12.15. The number of automatic fire detectors is determined by the need to detect fires throughout the controlled area of ​​premises (zones), and the number of flame detectors is determined by the area of ​​the equipment.

12.16. At least two fire detectors should be installed in each protected room.

12.17. It is allowed to install one fire detector in the protected room (zone) if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

a) the area of ​​the room is no more than the area protected by the fire detector specified in the technical documentation for it, and no more than the average area indicated in tables 5, 8;

b) automatic monitoring of the fire detector’s performance is ensured, confirming the performance of its functions and issuing a notification of a malfunction to the control panel;

c) identification of a faulty detector by the control panel is ensured;

d) a signal from a fire detector does not generate a signal to start control equipment that turns on automatic fire extinguishing or smoke removal systems, or type 5 fire warning systems according to NPB 104.

In addition, it must be possible to replace a faulty detector within a specified time.

12.18. Point fire detectors, in addition to flame detectors, should be installed, as a rule, under the ceiling. If it is not possible to install detectors directly under the ceiling, they can be installed on walls, columns and other load-bearing building structures, as well as mounted on cables.

When installing point fire detectors under the ceiling, they should be placed at a distance from the walls of at least 0.1 m.

When installing point fire detectors on walls, special fittings or fastening on cables, they should be placed at a distance of at least 0.1 m from the walls and at a distance of 0.1 to 0.3 m from the ceiling, including the dimensions of the detector.

When hanging detectors on a cable, their stable position and orientation in space must be ensured.

12.19. The placement of point heat and smoke fire detectors should be made taking into account the air flows in the protected room caused by the supply or exhaust ventilation, while the distance from the detector to vent must be at least 1 m.

12.20. Point smoke and heat fire detectors should be installed in each ceiling compartment with a width of 0.75 m or more, limited by building structures (beams, purlins, slab ribs, etc.) protruding from the ceiling at a distance of more than 0.4 m.

If building structures protrude from the ceiling at a distance of more than 0.4 m, and the compartments they form are less than 0.75 m in width, the area controlled by fire detectors, indicated in tables 5, 8, is reduced by 40%.

If there are protruding parts on the ceiling from 0.08 to 0.4 m, the area controlled by fire detectors, indicated in tables 5, 8, is reduced by 25%.

If there are boxes or technological platforms in the controlled room with a width of 0.75 m or more, having a solid structure, spaced along the lower mark from the ceiling at a distance of more than 0.4 m and at least 1.3 m from the floor plane, it is necessary to additionally install under them fire detectors.

12.21. Point smoke and heat fire detectors should be installed in each compartment of the room formed by stacks of materials, racks, equipment and building structures, the upper edges of which are 0.6 m or less from the ceiling.

12.22. When installing point smoke fire detectors in rooms less than 3 m wide or under a raised floor or above a false ceiling and in other spaces less than 1.7 m high, the distance between the detectors indicated in Table 5 may be increased by 1.5 times.

12.23. Fire detectors installed under a false floor or above a false ceiling must be addressable or connected to independent loops fire alarm, and it must be possible to determine their location. The design of the false floor and false ceiling must provide access to fire detectors for their maintenance.

12.24. Fire detectors should be installed in accordance with the requirements of the technical documentation for this detector.

12.25. In places where there is danger mechanical damage detector, a protective structure must be provided that does not interfere with its operation and the effectiveness of fire detection.

12.26. In the case of installation of different types of fire detectors in one control zone, their placement is carried out in accordance with the requirements of these standards for each type of detector.

If combined (heat-smoke) fire detectors are used, they should be installed according to Table 8.

12.27. For premises in which, in accordance with Appendix 12, it is possible to use both smoke and heat fire detectors, their combined use is allowed. In this case, the placement of detectors is carried out according to table 8.

Spot smoke detectors

12.28. The area controlled by one point smoke fire detector, as well as the maximum distance between the detectors, the detector and the wall, with the exception of the cases specified in clause 12.20, must be determined according to table 5, but not exceeding the values ​​​​specified in technical conditions and passports for detectors.

Table 5

Linear smoke detectors

12.29. The emitter and receiver of a linear smoke fire detector should be installed on walls, partitions, columns and other structures so that their optical axis passes at a distance of at least 0.1 m from the ceiling level.

12.30. The emitter and receiver of a linear smoke fire detector should be placed on the building structures of the room in such a way that various objects do not fall into the detection zone of the fire detector during its operation. The distance between the emitter and the receiver is determined by the technical characteristics of the fire detector.

12.31. When monitoring a protected area with two or more linear smoke fire detectors, the maximum distance between their parallel optical axes, the optical axis and the wall, depending on the installation height of the fire detector blocks, should be determined according to Table 6.

Table 6

12.32. In rooms with a height of over 12 and up to 18 m, detectors should, as a rule, be installed in two tiers, in accordance with Table 7, in this case:

the first tier of detectors should be located at a distance of 1.5-2 m from the upper fire load level, but not less than 4 m from the floor plane;

the second tier of detectors should be located at a distance of no more than 0.4 m from the ceiling level.

12.33. Detectors should be installed in such a way that the minimum distance from its optical axis to walls and surrounding objects is at least 0.5 m.

Table 7

Point heat fire detectors

12.34. The area controlled by one point thermal fire detector, as well as the maximum distance between the detectors, the detector and the wall, except for the cases specified in clause 12.30, must be determined according to Table 8, but not exceeding the values ​​​​specified in the technical specifications and passports for detectors.

Table 8

12.35. Point heat fire detectors should be located at a distance of at least 500 mm from heat-emitting lamps.

Linear thermal fire detectors

12.36. Linear thermal fire detectors (thermal cable) should, as a rule, be laid in direct contact with the fire load.

12.37. Linear thermal fire detectors may be installed under the ceiling above the fire load in accordance with Table 8, while the values ​​of the values ​​indicated in the table should not exceed the corresponding values ​​of the values ​​specified in the manufacturer’s technical documentation.

The distance from the detector to the ceiling must be at least 15 mm.

When storing materials on racks, it is allowed to lay detectors along the top of tiers and racks.

Flame detectors

12.38. Fire flame detectors must be installed on ceilings, walls and other building structures of buildings and structures, as well as on technological equipment.

Flame detectors must be placed taking into account the possible effects of optical interference.

12.39. Each point of the protected surface must be monitored by at least two flame detectors, and the location of the detectors must ensure control of the protected surface, as a rule, from opposite directions.

12.40. The area of ​​the room or equipment controlled by the flame detector should be determined based on the viewing angle of the detector and in accordance with its class according to NPB 72-98 (maximum detection range of a flammable material flame) specified in the technical documentation.

Manual call points

12.41. Manual fire call points should be installed on walls and structures at a height of 1.5 m from the ground or floor level.

Installation locations for manual fire call points are given in Appendix 13.

12.42. Manual fire call points should be installed in places away from electromagnets, permanent magnets and other devices, the influence of which can cause spontaneous activation of a manual fire call point (the requirement applies to manual fire call points that are triggered when a magnetic contact is switched), at a distance of:

no more than 50 m from each other inside buildings;

no more than 150 m from each other outside buildings;

at least 0.75 m from other controls and objects that impede free access to the detector.

12.43. The illumination at the installation site of the manual fire call point must be at least 50 lux.

Gas fire detectors

12.44. Gas fire detectors should be installed indoors on the ceiling, walls and other building structures of buildings and structures in accordance with the operating instructions for these detectors and the recommendations of specialized organizations.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of NPB 110-03, at facilities subject to protection in accordance with the requirements of these standards, “... the safety of the people in them must be ensured and the threat of fire and its dangerous factors for other persons must be eliminated, which must be confirmed by appropriate calculations , and the equipment used in AUPS must meet modern requirements.”

In accordance with this, when dividing an object into fire detection zones, it is assumed that a fire alarm (a fire detection system that issues a message to the duty officer) is installed if the duty officer, after receiving a signal from the technical means of fire detection, is able to inspect the control zone and organize primary extinguishing the fire, and before the arrival of the fire department, the fire will not develop to the maximum size at which the safety of people and material assets is not ensured.

Target objectives and decision-making procedures for implementation fire protection are given in GOST 12.1.004 and in clause 4.1 of SNiP 21-01-97:
— economic justification the relationship between the amount of damage and the costs of fire prevention measures;
— ensuring the possibility of evacuating people, regardless of their age and physical condition, before the onset of dangerous fire factors;
— limiting the amount of material damage.

The level of human safety, which, at a minimum, must be ensured at protection facilities, is specified by GOST 12.1.004.

The provisions of clauses 13.1…13.3 NPB 88-2001* require the comparison of decisions on fire protection of an object with the tasks being solved and the parameters of the object.

The requirements of NPB 88-2001* directly apply to premises with an average level of danger. The level of danger in relation to people can be assessed as the product of the probabilities of fire and non-evacuation. In addition to the main provision of this paragraph, it is assumed that one fire detector (or another number) can be installed if its reliability is not lower than 2 standard ones (with a mean time between failures of 60 thousand hours each), switched on according to the “or” scheme (400 thousand hours). For rooms with more high level fire danger Reliability requirements are correspondingly increasing.

The procedure for assessing the critical time is given in the VNIIPO Recommendations “Fire Automation Equipment. Application area. Selecting a type."

In the protected room (zone) it is allowed to install:
— one fire detector, if the conditions of clause 12.17 are met;
- at least two fire detectors, if they do not generate a signal to start automatic fire extinguishing or smoke removal systems, or fire warning, or control engineering equipment.
In this case, the number of fire detectors in the room is determined based on the information in the table. 5 and 8 NPB 88-2001*;
— for control according to clause 13.1, if their reliability is not lower than 3 full-time;
— to control a warning system of type 1...4, if a false start of the system does not lead to a disruption of the normal operating mode (material damage) and does not lead to a decrease in the level of human safety;
- takes place, in the particular case, semi automatic control SOUE of the 3rd type in accordance with clause 3.6 of NPB 104-2003 and the choice of type of control is determined by the design organization;
- at least three or four fire detectors, if the conditions of clause 13.3 are met.

Commands for automatic control of installations according to clause 13.1 must be generated when at least two fire detectors are triggered.

It is allowed to perform similar functions when one fire detector is triggered in the cases specified in clause 13.2 of NPB 88-2001*.

Explanation of the provisions of Chapter 13 of NPB 88-2001*.

In the replaced SNiP 2.04.09, in order to eliminate false alarms, the tactics of triggering 2 fire detectors (FDs) were adopted to control automatic fire extinguishing, smoke protection and warning systems, but the minimum number of FDs in the protected room or area of ​​the premises was not specified when dividing it into detection zones . So, when installing only 2 PIs in a small room or zone, which fully satisfied the requirements of this document, and in the event of an uncontrolled failure of one of them, the system operating in automatic mode will not start. The same can be said about the generation of a control signal provided that 2 fire flame detectors are triggered and when only 2 PIs are installed in the controlled area. Formation of a signal in the event of a failure of one detector will occur only when the combustion zone increases and covers the area controlled by other detectors.

To exclude such facts, in accordance with NPB 88-2001*, the installation of 3 or 4 fire detectors in the room or control zone is required, which satisfies minimum requirements NPB for reliability and protection against false alarms. A false alarm is considered to be the issuance of a “Fire” notification when exposed to the PI external factors, similar to fire factors, electromagnetic interference or failure of detector elements. Here we are talking about fire detectors that meet the minimum reliability requirements set by NPB 76-98 (60 thousand hours). Knowing the specific value of the PI reliability (unfortunately, developers often do not indicate it in the technical documentation, referring to the minimum value according to NPB 76-98), you can calculate the number of PIs installed in the zone. In this case, they proceed from the need to match the reliability of the fire protection system and, accordingly, the fire detection system to the level of danger of the protected object in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.004.

Zoning (dividing into “zones”) of facility premises for fire detection, fire extinguishing, smoke protection and warning is carried out based on the requirements for the best performance of the intended functions.

Since the dynamics of fire development for various combustible materials are very different, dividing the room into separate detection zones using different detection means can be very advisable. In addition, when protecting large premises, it is always useful to divide detectors into separate groups, according to the principle of combining nearby detectors. This makes it possible to exclude false alarms associated with malfunctions of detectors due to the failure of their elements or operation under the influence of environmental influences not related to fire.

For example, when detectors monitoring a large room are combined into one group (one loop), the generation of a signal to start fire protection equipment may result from the activation of 2 detectors installed in different corners of the room, although adjacent detectors do not operate.

In the event of an uncontrolled failure of one detector in the room and in the absence of personnel on duty, the smoke protection or warning system, operating in automatic mode, will turn on when the smoke escapes into the corridor, where the 2nd fire detector entering the protected area is activated. If such an algorithm for switching on smoke protection ensures timely evacuation, then it can be applied. It should be taken into account that it is preferable to turn on the smoke protection system at early stage until smoke and combustion products escaped from the burning room into the corridor.

When determining the number of fire detectors in a room (zone) with a danger level of the object not higher than average when controlling automatic installations it is necessary to proceed not from the principle of formal compliance with the requirements of clause 13.1, but from the obligation to reliably detect a fire and issue a control signal when possible refusal one standard fire detector, while determining the most optimal option requires a certain analysis of the level of fire danger of the facility.

To generate a control signal, different algorithms are possible, which differ in reliability and level of protection against false positives.

In accordance with NPB 88-2001*, the most reliable and noise-proof option is the option of triggering 2 fire detectors out of 3 (4).

The option of triggering 2 fire detectors from 2 located in a room or zone in accordance with SNiP 2.04.09 (replaced) has less reliability for generating a control signal, since in the event of a possible uncontrolled failure of the 1st PI, the control signal will not be generated if There are only 2 PIs installed in the zone. Wherein this option more resistant to false positives. This option can be allowed if the fire protection systems are controlled by on-duty personnel in accordance with a specially developed and approved in the prescribed manner instructions reflecting the conditions for starting the fire extinguishing system in the event of a possible failure of one PI, if the technological process procedure and the dynamics of the proposed fire allow this. However, this option may be unacceptable for a number of objects where rapid fire development is possible.

The activation of at least 1 fire detector out of 2 is a more reliable option for generating a control signal, but in this case the detection system is less resistant to false alarms, however, it is allowed in accordance with the conditions of clause 13.2 of NPB 88-2001* when carrying out measures to reduce false positives.

Currently, many addressable analogue systems and fire detectors have appeared, providing, firstly, performance monitoring, and secondly, working using special algorithms to reduce the likelihood of false alarms. Therefore, if the conditions of clause 12.17 of NPB 88-2001* are met, it is allowed to generate a control signal when only one PI is installed and activated in a room or zone.

It should be noted that in the case of using such detectors and when installing the 1st detector in a room, the reliability of one such detector must be no lower than 2 conventional ones connected according to the “or” scheme (duplication) and it must be possible to replace a faulty detector in the required time.

The required time is determined depending on the possibility of the object or technological process functioning without monitoring the fire situation, that is, if the dynamics of the fire development allows a person to control the condition of the object while the automatic system is being restored. Otherwise technological process must be stopped.

As you can see, NPB 88-2001* presents a fairly large selection of control algorithms for fire automatic systems, but does not specifically define them, since their choice depends on the fire danger of the facility and the tasks facing the automatic system.

Specialists involved in design, depending on the tasks solved by the systems, specific parameters of the object, technological regulations, must independently select an algorithm for controlling automation systems and technical means detection and control.

A room is a space separated by building structures and can be considered by NPB 88-2001* as a separate fire detection zone. Depending on the placement of various flammable materials in the room and the rate of fire development, the space of a separate room can, in turn, be divided into zones, then these zones, subject to clause 13.1, are subject to the requirements of clause 13.3 of NPB 88-2001*.

We believe that it is useful to divide large rooms into separate fire detection zones to increase the reliability of the fire signal. For example, one detector went off in one corner of a large room, and a second detector went off in another corner of the room; this is not always a fire, since in the event of a fire, the detectors adjacent to it are most likely to go off. In this case, signals from individual zones can be combined using the “or” scheme.

The formation of a control signal according to clause 13.1* and clause 13.3* is carried out if a false alarm or failure of the detection system leads to material losses or a decrease in fire safety of people.

2. Generation of a fire signal to control the type 2 warning system according to NPB 104-2003 can be carried out in accordance with clause 13.2* of NPB 88-2001*.

The requirements for monitoring zones with 3 fire detectors according to clause 13.3 are caused by the need to increase the reliability of a system of 2 detectors connected according to a coincidence circuit.

Requirements for monitoring a zone with at least 3 detectors, applies to zones based on signals from which an independent command for controlling fire protection equipment is formed.

This may include separate rooms, designated zones inside rooms when control commands are generated based on signals from them (see 1st paragraph), as well as zones controlled by flame detectors.

The use of a different number of detectors of a certain type to monitor individual zones for tasks according to clause 13.1, at a minimum, should not be lower than the reliability of a system of two standard detectors connected according to the “or” scheme (see clause 12.16).

Fire detection and formation of control commands according to clause 13.1 must be carried out before the onset of dangerous fire factors.

Since regulatory documents do not yet require mandatory determination of the time of fire detection, in addition, the space behind suspended ceiling, underground space, the space of the main room are allocated as separate control zones, then the decisions you make do not violate the requirements of NPB 88-2001*.

When optimizing the placement of detectors for the purposes specified in clause 13.1 of NPB 88-2001*, one should assume that one of the detectors closest to the place of a probable fire has failed (faulty).

In this case, the distance from the fire site to any of the other 2 nearest detectors should not exceed H = 0.75, where H is the standard distance between detectors according to NPB-88 tables.

For “narrow” zones (in which B or H is 3 m), this distance is taken in accordance with clause 12.22, i.e. 1.5 times more.

When placing smoke or heat detectors in big hall for tasks according to clause 13.1, the distance between detectors should be taken H/2.

Installation with such a step along one of the axes (X or Y) is allowed.

In this case, in near-wall areas along both axes, detectors are installed in increments of H/2

Light fire detectors can be installed on walls, beams, other building structures and equipment, taking into account the viewing angle and sensitivity of the detectors.

Duplication for light detectors is required in all cases.

Manual fire detectors should be included in fire alarm installations and independent loops or together with automatic detectors and installed on evacuation routes (corridors, passages, on all staircases of each floor, etc.), and, if necessary, in separate rooms. Inside buildings, the maximum distance between detectors should not exceed 50 m, and outside buildings (along the perimeter of installations and warehouses of flammable liquids and flammable liquids, loading and unloading racks, open warehouses of flammable materials and gases, etc.) - 150 m.

Installation sites for manual fire call points must have artificial lighting and signage.

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Letter from the Chief State Inspector of the Russian Federation for fire supervision to the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, regional centers of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 04/01/2013, about the illegality of applying the provisions of NPB 110-03 for buildings constructed and reconstructed after 05/01/2009 - Please or to access this content

The article is based on the requirements of Israeli Standard 1220 Part 3 "Fire Alarm Systems: Installation Guidelines and General Requirements"

DEnis Katkin

Technical Director
MATAEL company (Israel)

In view of the numerous theoretical disputes about the correct placement of fire detectors, I consider it reasonable to provide official requirements. Israeli standard 1220 is based on practical experience– both in conditions of real fires and test fires carried out at special testing grounds.

Having omitted the information obtained as a result of experiments and experience, I will dwell on the requirements of the standard.

Fire danger categories

The standard provides only two categories of fire hazard for objects - ordinary and high (I and II).

1. educational institutions up to 8 floors high;
2. residential buildings up to 8 floors;
3. office buildings up to 8 floors;
4. clinics, beauty salons, hairdressers;
5. covered above-ground and underground parking lots;
6. laundries, printing houses, ironing rooms (if located in residential buildings, then they belong to the II category of fire danger);
7. premises with electronic computing equipment, electronic equipment and telephone exchanges;
8. shopping centers, the shops;
9. car services, paint shops, gas stations, upholstery shops, auto parts stores;
10. post offices, banks;
11. medical laboratories, pharmacies, drug warehouses;
12. kindergartens and nurseries;
13. club and public institutions;
14. production with non-hazardous raw materials and products;
15. buildings and sheds in ports, airports, oil and gas storage facilities;
16. power plants, transformer stations, etc.;
17. pastry shops, bakeries and commercial kitchens.

1. educational institutions with a height of more than 8 floors;
2. warehouses of flammable and explosive substances;
3. production, raw materials and/or finished goods which are flammable or dangerous;
4. warehouses hazardous substances;
5. hospitals, rehabilitation centers, geriatric centers, medical institutions closed type, prisons, places of temporary detention;
6. residential buildings above 8 floors;
7. office buildings above 8 floors;
8. nursing homes and clubs for people with disabilities;
9. hotels, holiday homes, sanatoriums, boarding houses, gathering places, student dormitories, boarding schools, motels, camps.

General installation requirements

Here are selected requirements of the standard. These are points that are in conflict with Russian standards or are not mentioned in Russian standards or are simply blurred.

1. The detector must be connected in such a way that when it is removed, the normal operation of the others is not disrupted.

2. The detector must be installed on a surface that cannot be moved without the use of a tool. In this case, the detector must be turned with an optical indicator towards the main entrance to the room.

3. The fire alarm control panel (FPKP) is installed as close as possible to the central entrance to the building in direct visibility from it. At a facility guarded 24 hours a day, a remote control and display panel is installed in the security room.

4. At facilities where there is a central fire alarm system, all additional local systems must be connected to it and provide “Fire” and “Fault” signals.

5. Self-contained detectors (Home Alone) are prohibited from being used in a fire alarm system.

Definition of fire zones

A fire zone is either a zone of a facility protected by one addressless fire alarm loop with automatic detectors, or a zone protected by one automatic addressable detector.

If an addressable fire alarm system is installed in a building - and the building has more than 4 floors and the total number of detectors is more than 80 - the addressable loop is made ring-shaped or divided into a larger number of loops.

The division into fire zones should provide quick access along the central passages from the control panel to the fire site.

The following limitations should also be taken into account:

1. one fire zone cannot include more than 25 detectors;
2. the protected area of ​​one zone cannot exceed 2000 square meters. m;
3. a fire zone cannot include different floors, except if this zone is a staircase, elevator shaft or tower, etc.;
4. the length of the larger side of the protected area cannot be more than 45 m. An exception is only for linear smoke detectors, the side of the protected area is equal to the length of the beam;
5. when installed in a room of more than 500 square meters. m only linear smoke detectors, at least two such detectors should be placed, dividing the room into different fire zones.

Manual call points. Installation locations

Manual call points are installed near all entrances and exits of the protected floors of the building on the side from which people are evacuated.

Automatic detectors. Installation locations

Key Requirements
At each facility where a fire alarm system is being implemented, if there are electrical cabinets with a total current passing through them of 63 A or more, automatic fire detectors are installed in these cabinets. When a “Fire” signal is received from this detector, the electrical cabinet must be automatically de-energized. The detector is installed so that its smoke chamber is located inside the electrical cabinet, but at the same time access to the detector from the outside of the cabinet is provided for maintenance.

In parking lots equipped with water sprinkler fire extinguishing systems, it is allowed not to install automatic detectors, provided that the fire indication from the sprinkler system is connected to the fire alarm system.

Automatic detectors are installed at a distance of at least 1.5 m from the source of air supply to the room. In any case, the air speed at the detector installation site should not exceed 0.76 m/s. In locations where air velocity exceeds 0.76 m/s, the manufacturer's detector installation requirements should be referred to, reducing the area protected by the detector in accordance with its instructions.

If the room is divided by partitions that do not reach the ceiling 45 cm or less, such partitions are considered solid walls when installing automatic detectors.

If structural stiffeners or similar structures extend from the ceiling by more than 10% of the ceiling height, such structures should be treated like walls when installing detectors. The same applies when the height of such a structure is more than 45 cm.

In wells (such as staircases, communication shafts, etc.) it is necessary to install an automatic detector on every 4th floor, starting from the top (distance no more than 12 m between detectors). An automatic detector should be placed on the ceiling in the elevator shaft. If the elevator shaft has a hatch in the ceiling measuring at least 60x40 cm, the detector can be installed in the room above the hatch.

Protected area
In the presence of centralized system air conditioning, it is necessary to install an automatic detector in the central duct with air drawn from the air-conditioned rooms.

In rooms where one detector is sufficient, it is installed as close to the center of the room as possible. In case of installation more detectors, they should be positioned symmetrically as far as possible.

In electrical cabinets or rooms with voltages from 500 V to 6 kV, aspirating automatic detectors should be installed. In the presence of voltages above 6 kV, the choice of detectors is left to the designer.

If the facility is installed automatic system extinguishing with water (sprinkler), its fire and fault indications should be connected to the fire alarm system.

The values ​​given in table. 1 are valid for rooms in which complete air exchange occurs no more than 6 times per hour.

If a complete exchange of air in the protected room occurs more often than 6 times per hour, you should be guided by the schedule in Fig. 1. The horizontal line indicates the number of complete air exchanges per hour in the protected room, and the vertical line indicates the average area protected by the detector (sq. m).

Height and placement distance

Automatic detectors are installed exclusively on the ceiling and at a distance from the walls of at least 11 cm. If there is a structure protruding down from the ceiling near the detector installation site, then the detector should be placed at a distance equal to the height of this structure or greater. In table 2 shows the types of detectors for different installation heights.

In table 3 indicates the maximum horizontal distances between detectors and the maximum distances from the walls of the protected room (if the detector comes first from the wall).

Placement with false ceilings
If there are false ceilings, detectors should be installed on them (even if the horizontal distance to the nearest detector on the main ceiling is equal to or less than permitted):

• Fire danger category I – when more than 50% of the room area is covered with a false ceiling;
• Fire danger category II – when more than 30% of the room area is covered with a false ceiling.

In other cases, detectors in rooms are installed only on the main ceiling, and on a false ceiling - if the distance from the detector on the main ceiling to the wall is exceeded.

In corridors, detectors above false ceilings are placed in the following cases: if the distance between the main and false ceiling is more than 60 cm and there is at least one electrical cable or flammable materials in this space.

If the walls between rooms and corridors are made of flammable materials or do not separate the ceiling space between the corridor and the rooms, detectors should be installed above false ceilings in the rooms.

Placement with stiffeners
If there are stiffening ribs or similar structures on the ceilings, the detectors are installed as shown in Fig. 2.

If the distance W exceeds 4xH, the detector is placed on the ceiling, otherwise - on a stiffener.

Installation in a raised floor
Detectors are installed in a raised floor as shown in Fig. 3.

The top row shows the correct installation, the bottom row shows the incorrect one. Correct installation also implies a rigid structure on which the detector is installed. The maximum protected area for a detector in a raised floor is 11 square meters. m.

Placement at a height of more than 4.5 m
When installing smoke detectors at heights exceeding 4.5 m, the detector should be placed on a structure that distances it from the ceiling at a distance depending on the installation height. In Fig. 4 shows the vertical heights of the ceilings and the distances from the ceiling to the smoke detectors (in meters).

The height of the distancing structure is selected from the shaded range horizontally passing through the selected ceiling height. For example: if the ceiling height is 6 m, then the structure to distance the detector from the ceiling can be 0.25–0.5 m high.

Detectors are installed so that the sensitive element is located within 25–150 mm from the ceiling.

In rooms above 4.5 m, separated by racks, in addition to detectors on the ceiling, detectors should be installed on racks at distances from 2.5 m from the floor and then evenly in height every 4 m - in this case, the distance from the ceiling detector to the nearest one on the rack should not exceed 4.5 m.

Installation on sloped ceilings
Installation of detectors on sloped ceilings is carried out using an additional structure that ensures the horizontal position of the detector. A ceiling is considered inclined if the angle between it and the horizon exceeds 7 degrees.

If the ceiling has a slope only in one direction, the detectors (rows of detectors) are installed as shown in Fig. 5. The letter S indicates the horizontal distance (in meters) between detectors located at different heights, and the letter D indicates detectors.

When installed on a sloping ceiling, it is allowed to increase the horizontal distance between detectors at the rate of 1% for each degree of slope, but not more than 25%. The horizontal distance between the wall and the top detector should be 1 m.

If the ceiling consists of two slopes connecting at the top point, the top detector (row of detectors) is installed at the highest point, and the remaining detectors are installed at distances depending on the angle of the slope.

As you can see: several simple rules installations, which, if observed, ensure reliable and timely notification of fires. Of course, you will be interested in the question about minimum quantity detectors in the room. Standard 1220 in the third part does not imply any duplicate detectors. That is, if the area of ​​the protected premises is equal to or less than the maximum area that the detector is capable of protecting, only one is installed.

Outside of 1220 Part 3

The logic for duplicating the “Fire” signal is dictated in another part of the 1220 standard, namely in the “Fire Extinguishing Systems” part. Only to start fire extinguishing systems it is necessary to receive a “Fire” signal from two detectors or from a manual call point designed to force fire extinguishing. Of course, designers can tighten the requirements, but this remains at their discretion. A few more interesting points.

1. The reliability of detectors must be such that there is no need for replacement throughout their entire service life.

2. The time for starting the automation and notification should not exceed 10 seconds from the moment the “Fire” signal is received from any of the detectors.

3. The use of radio channel systems as fire alarm systems, automation control, fire extinguishing and fire notification systems is prohibited due to the use of communication lines with sharply changing and wide range physical characteristics. Such changes entail delays that are unacceptable in systems that must accurately perform their functions. The lower physical reliability of wireless systems is also taken into account due to the presence of additional signal processing and conversion units, power units and other elements not directly related to fire detection, but occupying most wireless system devices.

5. In places where there is a danger of hazardous gases, it is also necessary to install detectors designed to identify these gases, in accordance with the manufacturer’s conditions.

6. And finally, the concept of “false alarm”, or “false alarm”, as it is often called in Russia. A false alarm is a “Fire” signal received from any detector without the influence of factors that should cause the appearance of this signal in quantities regulated by standards.

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CODE OF RULES FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS - FIRE ALARM INSTALLATIONS AND FIRE FIGHTING AUTOMATIC - STANDARDS AND RULES... Relevant in 2018

13.3. Placement of fire detectors

13.3.1. The number of automatic fire detectors is determined by the need to detect fires in a controlled area of ​​premises or areas of premises, and the number of flame detectors is determined by the controlled area of ​​equipment.

13.3.2. In each protected room, at least two fire detectors should be installed, connected according to the logical “OR” circuit.

Note - In the case of using an aspiration detector, unless specifically specified, it is necessary to proceed from the following position: one air intake opening should be considered as one point (addressless) fire detector. In this case, the detector must generate a malfunction signal if the air flow rate in the air intake pipe deviates by 20% from its initial value set as an operating parameter.

13.3.3. In the protected room or designated parts of the room, it is allowed to install one automatic fire detector if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

a) the area of ​​the room is no more than the area protected by the fire detector specified in the technical documentation for it, and no more than the average area indicated in tables 13.3 - 13.6;

b) automatic monitoring of the fire detector’s performance under the influence of environmental factors is provided, confirming the performance of its functions, and a notification of serviceability (malfunction) is generated on the control panel;

c) identification of a faulty detector is ensured using a light indication and the possibility of its replacement by duty personnel within a specified time, determined in accordance with Appendix O;

d) when a fire detector is triggered, a signal is not generated to control fire extinguishing installations or type 5 fire warning systems, as well as other systems, the false operation of which can lead to unacceptable material losses or a decrease in the level of human safety.

13.3.4. Point fire detectors should be installed under the ceiling.

If it is not possible to install detectors directly on the ceiling, they can be installed on cables, as well as on walls, columns and other load-bearing building structures.

When installing point detectors on walls, they should be placed at a distance of at least 0.5 m from the corner and at a distance from the ceiling in accordance with Appendix P.

The distance from the top point of the ceiling to the detector at the place of its installation and depending on the height of the room and the shape of the ceiling can be determined in accordance with Appendix P or at other heights, if the detection time is sufficient to perform fire protection tasks in accordance with GOST 12.1.004, which must be confirmed by calculation.

When hanging detectors on a cable, their stable position and orientation in space must be ensured.

In the case of using aspiration detectors, it is allowed to install air intake pipes both horizontally and vertically. vertical plane.

When fire detectors are located at a height of more than 6 m, an access option to the detectors for maintenance and repair must be determined.

13.3.5. In rooms with steep roofs, for example, diagonal, gable, hipped, hipped, saw-toothed, with a slope of more than 10 degrees, some detectors are installed in the vertical plane of the roof ridge or the highest part of the building.

The area protected by one detector installed in the upper parts of roofs increases by 20%.

Note - If the floor plane has different slopes, then the detectors are installed on surfaces with smaller slopes.

13.3.6. The placement of point heat and smoke fire detectors should be made taking into account the air flows in the protected room caused by supply or exhaust ventilation, and the distance from the detector to the ventilation hole must be at least 1 m. In the case of using an aspirating fire detector, the distance from the air intake pipe with holes to the ventilation hole is regulated by the permissible air flow for a given type of detector.

13.3.7. The distances between detectors, as well as between the wall and detectors, given in tables 13.3 and 13.5, can be changed within the area given in tables 13.3 and 13.5.

13.3.8. If there are linear beams on the ceiling (Figure 1 - here and below the figures are not given), the distances between point smoke and heat detectors across the beams M are determined according to Table 13.1. The distance of the outermost detector from the wall should not exceed half M. The distance between detectors L is determined according to tables 13.3 and 13.5, respectively, taking into account clause 13.3.10.

Table 13.1

13.3.12. Fire detectors should be installed in accordance with the requirements of technical documentation for specific types of detectors.

13.3.13. In places where there is a danger of mechanical damage to the detector, a protective structure must be provided that does not impair its functionality and the effectiveness of fire detection.

13.3.14. If different types of fire detectors are installed in one control zone, their placement is carried out in accordance with the requirements of these standards for each type of detector.

13.3.15. If the predominant fire factor is not determined, it is allowed to install combined fire detectors (smoke - heat) or a combination of smoke and heat fire detectors. In this case, the placement of detectors is carried out according to table 13.5.

If the predominant fire factor is smoke, the detectors are placed according to Table 13.3 or 13.6.

In this case, when determining the number of detectors, a combined detector is taken into account as one detector.

13.3.16. Ceiling-mounted detectors can be used to protect the space below a perforated false ceiling if the following conditions are simultaneously met:

perforation has a periodic structure and its area exceeds 40% of the surface;

minimum size each perforation in any section is at least 10 mm;

the thickness of the false ceiling is no more than three times the minimum size of the perforation cell.

If at least one of these requirements is not met, detectors must be installed on the false ceiling in the main room, and if it is necessary to protect the space behind the suspended ceiling, additional detectors must be installed on the main ceiling.

13.3.17. Detectors should be oriented so that the indicators are directed, if possible, towards the door leading to the exit from the room.

13.3.18. The placement and use of fire detectors, the procedure for use of which is not defined in this set of rules, must be carried out in accordance with the recommendations agreed upon in the prescribed manner.

Every year, through the efforts of scientists, as well as developers, designers of equipment, devices, components of APS installations/systems, the number of very different in appearance, quality, as a rule, of a plastic case; functional, often combined, principle of action, purpose is steadily growing.

To understand this diversity, it is worth summarizing the knowledge about why they are needed, first of all, by customers; who invest, let's be honest, very significant sums in the design of APS, AUPT installations, for the purchase of equipment, including fire detectors, as an almost obligatory element of the vast majority of fire automatic systems; installation and commissioning work, subsequent maintenance.

Purpose of a fire detector

• Detection of signs of fire in a room as quickly as possible, be it a sharp increase/change in temperature, air density or the appearance of an open flame, or substances in the space that are uncharacteristic of normal conditions - soot particles, aerosols, gases.
• Resistance to external influences: both mechanical and technological interference, as well as false alarms associated with them.
• Long service life even in harsh conditions - in the presence of dust, harmful impurities, aggressive environments, high air humidity in protected areas.

Installation Regulatory Requirements

First of all, you need to understand where it is necessary to install and what kind/type of fire detectors. The norms, which establish the rules for the design of APS/AUPT installations/systems, say the following about this:

• The choice of type/types of fire detectors is carried out in direct dependence on the functional purpose of the room/building, as well as the type of fire load.
• The choice is limited to three types of fire detectors - heat, smoke, flame.

More accurate information on the choice can be obtained by studying Appendix M to this SP, which presents all the main types of premises of buildings/structures, depending on their functional purpose, and their corresponding fire sensors.

Types of fire detectors

In fact, not counting numerous, different combinations/modifications, to date there are three main types of such indoor fire detection devices:

• . Determine the appearance of open fire. There are two types: ultraviolet and infrared flame detectors. Designed to protect both large volume/height premises (hangars, machine rooms) and open technological, warehouse sites, pipeline transport control units/stations with the presence of flammable liquids/flammable liquids, flammable gases.

• . This is, as a rule, a mechanical panic button, when pressed, a signal about a fire detected by an eyewitness of this event is sent to the premises of the fire/security post/station, the fire department control panel.

Types of fire detectors

In each type of such devices, various types and modifications have been developed and embodied in metal and plastic; not just different design features or appearance, but the very principle of fire detection.

It is worth giving an example of such significant differences within one type in heat detectors, which today “track” a fire in two ways:

• The first is the most “ancient”, but still works flawlessly today - upon reaching a critical/threshold temperature value in the space, as a rule, directly under the ceiling of the protected room, “prescribed” in the physical characteristics/mechanism of action. This could be a thermal relay or a drop of low-melting solder connecting two contacts in simplest design such a device called .
• The second method is to detect a starting fire by a sharp increase in temperature per unit of time (per minute). Sensors based on this principle are called .
• Modern models Most products from many manufacturers combine both methods. These are the most sensitive, reliable devices, as they combine two tactics for detecting a fire based on any change in temperature in the room.

Similar examples various types, the principles/methods of fire detection can be given by considering smoke detectors. They can be aspiration sensors for the smallest particles of soot, aerosols and other combustion products of organic substances/materials.

But this is far from a complete classification of fire detectors. Indeed, in addition to the above types/types, they are also divided into:

• According to the method of detecting the exact location/detection of a fire in the protected areas of a building/structure - , as well as , and .

• According to the principle/method of constant/discrete exchange of information with the control panel/station – , – , including on the basis cellular communication various standards; or completely, in the body of which all necessary elements to ensure long-term operability, detect fire, provide a light/sound signal, even start a local fire extinguishing system, as is implemented in the alarm and trigger device USPAA-1.
• According to the degree of protection of the housing/shell, wire/cable entry points from moisture, dust, explosive air-gas/aerosol environment in the premises where they are installed - or in the usual version for installation in buildings with normal conditions.

Again, we should not forget that in pursuit of an outstanding/different case design from all other manufacturers, the overall appearance detectors different types, their modifications, often differ so greatly from the usual/standard shapes/shapes; that they can be mistaken for the latest video surveillance devices, burglar alarm, fire extinguishing, sound/lighting equipment, but not for APS sensors.

And it is also often very difficult to understand without reading the accompanying documentation - technical data sheet, device description, manufacturer's instructions or explanations from knowledgeable people - consultants of a trade organization involved in the supply of APS equipment or specialists from installation and commissioning enterprises, what kind of sensor is installed on the ceiling/wall or exposed as product sample.

Designation of fire detectors

It looks like a certain set of letters/numbers:

IP x1x2x3, where x1 is a sign of the fire that it controls: 1 - heat, 2 - smoke, 3 - flame, 5 - manual.

The next position – x2x3, tells the principle of operation of the sensor. For example, IP 104 stands for a thermal detector using a fusible sensor, IP 212 is an optical smoke detector.

The fire detector sign should be depicted graphically according to , which provides examples correct application all elements of alarm systems, fire extinguishing, video surveillance.