Many people dream big beautiful garden. After all, fruits grown and harvested with their own hands cannot be compared with anything. And how beautiful the garden is when the trees are in blossom! Alas, sometimes you have to fight for the health of the garden.
Pear diseases and the fight against them are something that almost every gardener has to deal with. If you do not detect the disease, do not cure it in time, the garden may die. Therefore, we will take a closer look at what pear diseases and their treatment are.
It is worth noting that the diseases of apple and pear trees are in many ways similar, so the information given in the article is also suitable for the treatment of apple trees.
fungal diseases
Let's take a look at the most common fungal diseases.
Scab
Fungus - the pathogen spreads through the trees incredibly quickly. Scab affects the leaves of pears and their petioles. The disease is most dangerous in warm, humid weather. Symptoms of the disease appear in the spring after bud break. Yellow spots appear on the fruits, through which the pulp is slightly translucent. Over time, they acquire a brown hue and a velvety texture. The leaves turn red, blacken, eventually fall off.
If the scab affected the fruits at an early stage of development, they grow with deviations and do not reach normal sizes. Sometimes at an early stage, the sepals suffer from the disease, and from them - the fruits and leaves. This often happens if the garden is densely planted, there is no normal air movement between the trees.
The fungus "winters" in fallen leaves. In the spring, tubercles can be seen on them, spores ripen there. During the budding and flowering of pears, the spores are thrown out, the trees become infected. The higher the humidity, the faster the disease develops. If the spring is delayed, the buds bloom slowly, the risk of scab disease increases.
Treatment
What can be done to protect the garden from disease? Fallen leaves should be removed and burned. Crowns of trees - thin out by pruning, and trunk circles- dig. In autumn (after leaf fall), it is important to treat the trees with a 5% solution of urea, and the tree trunks with 7%. Before bud break and at the beginning of it - in the green cone phase, it is recommended to carry out a "blue spray" with 3% Bordeaux mixture
If you failed to prevent the disease, it will have to be treated with the same Bordeaux mixture but at a concentration of 1%. Or apply another mixture: azophos (30g), copper oxychloride (40g), Scor (2ml), Bayleton (6g) per 10 liters of water. AND For environmental reasons, it is better to treat scab with drugs such as Alirin-B, Gamair, Fitosporin. Alirin-B and Gamair successfully cope with the disease, only they need to be added liquid soap, a special adhesive (Liposam) or a product containing an adhesive, such as Aquadon-micro, Narcissus.
When the pears have faded, you need to spray again. During the wet season, you can process the tree up to 6 times, with breaks of 2-3 weeks.
Fruit rot (moniliosis)
No less dangerous disease. Moniliosis causes great damage. It is also a fungal disease. The fungus persists in last year's fruits, which take on a mummified appearance. In the spring, infected pears become covered with white spots due to the growth of mycelium inside. The fruits become coarse, may fall off. Many of them remain on the branches. The mycelium quickly takes over the tree.
The disease is most pronounced in the second half of summer, especially in humid hot weather. Small brown spots appear on the fruits, which become larger and may even spread to the entire fruit. White pads form on top. There, spores are formed that will infect other parts of the tree.
Especially quickly the fungus manifests itself in places where the peel is damaged.
Treatment and prevention
Prevention of the disease begins with the collection of fallen fruits, leaves, branches that need to be burned.
In summer, you need to pick the fruits in a timely manner with special care so as not to damage them.
Treatment is the same as in the case of scab.
Phyllosticosis (brown leaf spot)
Another disease is phyllostictosis. Its manifestation can be seen as early as July. The first manifestations of the disease are small brown dots on the leaves. Over time, they turn black, covered with spots-spores. The color of the spots is brown, the edges are pronounced. Sometimes the leaves turn black completely.
The fungus overwinters in fallen leaves. High air humidity contributes to its rapid spread. Trees that have been treated with too strong chemicals in the past, leading to chemical leaf burn, are especially at risk.
Spotting is easy to distinguish from other diseases by black leaves. But its treatment is almost the same as with scab. The same means and spraying scheme will be effective.
powdery mildew
The defeat begins with young shoots, sometimes inflorescences and fruits suffer. The leaves stop growing and fall off. A young developing shoot affected by an ailment also stops development, deforms, and often dies. Appears on inflorescences during illness white coating, the flowers crumble, and those that remain on the branches no longer give ovaries.
Powdery mildew loves low humidity and warm weather.
If the above description matches the situation in your garden, you must immediately begin to fight the disease. But how to deal with powdery mildew?
It is necessary to immediately get rid of infected shoots; in the extension phase, the buds must be treated with fungicides. And after two weeks, you need to repeat the treatment. Fungicides are used: "Topaz", "Topsin-M", "Bayleton", "Sulfarid", as well as a solution of colloidal sulfur.
Septoria pear, white spot
Pears often suffer from white spotting (septoria). This manifests itself in the appearance of rounded light spots with a dark border on the leaves. You can notice the signs after flowering. In the middle of such a spot there are pycnidia with spores. The pathogen easily survives the winter, and infects the leaves in the spring.
Prevention is important. It is necessary to remove fallen leaves, fruits and twigs in time, as well as dig up tree trunks. If you are growing pears in a region with high humidity, it is best to choose varieties that are resistant to white spot. In spring and autumn, it is worth thinning the crown.
If the disease has already captured the plantings, you need to treat the trees with fungicides. The first time the pears are sprayed before bud break, the second - when blooming, and the third - after flowering. In advanced cases, you have to repeat the treatment during the summer.
pear crying
What to do if the pear started to cry? Perhaps the reason for this is gommosis (gum curing). The disease usually attacks a tree that has suffered during the winter or has already been infected with a fungus, as well as those pears that grow on acidic soils that are too wet, or are saturated with fertilizers.
The disease is characterized by the release of gum on branches and trunks. This phenomenon has a bad effect on the general condition of the pear, it greatly weakens the tree and can lead to its death.
In order to save a tree, the main thing is to heal its damage.
The “weeping” area must be cleaned and wiped with a solution of copper sulfate 1%, and then rubbed several times (every 10 minutes) with oxalic leaves. After - apply garden var to the wounds.
Black cancer
Black pear cancer develops over several years. The bark of the tree is affected. It all starts with small cracks that get bigger, after which the bark bursts and the cambium begins to peep through it (photo below). The edges of the cracks are covered with brown spots.
The treatment of black cancer is quite simple. The affected bark is cut off. After that, it is necessary to process the pear blue vitriol and cover the wounds with a mixture of clay and mullein.
Varieties resistant to the disease: August dew, Samaritanka. In order to protect the pear orchard from black cancer in advance, these varieties should be planted.
pear dies
Most often, seedlings die due to improper planting. A tree simply cannot take root if normal conditions for this are not created.
To make it easier for winter-hardy pears to take root, they should be planted in the fall, until mid-October. The distance between the trees depends on the variety (usually 3-5 m). landing pits dug out with a diameter of 1 m and a depth of half a meter. Take care of the quality of the earth that you fill the hole with. Make sure that when planting the root neck of the seedling does not deepen. The trunk circle needs to be mulched.
It is also bad to plant trees in areas where groundwater lies close to the surface. Timely pruning of the seedling is also important, if it is not carried out, then the branches will not grow correctly. The tree may break in the future.
Also needed proper care. Young pear trees are watered more abundantly than other trees. It is also important to consider that pear seedlings are difficult to transplant. They freeze easily and can get sick.
The pear broke
It is not always possible to protect the pear from wind and snow that can harm the tree. If a young pear in your area is broken, it can be saved. It is necessary to cut the seedling 3 cm below the break point, thoroughly clean the cut, disinfect and cover it with garden pitch.
If the pear broke down in autumn or winter, then in the summer new shoots will begin to grow on it. They need to be cut, leaving the most powerful of them at the top. He needs to be given a vertical position, tied to a peg. This will be the new pear trunk.
pear dries up
If the pear suddenly began to dry out, perhaps the reason is improper care. The most obvious violation with such symptoms is insufficient watering in dry weather. The opposite situation is also true - waterlogging of the roots. This is due to too frequent watering or close occurrence. ground water.
It is also worth wondering if a mole has wound up on your site? In this case, you need to thoroughly water the pear and start fighting it. Noise makers, digging in nets, special traps will help here.
The pear can dry out due to infection with fungal spores. For example, when pruning branches, non-disinfected tools were used. In this case, you should fight the disease itself and continue not to make such a mistake.
For the same reason, there bacterial burn which has similar symptoms. The leaves of the pear begin to dry from the tips, and then the entire plate curls up and dries up. In this case, with the beginning of the growing season, multiple treatments with Bordeaux liquid are carried out, however, before the pear is processed, sanitary pruning is carried out.
Also look for pests in the tree. They can cause the pear to dry out and need to be dealt with accordingly. If all else fails, and the pear dries anyway, it is considered too weak for normal growth.
Pear grows poorly
It happens that a planted pear for some reason does not grow. The problem may be in the decay of the root collar. For the same reason, often a pear does not grow, and the leaves turn yellow prematurely. Young plants are most susceptible to this phenomenon, especially when they are fed too much with fertilizers.
A lot of snow accumulates under the trees, which falls on the thawed soil. The neck is preet. It is almost impossible to deal with decay, but you can pay utmost attention to choosing a landing site.
Also, the problem may be in the label, which some gardeners forget to remove from the seedling when planting. A rope with a label on a growing tree pinched the trunk and stopped the flow of juices.
The next reason why the pear does not grow may be damage to the seedling by the larva of the May beetle. It is important to inspect the plant and the soil under it well and, if a pest is found, take measures to destroy it.
How to treat a tree from diseases
In order for the pear to grow and develop normally, the treatment of diseases and their prevention must be carried out in a timely manner.
The first time the treatment is carried out in the spring, when the temperature has reached + 5ᵒС. You need to spray both the trunk, and the crown, and the near-trunk circle. All damage should be inspected; pests and fungus often hibernate in them. Before spraying, it is necessary to mechanically clean the trunk from lichen.
It is better to spray in 3 stages: in March, in April before flowering, in May after flowering.
It is also important to trim on time.
In the spring, processing is most often carried out with copper sulphate. Also, depending on the situation, appropriate fungicides, urea or biologics can be used.
In autumn, before the start of leaf fall, preventive spraying is carried out with a 5-7% urea solution. Fallen leaves are removed and the trunk circles are dug up. They also carry out whitewashing with special paint.
Bordeaux pear liquid
Bordeaux liquid is very popular when processing pears from diseases and pests. It consists of lime, copper sulfate and water. For the treatment of fruit trees, including pears, before bud break, it is proposed to use 3% Bordeaux mixture (liquid), during the growing season only 1% Bordeaux mixture can be used.
Bordeaux mixture is prepared in plastic or enameled containers. For a 1% solution in 1 l warm water dissolve 100 g of copper sulfate. Separately, 100-150 g of lime is dissolved in 5 liters of water. The solutions are filtered, and then the solution of copper sulphate is brought to a volume of 5 liters and poured into the lime mixture, stirring.
Verified by agronomist Alexander Zharavin
Among the most dangerous diseases of apple and pear trees are scab, fruit rot, cytosporosis and milky sheen. Reliable protection fruit trees from these viruses and infections can only be provided by comprehensive preventive measures, including both advanced chemical and traditional agrotechnical measures. Before treating pears and apple trees for diseases with chemicals, consider the time of fruiting - two weeks before the final ripening of the crop, such processing completely stops.
How to deal with diseases of apple and pear trees
Scab of apple and pear. On the leaves of trees, rounded olive-colored spots are formed, covered with a slightly velvety coating. The size of the spots and their number depend on the susceptibility of the variety, weather conditions and leaf age. On fruits, the disease appears as dark, almost black, sharply defined spots.
Affecting fruits and leaves, scab not only sharply reduces the yield, but also affects its quality. Fruits, especially at early infection, happen ugly, sometimes crack. Sick fruits are stored worse, rot more easily. When describing this disease of apple and pear trees, it should be noted that severe damage to the leaves leads to premature leaf fall, and this affects the general condition of the tree - growth decreases, plants go into winter unprepared, their winter hardiness decreases.
The source of primary infection are overwintered affected leaves. Cool weather favors strong development of the disease. rainy weather during the spring period.
Control measures. Reliable protection of the apple tree from scab is provided only by a set of preventive measures, including chemical and agrotechnical measures.
Planting resistant varieties is required. To avoid introducing infection into the garden, sniffing and burning leaves from seedlings before planting. For the treatment of this disease, apple and pear trees are sprayed with one of the preparations: Bordeaux liquid (100 g of copper sulfate and 100-150 g of lime), polychoma (40 g), copper oxychloride (30 g), urea (50 g) in the following terms: on opening leaves, after flowering and after 10-14 days.
To prepare the Bordeaux liquid, 100 g of copper sulfate and the same amount of quicklime are taken for 10 liters of water. If the lime is bad, then 150 g is taken. Copper sulfate is first dissolved in a small amount of water (5 l). In another vessel, lime is quenched and topped up with water to 5 liters. A solution of copper sulphate is poured in a thin stream into milk of lime with constant stirring. Received liquid blue color should be neutral or slightly alkaline. With an excess of copper sulphate, copper particles (reddish tint) settle on a metal object lowered into the liquid. Therefore, for the treatment of apple and pear trees from this disease, a solution of lime must be added to it. During storage, Bordeaux liquid loses its fungicidal properties, therefore it is used on the day of preparation. It is prepared in wooden, earthenware or enamelware, but not in metal.
Effectively raking and burning fallen leaves, spraying the soil and trees with nitrafen (300 g). Also, to combat this disease of apple and pear trees, it is possible to treat trees with ammonium nitrate (1 kg) after leaf fall, before the onset of stable cold weather (at a temperature not lower than + 5 ° C), then digging the soil.
Look at the photo of the treatment of apple trees and pears for scab disease:
Fruit rot. In terms of harmfulness, it surpasses scab, since diseased fruits are completely unsuitable for consumption. Rot on fruits begins with a small brown spot, which, growing, covers the entire surface. The flesh of the fruit becomes brown, softens and completely loses taste qualities. Then, on the surface of the fruit, spore-bearing pads of the fungus of a yellowish-brown color are formed.
Over time, the affected fruits shrivel, shrink and remain hanging on the tree. Many of them acquire a bluish-black color. The next spring, with the onset of warm and humid weather, the mummified fruits become covered with sporulation of the fungus and become a source of primary infection.
The disease on the fruits appears with the first wormy carrion. The disease spreads especially quickly in humid, warm weather. The penetration of the infection into the fetus occurs in the presence of damage to the codling moth, goose, birds and hail. The infection also enters the cracks that form when the scab is damaged.
Control measures. In the fight against fruit rot, sanitary and preventive measures are important, including the collection and destruction of mummified fruits from autumn. Before treating apples and pears for this disease, remove diseased fruits from the tree. This should be done throughout the summer, as they appear.
The activities of paramount importance include the periodic collection of carrion, from which infection and the spread of infection begin.
Steaming unusable carrion for livestock or burying it in the soil to a depth of 50 cm. Spraying against the codling moth, goose and other insects that damage the fruits.
To treat this disease, apple and pear trees are sprayed with Bordeaux liquid (100 g of copper sulfate and 100-150 g of lime) or copper oxychloride (30 g) when the first wormy carrion appears and after 10-12 days.
These photos show diseases of apple and pear trees and measures to combat them:
How to process apple trees and pears from diseases
Cytosporosis. With a disease, the bark of skeletal branches changes its color. A small depression forms on the affected area, on the border of healthy and affected tissue, the bark cracks, becomes covered with many pycnidia protruding from under the skin and becomes rough. The dead bark retains a reddish-brown appearance and urinates when attempting to separate it from the wood.
As shown in the photo, this disease of apple and pear trees leads to the drying of the branches and the complete death of the tree:
Ejection of spores from pycnidia occurs at high humidity throughout the growing season. Infection requires mechanical damage to the bark and a sharp weakening of the tree. The disease is a consequence of sunburn, frost and severe freezing of shoots or branches of trees.
Control measures. Proper tree care is important: timely pruning, fertilization, loosening the soil, watering, etc. Protection from sunburn and frost holes (whitewashing). Cutting and burning heavily affected branches. To combat this disease of apple and pear trees, wounds on trunks and skeletal branches are disinfected with copper sulphate (100-300 g per 10 l) and covered with garden pitch or oil paint.
When planting, it is necessary to use healthy planting material of the best released varieties, the most resistant to adverse conditions, diseases and less damaged by pests. In order to avoid the introduction of infection into the garden (scab, coccomycosis, anthracnose, etc.), it is necessary to sniff the leaves before planting.
The height of trees no more than 3-4 m creates optimal conditions for growth and allows for better spraying.
Milky shine. When describing this disease of apple and pear trees, a characteristic symptom of milky sheen is a silvery or milky shade of leaves. Subsequently, necrotic areas appear on such leaves, located along the edges of the leaf blade or between the veins. Leaves become brittle, dry out and die. First, there is a lesion of individual branches or skeletal branches. Then a complete defeat of the tree is possible. Getting into plants through various mechanical damage and settling in the wood of branches, skeletal branches, bole, the fungus prevents the normal flow of water and nutrients to the leaves. Most often, young trees with unripened wood get sick. Infection is facilitated by the presence of sunburn and damage by low temperatures, infertile soil and shading. In low places, the disease manifests itself more often, as the degree of freezing of wood increases, moist air stagnates.
Control measures. It is extremely important to timely cut and burn the affected branches 50-70 cm below the place where the whitened leaves with necrosis are located. It is unacceptable to use remote branches as stakes and chatal. When processing apple and pear trees from this disease, healing is necessary. open wounds and other damage, increasing the winter hardiness of trees.
If the entire tree is affected, one should not rush to remove it. It is necessary to take all measures to cure the fruit crop by increasing fertilizing and watering. If the treatment of this disease of apple and pear trees has not been successful, the tree or individual branches are removed if leaf necrosis has begun.
Below is a selection of photos of apple and pear diseases, as well as measures to combat them:
Diseases chlorosis, rosette and shrinkage of apple trees: photo, description and treatment
Diseases of apple trees - calcareous chlorosis, rosette and drying of shoots are widespread in middle lane, which is due to the characteristics of the soil cover. The relationship of functional diseases of the apple tree with soil conditions has been established by numerous researchers.
The degree of manifestation of functional diseases is greatly influenced by the methods of soil maintenance and its water-physical properties.
A common cause of chlorosis, rosette and drying of apple tree shoots is a violation of nutrition with microelements. They affect the intensity and direction of biochemical processes, and consequently, the yield of plants and product quality.
With a lack of iron, for example, calcareous or carbonate chlorosis develops in plants.
As can be seen in the photo, the signs of this disease of apple trees are yellowing of the leaf tissue between the veins, which subsequently spreads to the entire leaf blade:
Then the leaves turn white, become thin and dry.
Rosette is a consequence of a violation of the nutrition of apple plants with zinc.
The most characteristic outward signs diseases are the crushing of leaves and the formation of rosettes at the ends of the shoots. This is accompanied by a specific form of zinc chlorosis. With a weak lesion, chlorotic coloration appears only as a slight mottling along the edge of the leaf blade. With a strong lesion, most of the leaf blade acquires a pale yellow color with a whitish tint, and the green remains only along the main and large lateral veins of the leaf.
The yield decreases until the complete cessation of fruiting. The acute form of the disease leads gradually to the drying of the branches. The ends of the branches die off, and over time, all the older parts. Progressive drying ends with the death of the tree.
The reason for the drying of tree shoots in this disease of apple trees is a violation of the nutrition of the apple tree with copper. Symptoms of the disease develop with the onset of dry and hot weather with an average daily air temperature above 19 - 20 ° C.
In the spring, at the beginning of growth, young shoots develop normally, and several healthy leaves grow on them. Then, with the development of the disease, the growth of the youngest apical leaves on the strongly growing shoots of the upper part of the crown slows down sharply, the leaf blades are deformed, their edges rise, as a result of which the leaves acquire a specific boat shape.
In years with heavy rainfall and moderate air temperature, the intensity of the disease decreases.
The laying of industrial gardens is currently preceded by a thorough assessment of the soil for garden suitability, as a result of which areas of carbonate chernozem are excluded. In this regard, chlorosis is practically found here only in separate small foci in combination with garden-friendly soil.
At the same time, the possibility of manifestation of rosette caused by soil alkalinity is severely limited.
In amateur gardens, carbonate chlorosis, rosette and drying of shoots are widespread.
Here you can see photos of the diseases of apple trees, the description of which is presented above:
In the fight against these diseases, it is necessary to use a set of measures: improvement in physical and chemical properties soils and the development of a rational fertilizer system, including foliar fertilizing with microelement solutions.
On soils with an unfavorable salt regime, sowing of legume-grass grass mixtures, the so-called soil grassing, can be recommended.
In addition to sowing grasses, for influencing the soil, it is advisable to arrange carbonate-free feeding centers from a mixture of sand and humus enriched with iron. For 10 kg of wet humus, 15-20 g is taken iron sulphate, mixed and aged 1-2 months before application in a moistened state. In autumn, before application, river sand is added to the prepared mixture in a ratio of 1: 2 (construction sand is not suitable). The value of sand in this case is that it loosens the soil, makes it more breathable and promotes better absorption of nutrients, including trace elements.
On carbonate soil, the introduction of pure microelements is ineffective, since they turn into sparingly soluble compounds. For the same reason, superphosphate should be applied only in a mixture with humus. Such a mixture is also prepared in advance and separately from a mixture of humus with micronutrient fertilizers. It is advisable to alternate the introduction of these two mixtures over the years - in one year, add humus with superphosphate, in the other - humus with microfertilizers. Of nitrogen fertilizers on carbonate soil, it is best to apply potassium nitrate.
On carbonate soils, the introduction of nitrogen and phosphorus should be limited. mineral fertilizers and give preference to potash (50-80 g / m2).
Good results in reducing the alkalinity of the soil gives acidification. To do this, use technical sulfuric acid, as well as acidic waste. industrial enterprises. Sulfuric acid is strongly diluted (up to 1% concentration) and ferrous sulfate is added at 100 - 150 g per 10 liters. From 2 to 5 liters of solution are spent on one tree, introducing it into the pits along the periphery of the crown to a depth of 40-60 cm.
In the case when the cause of rosette and drying of the shoots is high content phosphorus in the soil, it is necessary to balance the ratio between phosphorus and potassium by applying potassium fertilizers (based on the data of agrochemical analysis).
To measures for improvement physical properties soils include: drainage in waterlogged areas, lowering the level of groundwater, introducing organic fertilizers, .
To treat the disease of apple trees, chlorosis is applied by spraying trees in the spring before swelling of the buds with a 5% solution of iron sulfate and 0.5-0.7% on the vegetative leaves immediately after flowering, after 10-12 days this treatment is repeated.
It is advisable to add carbamide 0.3-0.4% to a 0.5-0.7% solution of ferrous sulfate. Useful technique is the instillation of various iron objects under diseased trees: rusty nails, sawdust, shavings, etc. A positive effect in the healing of plants is given by regular watering with infusion prepared from various plant wastes (carrion apples, plums, spoiled berries, tomatoes, cucumbers, etc.) scrap iron and with the addition (if possible) of slurry, mullein, bird droppings. All components are placed in a barrel (1/4 of the waste and 1/4 of organic fertilizers), filled with water and infused for 5-6 days.
Against the socket good results in the rehabilitation of apple plants, apple trees were obtained by applying zinc sulfate to the soil at doses of 140–160 kg of AI/ha (64–73 g/m2) and by foliar spraying of dormant buds with an 8–12% solution. The positive effect of this foliar treatment on plants is felt for several years. In the event that signs of chlorosis and rosette appear simultaneously, spraying is carried out with a solution of ferrous sulfate 0.4-0.5% with the addition of zinc sulfate 0.2-0.3% and carbs and 0.3%.
The use of copper preparations is effective against the disease of the apple tree with the drying of the shoots. On light soil, good results are obtained by the introduction of copper sulfate (copper sulfate) under the plantation at a dose of 150-200 kg AI/ha (60-80 g/m2).
In order to quickly improve heavily affected gardens, trees should be treated with a 3-4% suspension of Bordeaux liquid before bud break in early spring and 1% twice during the growing season: during the period of growth and during the period of intensive growth of shoots.
Carrying out a set of measures to combat these diseases makes it possible to significantly improve the health of plants and obtain good harvests. The best effect from the use of all these methods is achieved with the initial signs of a disease in the garden.
These photos show how apple diseases are treated:
If the leaves and fruits of the pear have darkened or become stained, this may be a sign of a bacterial or fungal infection of the tree. Today we will look at the most common pear disease- description with photos and methods of treatment. Love your garden - and it will give you an abundance of delicious fruits!
Pear diseases - description, treatment, photos
Noticing signs of disease on neighboring trees, carry out preventive treatment of the rest. This is an unshakable rule of the gardener. Tell your garden neighbor to do the same. So you will save yourself from the loss of the crop. When treating a pear with chemicals, consider the time it takes to remove its components from the plant so as not to feed your family with poisonous fruits.
Most pear diseases are fungal in nature. Mushrooms love dampness and heat. To prevent them from doing well on pear or other trees, thin the canopy well. Don't plant a tree in a poorly ventilated dream garden. To stop the spread of spores, burn cut diseased areas, keep the area around the tree clean, loosen the root zone of the soil, and carry out preventive treatment annually. Also keep a constant pest control, as they can also cause disease.
pear scab
Description. The disease is the result of the reproduction of the fungus. It is characterized by the formation of olive spots with a velvety surface on the lower part of the leaves. The fruits crack, deform, become covered with putrefactive spots.
In the photo, leaves affected by scab Treatment. If you notice signs of scab damage to the pear, spray the tree with Bordeaux mixture. The following drugs will help you save a tree in case of severe infection: "Skor", "Dnok", "Nitrafen". Thin out the crown of the pear so that it is well ventilated. This will prevent the growth of the fungus. Collect carrion and fallen leaves regularly, loosen the soil around the tree.
fruit rot
Description. The scientific name of the disease is moniliosis. It is also caused by fungi, but of a different kind. A sign of tree infection will be the formation of brown spots on the fruit, followed by the formation of growths. Some infected fruits fall off, others dry up on the branches. The peak of the disease occurs in the second part of the summer.
Photo of pear fruit rot Treatment. The crown of the affected tree should be thinned out, all the fruits remaining on the branches should be removed, and the area around it should be carefully cleaned. They fight against moniliosis with the help of Bordeaux liquid and the Hom preparation. Such a cocktail is effective: Healthy Garden + Baikal + Ecoberin. At the beginning and at the end of the season, the wood is treated with lime milk.
sooty fungus
Description. The fruits and leaves of the pear are covered with a black coating, similar to soot. A favorable environment for the development of the fungus is created in the second half of summer, on a tree weakened and affected by pests.
sooty fungus Treatment. Destroys the fungi that cause the appearance of black plaque, the drug "Calypso". A more gentle option is Fitoverm.
powdery mildew
Description. Another fungal disease. Pear leaves look like they have been sprinkled with flour. Over time, the plaque takes on a rusty appearance, and the leaves and flowers crumble.
In the photo you see powdery mildew on pear leaves. Treatment. From powdery mildew helps "Fundazol" and "Sulfite". From folk ways: Potassium permanganate solution or soda ash with soap. All dried leaves and shoots must be collected and burned.
leaf rust
Description. At first, the leaves become covered with yellow spots, which eventually change color to red. The disease-causing fungus grows on coniferous trees.
Red spots, as in the photo, indicate the development of leaf rust Treatment. Start the fight against rust in early spring. A good effect is brought by spraying with Bordeaux mixture, infusion of ash. In difficult cases, multiple spraying with a solution of the drug "Baleyton" helps. In autumn, the use of "Carbamide" is shown.
Black cancer
Description. The disease develops gradually over several years. Pears appear on the trunk and branches small cracks, which over time become wider, deeper and covered with brown spots. Such deep wounds on the tree become gates for the penetration of various infections.
Photograph of the initial stage of black pear cancer Treatment. Removing the wounded part of the tree will help correct the situation. The cut point should be treated with copper sulfate, and then with a mixture of clay and mullein. Complete cleaning of autumn leaves is very important.
Cytosporosis
Description. Based on the external manifestation, the disease was nicknamed stem rot. Sign - localized brown spots on the bark of a tree. Provoke stem rot sunburn or frostbite.
Cytosporosis Treatment. The methods of struggle are similar to the previous case. It is also necessary to remove the dried parts of the plant in time, to whiten the trunk for the winter.
Bacterial burn
Description. Dangerous damage to the pear tree, the main manifestation of which is twisting and blackening of the leaves. However, they remain on the tree. Following this, the trunk and shoots die. The reason for this condition of the tree is bacteria, which are easily carried by insects, wind and precipitation.
In the photo, a bacterial burn of a pear Treatment. Most the right way struggle - the complete removal of the affected branches with a deep capture of healthy tissues. The amputated part must be burned, and the used tools must be disinfected. Sections are treated with a solution of antibiotics and the entire tree is sprayed. During the growing season, the pear is repeatedly sprayed with Bordeaux mixture.
» Pears
A pear can be attributed to fruit crops that are found on almost every garden plot. But the positive emotions associated with growing this crop and collecting delicious fruits can overshadow numerous diseases. They can not only worsen the decorative effect of the plant, but also lead to a significant decrease in yield and even death of the tree. In this article, we will look at why pear diseases occur and methods of treating various diseases.
Pear diseases are numerous and can affect various parts of the plant. Many of them can affect not only pear, but also other pome crops, such as apple, quince, medlar, hawthorn. What to do in case of tree disease and how to treat them? With regular inspection of trees, it is easy to notice signs of the disease, even in the early stages.. Therefore, even a novice gardener needs to know the main diseases of pears.
Most often, the following symptoms appear:
- Changing the shape of leaves and fruits;
- The appearance of spots various colors and forms;
- The defeat of young shoots and the bark of old branches;
- Lignification of fruits and changes in taste;
- Falling leaves, ovaries and fruits;
- Drying of branches and trees.
Tree proliferation, disease control methods
Pear proliferation is a viral disease that is also called sprouting. Prematurely developed shoots move away from the plant under acute angle . Plants have numerous thin side shoots, dormant buds wake up, and strong branching of lateral fattening shoots leads to the formation of witch's brooms.
The leaves of diseased shoots usually have large, well-developed stipules with a serrated margin. Flowers on infected plants do not fall, and re-blooming may occur at the end of summer. The fruits are deformed, and the stalks are greatly elongated.
Most often, the disease is transmitted by vaccination.
It is impossible to cure the disease, therefore, when it comes to industrial plantings, it is better to create a new one with a previously tested healthy one. planting material. In individual gardening, you can observe the state of the tree. Often the disease can go into a latent form and practically not manifest itself, and the plant will develop normally and bear fruit.
Scab - fruits and leaves turn black, how to treat?
Pear scab is one of the most common diseases. With severe damage, not only the quality and quantity of fruits decreases, but also drying and freezing of trees occurs. The rapid development of the disease occurs if frequent precipitation and heat contribute to the constant moisture of the plant.
Scab is a fungal disease. The first sign is the appearance of rounded yellowish spots on all above-ground organs of the plant: branches, fruits, pedicels, leaves and petioles. Gradually, the spots become necrotic, becoming black in color with a dark olive coating. Tubercles form on the petioles and shoots in the affected areas, which later transform into ulcers, cracks and dents. Formed on fruits dark spots with a light edge. The pulp under them becomes stiff, cracks appear, the fruits are deformed, and their quality and quantity are noticeably reduced.
The fight against the disease must be carried out comprehensively. In autumn, the affected leaves must be raked and burned, and the soil under the trees dug up. Thickened crowns should be thinned out, removing dry and damaged branches. Damaged young shoots must be removed immediately. During leaf fall, it is recommended to treat with ammonium sulfate (10‑20%), silite (0.1%) or urea (8%).
In the spring, it is necessary to carry out three sprayings with protective fungicides.: Bordeaux mixture (1%), copper chloride. The first time the trees should be sprayed before blooming buds, the second - after flowering, and after another 2 weeks, treat the third time.
Planting resistant varieties helps to reduce the risk of scab damage: Bere Bosk, Vrodliva, Tavricheskaya, Exhibition, Kucheryanka, etc.
Fruit rot or moniliosis
It affects pear and apple trees, less often other pome fruits. Occasionally found on stone fruit crops.
Signs of the disease can be detected not earlier than the middle of the growing season. when the fruits begin to pour. Small brown spots appear on the surface of the fetus, which quickly increase in size and can cover the entire fetus within a week. Yellow-white or ash-gray pads appear on the surface, arranged in concentric circles. The pulp becomes loose and tasteless.
Black Cancer: Signs and Treatments
The disease affects the bark of skeletal branches and trunk. Numerous small depressed necrotic spots appear on the cortex near the lenticels. On thin branches, lentils begin to grow, on thick ones, an abundant gum flow appears. The resulting wounds gradually increase in size, and the bark around becomes brown. Reddish spots may appear on leaves and fruits. Similar symptoms can be caused by several types of fungi, and not only pome fruits, but also stone fruit crops suffer from the disease. With a strong infection, the tree dies.
There are no chemical methods to combat this disease. Therefore, the focus should be on prevention.
To do this, it is better to remove diseased plants, and at the initial stage of infection, cut off all damaged branches to healthy wood. The wounds on the trunk must be cleaned to healthy wood, treated with a solution of copper sulfate and covered with clay with the addition of mullein.
Cytosporosis - the bark bursts and the branches dry up
Cytosporosis is considered a disease of old weakened gardens, which are in poor physiological condition and constantly freeze. Numerous black tubercles appear on annual shoots and branches die.. Ulcers appear on thick branches, which constantly grow until they completely cover the entire branch. The bark becomes red-brown and dries out. There may be gum disease.
Chemicals not used for disease control. To avoid cytosporosis, it is necessary to remove the affected branches and trees, which are the main source of infection. When creating gardens, it is necessary to give preference to zoned varieties that will not freeze slightly, and also maintain a high agricultural background.
Bacterial burn - pear leaves turned brown
Bacterial fire is considered one of the most dangerous diseases that affects more than 100 plant species. In infected plants, the flowers turn brown and fall off, the tips of the branches turn black, and the leaves and shoots become covered with watery black spots. The tree quickly takes on the appearance of a scorched fire.
bacteria, disease-causing, are able to spread very quickly through the loans of the tree to cause the death of tissues. The rapid course of the disease cannot be defeated. You can only prevent infection of other plants, so the diseased tree must be removed and burned, and the roots uprooted. How to deal with this disease?
If the disease was noticed at an early stage, it is necessary to cut out the affected branches, and treat the cut point and tools with a solution of iron (0.7%) or copper (1%) vitriol. Spraying plants with antibiotics will be effective:
- Streptomycin (50 µg/ml);
- Chloramphenicol (50 mcg/ml);
- Rifampicin (50 mcg/ml);
- Gentamicin (50 mcg/ml);
- Kanamycin (20 µg/ml).
You can also treat the plants with a Bordeaux mixture. and 7-8 times per season to spray with copper-containing preparations.
There are no varieties resistant to this disease, but the susceptibility is different. The most susceptible varieties are: General Leclerc, Triumph Pakgam, Durandu, Santa Maria,.
Bacteriosis: methods of pest control
The first signs of the disease appear with the blooming of young leaves.. Dark areas appear at the ends of the leaf blades, gradually spreading to the entire blade and petiole, which later begin to dry and may turn black. The disease affects the vascular system, which is easily visible on the cross section of the branch in the form of black dots or circles.
The degree of damage can be different, but trees of all ages are susceptible to disease. To combat bacteriosis, pruning is necessary., capturing 30-40 cm of healthy wood, treat sections with copper sulfate (3%), and also spray with Bordeaux mixture.
Furrowing - a disease of wood
The causative agent of the disease is a virus that is transmitted from tree to tree mechanically, by pruning or grafting. The branches of the affected plants are flattened, and dead areas appear inside. Furrows, necrotic lines and spots are clearly visible. The leaves are chlorotic, acquire autumn color early and fall off.
Sooner or later, the plant dies, so it is better to remove such trees and use healthy material when planting.
Septoria, or white spot on the leaves
A disease of abandoned and aging gardens. Small spots of light brown color appear on the leaves, gradually turning gray, but with a dark rim. Such leaves dry out and fall off earlier than usual, and the viability and productivity of trees decreases. Plants weakened by septoria are poorly resistant to low temperatures and often freeze slightly..
Special treatments from septoria, as a rule, do not carry out, since the preventive measures used for scab effectively prevent white spotting.
Prevention of pear diseases
Avoiding diseases is not easy, especially on summer cottages, where the pathogen can appear due to negligent neighbors or abandoned feral gardens. However, most pear diseases can be prevented.
You must be aware that prevention includes a set of agrotechnical measures that are recommended to be carried out regularly. It is worth highlighting the following preventive measures:
- Growing healthy planting material;
- Tool processing after pruning diseased trees;
- leaf cleaning and scavengers;
- Deep loosening of the soil under the trees;
- Regular crown lightening, removal of weak, diseased and shrunken branches;
- Trunk cleaning and whitewashing, treatment of frostbite and damage;
- early spring and autumn spraying Bordeaux liquid, or other preparations according to the treatment calendar; Trunk whitewashing
Growing a pear and getting a decent harvest requires attention and certain knowledge. It is necessary not only to properly care for the tree, but also to learn to see the first signs of damage, to distinguish diseases characteristic of a given culture and to take the necessary measures in a timely manner. And in order not to encounter or minimize the number of diseases, it is always useful to pay attention to simple methods of prevention.
Like any other fruit trees, pears (Pirns) need to be treated against insect pests and diseases: without timely measures to protect trees, you not only risk losing your crop, but completely losing fruit plantations. When carrying out agricultural activities against pears, do not forget to remove dried leaves and cut out the affected branches.
Pear diseases cancer and cytosporosis: description and control measures
Bacterial cancer, or bacterial necrosis of pear bark
The causative agent is a bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. Since spring, browning of the buds and bark of branches, blackening and drying of young shoots with leaves are observed. The spots on the leaves are black, cracking along the edges of the plates. Blisters appear on the bark, often depressed spots with a purple-cherry border are formed. The wood rots, there is a strong smell, and the trees die. Bacteriosis usually begins with linear necrosis of the cortex and progresses to broad longitudinal bands. Control measures. Cut off affected branches, remove dead trees, disinfect saw cuts with 1% copper sulphate and cover with oil paint. An effective measure to combat this disease of pears is spraying trees with copper-containing preparations.
Cytosporosis, or infectious drying of the pear bark
The causative agent is a fungus Cytospora microspora. The bark of the branches dries up without changing its color, and convex fruiting bodies form on the surface. gray color. In the spring, when the buds open, the branches and whole trees affected by cytosporosis dry out. The infection persists in the bark of the branches. Control measures. Observe everything agrotechnical requirements growing this crop, take measures to protect the trees. Remove and burn affected branches. To treat this pear disease, spray the trees in the spring before the leaves bloom with a 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes.How to process pears from other diseases
Monilial pear burn
The causative agent is a fungus Monilia cinerea. In the spring, browning and drying of flowers, ovaries, fruit twigs occurs. Young leaves also turn brown, which do not fall for a long time. A grayish coating of mycelium develops on the affected bark and leaves. The disease is most dangerous in wet, cold spring. The infection persists in the bark of the affected branches. Control measures. Remove dried affected branches, disinfect saw cuts with 1% copper sulphate, cover with oil paint. Treating pears from this disease with a strong spread of monilial burn, spray trees three times with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes according to the scheme: the first - in the phase of bud isolation, the second - immediately after flowering and the third - 10-14 days after the second.
Pear fruit rot
The causative agent is a fungus Monilia fructigena. The disease appears in places of damage by the pear codling moth and quickly spreads by spores to neighboring fruits. The peel of the fruit turns brown, on its surface grayish sporulation pads form in concentric circles. Spores are spread by wind, insects, and water currents. The infection persists in dried fruits that overwinter on tree branches.
Stony pear fruit
The causative agent is apple wood pitting virus ( Pear stoney pit). Cracks form on the bark of the branches, chlorosis and yellowing of the veins are observed in the leaves, the fruits become smaller and take on an ugly shape. At the same time, clusters of hard cells form in the pulp of the fruit, the fruits become tasteless. The infection persists in the affected wood. Control measures. Trees severely affected by stonyness should be removed from the site in a timely manner and burned.In these photographs, you can see the symptoms of pear diseases, the description of which is presented on this page:
How to process pears from pests: photos and control measures
Polyflora pear
Multicolor pear ( Vanessa polychloros) is a large butterfly. The wings are brick-red, with numerous dark spots, brown on the underside, with a characteristic white dot. The caterpillars are bluish-black, with longitudinal stripes and yellow spines all over the body, completely eating leaves.
Pear tube runner
Big pear pipe driver ( Rhynchites giganteus) - large (7-11 mm) copper-red, shiny weevil, with wrinkled stripes on the elytra and covered with light hairs. Beetles and larvae hibernate in the soil, before flowering they come to the surface and feed on buds, flowers, leaves, young shoots, and later fruits. In June-July, females lay one egg per fruit and gnaw the stalk. The yellowish larva feeds on seeds.
codling moth pear
codling moth pear ( Carpocapsa pyrivora) - dark gray butterfly. After the trees bloom, butterflies fly for a month in the evening. The females lay their eggs on the fruit, the caterpillars bite into the fruit and feed on the seeds.The development of the caterpillar lasts up to 30 days, and one fruit is enough for it to feed. Having finished feeding, the caterpillars go into the soil and hibernate in cocoons. Fruit rot develops on damaged fruits.Control measures. Before treating pears for these pests, collect and remove the carrion. Spray the trees 3-4 weeks after the end of flowering with one of the preparations: decis, karbofos, fufanon, Inta-Vir.
Moth fruit ermine
Moth fruit ermine ( Yponomeuta padellus) - a small white butterfly. As shown in the photo, the caterpillars of these pear pests are dark gray or yellow-white in color, with two longitudinal rows of black dots along the back:
In early spring, the caterpillars bite into the buds, when the leaves grow, they gnaw and skeletonize the leaf blades, create spider web nests and live in large colonies. Having finished feeding, they pupate one by one in transparent cocoons on the branches.In June, butterflies come out, feed on nectar, females lay eggs in clusters in the form of shields on branches. Hatching caterpillars gnaw the bark under the shield and enter diapause until the next spring.
Control measures. To protect pears from these pests, spray the trees when buds open with one of the drugs: decis, karbofos, fufanon, Inta-Vir. Collect and destroy spider nests with older caterpillars.
