It is a mistake to believe that if cacti are succulents and their natural habitat is not very favorable, then there is no need to take special care of the soil.
Not only should the earth be nutritious and enriched with microelements, it is also individual for each group of cacti, which are desert, forest. Therefore, the soil for cacti should be selected as similar in composition to the one in which they grow in nature. However, in practice, these plants are grown using mixtures based on universal soils which are often based on experience.
The composition of the soil for cacti
Desert cacti, as well as species with turnip roots, prefer clayey cloddy soil, while forest and species with a fibrous root system prefer loose soil. But in any case, the soil should be air and moisture permeable, with a low Ph level (no higher than 6.5). At the same time, fertilizers should not be included in the composition of the soil, since cacti do not need additional substances that stimulate rapid growth, minerals, in particular, a high nitrogen content.
Types of cacti prone to decay, such as Ariocarpus, Strombocactus, Blossfeldia, are grown in permeable soil with a lot of stones.
Species with spines need more calcium than species without spines. Therefore, it is advisable to add eggshells crushed into dust into the soil.
To retain moisture, soddy land is needed (clay, but black soil is not recommended). Leafy earth is rich in nutrients, charcoal is an antiseptic, prevents the appearance of rot, is added in the form of pieces, and wood ash, dolomite flour reduce the acidity of the soil.
Lime is added only to the soil for cacti that need it, such as astrophytums and other species with long spines.
Coarse-grained sand (river or building sand), sifted brick chips, expanded clay, pebbles, sifted and washed from dust give the soil additional friability and breathability small sizes, crushed stone, vermiculite. The listed components, with the exception of sand, should be selected depending on the size and age of the cacti. For example, for young plants, seedlings, it is better to use a small fraction, and for adults - a large one. Before compiling the soil, all components are sterilized.
How to make soil for cacti
Soil for desert species should consist of equal parts of soddy, leafy soil, peat and coarse sand.
A different soil composition is needed for plain cacti, which include a huge genus of echinopsis. The soil mixture should be porous and nutritious, may consist of:
2 parts of sod land
1 part leaf land
1 part peat
1 part humus
1 part coarse sand
Very fertile soil is necessary for cacti of the Cereus family, which are characterized by rapid growth and large sizes.
1 part of sod land
1 part leaf land
1 part peat
1/4 humus
Based on the finished soil mixture are simple soils for unpretentious cacti:
2 parts prepared soil
2 parts coarse sand
1 part gravel
When planting, a drainage layer of expanded clay or crushed stone is laid on the bottom of the pot, then earth is poured, and another layer of expanded clay or pebbles is laid on top to prevent rotting of the root neck. But top drainage is not always used, because it makes it difficult to control soil moisture.
Ready soil for cacti
When choosing a universal ready-made soil for cacti, you should carefully study the composition, which should contain turf and leaf soil, humus and (or) high peat, coarse sand. Perhaps the content of biohumus, but such nutrient soil is added in small quantities. Other components of the composition are dolomite flour, charcoal, wood ash.
The most popular ready-made soils include Vermion soil enriched with biohumus, as well as the Flower Happiness soil mixture with the addition dolomite flour, Cactus Tropic by Fusco.
Special soil purchased at the store requires the introduction of some components, depending on the type of cactus.
The main trouble of novice cactus growers, as a rule, is that, paying close attention to the composition of the earthen mixture - so much sand, so much clay, so much rotted leafy earth and peat chips - they forget about such an important thing, like soil structure. And cacti are very demanding to her.
Cacti need rough and loose soil. This is achieved by an admixture of gravel, coarse river sand, vermiculite mulch (loosening granules various shapes), etc. The soil for cacti should be coarse-grained and loose, well-permeable to air and water, and not contain any organic fertilizers like manure, bird droppings or horn sawdust.
The ban on such components is explained by the fact that all organic fertilizers are very rich in nitrogen, while cacti have a very limited need for it due to some physiological features. Even a slight excess of nitrogen leads to undesirable and often dangerous changes in the normal development of the plant: its stem begins to quickly stretch, loosen, and become watery. The hairs and spines weaken, the skin, which does not keep up with the growth of the swelling stem, bursts, and ugly wounds and scars appear on it. Such plants lose their resistance and die easily, becoming victims of pests and any fungal infection.
The soil, of course, should not contain harmful substances, pests, disease germs and undecomposed organic matter. By its structure, it needs to remain loose long time. Permeability is also important because cacti do not tolerate if the soil is loosened and dug up. It must also be sufficiently nutritious (it should be remembered that sufficient nutritional value from the point of view of cacti and from the point of view, for example, fuchsia, are different things). It is best to use a mixture that contains leaf humus, clay-turf soil and coarse river sand with crushed stone in any proportions that suit you. Here is an approximate composition of the universal mixture, which is used in many collections:
2 parts (by volume) of leaf humus without twigs and knots;
- 2 parts of clay-turf land, in lumps, without grass and roots;
- 2 parts of river sand, well washed from dust;
- 1 part charcoal and brick (equally), crushed and sifted from dust.
For 3.5 liters of this mixture, one teaspoon of crushed chalk or eggshell(i.e. calcium carbonate, essentially), a handful of vermiculite mulch, and one teaspoon of superphosphate.
By the way, there is a ready-made soil mixture for sale called: "Cactus Soil". It is intended for breeding such species as zygotocactus, epiphyllum, aporocactus, echinopsis, rebutia, parodies, pseudolobivia, etc. The soil is optimal in acidity and is best suited for breeding the above plant species. Packing volume - 2,5 l, 5 l. Hazard class - 4 (safe). This mixture has proven itself well and requires only the addition of baking powder (sand, expanded clay or brick chips). It is always written on the packaging of ready-made mixtures for which groups of cacti it is suitable this option because they are tailored to the requirements of different plant groups.
In an all-purpose cactus mix, four-fifths of all cactus species will grow well. And only the remaining one-fifth will need soil that meets its special requirements - either devoid of natural nutrients and structural elements, or enriched with them. As a rule, we are talking about the addition of clay (especially for nodule species), lime (for example, Cephalocereus senilis) or humus earth (primarily for epiphytic species). To achieve water permeability and looseness of the soil, it is necessary to add to it, as already mentioned, sand, brick chips or peat in such an amount that these substances make up at least two-fifths, and maybe even half or a little more of the earth mixture.
It would be useful to dwell in more detail on the role and significance of each of constituent parts earth mixture.
Crushed brick and peat it plays a dual role in its composition: pieces of it, interspersed in the ground, make it more porous - this is the first. The second, most important purpose of both brick and peat is to serve as a soil moisture regulator. The fact is that these substances are very hygroscopic and therefore can absorb excess water during irrigation, slowly giving it to the soil as it dries.
In terms of improvement physical properties land for cacti, these most commonly used structural substances are almost equivalent. Both brick chips and peat improve the soil due to their chemical action. Both sand and brick chips can be used separately and in any combination with peat. At the same time, in combination, they help to neutralize the influence of their negative aspects. For example, brick chips not only loosen the soil, but also exceptionally maintain uniform moisture in it, decomposing into dust after a few years, which contributes to its sintering. Too sandy soil becomes light very quickly and dries out quickly. Peat, on the other hand, which supports the formation of roots in a plant, in case of an overdose, can, after a while, have an adverse chemical effect on the roots of some "capricious" species.
In the mentioned combination, it is possible to use ground and washed expanded clay or crushed stone with a grain size of 3-4 mm as a substitute. In an open-air culture, a smaller amount of these substances is also sufficient than in a window culture. And finally, in a stuffy, humid greenhouse, they can make up half of the cactus mixture. It is important that all these substances are clean, sterile. In addition, the brick chips must be sifted and washed so that it does not contain dust. Its grain size should be 3-5 mm.
You can use modern vermiculite mulch as a loosening component. These are porous granules in the form of grains, scales, etc. They regulate soil moisture, its air permeability. Sold in flower shops.
Coarse sand. This concept in cactus culture means river sand. It should be as coarse as possible. Sand, previously washed clean with running water, is very important for giving the earth mixture the desired friability and porosity. If you use sea sand, it should not only be washed, but also kept for a long time in a container with fresh, often replaced water.
Cacti will also grow well in clean brick chips, if you add the necessary nutrients dissolved in water for irrigation to it. They can be added to every cactus mixture. Sometimes in this soil, plants do not develop as we would like them to. But the point here, perhaps, is not in the soil, but in diseases or pests that the cactus owner does not suspect.
leaf humus, that is, leafy ground, has several properties important for cacti, and it is very difficult to replace it with any other. First of all, it is rich in nutrients in the form already processed by soil bacteria, available for absorption by the plant. In addition, it is a loose, light earth that absorbs water well, which is very important for cacti. It dries much faster than clay, thereby preventing dangerous stagnation of water in the pot.
Will the organic, nutritious soil for cacti contain leafy soil from the forest, or a mixture of soil from various sources? The main condition is, first of all, the soil is healthy and clean. If you take it from the garden, you need to prefer the one that was fertilized three years ago, not later, and where legumes grew last year. As for the forest humus, then, perhaps, the leafy earth from under the beech is best suited. Forest humus soil is loose and moderately fertile, but it is so light that it can only be used in a mixture with clay soil. For this, it is best to take earth from molehills in pastures - it has good breathability.
clay earth firmly retains water and nutrient salts dissolved in it. Its lumps can be compared to tiny pantries that give food much more slowly than other soils. The viscosity and density of clay soil is especially important when planting tall or large cacti, as it helps the roots to hold the considerable weight of the stem more firmly. But the admixture of dusty clay soil is extremely dangerous - it cements the soil.
The degree of looseness can be accurately determined by squeezing the earth in a fist. Fresh cactus mixture during this test should remain in a lump, with stronger compression it should crumble. If a soft lump does not form with light compression, then the earth is too loose, sandy or dry. Very heavy, clayey or moist soil remains in a lump. In the first case, you need to add clay, and in the second - sand, brick chips or peat. For epiphytic species, add earth that is light, but rich in humus and nutrients. Plants with a turnip root need a heavier soil, you can add a little more clay to it. But sand is also necessary - for sufficient permeability.
Charcoal and sulfur powder have antiseptic properties, very valuable in the culture of easily decaying cacti. In addition, they, like sand, contribute to the friability of the soil. For a liter of cactus mixture, you can add a little charcoal in the form of fine crumbs and a spoonful of sulfur powder, also a very good antiseptic.
Superphosphate not only enriches the soil with phosphorus, but also slightly acidifies it, which is very useful for cacti.
Lime our plants need not only for the formation of spines, hairs and bristles, but also for correct exchange substances that help normal absorption of nutrients. In larger quantities, this component is added to some "lime-loving" species, such as astrophytums and a number of white mamillaria. Lime is introduced into the soil in the form of crushed chalk, eggshells, shells.
The degree of acidity or alkalinity of the soil is usually indicated on the pH scale, showing the concentration of hydrogen ions: pH less than 7 - acidic soil reaction; pH equal to 7 - neutral reaction; pH greater than 7 - alkaline reaction.
Most cacti thrive in moderately acidic or neutral soil. As a result of constant watering of plants with hard water from a well or water supply, the soil becomes more and more alkaline, so it needs to be updated from time to time.
Cactus roots are so sensitive to soil alkalinity that already at pH = 7.5, the growth of most species stops, and at pH = 8-8.5, almost all of them die. According to the results of observations, it was noted that cacti feel best in the soil, the acidity of which is 5.5-6.
It must also be said that an excess of lime in the soil not only interferes with the growth and development of cacti, but also spoils them. appearance, deposited on the lower part of the stem in the form of a dull yellowish-gray crust. At first, this crust is easy to remove with a soft brush - thin and fragile, it falls off when touched, like a shell. But the longer this calcareous crust remains on the stem, the more difficult it is to remove. It seems to adhere to it, eats up, and after removal, dark, dead spots remain on the skin of the plant, extremely ugly and rotting at the slightest defeat.
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For a beginner grower, it is important to clearly understand what soil to plant a cactus in. Often this understanding comes after a series of trials and failures. Do not believe the rumors that the most suitable mixture is one that is similar to the composition of the earth in the homeland of cacti.
Some plant the plant in completely unsuitable soil. At the same time, cacti feel great. However, this does not mean that you can give up on the composition of the soil for the cactus. Special attention should not be given to him, but to the structure of the mixture, acidity, ratio and amount of nutrients.
Soil composition for cactus
To properly prepare a soil mixture for a cactus, you need to know some factors. For example, a plant variety, its age. The recipes offered by flower growers differ only in the combination of ingredients. But they always remain the same.
Before looking for the necessary soil composition for a cactus, you should know that it must meet two parameters:
- the mixture is chosen loose, easily permeable to water and air;
- low acidity of the soil.
To understand what kind of soil is needed for a cactus, then first determine its age. For young and dived plants, a loose, nutritious mixture is more suitable. Therefore, most of the composition is leafy earth. Adult and old cacti need dense soil. It will be a greenhouse and clay-turf land.
In soil with a slightly acidic reaction, they are usually planted, growing in the steppes and forests. But mountain, desert prefer soil with a neutral reaction. The main ingredients of soil mixtures are leafy, old greenhouse soil, rotted manure, baked clay, charcoal.
What kind of soil a cactus likes depends on its type. For example, plants that have little to no thorns prefer calcium-free mixtures. But if the cactus is all decorated with thorns, then even eggshells are added to the soil.
The optimal time for preparing the mixture is a month before planting. It is recommended to store it in a slightly damp state. It is very difficult to guess how the plant will react to this or that type of mixture. To identify the disadvantages and advantages, it is better not to change it for a long time.
You can identify changes in the soil mixture during transplantation by examining the root system. If it is developed and healthy, then the mixture is suitable. When the roots are rotten, not developed enough, it is better to replace the mixture, since it does not bring any benefit.
Thus, the optimal composition of the soil for a cactus is determined by selection in the process of its cultivation.
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Denis Davydov February 6, 2014 | 2429
Ready soils for cacti, sold in flower shops, are not suitable for all types, since their main component is peat. From this, most cacti quickly lose roots. In addition, such substrates are more suitable for growing epiphytic forest cacti, but not desert and mountain species. That is why earth mixtures are best prepared by yourself.
For standard and universal earth mixtures, I would recommend the following ingredients.
Soil types
Clay sod land. It is easy to find in floodplain meadows, in parks and near water bodies. It is light brown in color, heavy in structure, quite moisture-intensive, retains its properties for a long time, dries slowly and is very nutritious in terms of microelement composition.
Leaf land. It can be collected in parks and groves, deciduous forests, in gardens. It is pronounced black in color, as it is a decomposition product of foliage and is very rich in humus. Light in structure, nutritious, gets wet and dries well, in fact it does not cake.
Coarse sand and fine gravel. The sand must be washed, not contain silt (fine dusty particles), have coarse-grained fractions, and should not give turbidity when lowered into the water. Such sand can be found in the shallows of rivers and reservoirs or in quarries. Ordinary building sand is not suitable, it is usually fine in structure, will "cement" the soil without contributing to its aeration, and also contains lime, which is unacceptable for the cultivation of most plants in general.
mineral components. Promote aeration and water permeability of the soil. In addition to sand, the most common mineral components are brick chips, finely granulated expanded clay, vermiculite, perlite and crushed charcoal, which can be collected from extinguished fires. Coal intended for barbecue is not suitable, because. it is obtained by firing without access to oxygen and contains a lot of unburned and harmful resins.
Composition and processing of the mixture
To prepare a universal earth mixture for cacti, I use two parts of sod and leaf soil, three of coarse sand or gravel, and one part of broken brick, expanded clay and charcoal. To increase the nutritional value of such a substrate, you can add 1 tbsp. l. simple superphosphate per 3 liters of the mixture. Cacti need little nitrogen fertilizer. Potash fertilizers can be applied as needed along with irrigation water.
For cacti from mountainous areas and arid regions with a turnip root system, the amount of mineral components must be increased to 60-70% of the total volume of the mixture.
The "cactus" earth mixture prepared in this way should be slightly acidic, loose, air and water permeable and slightly moistened. When squeezing a small amount of such a mixture in your hand, it should stick together and easily crumble at the slightest pressure.
An important aspect is the disinfection of the prepared mixture. This is achieved by steaming it for an hour in the oven, or by processing it for 15-20 minutes. V microwave oven at a power of 440-600 watts. After the soil has cooled down, it can be used for planting and transplanting cacti.
From experience:
- For some types of cacti, a number of adjustments must be made to the initial earthen mixture. So, for species with turnip roots, the soil should be heavier, more clay-soddy soil or a little clean lumpy clay is added to it.
- For Mexican species growing on limestone in nature, chalk or marble chips are added to the earthen mixture. Due to the processes taking place in the soil, these components will gradually pass into a soluble state and thus be absorbed by the roots of plants. Let me remind you that calcium and magnesium are needed for white-haired species, cacti with specks and strong thorns for the formation of spines, bristles and hairs.
- Epiphytic cacti need more nutritious soil. For them, 1 part of humus is added to the earth mixture or a soil mixture is prepared with a smaller amount of mineral components and calcium-magnesium components are completely excluded.
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It is well known that the main factors that ensure the normal growth and flowering of cacti are illumination, temperature regime, irrigation regime and the composition of the soil mixture. And the soil often plays an almost decisive role, since it provides not only nutrition for the plant, but also regulates the temperature, humidity and aeration of the entire underground part of the plant.
So, attempts to grow desert cacti in a temperate climate in the land taken in the yard can end extremely unsuccessfully: a cool winter in dense, slowly drying soil leads to the complete death of the roots and rotting of the root neck. When the mechanical structure of the soil is disturbed, many physiological processes change, which lead to the weakening and even death of the plant.
The supply of water to the roots should always exclude its stagnation in the dishes and excessive moisture of the earthen coma. Free access of oxygen to the roots not only contributes to the normal functioning of plant tissues, but also inhibits the development of pathogenic bacteria in the soil.
Cactus growers, in terms of approach to the composition of the soil, are divided into two camps. One is made up of those who recognize traditional soil, the other is advocates of hydroponics. In the camp of "soilophiles" there are adherents of leafy soil, chernozem, peat, sod land with many transitional steps. There are recipes for mixtures for various kinds cacti.
Chemoculture
Owners of large collections and greenhouses specializing in growing cacti for sale prefer the so-called chemoculture- a kind of hydroponics, which is the cultivation of cacti in a substrate containing practically no nutrients, with watering with nutrient solutions and subsequent, almost complete, drying. Is it a surrogate, or is it progress?
Of course, for giant greenhouses served by units of workers, this is the only acceptable way. However, the owners of small collections, which is the majority of cacti growers, run into a number of problems. Let's try to analyze what this is due to.
The substrate for growing cacti must meet the following requirements:
1. Should be moderately cheap and easily mined.
2. Must be permeable, especially in upper layers. This reduces the losses caused by root rot and simultaneously prevents the formation of algae. Such a plaque is unpleasant in appearance and makes it difficult for air and moisture to reach the roots.
3. Must consist of a material that repels pests and pathogens.
These requirements are certainly met the substrate is purely mineral.
Many years ago, I switched to growing all my cacti in clean sand with brick chips, and was pleased with the results, especially in terms of root development. However, after three years, he returned all the cacti to the soil mixture.
There are several reasons. It is necessary to have non-leaking pallets. There should be pots of the same size in the pallet, otherwise they dry out in different time, and watering can only be done at the same time. The cacti should be about the same size, again for the substrate to dry out at the same time. Different cacti are in different phases of development, some need nitrogen, others need potassium, the third phosphorus, the fourth is generally desirable to dry! The trays must be completely filled with pots, otherwise a large volume of nutrient solution is needed. Yes, and the pallets on the windowsill look somehow wrong, too functional.
The most suitable utensils are plastic.
Transplantation can be done at any time, but the substrate must be dry. Remains of soil from the roots must be removed (at least the bulk).
For irrigation, use as soft water as possible. First watering after winter clean water!
Added nutrients must be completely dissolved. The first watering with a nutrient solution is carried out during the period when the plants are in a state of explicit vegetation. Alternate watering with a nutrient solution with watering with clean water. Do not reuse nutrient solution and water. Remove any remaining liquid from the pan.
Ready-made fertilizers are not formulated exactly according to the requirements of cacti (compare the chemical composition of several commercial ones). Therefore, it is necessary to have 3-4 types and change them. At the beginning of the growing season, use more often with relatively high content nitrogen, before flowering - phosphorus, in preparation for wintering - potassium.
I believe, that:
Chemoculture is a complex cultivation method in which the cactus grower can make many irreparable mistakes. It requires great theoretical knowledge and experience.
Now about growing in soil mix.
The composition of the soil mixture two mandatory components should be included: nutritious (leaf humus, clay turf) and loosening (fine and coarse sand, crushed stone, crushed brick).
As a baking powder, coarse and medium fractions of river sand are most often used. A good alternative to it is fine granite chips, ideal for simulating mountain and rocky soils.
For physiologically safe moisture retention, crushed brick or charcoal is often used.
80% of all types of cacti will grow well in universal cactus mixture: 1 part of leaf land, 1 part of sod land, 1 part of coarse river sand with the addition of broken red brick.
epiphytic species(schlumbergera, epiphyllum, ripsalis, etc.) require an increase in the content of leafy soil, and species with a thickened (turnip) root- sod land.
In addition, almost all cactus growers practice their own, "branded", "dances with tambourines." For example, I add in large quantities spent orchid soil(rotted pine bark), which has poorly digestible organic matter, good moisture capacity and breathability, slightly acidic reaction and has antiseptic properties, properties are ideal for cacti.
Also as a baking powder I add cherry and plum pits, well washed and steamed in the oven. They also slowly (5-7 years) rot, supplying the cactus with nutrients and, as part of a high-quality soil mixture, do not become moldy.
What is a "quality potting mix"?
Initially granular and sufficiently water- and air-permeable soil quickly, sometimes after several months, loses its permeability, and its lower layers and surface acquire a fused structure.
Such soil has a foul smell, which is an unmistakable sign of spoilage. Damage begins to spread from the lower layers, which are the least ventilated and retain moisture the longest.
The causes of spoilage are excessive watering, hardness of the water used for irrigation and soil overload with organic matter. Spoiled soil should be replaced with fresh, with composition adjustments to eliminate the causes of spoilage.
Description of the main components of the soil
And, in conclusion, a description of the main components of the soil, because. for beginners, but the article is being written mainly for them, it is not clear “what is it” and “where to get it”?
leaf ground, or leaf humus
It is a light, loose earth, easy for plants to assimilate, with a slightly acidic reaction (pH 5…6). It has a good structure, consists of lumps, they are quite moisture-permeable, which is very important for the normal life of plants. Leaf humus dries out much faster than clay soil, since it has little moisture capacity.
Adding leafy soil to the mixture prevents unwanted water stagnation in the pot. It is obtained from fallen leaves that lie at the bases of trees and shrubs. After lying in the winter on wet ground, the leaves rot and disintegrate. In the spring you see that most of the fallen leaves seem to disappear.
The best leaf ground under linden and maple. The upper (not rotted) layer of leaves is removed with a rake, a loose layer (about 1 cm) is scraped off the ground. This is quality leaf land.
sod land
harvested in meadows and pastures, preferably on old, fallow, perennial, with good grass-clover herbage. It cannot be harvested in low-lying areas and in general in areas with high acidity.
Soddy soil is obtained by shaking off chopped sods with a thickness of at least 8 cm. Soddy soil is quite porous, highly moisture-absorbing, rich in basic nutrients that act for many years.
Pine bark
in crushed form, they are added to soil mixtures as a loosening and acidifying material. In America and Canada, a number of companies produce substrates for growing cacti based on pine bark.
The bark must be taken from fallen old trees, or picked from live hardened pines closer to the base of the trunk. There are large bumps of bark, so you can pick them out. It is far from the wood there and the tree does not suffer, and the bark is the one that is needed. It is necessary to pay attention to the absence of resin.
At home, the bark is boiled for about two hours or soaked for several days. In this form, it is easily crushed in a stock meat grinder with the knife and grate removed. Stored slightly damp.
Sand
Coarse-grained river sand is considered the best. Quarry sand is unsuitable - fine, reddish, containing ferrous compounds of iron and oxides of other metals that are harmful to plants, as well as clay and silty particles. Fine sand should never be used., as it cements the substrate.
brick crumb
serves as a regulator of soil moisture and contributes to its porosity. When watering plants, the brick absorbs excess water, and then slowly releases it to the soil as it dries.
Brick crumb gives an alkaline reaction, therefore, before use, it is neutralized with weak solutions of acids until the evolution of gases completely stops, followed by washing, including from the dusty fraction (until the cloudy water disappears).
Cooking quality soil is not only good for cacti, but also improves the health of cacti growers (I mean harvest tourism)!
Good luck to you and health!
Vladimir Shevlyakov.
