” Apparently, this is due to the deep interest that each of us has in his own personality and, of course, in his own destiny.
An important factor in the operation of the Barnum effect is that we love compliments, but are skeptical of critical statements addressed to us. This does not mean that a horoscope, in order to be believed, must consist of nothing but praise. Indications of some excusable character flaws are also permissible. For example, "An optimist always looks to the future." An extrovert is highly intelligent. There are signs of stubbornness (the first flaw). The mind is quick, but in work it does not cope well with trifles and needs employees to whom it could be entrusted (second disadvantage). Two shortcomings are noted, but with what tact it is done.
Another factor that works in favor of the Barnum effect is that astrologers are often approached by people who are unhappy, preoccupied, frightened by life, and depressed. They need positive and "ancient science" information about their character and future. For them, this is a kind of form of psychotherapy, weakening the excitement, fears, self-doubt.
According to Freud, a person tends to remember positive statements about himself and his future and forget the negative ones. It is also important that the services of an astrologer, as a rule, are quite expensive. Having paid a sensitive amount for a personal consultation, you subconsciously do not want to admit that you have thrown money away for nothing.
Another effect known to psychologists. Horoscopes affect the people they are written for. So, for example, after reading that your zodiac sign is characterized by special honesty, you will try not to lose face and maintain the reputation of your constellation.
According to I. Pavlov, “suggestion is the most simplified, most typical conditioned human reflex. In the practice of communication, the influence of suggestion is opposed by the process of counter-suggestion.
Countersuggestion - this is the relation of the suggestor to the personality of the suggestologist. Its mechanism is formed in the process of the general development of the personality under the influence of education.
V. N. Kulikov distinguishes several types of countersuggestibility:
- unintentional And intentional
The basis of the first is a certain degree of doubt, distrust and criticality inherent in people, which manifests itself at an unconscious level. They begin to act at the moment of suggestion automatically.
Intentional - critically analyzes what they are trying to instill in him, comparing the content of the suggestion with his views and beliefs, and to one degree or another does not accept them.
- individual And group.
Individual countersuggestion due to the characterological and age characteristics of the psyche, her life experience, social attitudes. Under group countersuggestion refers to resistance to suggestion by the group.
- general And special
The first is based on the general criticality of the individual in relation to external influences. Special countersuggestion has a narrower scope of action up to the installation of one suggestologist or counter-suggestible information.
The tendency of a person to succumb to suggestions from other people is called suggestibility .
Suggestibility - this is the degree of susceptibility to suggestion, determined by the subjective willingness to undergo and obey the inspiring influence or the willingness to change behavior not on the basis of reasonable, logical arguments, but only on the basis of a demand or proposal that comes from another person or group of people.
At the same time, the person himself does not give himself a clear report in such a situation. Submitting, he continues to consider his course of action as the result of his own initiative and independent choice.
Among the personality traits that favor increased suggestibility are: self-doubt, low self-esteem, a sense of inferiority, humility, timidity, shyness, gullibility, anxiety, impressionability, weakness of logical thinking, slow pace of mental activity.
The following situational factors affecting the increase in individual suggestibility are distinguished:
Psychophysiological state of the subject (peace, relaxation, as well as strong emotional arousal, stress, etc.);
Low level of awareness of the issue being discussed or the type of activity being performed;
Lack of time to make a decision
In percentage terms, all people are divided according to the degree of hypnotizability - susceptibility to suggestion. According to Hilgard, 10% of people are not hypnotic at all, 30% are mildly hypnotizable, 30% are moderately hypnotizable, and 30% are highly hypnotizable.
The number of female hypnotics always exceeds that of men and
puts 66.6% of any audience.
personality traits
| Difficult to suggest | easily suggestible |
Strong type Fast paced mental activity Introvert High switchability and attention span Skeptical Undisturbed Rigid Optional High level of desire for self-expression Creative thinking is characteristic of cognitive activity Striving for autonomy at work |
Weak type Slow pace of mental activity extrovert Low switchability and attention span Confiding alarming malleable Flexibilny (flexible) Executive Low level of desire for self-expression Cognitive activity is characterized by reproductive thinking Striving to exemplify |
Suggestion Mechanism Concepts
Suggestion as a means of influencing the psyche is realized only because a person has a certain mechanism that provides him with the opportunity to perceive inspiring influences and reflect them.
Unfortunately, science is currently unable to exhaustively reveal all the "secrets" of the psyche. The problem of the physiology of suggestion has not been completely resolved either. However, individual theories provide an answer about the nature of the mechanism of suggestion. This is the physiological theory of suggestion by I. P. Pavlov about the interaction of the first and second signal systems, as well as on the theory of installation by D. N. Uznadze.
According to the teachings of I. P. Pavlov, higher nervous activity in a person is carried out by several instances. The first of them - common to humans and higher animals - is the first signaling system that establishes temporary connections as a result of direct interaction between agents of the outside world.
The second signaling system is available only in humans. It is the basis of speech activity and abstract thinking of a person. “Of course, the word for a person is the same real conditioned stimulus as all the others that he has in common with animals, but at the same time it is as comprehensive as any other, not going in this respect in any quantitative and qualitative comparison with the conditioned stimuli of animals. ".
The word, thanks to the entire previous life of an adult, is associated with all external and internal stimuli that come in large stimuli, which come to the large hemispheres, replaces them all and therefore can cause all those actions, reactions of the body that cause those irritations.
Thus, suggestion is the most simplified typical conditioned human reflex. Suggestion is a concentrated irritation of a certain point or region of the cerebral hemispheres in the form of a certain irritation, sensation or trace - a representation, sometimes caused by emotion, sometimes produced through internal connections; associations - irritation, which has received a predominant, illegal and irresistible value.
The effect of suggestion consists in the concentration of excitation in a certain focus of the cerebral cortex. Since this strong excitation takes place under conditions of inhibition of the rest of the cortex, the content of the inspiring influence acquires an irresistible "illegal" force. The described physiological phenomenon finds its expression in the psyche in the fact that consciousness narrows and focuses on one thing.
Under these conditions, it ceases to properly control the actions of a person and his mental state. Actions and internal state are not under the control of consciousness. However, this does not mean a complete separation of the unconscious from the conscious in the process of inspiring influence and the implementation of suggested attitudes.
Installation - a mechanism that regulates human behavior in cases where the impact is perceived by suggestion.
A deep experimental and theoretical substantiation of the psychological phenomenon of the set was given by the Georgian scientist D. N. Uznadze.
The set is a predisposition, a certain pre-preparedness of the organism during behavioral acts.
Installation - instrument of the subject as a whole, at each specific moment of his activity.
An attitude is an internal form of behavior; it arises in the presence of a certain need and under the influence of an objective environment. Before a certain act of activity is performed, the organism as a whole must come into a state of readiness.
It is this adjustment of all physical and mental processes that constitutes the attitude of the individual. Any behavioral act of a person is a realization of the installation.
Consequently, between the stimulus and the reaction of the organism there always exists the most important component of a behavioral act - the state of the organism, its readiness, the "acceptor of action", i.e. the attitude.
Through verbal influence, we create in a person an attitude to perform a certain action. But the development and fixation of the installation under normal conditions is not so simple and straightforward. The creation of the installation itself depends on the internal state of the body. Under conditions of hypnotic suggestion or psychological relaxation, with a general inhibition of brain cells, the narrowing of consciousness is facilitated, the task of developing an attitude. But the subsequent implementation of the set (suggested state or behavioral act) will depend on the correspondence between the situational prototype created by the set and the real situation.
So, revealing the place of the setting in a behavioral act, characterizing the setting as an internal unconscious form of mental activity, we thereby describe the model of the mechanism of suggestion.
Let's look at an example. We want to suggest to the subject, who is in the waking state, a certain behavioral act: to drink water from a glass. To do this, we start a conversation about thirst, pour water into our glass and drink it greedily, expressing pleasure with our whole appearance, saying that the water is tasty and cool. Suggestion in this case is based on a certain level of the need of the subject's body to quench thirst.
We denote this need through "P 1", and the suggestion itself as the letter "B".
Based on the needs of a person, suggestion either strengthens or changes them and thereby creates new needs. In our case, the suggestion increased the thirst. A new need arose, let's call it "P 2". A new need forms an installation (U) corresponding to the suggestion for the upcoming action (D).
In our subject, by suggestion, an attitude (a state of readiness of the body) was created to satisfy thirst. Therefore, it is natural that he takes a glass in his hands and drinks. This action is performed by him not as a result of deliberation, but on the basis of past experience.
Let's express this experience through the letter "O", and the action performed in the form of impulsive behavior, denoted by "IP".
The symbolic expression of the various components of a behavioral act makes it possible to depict the process of the influence of suggestion on a certain action in the form of a diagram. This scheme, in accordance with what was said above, acquires the following expression:
V - P 1 - P 2 - U - O - IP - D
It can be assumed that a similar scheme reflects the model of a behavioral act performed under the influence of not only suggestion, but also any external influence.
What is the peculiarity of the influence of suggestion?
Its specificity lies in the fact that this complex scheme of a behavioral act proceeds here unconsciously. Mind control is either completely absent or significantly weakened.
Suggesting something to the subject, who is in hypnosis, we, of course, bypass consciousness. But the corresponding act is easy to inspire a person in a waking state.
Consequently, the proposed scheme should also show the area of the psyche that prevails in the process of performing the suggested action.
Naturally, the scientific foundations of the mechanism of suggestion show the universality of this phenomenon and open up prospects for managing suggestion in social work, for psychological and pedagogical purposes.
Hypnosis as a manifestation of suggestive behavior
Hypnosis is a unique phenomenon that attracts special attention and is often surrounded not only by an aura of mystery, but also by numerous prejudices.
The history of the study of hypnosis is full of drama: periods of keen interest in it by numerous studies were replaced by periods of cooling and even denial of its existence.
An increased interest in hypnosis arose at the end of the 18th century. in France thanks to the Viennese doctor F. Mesmer, who created the doctrine of "animal magnetism".
The twentieth century was marked by extensive research in the field of hypnosis, the emergence of new theoretical concepts.
A great contribution to the study of hypnosis was made by the following scientists, psychologists, physiologists V. M. Bekhterev, I. P. Pavlov, Z. Freud, L. Kyubi and S. Margolin, E. Hilgard, M. Orn, V. E. Rozhnov and etc.
V. M. Bekhterev, recognizing hypnosis as a clinical reality, believed that it is caused by suggestion, which “is nothing more than instilling, by word or in any other way, various mental phenomena, for example, feelings, sensations, ideas or actions to another person when distracting his volitional attention or concentration.
The Pavlovian direction considered hypnosis as a partial sleep, partial inhibition, a transitional state between wakefulness and sleep.
Freud viewed hypnosis as a special form of transference. He believed that the hypnotist in the process of hypnotic induction takes the place of the parents of the hypnotized person and revives the Oedipus complex with his love and fear, thereby determining either the calming "maternal" or frightening "father" types of hypnosis.
According to the concept of IP Pavlov, hypnosis is a natural psychological phenomenon, an increased potential readiness of the psyche to receive information, process it and implement it in activity. The hypnotic state is characterized by the maximum mobilization of the reserve capabilities of the human psyche, "when the altered function of consciousness and self-consciousness receives enhanced control of the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some elements of the unconscious, and to some extent the body as a whole."
Hypnosis Phenomenon
In a hypnotic state, virtually any activity, any mental state (which took place in the subject's life experience) is reproduced, and a wide variety of clinical manifestations are modeled.
motor sphere: Hypnotic suggestion can cause any voluntary movement. So, by means of suggestion, to carry out movements of the arms, legs, body in any direction, and in a deep hypnotic state, one can also deprive the possibility of movement, cause paralysis of the hands.
sensory sphere: In a state of hypnosis, spontaneously and with the help of suggestion, there is a decrease in sensitivity to pain, touch. The hypnotic does not respond with gestures or facial expressions. Suggestion causes a decrease and increase in visual acuity, complete blindness, etc.
In a hypnotic state, a wide variety of hallucinations and illusions are produced. The hypnotized person shrinks from the imaginary cold with the appearance of goosebumps, "languishes from the heat", fanning himself with an imaginary fan. A hypnotic can be sent to a “cinema”, where he will “watch” a comedy and react vividly, laugh.
The processes of generation of sensory images are based on the subject's previous life experience. For example, salivation and the corresponding reaction in hypnosis to an imaginary lemon will only occur if the hypnotist knows its taste.
The hypnotized person can be suggested that he does not see or hear the person directly in front of him and he does not react to any actions of this person.
Memory: In the post-hypnotic state, most subjects can remember almost everything that happened in hypnosis, others only partially forget, and still others remember absolutely nothing.
In hypnosis, there is an increased ability to restore forgotten memories of various ages (hypermnesia), and it is also possible to cause artificial amnesia, that is, to “erase” certain periods of his life from memory, and he, for example, forgets that he recently got married, moved to another place of residence, etc.
Dissociation- the ability of the subject to isolate himself from the current situation. The hypnotic can "lose his temper", "leave his shell" and observe himself from the side. For example, a hypnotized patient sitting in a dentist's chair is told, "Would you mind going to the park? Such a beautiful day. Is not it?" And the subject does not feel pain, because. he, "separated from the body" walks through the park. As a result, he becomes insensitive to the manipulations of the dentist.
In the deep somnambulistic stage of hypnosis, a wide variety of personality transformations, regression and progression of age with corresponding behavior are evoked. An adult man at the “five-year-old age” is naughty, playing with a children's saber.
Post-hypnotic suggestion.
This phenomenon finds expression in the various acts that are carried out after coming out of hypnosis in response to the specific suggestions of the hypnologist. The action programmed in suggestion is realized by the subject in the post-hypnotic period automatically, against his will.
Somnambulism- the deepest stage of hypnosis. A feature of this stage is that the subject's attention is completely localized on the words of the hypnologist, to whom increased confidence is shown. In a hypnotic state is established rapport- close connection and deep interdependence of the hypnotist and hypnologist, suggestibility increases, up to a state of special hypersuggestibility.
Hypnotic suggestion automatically acquires the status of conviction. The input information is taken as reality, merges with the hypnologist's concept, in accordance with which it is realized.
Many have a false impression of the absolute power of the hypnotist and his ability to control the psyche of the hypnotist without limit. Meanwhile, the hypnotic is not some kind of automaton, showing complete obedience. In fact, he is able to counteract the demands of the hypnotist in various ways. Only instructions that are neutral for the individual are carried out without hindrance, tk. they do not contradict the main features of his character.
Even in cases of deep trance, the subject cannot be forced to perform actions that are not consistent with his worldview, values, personal attitudes, which clearly indicates the preservation of control over the hypnological situation.
Hypnosis is one of the longest lasting therapies that has stood the test of time. In medical practice, hypnosis is used as relaxation, anesthesia and analgesia.
Hypnosis is a humane means of influencing the psyche of not only patients, but also healthy ones. Hypnotic methods are successfully performed in many applied directions. For example, in sports mental hygiene, hypnotic effects are introduced in order to regulate mental states and the level of performance. Hypnosis in combination with autogenic training is an effective means of eliminating and preventing unfavorable pre-start conditions, restoring working capacity with the help of suggested sleep-rest.
It is quite justified at the present time to use suggestive influences in the pedagogical process in order to form socially valuable attitudes.
It plays an important role in solving research problems as a method of experimental physiology and psychology.
The use of hypnosis for medicinal purposes
Treatment of suggestion in hypnosis is one of the important methods of psychotherapy. Under psychotherapy complex treatment with an impact on the psyche of the patient. This also includes the conversation that a doctor of any specialty conducts with his patients, aiming to dispel unnecessary fears for their health, fear of the upcoming operation.
Of great importance for the success of treatment is the environment that surrounds the patient in a medical institution: bright, airy chambers, caring and attentive attitude from the staff.
Verbal influence, if used correctly, can turn into a powerful remedy, and if used carelessly, ill-considered, it can bring significant harm to the patient. For example, an atrophic disease (from the Greek "atros" - doctor and "genos" - occurring) - different doctor's comments about the severity of the disease state lead to the emergence of an independent disease, manifested in increased suspiciousness and fears of the patient.
The harmful effects of hypnosis can manifest themselves with frequent hypnotization (a tendency to auto-hypnosis is developed), as well as with incorrectly constructed suggestion formulas. In these cases, spontaneous hallucinations, post-hypnotic delusions are possible.
Gradual withdrawal from hypnosis can also cause poor health (headaches, drowsiness).
Contraindications to hypnosis include intoxication with high temperature body and mental confusion.
Complications in the form of individual symptoms or hysteroid reactions occur only in patients with psychological tendencies in relation to therapy.
The role of suggestion in socio-pedagogical work
Suggestion plays a huge role in the process of education.
Studies and observations conducted by V. M. Bekhterev testified to the significant suggestibility of children. He was one of the first to point out the inspiring power of the children's team. Namely, thanks to the influence of the collective, everything bad and everything good is instilled in the child directly, by suggestion. In the practice of teaching and educational work, an important role, according to V. M. Bekhterev, is played by the authority of the teacher, his personal example and compliance with the measure of inspiring influence. He emphasized the benefits of teaching children to critically discuss what they have learned. In his well-known brochure "Suggestion and Education", V. M. Bekhterev pointed out the merits of independent work of schoolchildren, which makes the student independent of the blind perception of the teacher's words. Independent work develops self-esteem in the student, creates self-confidence, which directly affects the formation of his character.
V. M. Bekhterev emphasized that suggestion must be applied in all those cases when bad habits or other abnormal manifestations have taken root in the personality of the student. Suggestion is a technique that sometimes corrects even very difficult and neglected cases by the educator.
Referring to authoritative sources, V. M. Bekhterev believes that in some cases it is possible to use hypnosis to solve pedagogical problems. He cites Berillon's account of overcoming the habit of stealing in a boy by means of hypnotic suggestion.
Anticipating the data of future researchers in the field of suggestopedia, V. M. Bekhterev believed that the pedagogical effect can be achieved without introducing the child into a state of hypnosis. Suggestion gives good result if carried out in the waking state. For such an impact, it is enough to invite the student to close his eyes and then carry out the suggestion in the same way as it is done when a person is in a state of hypnosis.
Among the various defects successfully eliminated by suggestion, V. M. Bekhterev names children's lies, tobacco smoking, excessive shyness, lack of interest in knowledge - all these cases of deviation from normal development require, according to Bekhterev, influence on the child by suggestion. But suggestion itself cannot be applied in a pattern. It should be consistent with the individual characteristics of the child, take into account the causes of the shortcomings that have arisen.
There are the following types of suggestion in psychological and pedagogical work:
1. direct suggestion. It includes commands, orders, inspiring decisions.
Commands and orders contribute to the development of automatic actions in a person. In life, it is required to perform some behavioral acts automatically, without hesitation, fully trusting the word - a signal for these actions.
It is a characteristic feature of orders and commands that they are carried out when, normally, a demand for a similar content might have aroused resistance. It is this feature of commands and orders as forms of verbal influence that makes it possible to attribute them to the category of inspiring influence. When executing commands, they do not reason, but execute immediately.
Commands and orders, as well as inspiring instructions, refer to direct suggestion, but by the nature of their impact they are qualitatively different.
Inspiring instruction is not designed for automatic behavior, it creates an attitude. Commands and orders are effective when the corresponding skill has been formed and the execution of the requirement becomes accurate and largely automated.
The great importance of the inspiring influence of commands and orders lies in the fact that they are an important means of discipline. The problem of using commands and orders in practice lies in the extent to which these means of influence are used.
Suggestive instruction is a type of suggestion used to restructure the existing negative psychological relationships of people.
Suggestion as a verbal influence is not able to change personality traits. But an inspiring instruction can create the necessary attitude - the pre-preparedness of the individual to commit a certain behavioral act.
Suggestive instruction is used in the form of concise phrases, i.e. Suggestion formulas, pronounced in the most imperative tone. At the same time, it is necessary to expressively look into the eyes of the suggested, strengthening the inspiring influence of words. Sometimes it is suggested that the suggester close his eyes and repeat separate verbal formulas: “I always complete tasks at the appointed time”, “I can and want to work well”, “I like my studies”.
Inspiring instruction is not a universal suggestopedic tool. It gives the best results when there are passive, easily suggestible people in front of the suggestologist.
Therefore, the task of inspiring instruction is to give a person the first impulse to overcome passivity, laziness, indifference to their successes.
For example, at school.
Kolya M. is a shy boy. Studying in the 1st - 2nd and third grades, he showed a steady underestimation of his abilities. Subject teaching began in the fourth grade. This negatively affected Kolya's success. Often he refused to go to the blackboard, spoke in a low, breaking voice, often stopped and waited for prompts from his place.
An experienced teacher of the Russian language, Tatyana Ivanovna Sh., skillfully making a “diagnosis” of Kolya’s spiritual state, said at the next lesson: “I checked your compositions. One of Kolya's best. He is great. Kolya get up! Fix your shoulders! So good! Look into my eyes. You can and will respond loudly and confidently with a lesson learned! Go to the blackboard!"
Kolya's answer was not very correct, but he spoke loudly, confidently, the constant fear in his eyes disappeared.
Here the teacher demands from the student not reflection, but obedience.
2. indirect suggestion. It is also designed for the unconditional acceptance of information, but the message itself is not presented in an order (imperative) form, but in the form of a disclosure of a fact or a description of a case, which, being perceived by a person, has an impact on his behavior, in addition to the will and criticism of the subject. It is an influence by way of an example of great inspiring power or a story that influences a person in a roundabout way.
Hint is carried out in order to influence the emotions and attitude of a person through jokes, irony, advice, analogy.
Inspiring indirect approval.
Approval, praise are designed for emotional perception and have great inspiring power - a person is internally affirmed in his strengths and capabilities.
Inspiring indirect condemnation.
This form of indirect suggestion is usually laconic. This is a concise, but effective influence of words, not designed for a "frontal attack."
3. self-hypnosis. The use of self-hypnosis for educational purposes requires a fairly high development of the individual. Auto-suggestion is successfully used to overcome fear of difficulties, to reduce or increase the level of claims, to overcome self-doubt and in other similar cases related to strengthening the will and fighting internal fluctuations.
The most important indicator of the expediency of using self-hypnosis is a high degree of human consciousness. Subject to this condition, learning self-hypnosis techniques is not difficult for a suggestologist, since a person himself sees his shortcomings and consciously seeks to overcome them.
In the initial conversation, the teacher or psychologist explains to the person that the success of self-hypnosis is directly dependent on the degree of his own desire to achieve the goal (get rid of the disadvantage), as well as on his ability to focus on the subject of suggestion.
Self-hypnosis formulas are pronounced in the first person, in the present tense, in the affirmative form: “I can do this in the best possible way,” etc.
Self-hypnosis sessions are held before going to bed and immediately after waking up. It was at this time that the cerebral cortex is slightly inhibited, as a result of which the critical side of the psyche is reduced.
If the subject is trained in auto-training techniques, then it is advisable to pronounce self-hypnosis formulas in a state of muscle relaxation. Possessing the technique of psycho-regulatory training, a person relaxes, and then he himself utters phrases several times in a row that set him up to achieve the intended goal.
In pedagogy, this type of suggestion is used as relaxation in the system of moral education and for didactic purposes. This type of suggestion is carried out with "difficult" children, children with various deviations from the norm, antisocial attitudes.
Relascopepedia is a verbal suggestion that uses relaxation (mental and physical relaxation) as a means to enhance the suggestive effect of words.
Relaxation provides a certain disconnection of consciousness from stimuli coming from the inner and outer spheres.
By introducing a student into a state of relaxation, we temporarily, as it were, "cut off" numerous internal and external channels of communication of the psyche and leave only one - the inspiring voice of the teacher. Thus, in a state of relaxation, the child's susceptibility to suggestion increases.
Experimental data indicate that relaxation is absolutely harmless for children, promotes rest, teaches the mobilization of all the forces of the body, creates conditions for the high efficiency of suggestion aimed at overcoming negative attitudes of moral behavior.
Relaxation for didactic purposes includes the fundamental possibilities of intensifying the learning process by suggestopedic input of educational information.
Relaxation knows neither medical nor pedagogical contraindications. Therefore, in practice, starting from the fifth grade, it is possible in any classroom to enter information designed for memorization in a relaxopedic way.
Ten "magic" rules that provide "suggestion in reality."
1. Be absolutely confident in your abilities.
2. Speak loudly and clearly, firmly, clearly ( it doesn't mean you have to scream all the time).
3. Look into your partner's eyes.
4. Relax as much as possible. Use the pronoun "I". ( I will now ..., I ..., I.).
5. Set the desired wait ( say first what you want, then why you want it).
6. Do not apologize if your requirements are not justified.
7. Do not get irritated, be calm and resolute.
8. Don't let yourself be drawn into a discussion. ( The subject at an unconscious level declassifies you. Never engage in conversation).
9. Do not give an assessment and do not insult the subject ( well what are you
dull, etc.).
10. Be sure to express understanding of the partner's position ( catch his smallest reactions, such as "tear", etc.)
Autogenic training and self-hypnosis
Autogenic training is an active method of psychotherapy, psychohygiene and psychoprophylaxis, which increases the body's capabilities.
AT was developed in 1932 by the German physician I. G. Schultz, based on his observations of his patients, whom he treated with hypnosis. Schultz I. G. noticed that patients without his help can enter that state of rest, relaxation, partial and complete sleep, which he usually evoked in them with the help of hypnosis.
The AT method is based on active self-hypnosis against the background of muscle relaxation. Currently, there are various variants of AT used for various purposes. Classical AT consists of two steps: the first - the lowest and the second - the highest. AT does not give complications. It is impossible to engage in AT only against the background of acutely developing diseases - vascular, infectious, mental.
The main task of a beginner to engage in AT is to learn how to relax, to cause a feeling of heaviness and warmth in the body. If you can achieve a state of complete relaxation, then in this state the formulas that you mentally pronounce begin to work. Your brain, despite the complete relaxation of the body, works just as well. You all hear and understand what is happening around you. It's just that your body doesn't exist at the moment. This is the same working background you need. During an autogenic immersion session, you can inspire yourself with anything: give an attitude to perform with pleasure any work that is disgusting to you, set yourself a super-task, activate mental and physical functions.
Autogenic training can be done on your own. Sometimes, at the very beginning of training, there are frightening sensations - "autogenic discharges". These autogenic discharges can manifest themselves in the fact that at the moment of immersion in a state of relaxation, the practitioner suddenly “sees” in the visual analyzer a myriad of color spots, sparks, even whole pictures, “hears” unusual sounds and voices, experiences a feeling of falling into an abyss or just a feeling of flying , feels the taste of some products, smells, etc. These phenomena often frighten a person and discourage him from doing AT. These discomforts do not pose any danger to the practitioner and, as a rule, pass through several AT sessions.
Autogenic training consists of two stages: the first - the highest and the second - the lowest. The first step includes six classic exercises, the conditional names of which are: "heaviness", "warmth", "breathing", "heart", "warmth in the solar plexus", "coolness in the forehead". A person who has mastered the first stage of AT can influence his mood, arouse in himself a colossal desire to do any uninteresting, but necessary thing, influence the performance and well-being of the body, develop his abilities and much more (you only need to apply the appropriate formulas). Self-hypnosis in AT are "irresistible" in nature, if they were performed correctly.
First stage AT.
The first stage of the AT is easier to learn through a combination of standard exercises. Here is a combination of the first four standard exercises.
The purpose of this combination is to achieve maximum muscle relaxation. As a rule, before starting this exercise, you need to take a comfortable position, close your eyes and give yourself the installation: " I calm down and relax", Then specifically, in parts, the body is relaxed with the focus on those parts of the body that are relaxing. We say to ourselves: " Relax the muscles of the forehead, eyes, relax the muscles of the back of the head and neck.(At the same time, you need to feel what was spoken about.) My attention shifts to my hands. Relax fingers and hands. The forearms are relaxed. Shoulders are relaxed. My hands relax. My attention shifts to the face. The muscles of the face relax even more. My attention shifts to my feet. Relax your toes and ankles. The calf muscles are relaxed. The thigh muscles are relaxed. My legs are relaxed. My attention shifts to the face. The face is completely relaxed. My attention shifts to the torso. The chest muscles are relaxed. Breathing is calm and easy. The heart works well and rhythmically. Relax the abdominal muscles. The muscles of the back are relaxed. My whole body relaxes. I am completely relaxed. I am relaxed.
THEN A FEELING OF HEAVY AND WARMTH IS CAUSED "A pleasant warm heaviness fills my arms. A pleasant warm heaviness fills my legs. A pleasant warm heaviness fills my torso. My whole body is heavy and warm. I am completely relaxed." .
During the first workouts, you can pronounce each formula 2-3 times, and not too quickly in order to have time to feel the sensations caused by the formula. When pronouncing the formulas, it is necessary to figuratively represent the real feeling of heaviness and warmth in the arms, legs, torso. Now conditions have been created - a "working background" under which suggestion formulas will also operate. (Do not forget to remove the feeling of heaviness when leaving this state.) We perform the fifth classic exercise - "warmth in the solar plexus."
The purpose of the exercise is to learn how to cause a feeling of warmth in the abdominal cavity. The formula used in this exercise might look like this: My stomach is warmed by pleasant, deep warmth My stomach is warmed by pleasant warmth The solar plexus radiates warmth"The sixth exercise - "coolness in the forehead" is performed in order to cause a feeling of coolness in the forehead and temples. This exercise helps to relieve headaches. Formula: " My forehead is pleasantly cool. I feel a pleasant coolness in the forehead ".
Classic AT High
Johann Schulz considered the second stage of AT to be the most important for mastering mental processes and creating the necessary emotional background. The classic higher AT level consists of seven basic exercises, each of which can be mastered independently of each other. Mastered the highest level of AT. masters the ability to call and hold pepper with his mind's eye images and pictures, to think abstractly intuitively, greatly increases his creative possibilities. He becomes capable of mental wordless hypnosis, the imposition of images, treatment at a distance.
Exercise N 1. The goal is to learn how to call up different spots of light and keep your attention on each of them. The practitioner performs this and subsequent exercises in a state of autogenic immersion.
Exercise number 2. The goal is to "see" a predetermined color background. The practitioner will soon feel that the contemplation of red, orange and yellow backgrounds is associated with warmth (this creates an emotional uplift), green and blue - with a state of rest, blue and purple cause a feeling of cold, black and dark red - a gloomy mood, depression. It usually takes up to 4 months to complete this exercise. As a result of training, the trainee acquires the ability to easily evoke the desired emotional mood with the help of the evoked color background.
Exercise number 3. The goal is to develop a steady attention that allows you to "see" specific objects for a long time. It is believed that the exercise is mastered when, against the background of various objects, an image of oneself involuntarily arises. It takes about a year to complete the exercise.
Exercise number 4. The goal is to work out the ability to give concrete content to any abstract concept. The trainee must learn to easily visualize objects associated with such abstract concepts as "beauty", "happiness", "freedom", "joy". Everyone associates these concepts with images that are closer to him. You need to train daily, keeping your attention (up to 60 minutes) on abstract concepts and those specific visual representations that are inspired by you associatively.
Exercise N5. The goal is to learn how to change your emotional state by visual representation of associative images (from exercise 4) and to see yourself in the center of the presented picture. The practitioner must also learn to evoke dynamic pictures with his direct participation. At the same time, he must emotionally respond to developing events and experience them.
Exercise number 6. The goal is to learn to mentally evoke other people in front of my mind's eye to feel my presence and participation in their affairs.
Exercise number 7. I. Schultz considered it the most important. Its purpose is to learn to see a series of pictures that answer questions of a psychological nature relating to oneself personally. For example: "What do I want?" "Who am I?". This exercise is performed in a state of "passive concentration". After a correctly performed exercise, "catharsis" occurs - self-purification, psycho-traumatic factors that cause diseases are extinguished. In order to achieve a significant result, to get a return on AT, you need to practice AT daily for at least 30 minutes. Each time the autogenous dive becomes easier. In the end, there comes a moment when the AT student notices that he no longer needs to pronounce self-hypnosis formulas to himself, it is enough to focus on a certain part of the body for relaxation to occur. Some more time passes and the AT student acquires the ability to relax almost instantly. In a few seconds, there is a transition to a state of relaxation. This procedure is very pleasant, a person, as it were, throws off the burden of his body, the burden of problems and anxieties, and plunges into a blissful state. It is usually convenient at this stage to apply the immersion method, sometimes known as the "Key".
Self-hypnosis according to the Coue method.
At the moment of falling asleep, when you are almost falling asleep (try not to miss this particular phase), you need to have time to say the self-hypnosis formula to yourself as many times as possible before you fall asleep. This formula should be four to five words long and should be specific.
Determine the content of the self-hypnosis formula based on your intention. Speak with a tongue twister, baby talk, whatever you like, do not try to mentally pronounce clearly. The only thing to avoid is the negative particle NOT. The formula must be affirmative. At the moment of awakening, when the brain is just awakening, suggestions are also well perceived, but as you will later see for yourself, self-hypnosis when falling asleep is preferable. Many give up trying a moment before they are ready to achieve the result.
Conclusion
After analyzing all of the above, we can draw the following conclusions:
1. Suggestion is one of the mechanisms of behavior, giving him the opportunity to perceive the inspiring influence and reflect it
2. Representing the projection of the personality psychotype, suggestion can have different types of regulation
3. Individual personality traits leave their mark on the manifestation of suggestibility. These are such personality traits as self-doubt, low self-esteem, a sense of inferiority, shyness, weakness of logical thinking, slow pace of mental activity.
4. The social worker must take into account the specifics of the organization of inspiring behavior, ensuring the plastic and democratic development of the individual. In this case, you can use the methods of self-hypnosis and autogenic training in your work.
Literature
1. Bekhterev V. M. "Suggestion in public life" // Pravda, 1990 No. 7 2. Vasiliev L. M. "Experimental studies of mental suggestion" L., 1962 3. Grimak L.P. "Modeling of human states in hypnosis" M., 1978 4. Myshlyaev S. Yu. "Hypnosis" M., 1999 5. General psychological vocabulary 6. Ovchinnikova O. V. "Hypnosis in an experimental study of personality" M., 1989 7. Platonov K. I. "Suggestion and hypnosis in the light of the teachings of I.P. Pavlov" M., 1951 8. "Techniques of self-hypnosis" // Education of schoolchildren 1993 No. 1 No. 2 9. Ed. V. N. Kulikova "Theoretical and Applied Research of Psychological Impact" Ivanovo, 1982 10. R. Bregh "Tutorial" 11. Rozhenov V.I. "Hypnosis and suggestion in medicine" M., 1955 12. Uznadze D. N. "Basic provisions of the theory of installation" Tbilisi, 1961 13. V. A. Chasov. "On the methodology for the study of suggestibility" Ufa, 1955 14. Shvarts I. E. "Suggestion in the pedagogical process" Perm, 1971 15. Yu. Ryzhkin "Some theoretical questions of the psychology of suggestion" Ivanovo, 1982 |
How to use your potential for success in life? Suggestion of thoughts to another - are you able to do it? With this technique, you can master a super skill!
Everyone has superpowers!
Every person on earth has psychic abilities¹ that are dormant in him. Figuratively speaking, in many situations people reach their goal, working day and night like a miner, tearing through the ground where you can simply and easily fly to the right place.
It is the same in society: a person has the ability to do everything amazingly efficiently, achieve high results, build grandiose projects, but instead he is forced to waste time on completely unnecessary resistance.
This is especially true of interpersonal relationships, when one person stops the whole thing because of a bad mood or laziness!
This article provides an effective technique by which you can inspire thoughts in people so that they can act in the way you want. In this case, the person will consider that the inspired thought is his own.
This will allow you to achieve incredible success in all areas: both in your personal life and at work.
Attention!
Before describing this technique, I must say that it really affects people!
A person who has assumed the right to act in this way, along with power, receives additional responsibility! Higher powers will carefully monitor how and for what you will use this ability.
Remember one thing: the law of karma² is inevitable, all thoughts and suggestions will return back to the addressee. It is strongly recommended to use this technique for the benefit of yourself and others!
Suggestion to another person: technique of influence!
Before practice, it is advisable to spend a short time in hot water or take a contrast shower.
1. The practitioner lies on the floor: you can lay a special rug and make sure there are no drafts; pillow is not required.
3. Gradually, this will immerse the person in. Feeling a light trance, he focuses on his breathing, the feeling of inhalation and exhalation.
4. After some time, the practitioner will be in a deep trance. The sensation of the body may disappear - this is completely normal. Without distraction, he imagines that he is in a vacuum.
5. Having caught this moment, a person begins to breathe deeply, imagining how, during inhalation, the vacuum energy enters him; it flows through all the pores in the body. During exhalation, he imagines how all the negativity leaves these pores, dissolving in a vacuum.
The practitioner continues to breathe like this until he feels overwhelmed by a sense of strength. It usually occurs 10 minutes after such breathing.
6. He stops abruptly, plunging into inner sensations. In this state, the practitioner chooses his target: the person to whom the suggestion is to be carried out.
7. Having clearly imagined the face of a person, the practitioner looks into his eyes and mentally pronounces the text of the suggestion loudly. After that, you need to imagine how this person begins to answer with his voice.
For example:
- Olya, you love me very much and every day you understand it more and more!
Yes, I love you and every day I understand it more and more!
8. The practitioner continues this suggestion until he has a firm conviction that the job is well done and that the target person wants to do as intended.
By influencing an object in your imagination, you influence it in reality: this is the law, and it must be remembered!
9. Having finished the work, the practitioner thanks the higher powers and the person to whom he made the suggestion gradually comes out of the trance into his usual state.
The best time to practice is at night (when the subject is asleep). For a successful suggestion of a thought or feeling, perform this procedure regularly 1-2 times a day at the same time. You need to work patiently until the result appears.
Now you have a powerful tool of influence in your hands! You have the opportunity to realize your dreams and unfulfilled plans in love, affairs, business, etc.
You only need to remember your responsibility: you always have a Mirror in front of you! As soon as you take responsibility, the Universe itself will come to meet you!
The author of this technique, describing his experience, used this technique to instill a feeling of love in a girl who had another young man. Believing infinitely in the power of the subconscious, he achieved the result in 2 weeks. After 3-4 weeks, this girl confessed her love to him!
Anton Andreev
Notes and feature articles for a deeper understanding of the material
¹ Extrasensory perception is a term used for many supposedly existing paranormal forms of perception or human abilities (
Often a person explains a lot of what happens to him in life by the fact that he is extremely suggestible, and many in his environment take advantage of this. Indeed, this explanation is quite true. The impact on the psyche of suggestion and auto-suggestion is sometimes too strong, especially if such methods are practiced by an imperious, authoritarian inductor, who has an increased capacity for persuasion. Also, the strength of the effect of suggestion is determined by the weakness or stability of the nervous system of the one who is exposed to such an influence.
The effect of suggestion as a special type of influence on a person and the degree of suggestibility
What is suggestion in terms of psychology? Suggestion (suggestion) is defined as the transfer and induction from one person to another of thoughts, moods, feelings, vegetative and motor reactions, behavior. The less the one who is being inspired thinks about what is being suggested to him, the more successful the suggestion is.
Suggestion as a method of psychological influence involves the participation of two parties. The inspirer usually has such mental and physical qualities with which he can influence the state of the psyche of another person. Suggestion occurs through words, as well as facial expressions and gestures. The setting is of particular importance. If we are talking about therapeutic suggestion, then the fame of the psychotherapist plays an important role in this process. Knowing about him as a high-class specialist in a certain way prepares the patient for the session.
The power of a person's suggestion is largely determined by the degree of suggestibility, that is, the susceptibility to suggestion on the part of the one who will serve as its object. Usually, increased suggestibility is observed in people with a weak type of nervous system and increased impressionability. Alcoholics and drug addicts have a particularly weak nervous system. Accordingly, suggestion as a method of influencing such people has a particularly strong effect.
Axel Munte, a Scandinavian, worked in Paris as a doctor, assistant to the famous neuropathologist, psychiatrist and hypnotist Charcot. This is how he described an example of suggestion in psychology in his book San Michele. A very obsessive and arrogant patient came to Munta's appointment. The doctor asked him to show his tongue, constantly lined as a result of alcohol and smoking abuse, and stated that the patient was seriously ill. Arrogant behavior was immediately replaced by a state of depression and anxiety. Thus, both patients and doctors were spared an unpleasant person.
It is known that symptoms such as headache, indomitable vomiting, lack of appetite, insomnia, neurotic paralysis, are treated by a skilled psychotherapist with the help of suggestion better than drugs. The Bible describes the scene of suggestion treatment of immobilized people when they began to walk confidently after hearing the phrase "Get up and walk." This phrase is a typical example of how suggestion works if people have deep faith in their healer.
Unfortunately, suggestion as a method of influence is often used for criminal purposes. Weak people and losers become slaves of dishonorable or psychopathic leaders who make them criminals. We can give the following example from life, when suggestion was used by criminals. A few years ago, the US media was literally flooded with reports of a mass tragedy. At the initiative of one psychopath, a sect was formed. This man led a hundred adults and children into the jungle, where they established a colony. At some point, he began to inspire them with the idea of mass suicide, and those who did not dare to do so were killed with poisoned injections by fanatical members of the sect.
Another example of suggestion as a way of influencing a person: a blindfolded criminal sentenced to death was told that his vein had been opened and he was bleeding. A few minutes later, the man died, despite the fact that instead of blood, warm water flowed through his body!
The power of self-hypnosis: facts and examples from life
Self-hypnosis can have an equally strong, and sometimes even stronger effect on the body. Under the influence of it, you can both recover and get sick. What is self-hypnosis and what is its mechanism?
Nervous, suspicious man felt a slight malaise. But he begins to think about a serious illness. For example, he is hoarse from a cold, and it already seems to him that his voice will disappear completely. This thought haunts an impressionable person, as if he convinces himself that he will soon lose his voice. And he really loses his voice!
Here is a real life example of the power of self-hypnosis: the famous actor I. N. Pevtsov stuttered, but on stage he overcame this lack of speech. How? The actor inspired himself that it was not he himself who was acting and speaking on the stage, but another person - a character in the play who did not stutter. And it has always worked.
Often, when talking about the power of self-hypnosis, they cite a fact testified by the Parisian doctor Mathieu, who did such interesting experience. He announced to his patients that he would soon receive from Germany a new drug that would quickly and reliably cure tuberculosis. At that time, there was no cure for this disease. These words had a strong effect on the sick. No one, of course, thought that this was just an invention of the doctor. The doctor's suggestion turned out to be so effective that when he announced that he had received the medicine and began to treat it, many began to feel much better, and some even recovered. How did he treat the sick? Plain water!
Suggestion and self-hypnosis can wean a person from a bad habit, make him not be afraid of what scares him, and so on.
Probably, and you can remember a case from your life when you convinced yourself of something and it helped. Here is another example of the power of self-hypnosis: a person is afraid of the dark and at the same time knows that it is stupid; he goes to dark room and says to himself: “There is nothing to be afraid of! There is nobody there!" Such psychological treatment with the help of self-hypnosis works, and unconscious fear disappears!
Under the influence of self-hypnosis, a person can lose his legs and arms, and sudden deafness and blindness may occur. In medicine, such diseases are called psychogenic. They easily arise in people prone to hysteria. And this is what is significant: for example, in a person who has lost his sight, it is not the optic nerves that are damaged, but only the activity of that part of the brain that controls visual perception is disrupted. In it, under the influence of self-hypnosis, a persistent focus of painful inhibition develops, i.e., nerve cells stop working for a long time. They stop receiving incoming signals and responding to them.
Suggestion and self-hypnosis have a great influence on such psychogenic diseases. With hysteria, seizures, convulsions, vomiting, dumbness, deafness, paralysis of the limbs can be observed. All of these disorders are often associated with self-hypnosis.
How suggestion and self-hypnosis work: the mechanism of influence on a person
Despite all the seeming improbability of such phenomena as the treatment of diseases by autosuggestion and suggestion, they have their own explanation.
Such a case is known: a sister was present at the cruel punishment of her beloved brother with whips - and her back was covered with the same bleeding scars as his. Before us is the same result of self-hypnosis. Of course, it is possible only on the streets with an exceptionally excitable, highly upset, sickly psyche. How does self-hypnosis and suggestion work in this case? Not only real suffering, but also imaginary ones, affect people who are inspired so strongly that this is reflected in the work of internal organs.
The mechanism of influence on a person of suggestion and self-hypnosis is so strong that in morbidly suspicious people, thoughts about the disease cause a disease that in appearance strongly resembles one or another disease. There are cases when bleeding from the throat began, as with tuberculosis, ulcers appeared on the body, resembling various skin diseases, etc.
The same psychological mechanism of suggestion is also at work when ulcers occur in stigmatists. All such patients are fanatically religious people. In the last week before Easter, when they read in churches about how Christ was crucified, this can have such a strong effect on a sick person that his psyche cannot stand it: an obsessive thought appears about the torments that Christ experienced when he was nailed to the cross. Hallucinations begin. Before the eyes of this man, as if alive, is a picture of the crucifixion. The whole nervous system is shaken. And here is the result: in those places where, according to legend, Christ had wounds, a man, exhausted by mental illness, has open bleeding wounds.
Suggestion and self-hypnosis as an effective way to treat diseases
In the treatment of patients, faith in the person who treats, and faith in what he will say, can play a decisive role. V. M. Bekhterev wrote about this:
“The secret of healing suggestion was known to many people from the common people, among whom it was passed from mouth to mouth for centuries under the guise of medicine, witchcraft, conspiracies, etc. Self-hypnosis explains, for example, the effect of many so-called sympathetic means, which often have some healing action. Ferraus cured fever with a piece of paper on which were inscribed two words: "Against fever." The patient had to open one letter every day. There are known cases of the healing effect of “bread pills”, “Neva water”, “laying on of hands”, etc.
Even today, one often hears: the old woman “spoke” the wart, and it disappeared. It happens, and there is nothing miraculous about it. The healer here is suggestion and self-hypnosis. Or rather, the belief that a healer can heal a person. When she comes to the patient, he has already heard about her, knows that she has cured someone, and longs for a cure.
And it doesn’t matter at all whether the healer ties the wart with thread or hair and what she whispers over this wart. Everything is decided by the belief that the wart will disappear after such a “conspiracy”. In fact, this is a vivid example of self-hypnosis as effective way treatment - a person destroys his wart by only believing that it will disappear! The suggestion of the healer also works here, when she confidently says that the wart will come off.
Psychiatrists have repeatedly repeated this method of treatment. One doctor, for example, moistened a wart with ordinary water, and told the person that this was a new powerful medicine, from which the wart should disappear. And it worked for many. People believed in the medicine, that it would help them, and the warts disappeared.
Human psychology: the power of suggestion with a word and examples from life
People whose nervous system is weakened and more excitable are especially susceptible to suggestion with a word. It is not difficult for such a person, for example, to inspire a feeling of fear of something or, conversely, to cheer him up, make him cheerful.
This explains such well-known examples of word suggestion in history as “miraculous” healings at various “holy places”. So it was, in particular, in France at the grave of the Catholic deacon François de Paris, who died in 1728. The first to come to the grave was the silk winder Madeleine Begni, whose arm was taken away. She was led here by the belief that the body of a deacon who lived a “righteous” life gained the ability to heal diseases. After kissing the grave, she felt some relief, and when she returned home, she was already so fluent in her hand that she immediately set to work with both hands. After that, suffering from various ailments began to flock to the grave, and some of them were actually healed.
Also, what is happening in Lourdes, a small town in the south of France, which over the years has become famous among Catholics for “miraculous” healings, can be cited as a psychological influence by suggestion. A miraculous power is allegedly possessed by a water source. Bathed in it, you can be healed. In fact, a well-thought-out system of influencing the consciousness of pilgrims is the basis of the Lourdes "miracles".
Who's going to Lourdes? As a rule, people who really hope for miraculous healing. After all, the “miracles” of Lourdes are spoken about from the pulpits of cathedrals, written in newspapers, eyewitnesses talk about them.
And the sick are on their way. Since that time, all attention, all talk - about miraculous healings. And here the “holy fathers” take up the pilgrim. Each carriage on trains to Lourdes is accompanied by monks, special "sisters" and "brothers" of mercy. They get acquainted with each patient, with his relatives, tell them all kinds of stories about the miracles of Lourdes, distribute special books, photographs of those who have recovered from the pilgrimage.
When the pilgrims arrive in Lourdes, they are met by new clergymen and led to the "holy grotto". They are silent, their every movement seems meaningful.
During prayer at the grotto, all the sick in chorus repeat the same words: “Lord Jesus! Heal our sick! Almighty Virgin, save us!" These words sound with greater faith and hope, nervous excitement grows, and now loud sighs and hysterical cries are heard in the crowd of worshippers.
While promoting the "miracles" of Lourdes, the clergy claimed that there were several miraculous healings there. For a hundred years, thousands of names of supposedly healed people were recorded in a special book. However, a check of this book (checked by a special commission consisting of doctors) showed that in a hundred years there were only 14 healings in Lourdes. All of them are explained by science.
Psychiatrists know how healing the action of sudden emotional stimuli is sometimes (the role of which in the first case was played by sudden fright, in the second by anger), and they successfully use them to treat various manifestations of hysteria and even to eliminate some paralysis, blindness, deafness and dumbness. . So there is, of course, nothing supernatural in these facts of healing the dumb and the paralytic. And, of course, such healings are not at all frequent and by no means always lead to a complete restoration of the patient's health.
The scientist L. L. Vasiliev spoke about an incident that happened before his eyes. A young man, coming out of a hotly heated village bath, noticed a disgusting insect that he had not seen before - an earwig. With a feeling of disgust, he took the insect with the fingers of his right hand in order to examine it closer. The earwig bent and tried to pinch the finger holding it with its “tweezers”, but it did not succeed, because the man, screaming in surprise, shook the insect to the ground with a sharp movement. And after some time, distinctly visible purple spots appeared on the skin areas of the fingers with which he touched the insect - one on the index finger and two on the thumb. Neither burning nor pain in the reddened areas of the skin was felt. Failed to remove stains.
What happened?
Strong fright and self-hypnosis played a role here, that the earwig had bitten a finger, although in reality this was not the case. Fright and self-hypnosis caused local expansion of skin blood vessels.
How suggestion is carried out: the psychological mechanism and features
Psychic contagiousness, or, if it’s quite scientifically, induced psychoses, has been known since time immemorial. They come in all sorts - from the ecstasy of the dance of St. Vitus to the vulgar hiccups, which suddenly "sick" the whole village. During the First World War, the troops were observed flickering - motor echo, repetition of movements, grimace - this is also one of the forms of mental epidemic. Psychiatrists have described in detail how such suggestion is carried out: one person, excited by some idea, as if infects others with it, inspires it - and they commit acts dictated by this idea.
Similar epidemics spread among mentally healthy people, but when isolated from the inductor, people quickly come out of this psychosis. They have a critical perception of what happened. Happiness is when the consequences of this "zombie" are reversible.
An inductor - a person who spreads a mental epidemic around him - as a rule, enjoys authority in his environment, is overly active, and has the ability to convince. But, as practice shows, the psychological features of suggestion lie in the fact that such a person does not always have to have a particularly high intellectual level. The old authors of monographs on psychiatry described many cases when the most primitive, often mentally unhealthy person induced much more developed people. For example, maids in rich houses, often mentally ill, instilled in their ladies a clearly delusional idea, and they easily became infected with it.
Studies of suggestion as a method of psychological influence show that the content of an "infectious" idea, its insignificance or, conversely, its greatness, its falsity or justice, are not of decisive importance. These may be the complex psychological motifs of demonology and the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, or the general infection with epilepsy. Today presents us with an assortment of mental epidemics - the "White Brotherhood" and other totalitarian sects. Swinging in front of the TV, from which numerous "healers" and psychics broadcast, dangerous mix ideas of resurrection and transmigration of souls, the existence of otherworldly forces, and so on.
And you should not think that you can avoid this mental contagion, because, as the classics of psychiatry claimed, there is no hysteria as a disease, but only hysterical reactions, not painful in themselves - every person is more or less prone to these hysterical reactions.
Introduction
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for studying the problem of suggestion
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Classification
1.3 Theories of hypnosis
1.4 Neuropsychological mechanisms of suggestion
conclusions
Conclusion
Literature
Introduction
Suggestion is an essential part of relationships. This idea was expressed by V.M. Bekhterev, ahead of his time in many ways. It is assumed that suggestion occurs unconsciously during direct communication between people. The relevance of the issue of suggestion and control of another person has always been. This work is aimed at understanding such a part of communication as suggestion, since with the help of this knowledge the quality of communication increases and the opportunity opens up to solve socially significant tasks. An example of such a task is pedagogical intervention in the educational process. Understanding the mechanisms of suggestion will unlock the potential of the student and perhaps open up new ways to transfer knowledge. Understanding the process of suggestion will help in psychotherapy, understanding the causes of intrapersonal conflicts and providing psychotherapeutic assistance. Corrective work from obsessive-compulsive disorders caused by promotions and media, such as shopaholic. An important point is the safety of the use of suggestion and the elimination of negative consequences.
Object of study: the phenomenon of suggestion.
Subject of study: mechanisms of suggestion.
Purpose of the study: the study of the psychological phenomenon of suggestion and its mechanisms.
Tasks:
- To study domestic and foreign literature on the chosen topic.
- Using the studied material, to define the concepts of "suggestion", "suggestibility", "hypnosis".
- Analyze the phenomenon of suggestion as one of the forms of communication.
Hypothesis: suggestion is one of the forms of communication that opens up additional opportunities for solving socially significant problems.
Chapter 1. Theoretical foundations for studying the problem of suggestion
1.1 Definitions
In world literature, there are two approximately identical concepts: "suggestion" and "suggestion". The word "suggestion" comes from the ancient Slavic "vn ears", which literally means to bring into the ears. The word "suggestion" is of Latin origin, comes from the word suggestio, which translates as suggestion, hint. There is another translation that more accurately reflects the very concept of suggestion: addition, increase, indication. Different authors use these two concepts as a whole meaning one process.
Suggestion (suggestion) is a form of interpersonal and intergroup communication, in which information is transmitted through a partially unconscious, directed signal at the verbal and / or non-verbal levels. It differs from persuasion by a reduced level of criticality and the need to verify information. Suggestibility, or susceptibility to suggestive influence, depends on the state of consciousness of the suggester (object) and the external conditions under which S. is carried out. So, the effectiveness of S. increases in a state of trance, with fatigue, in conditions of uncertainty, in extreme conditions, in a crowd, when using the media. S. affects both neuropsychic processes and social representations, attitudes, social norms, values, opinions, as well as individual self-consciousness. They share heterosuggestion - a suggestion made by another person, and autosuggestion - self-suggestion.
S. can be direct and indirect. With direct S., the source of suggestion is recognized and a connection is traced between it and its action. With indirect S., suggestion is made indirectly using intermediate factors, on which the main emphasis is placed. Indirect S.'s efficiency is higher, than direct. The prevalence of S.'s methods and techniques depends on the level of development of social consciousness and the culture of society.
Suggestion(or suggestion - from lat. suggestio - suggestion) - a method of influence, which is based on a person's uncritical perception of incoming information.
V., like persuasion, is aimed at removing the peculiar filters that stand in the way of new information and protect a person from delusions and mistakes. However, unlike persuasion, V. presupposes the assimilation by the object of V. of a message without requiring proof of its truth. With V., the words of the subject of V. evoke precisely those very ideas, images, sensations that the inspirer has in mind. At the same time, the complete clarity and unreservedness of these representations requires actions with the same necessity, as if these representations were obtained by direct observation.
Being accepted without proper critical reflection, the behavior inspired by a person may not be consistent with his beliefs, habits, inclinations. While persuasion, being a largely intellectual influence, appeals mainly to the knowledge and experience of the listener, V., which is of an emotional-volitional nature, is based on faith (or on trust - the difference here is in the degree of non-critical perception of words and actions of a significant other).
V. is widely used in medicine and pedagogy. In medicine, V. is used to correct the mental and somatic state of the patient and gives a high clinical effect. In pedagogy, attempts are made to use V. in the learning process, for example, in the so-called suggestopedic method of G. K. Lozanov. V. is used in the upbringing of children when the authority of an adult and the reduced criticality of the child contribute to the unconscious acceptance and firm assimilation of norms of behavior and social values.
Self-hypnosis is the suggestion to oneself of ideas, thoughts, feelings. For example, recommended by a doctor and aimed at eliminating painful phenomena and improving overall well-being. Self-hypnosis is realized through autogenic training, which the patient learns with the help of a psychotherapist. A person independently reads (to himself or aloud) or simply thinks through and pronounces certain words or whole phrases in order to influence himself.
Self-hypnosis can have an incomparably more powerful effect on a person compared to extraneous suggestion. This is due to the fact that a person can engage in self-hypnosis on their own for an unlimited time.
Suggestor
-
one who produces suggestion, suggestion.
Suggerend
-
the one who is affected by the suggestor.
Suggestibility, suggestibility, suggestibility - the degree of susceptibility to suggestion.
A. Goncharov supplements this definition as follows: "... determined by the subjective willingness to subject and submit to suggestive influence."
1.2 Classification
Allocate the following classification of suggestions:
Direct Suggestions
- Explicit direct - "I will count to five and it will happen ..."
- Direct camouflaged (something is offered openly, but at the same time it is camouflaged, since part of it comes from the client; teaches the client to act in a special way) - "A feeling that relates to the period before the illness will replace less pleasant sensations"
- Post-hypnotic
indirect suggestions
- Acceptance sequence, "yes set" (several statements that the person agrees with)
- "You came to me, sit now in this easy chair, listen to my voice, today you will feel much better ”(“ today you will feel much better ”- this, in fact, is a suggestion, and the words following it set the person to consent)
- "Why not let it happen?"
- "Do not go into a trance until you are comfortable in this chair" (implication added)
- "Do not take a deep breath until the hand touches the face" (implication added)
- "You don't know how pleasant you can be in a trance until your hand is completely on your hip" (implication added)
- "You don't need to do (anything) until it happens (unavoidable client behavior in the near future)»
- Shock, surprise, creative moments
- Truism, banality (hard to reject)
- “When you sit comfortably, you can relax”
- "Each person enters a trance in their own way"
- “People forget so much. Keys, phone numbers, appointments…” (amnesia structured)
- Any proverbs and sayings
- "Your headache may go away now, as soon as your unconscious mind is ready to let it go"
- “Your symptom may now disappear as soon as your unconscious mind understands that you can deal with this problem in a more constructive way”
- Ideomotor (we want to cause ideomotor reactions - movement) - "Many people can feel that one hand is lighter than the other"
Open (it says that something will happen, but it is not specified what exactly)
- Mobilizing (indefinite mobilizing frameworks are offered, which the person himself fills out, depending on his own resources; a pause is made after the mobilizing words)
- "Your unconscious will put in place everything that is needed"
- “Using your unconscious resources will allow (pause) implement (pause) this job"
- "Your unconscious can harmonize (pause) everything that needs to be harmonized"
- Limited open (offering limited choices that are not specified; usually truisms; hard to reject)
- "You can learn in many ways"
- "There are different ways to work"
- "Some Poses Cause Comfort"
- Encompassing all the features of the class (after listing all the features, add "or something else")
- “I don't know what your unconscious mind is using to help you solve your problem. Maybe some of the words that I say or don't say, maybe images, maybe sounds, maybe sensations, maybe emotions, maybe memories or something else.
1.3 Theories of hypnosis
Let me start by talking about hypnosis. Hypnosis and suggestion are very close concepts. Since there is still a dispute on the subject that hypnosis is a consequence of suggestion, and suggestion is a consequence of hypnosis. While speaking about theories of suggestion or hypnosis, I understand one general phenomenon as a consequence, which is a change in the behavior of the suggestor. But there is no single correlation between hypnotizability and suggestibility.
Different authors identify different sets of theories to explain hypnosis. Russian hypnologist R.D. Tukaev identifies four theories to explain hypnosis:
- Reflexological direction
- experimental-psychological direction
- psychoanalytic direction
- neurophysiological direction
Reflexological direction
Based on the works of I.P. Pavlov about hypnosis, who considered hypnosis as inhibition of the cerebral cortex. Communication with the suggestr is carried out through rapport - a sentinel, excited point in the cerebral cortex. According to I.P. The Pavlovian sentinel post is a common occurrence for ensuring safety during sleep in animals. Experiments were carried out on a dog that woke up to a certain sound for eating. Rapport, according to I.P. Pavlova allows you to influence the mind with a super-weak stimulus, such as a word, while the activity of the rest of the afferentation is inhibited. I.P. Pavlov identified four main phases of inhibition:
- equalizing - the most shallow phase, in which both weak and strong stimuli cause the same response;
- paradoxical - strong stimuli cause an insignificant or completely zero reaction, and weak ones give a greater effect compared to the norm;
- ultraparadoxical - based on the phenomena of transcendental inhibition and perverted inductive relationships, in which all inhibitory stimuli cause a positive effect, and positive signals become inhibitory;
- narcotic - the effect is reduced on both strong and weak stimuli.
L.P. Grimak interprets hypnosis as the sum of two phenomena: the state between sleep and wakefulness and the "reflex" following the leader.
Experimental-psychological direction
Based on the behavioral approach. Hypnosis was defined as suggestion, since many effects could be obtained without a formal state of hypnosis.
The cognitive approach is represented by three theories: neodissociative (Ernst Hilgard), dissociated control (K.S. Bowers) and sociocognitive (I.Kirsch, S.J.Linn). In neodissociative theory, suggestion falls into a different stream of consciousness. These streams are separated by an amnestic barrier. In the theory of dissociative control, suggestion weakens the frontal control of existing behavioral patterns. This enables direct activation of the suggested behavior pattern. Sociocognitive theory is built on the integration of social influence (suggestions) and cognitive theories of the automaticity of ordinary goal-directed behavior. Current suggestions provoke previously suggested situational behavior. A. Dobrovich described suggestion through roles. Since the role is perceived unconsciously and is perceived instantly, one's own role, and, consequently, role relations can be imposed. Entering into a role-playing relationship with a lord or deity, the role requires one to behave in a submissive manner. A. Dobrovich identified about a dozen roles: deity, master, patron, authority, idol, devil, virtuoso.
Psychoanalytic direction
Even Z. Freud himself tried to explain the state of hypnosis by the projection of the figure of the father on the hypnotist. The last most complete theory belongs to Erich Fromm. This theory is based on five theses: 1) hypnosis as an adaptive regression in the service of the ego; 2) activity, passivity, receptivity of the ego; 3) primary and secondary thought processes; 4) attention, absorption and orientation in reality; 5) categories of structure and content. Adaptive regression in the service of the ego means a return from a late level of activity and control to an earlier one, allowing the ego to unite with the hypnotist's attitudes. Primary and secondary thought processes are processes that occur in early childhood and adulthood. In early childhood, this is the immediate fulfillment of the desired, non-differentiation, non-verbality and illogical thinking. In the adult state, thinking is verbal and world-oriented. Fromm studied the features of self-hypnosis. In self-hypnosis, working capacity, imagination, and solving personal problems increase. In the psychoanalytic direction, a structural-semiotic theory is distinguished. According to this theory, a person lives in a system of symbols and signs of culture. J. Lacan believes [like many others - D.K.] that a person becomes a hostage of language and speech even before his birth. A person is forced to accept the suggestions of others regarding his actions and deeds in order to become a person. In contrast, leads autistic patients. J. Lacan denied hypnosis as a method and fought for its ban, because he believed that it harmed people.
Neurophysiological direction
This direction studies the EEG readings of the brain. New research methods have also been developed. I.I. Razygraev uses the method of measuring the levels of constant potentials of the brain. This allows you to determine the cerebral energy consumption of mental processes. For example, when treating stuttering according to his method, energy consumption between certain areas in the brain is reduced or determine the stage of hypnosis. Positron emission tomography is also used to study brain activity. Most of the data at the moment has been accumulated based on the results of EEG. In the 1980s, a connection was shown between hypnotizability and EEG production in the 40 hertz range, and a connection between hypnotizability and EEG theta activity. It is certain that in hypnosis the right hemisphere acquires dominance. Vadim Rotenberg considers the data insufficient to state that only the right hemisphere is involved in hypnosis.
R.D. Tukaev creates his integrative theory hypnosis. The theory is based on the provisions, the purpose of which is a more successful hypnotherapeutic effect. In the first paragraph, a parallel is drawn that the mechanism of hypnotization of humans and animals is based on a hypnotic situation of insufficient mental resources for assessing information (situation). The hypnotic situation develops on the basis of "shock" pattern mechanisms. The action of these mechanisms is based on limiting the excessive activation of the brain to the assessment of a hypnogenic situation in which decision-making and (or) its execution is impossible. Also, the hypnotic situation develops on the basis of mechanisms for limiting the external sensory-distributive activation of the brain with the continuing need to maintain a certain level of activation of one - auditory, visual, or several analyzers. Another point that will be helpful concerns hypnogenic stress. The mechanisms that cause stress are the subject's assessment of the significance of the hypnotic situation and the second mechanism based on the triggering of the stress reaction of functional restructuring. The first mechanism deepens the state of hypnosis, the second increases stress levels with deepening. The remaining points refer to descriptions of the stages of hypnosis and what self-regulatory mechanisms hypnosis activates. This theory is directed exclusively at the practical activities of therapy and does not explain the nature of hypnosis and suggestion. In addition to the shock factors of entering a trance, there are others, like daydreaming, which are believed to be unique to humans. And if a person after a state of hypnosis can feel better, then for an animal hypnosis is a stupor.
Good descriptive works are cited by V.M. Bekhterev. He draws parallels between self-observation, observation in the clinic, and mass "psychoses" in history. And he draws a conclusion about the influence of people on each other. Suggestion is ubiquitous in our lives.
When I started writing this work, I wanted to draw a parallel, after reading the views of V.M. Bekhtereva, I.P. Pavlova, L.S. Vygotsky that a person develops under the influence of suggestion. After the works of L.S. Vygotsky and other authors know that a person assimilates the cultural environment in which he is. External mental phenomena and processes become internal - intrapsychic. A person can learn any language, any culture as native, it depends on his cultural environment. In psychology, two phenomena are close to suggestion. The phenomenon of emotional contagion and true, internal conformism. Emotional contagion is the automatic tendency to imitate another person's facial expression, posture, and vocal responses. With the help of electromyographic (EMG) techniques, it has been shown that the imitation of emotions is very finely differentiated and may not be noticeable “by eye”. The phenomenon of conformism suggests that 1/3 of the subjects showed true conformism in the experiments. The opinion of the group became their own, that is, one could say that they succumbed to the suggestion of the group. There are many other authors whose theories I will return to later. So far, these statements give strong reasons to believe that suggestion is a social fact of interpersonal interaction, and not just a clinically induced condition. In studying the nature of suggestion, B.F. Porshnev, which for some reason is forgotten by many. His theory, formed for the most part on the generalization of the scientific knowledge of domestic science of the 1970s, in my opinion, still remains at the forefront in a number of explanations. Explanations are not only historical, but also physiological and psychological. Unfortunately, I did not find any criticism of his theory. And found only three of his followers in psychology. In parallel, B.F. Porshnev in the world traces an approach to the study of a person through the power over him of society and the situation. Such works as: Berger P., Lukman T. “Social Construction of Reality. A Treatise on the Sociology of Knowledge. Ross L., Nisbett R. Man and Situation. Perspectives of Social Psychology", Hoffman I. "Introducing yourself to others in everyday life", Bern E .
"Games People Play. People who play games". All of these books explore human behavior through social interaction and see the root of problems in programmed behavior or the wrong response to society's expectations. Consider the theory of B.F. Porshnev and define its scientific character, usefulness and validity in the light of new scientific data.
Theory of B.F. Porshneva takes its basis on objective studies of the nervous activity of I.P. Pavlov and the neurophysiological school of the 20th century. B.F. Porshnev introduces his own concept - "brake dominant". "Inhibitory dominant" is a reciprocal "Ukhtomsky dominant". B.F. Porshnev studied this phenomenon in nervous system about twenty-five years old, with his colleagues - physiologists. He used his own experiments and a huge amount of accumulated material describing the experiments of the Pavlovian school. In experiments, during the development of a conditioned reflex, "strange" actions of animals (inadequate reflexes) occur. B.F. Porshnev suggested that in order for behavior to work and the dominant not to be overexcited (then it would turn into inhibition), there must be a center that is overexcited and diverts all inadequate signals to itself. He conducted a series of experiments, when at first one behavior was reinforced, then it was not reinforced, and antagonistic behavior appeared on the surface. From the antagonistic by means of reinforcement, a conditioned reflex was made. This action was repeated several times. Then the animal was brought to an ultraparadoxical state, when the body reacts in the opposite way to the stimulus. A hungry animal may show aggression towards food or run away from food. In the experiments of B.F. Porshnev in the ultraparadoxical state, a reflex was manifested that was previously fixed, that is, which was inhibited in the normal state. This latent reflex, which manifests itself in an ultraparadoxical state, B.F. Porshnev called it "brake dominant".
B.F. Porshnev suggested that the second signal system is not something parallel to the first signal system, but its opposite. That the second signal system is based on the inhibition of the first signal system and, in fact, these two systems are in constant competition. The germ of the second signaling system in animals is an imitative reflex or imitation of someone else's behavior. In support of B.F Porshnev’s theory, I’ll add, since he only assumes this is possible, at the moment there are cases in chimpanzees when, in the pack hierarchy, non-standard behavior not only causes universal imitation, but also makes the author a leader. A case is described when an average member of the flock found iron cans and, loudly banging the cans, ran into the flock. Thus, the pack made him their new leader, displacing the old one down. This, at first glance, not beneficial biological behavior dramatically changed the attitude of the group. B.F. Porshnev did not assume that cross-species imitative reactions were possible, but in 2005 the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) and the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM) recorded the calls of a wild marga cat imitating the sounds made by piebald tamarins (pied tamarin). Thus, the cat hunted the monkeys, making the crying cries of the female, and the monkeys perceived these sounds as their signals. Thus, not only individuals of one species have the ability to imitate, but other species can also copy biologically significant sounds. B.F. Porshnev suggests that if an ultraparadoxical reaction occurs in one individual, it can be biologically beneficial for it, since it inhibits biologically significant behavior for another individual through imitation. You can start scratching on aggression, and if scratching is the inhibitory dominant of aggression, then aggression will turn into scratching. This is only a hypothesis based on the increase in imitation in animals to humans. In schooling fish, if you cut out the frontal lobes of one of them, thereby depriving it of the imitation reflex, the rest of the school will follow the movements of this anomalous fish. One can put forward one's own hypothesis to this, that if the monkey learns to inhibit the urge to imitate, it will have the opportunity to bring into action something of its own, which is biologically beneficial to it. Further B.F. Porshnev makes the assumption that under favorable circumstances, an inadequate reflex of one animal can provoke an imitation reflex of another, thereby crowding out other reactions. This act B. F. Porshnev calls interdiction. Interdiction, being useful for the organism, can be fixed outside the ultraparadoxical state and become a useful reflex of influence on another organism. B.F. Porshnev draws a parallel, as a prohibition signal easily extends to any actions in a dog and in a child. He cites research that the first word in a child is associated with those actions that are most often forbidden to him. The highest level of interdiction B.F. Porshnev calls generalized interdiction, a state that inhibits any activity. It can be defined as the lowest form of suggestion. To parry the first interdiction, there must be some other action that would cancel the first, would be an inhibitory dominant for it. In turn, the third canceled the action of the second. B.F. Porshnev considers this on the basis of sounds. Then moving up the semantics. B.F. Porshnev draws many analogies among different authors on the development of language and speech, based on which he notes his will to another as primary. Will is a direct attempt to give an order or make a direct suggestion. Suggestion B.F. Porshnev understands it as an impact on individuals protected from this phenomenon and constantly developing in the process of history. Suggestion according to B.F. Porshnev can be characterized as speech minus counter-suggestion. Thus, B.F. Porshnev equates persuasion and proof with suggestion. Reading his book, at first I was skeptical and distrustful of it, I checked many references, but as they were confirmed, I became more and more imbued with his ideas. Like B.F. Porshnev writes in his article "counter-suggestion and history" - the scientific method of proof, based on the first signal system (observation, experiment), is the last step in the development of suggestion for the modern world.
At the initial stage, the suggestion developed as a set of prohibitions - "give", "do not touch", "do not look". Moreover, the speech zone of the brain developed later or in parallel with the zone of elementary graphic actions. Speech zones have developed in the motor cortex - for B.F. Porshneva is a sign that the areas of speech control the motor cortex. On the basis of materials on the pathology of speech B.F. Porshnev concludes that the repetition of words (echolalia) may underlie the interdiction that prevents automatic action on the word. Things were originally designations or separators of words, and after words began to designate things. The argument is that even now a tooth, like an amulet, can mean not a tooth at all, but something else. The next stage, which is key in "suggestive selection", is characterized by the fact that the individual perceives the situation through the reaction of another individual. And what have another causes a reaction of activation and inhibition - in his mind, incomparable phenomena. The perceiving individual can be used as a complex and cause another state of shock. B.F. Porshnev called it "diplastia". “Diplastia is a neurological, or psychic, unique human phenomenon of identification of two elements that simultaneously absolutely exclude each other. In the language of the physiology of higher nervous activity, this is a protracted, stabilized situation of a “collision” of two opposite nervous processes, i.e. excitation and inhibition. The mechanism implemented in the artistic metaphor directly corresponds to this - it ensures the identity of several meanings in one element (“too, but not too”). This factor, which causes a nervous breakdown on the first signal system, is the norm human communication. This is the foundation of the second signaling system. The second signal system is distinguished not by biologically determined signals, but by socially determined symbols. In the concept of B.F. Porshnev, the development of mankind can be viewed as the development of deprivation (norms, taboos, prohibitions, rules, laws) and its overcoming. At this stage, one can single out the awareness by society of its limitations in meeting needs (certain problems) and overcoming this state by solving these problems (increasing soil fertility, space exploration). Let's get back to diplasia. “Diplasty from the point of view of physiological processes is an emotion, from the point of view of logic it is absurd.” B.F. Porshnev denies the existence of emotions in animals in a strictly scientific sense. An animal's emotion is viewed as a set of inadequate reflexes. Easy fusion of elements in children is due to the fact that each element is a separate diplasty. Diplastia can merge, if they have one element in common, into triplasty. It turns out - two elements are interchangeable, but clearly opposed to the third. There can be many such elements, which forms the meaning of the opposed element. “Diplasty is such an operation where between two objects or representations there is 1) an obvious difference or independent being and 2) a similarity or merger; if both are not present at least to some extent, identification is impossible.
Another interesting note is the nature of things, that they, formed according to the principle of interdiction, did not have a direct relation to the object, but meant something completely different, as we will now call "magical". The consequence of this were amulets, amulets. For a person, the dominant in an ultra-paradoxical state is carried out into the world of things, due to the constantly flowing inversion in speech. Due to this, it is possible to simultaneously contain two opposite concepts.
Unfortunately, my knowledge at the moment is not enough to understand or refute this theory. Therefore, I will consider the general mechanisms close to suggestion.
Speaking of suggestion, we have several social processes united by one mechanism. Having generalized and singled out this mechanism, one can find the mechanism of suggestion and the execution of this suggestion. These are the processes: stereotyping; internal or true conformity; emotional contagion; first impression effect; halo effect; faith; influence of emotions on memory; suggestibility.
- Stereotyping- not only as a “flare” that distinguishes the group, but also as a mechanism for thinking and shaping attitudes. Stereotyping is used and appears in a person on the basis of the emotional component and is used in the same way. Rarely thought of specifically.
- - under the influence of emotion, probably fear of rejection by the group, a "hallucinatory" change in views and acceptance of them on faith.
- Emotional contagion- here is a more subtle process of adopting other people's emotions. Moreover, it is possible that a person creates his emotions and their collisions give rise to new shades. It is possible to impose one's own states, trance or hypnotic (deep) states.
- First impression- it is based on some kind of emotional generalization close to the rest, which forms faith.
- halo effect- attaching positive qualities to a positive image of a person, and negative qualities to an unpleasant one.
- Faith- into something, as a property of the psyche, which has some kind of emotional mechanism under it or is associated with emotions.
- The effect of emotions on memory- memory as a process using the energy of emotions. More emotional and meaningful events are remembered for a longer time. Less emotional or less meaningful information is hidden behind the chain of associations. We can say that memory is attached to an emotionally rich event through emotions. Complex according to Z. Freud.
- Suggestibility- before considering the suggestion itself, it is necessary to investigate the factors that cause it.
- Suggestion- as a sequence of emotional connections that starts a chain process of emotional binding. Reverse association - not when some images cause others, but when they begin to excite and attach new links.
These processes may be based on something childish, clearly expressed at the stage of childhood. At the age of 3, the primary formation of self-consciousness occurs. Before puberty, the child is easily suggestible. At puberty, the alpha rhythm is fully consistent with the alpha rhythm of an adult. The alpha rhythm is associated with creativity, intuition, and hypnotic states.
Let's consider all the points in detail.
Stereotyping- the formation of stereotypes. The concept of a stereotype was first described by Walter Lippmann. W. Lippman defined a stereotype as ordered, schematic, culture-determined “pictures of the world” in a person’s head, which saves his efforts when perceiving complex social objects and protects his values, positions and rights.
Stereotypes were explored both by the western direction and by the domestic one in the person of the Pavlovian school of physiology. Common to both directions is that the stereotype is presented as a cast of some of the brightest qualities of reality to adapt to diversity. What these qualities are not important, the main thing is that they are essential. Social stereotypes also have the functions of protecting the “image of the Self” and the image of the group. Perhaps that is why stereotypes are so well conveyed. In addition to the role of categorization, they play a protective role, the meaning of the stereotype is not used to comprehend or change the meaning of the stereotype, but for personal gain. Thus, we get direct reinforcement, and, consequently, the stereotype will persist until it comes into conflict with a more significant stimulus. The formation of stereotypes is based on several cognitive processes.
Categorization.
Categorization is “the mental process of assigning a single object, event, experience to a certain class, which can be verbal and non-verbal meanings, symbols, sensory and perceptual standards, social stereotypes, behavioral stereotypes, etc.” . If we recall J. Piaget and the formation of concepts in children, then the child initially thinks in one category. Recall the experiment with water and glasses of different shapes. Water is poured from a wide glass into a tall and narrow glass, and they ask: “Which glass has more water?” At this stage, for the child, height means more, and there is no concept of volume. Only in the future, the concept of quantity is formed, which includes all parameters. Explaining this mechanism of thinking is one of the most difficult moments. Why does a person need to generalize everything and single out ONE essential feature? (One, since at first it is the most emotional, in the future a bunch of signs formulating a law) B.F. Porshnev explains this by the primacy of the concept of "they". Categorization can also be described as inductive or similar, it is also primitive, thinking, when on the basis of one observation it is extrapolated to other similar ones. Without this operation, a person's thinking would not be so complete, but this operation, without verification, is fraught with an erroneous judgment. It is fraught with fallacy, because sometimes it does not take into account all the components, but immediately proceeds to generalization.
Schematization - development of schemes of behavior for typical situations. As you can see, this is the next level of categorization, only instead of attributing qualities, a behavior pattern is formed.
Causal attribution - "the interpretation by the subject of interpersonal perception of the causes and motives of the behavior of other people". People tend to explain the behavior of others, as this reduces anxiety. Not only people tend to explore unfamiliar new objects.
When forming a stereotype, the emotional component is very important: if a person is bitten by a dog, he will be afraid of all dogs for some time. This sign, that it is a dog, will be the most significant for him.
Internal or true conformity- "the actual transformation of individual attitudes as a result of the internal acceptance of the position of others, assessed as more reasonable and objective than one's own point of view." This phenomenon itself can be attributed to suggestion. Another interesting fact, investigated by A.M. Svyadoshch, in the study of additional information suggestion that if several people speak in an uncertain voice, conformity does not appear.
Emotional contagion- "the tendency to automatically imitate and synchronize facial expressions, vocal reactions, bodily postures and movements with facial expressions, voice reactions, postures and movements of other people, leading to emotional rapprochement with him." (Hetfield E.) This process is used in both Ericksonian hypnosis and NLP practices, called tuning. Perhaps through this channel of perception it is possible to influence the human psyche. The Erickson school speaks of a special trance state for the therapist. Psychic abilities can exist on this edge: as a special state that causes strong suggestibility. But these are not studied phenomena.
First impression - is formed in the first seconds of the meeting and affects all further communication. Unfortunately, so far I have not found any research on how it is formed. There are studies on the great inertia of changing the first impression, relative to the original context: formal or informal. Perhaps, emotions that arise at the first meeting and which are difficult to change in the future play a significant role here. And the images are supported by emotions.
halo effect - this effect can be seen as a consequence of the extreme of inductive thinking: if part of it is good, then all of it is good. Or bad, by analogy.
Faith. Wiki dictionary gives this definition: an irrational feeling, an inner confidence in something without relying on facts or logic. Yaroshevsky's dictionary is focused on religious faith. I want to emphasize that faith to some extent is also characteristic of scientific knowledge, namely, in the construction of theories and hypotheses that need to be tested. Even mathematics has in its arsenal non-rigorous methods that do not take into account all the facts, but only speak of the possibility. This is the theory of probability and mathematical statistics. These are methods that cannot give complete certainty like the laws of mechanical physics. These methods give only a degree of probability, usually different from unity. When testing a theory in practice, science always has some error, which serves to correct the theory. Therefore, by faith, I understand a certain assumption, not yet verified by reality. And in a broader sense, not yet met with reality. Epistemology deals with the theory of knowledge. The theory of knowledge is based on the scheme that we assume something to be true and confirm it only by means of experimental verification. But there are conclusions that are not yet amenable to experimental verification. Therefore, they remain true in conjecture and not refuted. These assumptions can be called rational belief. If you renounce and consider it not true, it means not acquiring new knowledge. The process of cognition appears to me as a process of constant correction of old experience. If a person is singled out from society, then he appears defenseless not only as an animal, but also appears to be poor in the means of cognizing reality. Scientific knowledge is always based on the knowledge of another individual and his authority in the scientific community. At the same time, the theory of authority is considered true until it is refuted or partially refuted and corrected. At the same time, when perceiving social experience, one has to consider it true until a certain level of its verification is reached. And verification is possible with your own experience or the experience of authority. To believe in authority is dictated by the public, by means of group pressure, and the impossibility of checking everything. And a person does not need to check everything while the system of his personal knowledge ensures his biological stability. It is possible to describe this phenomenon from a purely biological position, that a person accepts data as an experience that he uses as a means. And only if the tool does not work or does not work effectively enough, is forced to take some action.
Faith and suggestion in this case provide socialization and correction of knowledge. In psychology, one can single out the "Barnum effect". The American Phineas Barnum was the first to notice this strange phenomenon. The "Barnum effect" is that a person tends to take general, vague, banal statements personally if he is told that they are obtained as a result of studying some facts that he does not understand. This effect is also called the Bertram Forer effect. Bertram Forer in 1948 conducted an experiment on his students. After preliminary testing, the teacher distributed to the students the same text taken from the horoscope. And he asked to determine how much he corresponds to their idea of himself, on a five-point scale. The average score was 4.26. The main factors influencing the acceptance of a text are:
- The subject is convinced that the description applies only to him.
- The vagueness of the characteristic makes it applicable to almost any person.
- The subject is convinced of the authority of the one who formulated the description.
- The description contains mostly positive characteristics.
Predictions are also based on this effect. They are perceived as formulas into which, by substituting the facts, we obtain a similarity. Nostradamus' prediction "Soon the earth will tremble" is today referred to as an earthquake in Japan.
Suggestibility
Suggestibility is a peculiar property of the human psyche that allows him to perceive information without critical evaluation of it. Here we divide hypnotizability and suggestibility. According to practical research, the greatest suggestibility is manifested more often in shallow hypnotic states. From the observational data, we can conclude that the theory of I.P. Pavlova about subthreshold stimuli is not correct. Interestingly, V.M. Bekhterev (The role of suggestion in public life - speech by V. M. Bekhterev on December 18, 1897) before I.P. Pavlov. A. T. Filatov revealed the following differences in suggestibility. In children, suggestions to the mimic muscles are better, and in adults, to the muscles of the hands. It has to do with corticalization. Suggestion is directly correlated with corticalization. Also, suggestion is most effective on the zones of physiological or pathological dominants. Suggestions work best in amputated limbs. Suggestions can be realized well, difficultly, not realized at all, and realized in the opposite way.
I. Velvovsky in 1984 defined the anti-suggestive barrier as an installation that prevents suggestion. This barrier depends on the ability to verify the truth of the suggestible, if it is impossible to verify or objective criteria, or knowledge is not enough, then countersuggestibility decreases.
Kandyba identifies the following factors that contribute to suggestion:
- Organizational - posture, presuggestion, lack of interference, etc.
- Acting on the first signal system - music, hand passes, lighting, metronome, smells, etc.
- Acting on the second signaling system - verbal suggestion of drowsiness and sleep, counting up to 10, suggestive and therapeutic texts, pedagogical correction, coding, post-suggestion, etc.
- Psychophysiological factors - muscle relaxation, psychological peace and the absence of extraneous thoughts, concentration on the words of the hypnotist, breathing exercises, etc.
- Establishing suggestive contact (rapport) with the hypnotic and transferring his attention, feeling certain parts of his body, etc.
- Pharmacological (psychedelic) - the use of special pharmacological drugs that inhibit the activity of the hypnotic cerebral cortex and cause passivity, drowsiness and sleep,
- Narcotic - the use of drugs (LSD, etc.) to induce drug hypnosis.
- Poisonous - the use of alcohol, poisons, toxins, etc. to cause a state of stupor, inhibition, "high", etc.
- Emotional - factors acting on emotions: religious, ecstatic, through works of art, etc.
A particularly important factor is pre-setting - an expectation based on personal experience, knowledge, faith, etc.
E. Coue noted that if those who are highly suggestible resist suggestion, then the suggestion fails. From this he concludes that there is no suggestion, but only self-hypnosis. In my opinion, suggestion is a social process and perhaps there is a competition of different suggestions, different emotional significance.
They also note an increased suggestibility of children under 12 years of age, women experiencing prolonged deprivation. Suggestibility is noted in a state of stress, fatigue, relaxation. In a state of anxiety, suggestibility is reduced. People with an analytical, logical and synthetic mindset are less suggestible. Considering the research of E. Coue, it can be assumed that suggestibility depends directly on the system of attitudes and skills of the individual. In one way or another, the current states can be the result of previously inspired attitudes.
Suggestion
Goncharov G.A., like many others, believe that one of the main criteria for suggestion and hypnotic thinking is emotional imagination. As L.S. Vygotsky realistic thinking and imagination are closely related and both can be very emotional. "Essential for the imagination is the direction of consciousness, which consists in a departure from reality into a known relatively autonomous activity of consciousness, which differs from direct cognition of reality." So, trance does not cause emotionality. Emotionality can cause confusion when emotions clash and induce trance, but this is a different way. According to L.S. For Vygotsky, imagination itself leads away from reality if it does not interact with reality. And, suppose, it moves the individual into the inner reality of inner meanings. We have two parallel processes of cognition of reality: sensual go active and through imagination. Moreover, imagination is a higher process, which under certain circumstances (stress, shock, shock) can block the reality of what is happening, that is, the information that comes from the senses. At the expense of imagination, a person can create and invent something new in reality, but first, before the verification of reality, this must become internally real. Thus, it turns out that we have an internal reality, as attitudes, ideas, meanings, and an external one, as a means of realizing internal attitudes. Children, cognizing reality, form on the basis of its inner space of the psyche, operating with which they receive new elements of reality. We have two mutually directed processes of perception, such as the formation of internal representations and the creation of something new in reality. But between them we have two more connecting the imaginary with the real. One of them is aimed at mixing internal representations according to internal laws and the production of internally new, and the second is aimed at checking the correspondence of the internal with the real and correcting the internal. I artificially separated these processes, since in reality they go on simultaneously. And often a person himself does not know what is reality and what is his inner fiction, until the inner collides with an external contradiction. In pathology, when reality does not have its corrective effect on the inner world, the inner world can replace the outer one.
For the analysis of hypnotic suggestions, I took the Ericksonian model of hypnosis. Since this practice reflects the gradual process and at the same time reflects the social nature of suggestion. It uses everyday methods of communication between people. There are many disputes and distinctions between Ericksonian and clinical hypnosis. In this case, I will refer to the authority of hypnology - A. Weizenhoffer. In 1992, one of the most respected elders of American hypnology, A. Weizenhoffer, spoke at a conference on Ericksonian hypnosis and psychotherapy. Its theme was "Erickson and the Unity of Hypnotism". A. Weizenhoffer considers Bernheim's doctrine the foundation of hypnotism of the 20th century. The doctrine includes the following provisions.
- Suggestion is the leading agent that determines all hypnotic phenomena, including hypnosis, that is, suggested sleep.
- Hypnosis, like suggested sleep, is a kind of sleep.
- Hypnosis does not generate suggestion, but enhances it.
- In general, any states that enhance suggestibility are components of the state of hypnosis.
- Hypnosis, as a state of sleep, is characterized by depth, and suggestibility manifests the latter.
- Suggestibility is manifested through a holistic behavioral class of features that can be classified as "automatisms" and are reflexes in nature.
- "Ideomotor action", which is the reflex transformation of thought into action, is the leading automatism underlying all suggested phenomena.
- All automatisms express "internal psychism", which is opposed to "external psychism", which is the focus of all consciousness, arbitrary acts.
- All hypnotic behavior belongs to the realm of normal behavior, normal psychology.
Later, I. Bernheim defined hypnosis as the induction of a specific physical state that increases suggestibility.
I. Bernheim made several attempts to define suggestion. In 1886, he argued that suggestion is the intense influence of an idea that has been suggested and accepted by the mind. In 1903, that all ideas are perceived by the brain through suggestions. All suggestions tend to become actions, to manifest themselves. Bernheim was not the first to associate the phenomenon of hypnosis with suggestion. Among his predecessors, A. Weizenhoffer names Faria, Braid, Philips. In the concept of ideomotor action in response to suggestion, Bernheim is also not original. Its predecessors are Carpenter, Braid, Chevril.
As can be seen from the report, A. Weizenhoffer believes that Erickson only combined those methods that were practiced before him in ordinary hypnosis. Therefore, one can consider Erickson's set of techniques as the sum of hypnotic techniques.
Several techniques are used when inducing hypnotic trance. The most common is fixation of attention, when the hypnotized fixes attention on something and listens to the voice of the hypnotist. As many authors describe this process, there is a fatigue of attention and a transition to a state of sleep (active imagination) with the formation of a report to the voice. The flow of the imagination can be controlled by the voice. In this process, the hypnotized person cooperates with the hypnotist, has a positive attitude towards this process, believes that this will help him, feels safe. This process can be explained as the fatigue of attention control, so in children attention is constantly moving, in this state, attention moves to the inner sphere and goes into sleep. There are folk methods of falling asleep - counting sheep, about the same. In fact, suggestion by attention fatigue is more difficult to explain, and certain physiological studies are needed. Therefore, my only correction in this is that there is a breakthrough of the imagination, after a long concentration. The imagination actively transforms the internal parameters to the words of the hypnotist. In this case, the hypnotist's words are a corrector of internal meanings. And they are the only source of information currently available. As several authors write, suggestibility increases after isolation, in conditions of insufficient information.
The second method of suggestion is confusion, when a person's expectations are seriously out of step with reality. It is possible that stereotypes operate in ordinary behavior, which in themselves are internal meanings, and it takes time and a resource of consciousness to restructure the internal meaning. Therefore, at the moment of active correction of internal meanings, one can pick up the direction of their correction.
The next way to saturate or overload information. If at first a person can still perceive and correct the inner reality with respect to new information, then over time there are too many new inputs. The conversion speed of the internal does not keep up with the speed of the new data. If a person tries to understand this, he goes completely into the restructuring of internal meanings, losing even new data. In this case, there is a contradiction between what you need to listen to and uncomfortable to leave. At the same time, generalizing words are used as the main technique for deepening the trance, when you can substitute synonyms from your experience instead. For example, "you take a tool", the person represents a hammer or screwdriver, but something specific. Thus, the barrier of distrust is removed, since it turns out that the hypnotist does not contradict anything.
There is also a counting method, but you can count in different ways. As a rule, the purpose of the account is to transfer a person to a state of correction of internal meanings. Given that the numbers themselves are abstract and when not attached to anything, they are a means of reflecting the inner reality. That is, the goal of all hypnosis techniques is to transfer attention to the inner content of consciousness.
Direct suggestions may not be accepted, as they may cause resistance or unavailability of the hypnotist. Perhaps the voice of the hypnotist and your own are identified. Most of the thoughts of inner phrases are outer phrases that someone has said or a person has read. Most behavior is shaped by words, words are especially good at influencing new behavior. Galperin offers double verbal accompaniment during the formation of a skill. All activity, except automatic, is often accompanied by words. When a person ponders a thought, most often he reinforces it internally verbally. It can be concluded that the change in internal meanings occurs with no small share of the participation of words. And all development from an early age teaches control of activity, attention with the help of the word. We can also correct the words themselves and change their meaning. What processes occur in this case in the nervous system remains a mystery. If we take into consideration the theory of B.F. Porshnev, then most of our behavior is the learned control of our behavior by others, and on this basis we ourselves can already be subjects of our consciousness. Erickson singled out the "sequence of acceptance" when a setting for a positive response is formed. A series of questions, the answer to which is positive, leads to a propensity for a positive answer to the next question. This can be explained through the contrast illusion in Uznadze's installation, but this effect itself has not been explained. It is only known that after a series of experiments with balls of different weight or volume, identical balls continue to be perceived as in previous experiments. Perhaps this is due to the formation and use of stereotypes in thinking.
M. Erickson owns the method of suggestion by implication, when the fact of what will happen is stated through the possibility. For example, "as soon as you understand, you immediately do it." This is more like not a suggestion, but a manipulation - a play on words. There is no right to be misunderstood in this statement. On the other hand, sooner or later everything can be understood. The only choice left is to do it or not to do it. But if there are no serious attitudes on the way to action, a person will do it. Here, due to some mechanism, the truth of the first statement merges with the second. Perhaps this can be explained through the concept of B.F. Porshnev, but so far I can’t do it.
The implied indication - consists of three components:
- Introduction related to time;
- An implied reference to something that is going on inside the client;
- A behavioral response that signals that an implied instruction has been carried out.
Stephen Gilligan has classified the questions a hypnotist asks. Questions can evoke whole mental processes from memory, for example, a trance state, even deep hypnosis can be induced if a person has experienced this state and feels safe now. The questions are based on the ability test challenge or the self-test challenge. "Can you?" "When did you have your deepest trance?" These questions force a person to turn to his memory. Re-experience those states. Other questions and either these are alternative or ability tests (Can you fix your attention on a dot).
It is also possible to use denial as a suggestion. "Don't think about the white monkey." According to B.F. Porshnev sees the denial as an operation of logic occurred later, so in order not to do it, you must first do it.
Reinforcement and acceptance. The method involves the transfer of positive emotion to the whole context: "Today is a wonderful evening, let's go fishing!" or "You can continue, you did a good job".
Contingent (continuous) suggestions - attaching the suggestion to some process that will take place. “You breathe and with each exhalation you relax.”
Truisms or platitudes are statements that a person subscribes to because he cannot refute. For example, proverbs and sayings. “You can’t even catch a fish from a pond without labor.” For example, to cheer up a person: “We all noticed how someonesmiles at his thoughts,
and oftensmiled in response to their smile.
A pleasant state is called from memory.
Suggestions related to time can be postponed indefinitely.
Open suggestion - it is said that something will happen, but it is not said what exactly. "Your unconscious can harmonize... everything that needs to be harmonized."
Metaphor as a means of influence is also used in literature. Before the advent of novels and literature, the bulk of stories were metaphorical stories. The word metaphor is formed from two Greek roots:'meta' means 'through' and 'fore' means 'transfer'. In Ericksonian hypnosis, it is used as a story close to the client's situation, with the expectation that this story is not about the client, but the client will see the features of his situation in the story. Erickson says that the metaphor may take a long time to work; it is a long-term tool.
As practitioners of hypnosis note, an important point of hypnosis is the specific trance of the therapist himself. As M. Erickson says: "If the client does not have signs of a trance, behave as if the client is in a trance." The hypnotist must be confident in himself and in the success of the suggestion. Perhaps this is directly related to emotional infection and the complex of emotions of the hypnotist (trance hypnotist) is transmitted to the client through imitation.
As R.D. Tukaev's conventional hypnosis and Ericksonian are divided due to the fact that Ericksonians consider the method of clinical hypnosis to be too authoritarian and harsh. In fact, in science, Ericksonian hypnosis and clinical hypnosis are identified. Ericksonian hypnosis is distinguished by the gradual and smooth entry into a trance, which exposes the mechanisms of suggestion in ordinary human communication. According to the described techniques of inducing trance and suggestion, one can notice that the words and concepts are extremely vague, it can be said that the meaning of which is not fully defined. These words are always generalizations, eg unconscious, resources. Perhaps because of such vagueness and generalization, the brain works in the right hemisphere mode, since it cannot create clear logical sequences or highlight something specific, which is mainly done by the left hemisphere. I looked into binary logic - that's why logic is binary, which operates with two opposite values. And when an element can have many values, binary logic stops working and another more ancient operation of thinking works. Or if the probability of an intermediate event is greater, that is, the synthesis of positions than their isolation from each other, then the logic does not work in its pure form. White and black are not mutually exclusive, if these are paints and their composition gives gray color, is there no logic in this example? And there is either experience or creative synthesis. Logic operates with the concepts of true and false. In the case of suggestion, truth is truth, pleasure, security, as a biologically significant truth. With correct information, the animal retains strength, life, and enjoys. Lying is just the opposite - associated with avoidance, danger, not self-interest. Truth can be designated in nervous processes as reinforcement, pleasure, desire for repetition. Lies as inhibition, avoidance, negative reinforcement. It follows from the biological situation that the laws of logic will operate if true and false, and, consequently, logical operations relate to one object and only it, with one value, maximally specified. But with ambiguity and blurring, it turns out that everything is true. Two mutually exclusive processes have nowhere to meet. In such a situation, an internal focus on pleasure begins to reinforce the suggestions of the hypnotist. If there is no positive direction, then the animal will not survive. It turns out that the less experienced the body, the easier it is to inspire something. Until there is a collision with objective reality, which will force us to differentiate internal information.
Suggestion and the state of hypnosis are also explained using the installation according to Uznadze. However, the mechanisms of setting occurrence have not been studied enough. And perhaps the suggestion itself, relying on other attitudes, itself forms the attitude.
Psychological attitudes have the following characteristics:
- Excitability of a fixed set (how many repetitions are required for a set to occur).
- The strength of a fixed installation.
- Set variability (different days may require a different number of repetitions to develop the same set).
Any human behavior is divided into operations that help him achieve a given goal. Thus, operational attitudes appear, which in ordinary life operate in situations that are standard for a person, determining the habitual nature of behavior. For example, the tram controller during the working day performed the same actions, checked tickets. If, instead of a ticket, a colored piece of paper is handed to him, he will hesitate for a while, as the sensory perception system will fail. Thus, the norms of evaluations and relations during the course of repetitive actions are introduced into consciousness and, acting in the form of operational attitudes that meet the standard range of conditions, guide a person in everyday life, eliminating the need to decide every time what actions need to be performed. . Thus, Academician D.N. Uznadze showed that the unconscious psyche consists of many attitudes. At the same time, it must be remembered that, despite the fact that all attitudes (primary, target, impulsive, semantic and operational) are in interaction and mutual influence on each other, the advantage of older attitudes is still more noticeable.
The suggestibility and hypnotizability of a person depend on psychological attitudes. The emergence of an unconscious psychological attitude to suggestibility has an impact on hypnotizability. Under the influence of a positive attitude to suggestion, a mechanism is unconsciously triggered that excludes behavior that is contrary to this attitude. Thus, the last restraining motive that controls behavior disappears, and a hypnotic state sets in, in which verbal information from the hypnotist is perceived without criticism of consciousness.
1.4 Neuropsychological mechanisms.
Most authors refer to the works of I.P. Pavlova. I.P. Pavlov notes that suggestion is due to inhibition of the cortex and the emergence of a paradoxical state, when weak impulses from the words of the hypnotist are stronger than external stimuli. As shown above, this theory contradicts practice, since the deepening of the hypnotic state often leads to a decrease in suggestibility. However, further research is still needed, as it may turn out that zones separating noise factors must be involved for speech perception.
The second neurophysiological theory of hypnotism and suggestion is based on the right hemispheric EEG asymmetry. According to this theory, the right hemisphere is responsible for imaginative thinking, holistic perception, irrationality, and the left hemisphere for logic, consistency, and speech. However, according to V.S. Rotenberg data on the work of the right hemisphere is quite controversial. An interesting fact is that the function of speech is developed in the right hemisphere at the level of a preschooler. To this we can recall the guesses of B.F. Porshnev that the mechanism of suggestion was formed alternately in the hemispheres.
The very mechanism of the execution of suggestions and, in general, of all conscious activity and the activity of carrying out instructions, tasks, orders is attributed to the activity of the frontal lobes of the brain. The fMRI studies of the University of Geneva showed that in the state of hypnosis the activity of the zones responsible for attention, memory and task control changes.
conclusions
At the moment, suggestion is a phenomenon, since the process of its occurrence is poorly understood. But the data obtained from the literature, therefore, and related issues, give reason to believe that suggestibility is due not only to biological, hereditary causes. Not a small influence has a way of thinking. This gives the right to believe that the alternative view of B.F. Porshneva gives great scope for the study of suggestibility as a social mechanism. For my part, I assume the presence of features of the cognitive process in the process of suggestion. The very basis of suggestion must be hidden in the development of thinking, attention, memory and emotions, and the interaction of all these processes. Particularly interesting in this process is the study of prelogical thinking and neurophysiological processes associated with it. It is also the phenomenon of diplasia according to B.F. Porshnev. It is possible that suggestions of different “depth” are formed during life. And more "deeper" suggestions have an impact on life and behavior.
Conclusion
This work shows the lack of versatility of research. Most of the research on suggestion is born out of the hands-on approach of therapists. This analysis shows that the phenomenon of suggestion is much broader than the interaction between the client and the therapist. The phenomenon of suggestion is closely connected with other social, little-studied phenomena. At this stage of studying the phenomenon of suggestion, suggestion cannot be applied en masse in the learning process, since the consequences can be unpredictable. In this paper, the assumption was made that the basis of suggestion are the mechanisms of thinking. To fully understand the phenomenon of suggestion, one should study the formation of thought processes and these processes themselves. In connection with the development of the processes of memory, attention and affective sphere. It should also be compared with pathological cases of these processes in children and adults. Magnetic resonance imaging studies of these processes hold great promise.
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