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The kitchen apron is the part of the wall between the countertop and wall cabinets, necessary element, protecting walls from moisture, soot and grease. The height of the apron itself is about 60 cm.
Basic requirements for an apron:
- practicality and ease of care
- resistance to temperature changes
- chemical resistance
- attractive appearance
In order for the apron to serve faithfully and regularly please the eye, the choice of material for its construction should be approached with all responsibility.
1. Materials
Which material to choose?
Aesthetic and operational properties apron directly depend on the material from which it is made.
1. Tiles
Both ceramic and glass tiles can be used to create an apron.
A mirrored apron will help to visually expand a small space, but think about whether you want to see yourself close-up slicing vegetables or cutting meat.
Advantages of glass:
- Practicality
- Aesthetics
- Originality
- Strength
- Hygiene
- Durability
- Heat resistance
Disadvantages of glass:
- Doesn't fit into every interior
- Marking
- High price
- Relative fragility
3. Stone
Natural stone for cladding is most often used in the interior, when the countertop is made of stone. At the same time, such furniture is very expensive, however, it looks the same.
A cheaper analogue is fake diamond, allowing you to create a monolithic surface of the tabletop, turning into an apron. At the same time, you can either create a relief along the upper border or make it multi-level. And if a natural stone absorbs moisture, the artificial one is easy to scratch. You will have to get rid of scratches either by grinding or by fusing polymer.
Ideally imitates a stone like this finishing material, like lithoceramics - a combination of ceramics and marble chips. The material has less weight compared to stone, more affordable price and is attached with glue.
Advantages:
- Durability
- Impact resistance
- Ease of care
- High temperature resistance
- Hygiene
- Excellent aesthetic qualities
Flaws:
- Significant weight, especially of natural stone
- High cost (natural stone)
- Hygroscopicity
Installed using tile adhesive, special mastics or mechanically.
4. Mosaic
The mosaic option is one of the most expressive and elegant ways of decoration. Regardless of material (glass, ceramics, metal) perfect option for uneven surfaces, hiding all imperfections in the walls.
A mosaic kitchen apron made in pastel colors will harmoniously fit into the interior, and the use of a combination of bright colors will add dynamism to the room and contrast with the furniture and walls.
Advantages:
- Beauty and originality
- Long service life
- Moisture resistance
- Resistance to temperature changes
Flaws:
- High cost of material and installation work
- Difficulty of installation
- A large number of seams
- The need to use epoxy grout
- Difficulty in dismantling
Mosaic, despite all the complexity of the device, is one of the most spectacular materials.
Leafy stainless steel- an ideal material for installing a metal apron, in harmony with any type of finish. Steel sheets make it perfectly flat and fit perfectly into a high-tech interior.
It is better not to use it in a Provence or shabby chic style kitchen due to the visual coldness of the material.
A variation of metal is ceramic tiles with a metal coating, which gives the tile volume and decorativeness.
Advantages:
- Strength
- Heat resistance
- Long service life
- Hygiene
- Resistance to mechanical stress
- Fire resistance
- Excellent aesthetic characteristics
- Affordable price
Flaws:
- Marking
- Visual coldness
- Difficulty of care
A metal kitchen apron is installed using glue. Wherein metal panels First you need to fix it on moisture-resistant plywood liquid nails, and only then hang it on the wall.
6. MDF
MDF is perhaps one of the cheapest materials for making an apron. Very often it comes complete with a furniture set; it is quickly manufactured and easy to install. MDF is second only to ceramic tiles and stone in terms of strength, moisture resistance and mechanical damage the material is quite high.
As for fire resistance, it is better not to use this material in kitchens with gas stoves.
Advantages of the material:
- Affordable prices
- Ease of installation and dismantling
- Versatility: fits into any style
- Moisture resistance
- Resistance to mechanical damage
- Fragility
- Fire hazard
- Tendency to deformity
- Impossibility of additional decor
The MDF apron is attached with liquid nails or staples to a special frame.
7. Wall panels
The material for making wall panels can be MDF or metal-coated laminate.
Often Wall panels Furniture manufacturers suggest that such an apron can both give integrity to the interior and add variety to the interior.
What are the benefits of panels:
- Decorativeness
- Resistant to abrasion and chemicals
- Hygiene
- Ease of installation and dismantling
- Low prices
Flaws:
- Low temperature resistance
- Fragility
Wall panels are attached during the installation of a furniture set to back walls table and wall cabinet.
8. Plastic
This is the optimal price-quality ratio, ease of installation and resistance to dirt. Creating an apron from PVC sheets is accessible even to a beginner, and the design of the front side will pleasantly surprise even the discerning buyer.
- Low price
- Relative strength and durability
- Diversity color design
- Not resistant to mechanical damage
- Deformed by water
- Fire hazardous
- Releases harmful substances
Installation of plastic is carried out using glue.
9. Tree
Usage natural wood is not always advisable, due to the performance characteristics of the material.
For the installation of an apron, type-setting panels made from hardwood strips are mainly used.
The surface of the shields is sanded and impregnated with oil, covered with varnish or paint. Composite panels, compared to ordinary wood, are less hygroscopic.
Benefits of wood:
- Environmental friendliness
- Naturalness
- Decorativeness
Disadvantages of wood:
- Weak moisture resistance
- Weak heat resistance
- Marking
- Difficulty in cleaning
Wooden plates are attached with glue, screws or dowels.
Choosing a color
A kitchen apron, in addition to protecting walls from grease and dirt, also serves a decorative function. It can be either neutral, harmoniously fitting into overall design interior, as well as a bright spot that catches the eye and lifts the mood.
Neutral
It does not attract attention, it is a purely functional element. As a rule, it is matched to the tone of the furniture set or to the tone of the walls. Beige, milky, tea rose and champagne colors are also acceptable for creating a neutral apron.
Looks great in an interior designed in a minimalist style or Scandinavian style. It can either highlight the color of the headset or draw all the attention to yourself. If the walls, furniture and curtains are made in one color scheme A kitchen apron, the color of which is a couple of tones different from the main tone, can dilute and enliven the interior.
Bright
Creates a mood, but is not suitable for everyone. Requires the use of bright details of the same color in the decor (towels, fittings, baseboards). However, remember that even the slightest mess will be noticeable against the background of a bright wall.
Apron-decoration
To create an apron, you can use a mosaic, a thematic panel, skins with a photo print or a painting by your favorite artist, or decorative tile inserts. In this case, the main thing is to accurately calculate the amount of material, because it will be very disappointing if part of the plot panel turns out to be hidden behind the cabinets.
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And the gas stove must be covered with a practical screen that is resistant to moisture and high temperatures. The appearance of this area is also not in last place; it is the wall above the work area that is often used to place accents in the kitchen interior. If you plan to install the apron yourself, then the complexity and duration of installation plays a big role. To do right choice, you need to choose an option with the optimal balance of all these qualities.
The wall surface above the countertop is the busiest area of the kitchen. Household appliances, a work area and a gas stove are located here. Not every type of finish can adequately withstand all types of impacts associated with using the kitchen for its intended purpose. Therefore, a number of requirements are imposed on a kitchen apron:
- High temperature resistance. Since the screen surface is heated unevenly, the material should not expand significantly. Flammability and low melting point are also not best qualities for an apron;
- Moisture resistance. The impact of liquids on a surface can manifest itself in different ways: direct contact, splashes, steam. Therefore, the apron must be chosen from materials that do not absorb water;
- Easy to clean. The surface of the screen in the kitchen is exposed to various types of contaminants: dust, grease, particles food products. It is important that the material does not change its appearance, even after prolonged contact with dirt;
- Mechanical strength. Since the surface of the apron will have to be cleaned frequently, and sometimes intensively, the coating must be resistant to abrasive substances and hard brushes. Microscratches and areas of worn-out paint will definitely not decorate the kitchen;
- Safety. Environmental cleanliness and the absence of harmful fumes are one of the most important qualities of a kitchen apron, because it can come into contact with food.
There are many materials on the market that fully or partially meet these requirements. However, this Difficult choice, which requires taking into account all the installation features, advantages and disadvantages of different types of aprons.
Types of materials for an apron
It is better to decide on the choice of material for the protective screen in the kitchen before installing the set, since some types of finishes are mounted on a free wall.
Aprons made from solid or large fragments can be fixed after furniture is placed, if they do not require “wet” types of work.
Before installing any apron, it is necessary to prepare the wall surface, check its integrity and reliability. It would not be superfluous to treat with priming compounds with an antiseptic to protect against moisture and its inevitable companions - fungus and mold. It is important to install electrical wiring in advance and make outlets for sockets.
When the wall plane is prepared, you can measure the area for the apron and begin choosing the most suitable materials. To do this, you can compare their advantages and disadvantages, and also evaluate possible difficulties during installation.
Tile
The classic version of the apron cladding is tiles of different shapes, sizes and designs. It is practical and accessible. Combinations different shades and tile designs allow you to create unique and beautiful protective screens for kitchen. 
Features of the material
Tile is a win-win option for decorating an apron. It will always be in fashion and will ensure comfortable and safe use of the kitchen. The popularity of tiles is due to a number of advantages that distinguish them from other types of materials:
- Resistant to mechanical stress. Minor blows will not harm it, and the glaze that covers the front surface withstands intensive cleaning;
- Does not absorb moisture. It is not without reason that it is used for installation in the wettest places of the house in the bathroom and toilet. In the kitchen, it will perform the function of protecting the wall from splashes and steam flawlessly;
- Easily tolerates uneven heating. The expansion is compensated by the presence of a small distance between separate elements finishing. But it is important to choose a good adhesive base and grout;
- Durable. Service life of an apron made of tiles subject to high-quality installation and glue - at least 15 - 20 years;
- Safe. The material is environmentally friendly and non-flammable.
Among the disadvantages of tiles, the most significant is the seams, which are difficult to clean from dirt, and prolonged exposure to moisture can cause the appearance of mold and mildew. But if you don’t skimp and choose high-quality grout, these inconveniences can be avoided.
Installation of a tile apron
In order for the tile to adhere well to the wall surface, it is necessary to provide all conditions for high-quality adhesion. Check the plaster for voids and weak spots. Prime and make notches if the base is covered with a layer of paint that cannot be removed.
To lay tiles with your own hands, you will need special tools and materials:
- Glue;
- Notched spatula;
- Crosses for seams;
- Grout;
- Tile cutter
Installation can be done different ways. The simplest is horizontal or vertical, it is best to choose for self-installation, if there are no professional skills. More complex types will require the hands of a specialist: herringbone, offset, diagonal. 
Laying must be done before installation kitchen set. And since the first row of tiles will start not from the floor, but from the middle of the wall, it is necessary to temporarily install a guide rail.
The ideal option is if the size of the tile is selected exactly to the size of the apron, then it will not have to be cut. But if there are sockets on the wall plane, you will need to work with a tile cutter. A guide to using this tool is provided in the video.
By changing the thickness of the adhesive composition, you can correct small unevenness of the wall, but not more than 10 mm. A layer exceeding this value is unacceptable for wall cladding. The tile may “float” or fall off due to uneven drying of the adhesive.
Into the space between in separate fragments You definitely need to insert the crosses, and do not remove them until the composition sets. Grouting of joints is carried out only after complete drying.
Mosaic
A mosaic apron will become bright accent throughout the kitchen. A variety of styling options and materials for elements can provide harmony with the design and individuality. But working with this type of finishing requires patience, skills and the selection of high-quality glue and grouting composition. 
Features of the material
Mosaic has all the advantages of tiles; it is not afraid of moisture and dirt, is resistant to temperature and mechanical damage, and has a number of features:
- It is easier to install around ledges and rosettes;
- To work with mosaics, white glue is required;
- It features a wider selection of materials for the production of elements: ceramics, glass, stone, metal, mirror.
The disadvantage of mosaic is the same as that of tiles - there are seams, of which in this case there are much more. Only epoxy grout is suitable for sealing them.
Mosaic installation
You can arrange elements in different ways. Designers play with color and shades, creating real works of art that are sure to be unique.
Types of mosaic installation:
For installation you will need the same set of tools as for tiles. The glue is applied to the wall and to the mosaic panel. The fragment is placed on the apron and pressed slightly. If there is a protective paper layer on the tile, it must be moistened a few minutes after fixing the fragments to the wall and carefully removed.
48 hours after installing all the elements, you can start grouting. Rasters are applied rubber spatula and spread evenly over the surface. After 20 minutes, you can remove excess grout with a soft cloth.
Glass
Kitchen aprons are made from tempered glass. It is stronger than usual and can withstand high temperatures. On such a screen you can place any image, drawing or imitating texture. 
Features of the material
A glass apron is a practical and safe option. Contaminants are easily removed from its surface. Tempered glass or triplex (two glasses glued together with a film) are resistant to mechanical stress. If the screen does break, then in the first case it breaks up into small fragments with non-sharp edges, in the second case the fragments are held on the film.
To install the apron, a glass panel is made to the exact dimensions of the area, so all that remains is to fix it. Seams are most often absent.
The image can be applied in different ways, they differ in cost, complexity and practicality.
- Pasting transparent glass with photo wallpaper is inexpensive and quick, but if moisture gets under the glass, the image will be damaged;
- Printing on vinyl film is a more reliable option; the film is not afraid of moisture, but over time it can peel off from the glass;
- Ultraviolet printing on glass – durable and high-quality image, resistant to any type of external influence;
- UV printing inside triplex is the most reliable and expensive option; the image is protected on both sides.
There are practically no disadvantages to this type of apron. It's beautiful and functional solution. In production, the necessary holes can be made in the glass for kitchen utensils and sockets. The only thing stopping you from choosing this material is its high cost. The service life of the product depends on the quality of the printed image. Clean frosted glass or printing inside triplex can last indefinitely.
Installation of a glass apron
Installation of a glass apron is carried out after installation of the kitchen unit. Therefore, when measuring the length and width of a section, greater accuracy is required. Fixation can be done in different ways:
- Through holes (the most reliable fastening option, this is what professionals use, but when fixing with bolts, it is important to be extremely careful so as not to break the panel; you can purchase decorative caps to disguise the fasteners);
- Canopies (do not require drilling the glass surface, suitable for small aprons);
- Liquid nails (the easiest way to install it yourself, but the wall surface must be perfectly flat).
It is better to seal the joint between the apron and the wall with sealant so that moisture does not get into it. All holes in the panel must be made at the manufacturing stage. You cannot drill the screen yourself.
MDF (medium density fibreboard)
A compromise option for designing a kitchen apron is MDF. The plates are affordable and attractive in appearance. But their use is limited, so before choosing this material you should compare its advantages and disadvantages. 
Features of the material
MDF is widely used in home decoration and furniture assembly. It is also suitable for the kitchen. No need to install it perfect alignment wall surface.
The possibilities of the material are unlimited: it can have any shade and texture, imitate other types of finishes, such as stone and tile, and any image can be applied to the surface using the photo printing technique.
Installation is simple and quick. The service life of the material is only a few years, but given the low cost, such an apron can be changed frequently, which will not only get rid of the damaged screen, but also update the familiar kitchen.
MDF splashbacks are not suitable for kitchens that are used intensively. This option is suitable for busy people who rarely cook and keep the room perfectly clean.
The material has some disadvantages:
- Does not withstand high temperatures;
- Frequent direct contact with water leads to deformation and peeling of the protective coating;
- Abrasives and solvents are not suitable for cleaning MDF;
- The screen surface is less durable than glass and tile.
Despite the presence of all these disadvantages, the material is often used for kitchen aprons. It looks beautiful and expensive, while the cost of MDF is much lower than other types of finishes.
MDF installation
Perhaps there is nothing easier than installing an MDF apron. Its dimensions can be adjusted on the spot, but the places where the cuts will need to be trimmed. It is easy to cut holes for sockets with a jigsaw and drill the plate to place the hooks.
Installation involves fixing the panel with self-tapping screws or liquid nails to the plane of the wall. If the main surface is uneven, you can first place slats on it and create an ideal plane with them.
PVC panels
Most a budget option design of a kitchen apron - covering with PVC panels. They are offered on the market in large quantities, have wide choose color scheme and design. 
Features of the material
The panels don't have many advantages. If we compare them with a material from the same price category - MDF, then the plastic has excellent moisture resistance, but just like chipboard, it does not tolerate high temperatures and cleaning with abrasives.
In addition to deformation when heated, plastic is highly flammable and releases toxic substances when melted, so over gas stove there is no place for him. It is good for work areas where there is frequent cooking, since contact with water and dirt does not affect its appearance. The service life is also short - a maximum of 5 - 7 years with proper care.
Panel installation
For installation you will need: guide elements (sheathing), self-tapping screws, screwdriver, utility knife. The panels are fastened together using a tongue-and-groove system, thus forming absolutely airtight connections.
The panels can be installed on any wall with unevenness and defects, the main thing is that there is somewhere to screw in the screws for the guides.
The sheathing is set according to the level. At the top and bottom there are guide elements, then vertical crossbars with a pitch of no more than 60 cm.
The panels are fixed with self-tapping screws to the sheathing, each subsequent one covers the place where the previous one was fixed and the head of the fasteners. Therefore, externally the apron looks quite presentable. You can cut plastic with a stationery knife or a hacksaw with small tooth. All holes must be prepared before installation. The edges of the finished apron in height and width, if they are visible, must be decorated decorative elements, they are sold in the same department where the panels themselves are.
Stone
Natural and artificial stone is one of the the best materials for a kitchen apron in terms of practicality. He has all the necessary qualities. It is durable and looks expensive and prestigious. 
Features of the material
Such an apron requires appropriate design of the kitchen. Expensive countertops and exquisite facades will make him worthy company. For the production of screens they use different types stone Most often - granite, less often - marble, basalt, slate, quartz. It is best if the surface is polished; it is easier to remove dirt from it.
Artificial stone is much cheaper than natural stone, but has the same properties. But it has no pores, so it does not absorb moisture and is better cleaned of dirt. It is lighter and can be made thinner. The durability of these materials cannot be compared with any others.
Installation of a stone apron
Stone products are most often made to order according to custom sizes. Installation must be done after installing the furniture.
If the stone is in the form of a tile, then you can lay it with your own hands, according to the same pattern as ceramic. It is better to entrust the installation of a solid panel to professionals, since the material is expensive, and self-installation Without proper operating skills, you can damage the product.
Installation of an apron made of solid panels - stone, MDF, PVC and glass is carried out after installing the kitchen unit, so there will be no problems with taking measurements and the height of the screen placement. It is more difficult to determine the location of the apron, which is installed before installing the headset; here it is important to take into account both the height of the lower cabinets and flooring and furniture layout. How to do this correctly is shown in the video.
When choosing an apron for the kitchen, what is more important is not its appearance, but the price category and practicality. And the problem of aesthetics has long been solved by manufacturers - all types of materials are presented in various colors and design options.
The apron of the screw-cutting lathe is rigidly attached to the front end of the caliper carriage.
The apron converts the rotational movement of the lead screw or lead roller into translational movement of the caliper (feed) along the bed guides. The movement from the running roller is also used to mechanically move the cross slide.
Lead screw used for thread cutting. The rotary motion of the lead screw is converted into a translational motion of the caliper (feed motion) using a split nut. The rotation speed of the lead screw, and therefore the feed rate, is controlled by the feed box of the lathe.
Roller used for all other turning operations. The rotational movement of the running roller is converted into a translational movement of the caliper (feed movement) using a worm on a sliding key, a gear rack mounted on the frame and a gear engaged with the rack. This wheel can be rotated either mechanically - from the drive shaft, or manually from the rotation of the handle (handwheel).
Mechanisms in the apron can convert the rotational motion of the roller into translational motion (mechanical feed) of the caliper cross slide.
To accelerate the movement of the caliper, a separate electric motor is used, which rotates the roller at an increased speed.
A plunger pump provides lubrication of all drive parts, bearing supports and guides of the caliper and carriage. It is mounted on the lower cover of the apron and is driven by the worm gear shaft.
The lead screw is lubricated using a manual oiler with the master nut engaged.
The apron of the screw-cutting lathe has four jaw couplings, allowing for forward and reverse movement of the carriage and support. The carriage movements are controlled by the mnemonic handle 25. The direction of activation of the handle coincides with the direction of movement of the support. The activation of fast movements of the caliper in the indicated four directions is carried out by additionally pressing the button 12, built into the handle 25. This and pressing turns on the high-speed electric motor, which, through a V-belt transmission, communicates movement to the drive shaft.
The apron has a blocking device that prevents the simultaneous activation of the longitudinal and transverse feeds of the caliper, as well as a safety cam clutch, which is activated under the influence of forces arising when the apron is overloaded.
To cut a thread, use handle 24 to turn on the nut and disengage the rack and pinion gear by pulling button 6 toward you.
Description of operating modes of the machine apron
Fig. 9. Diagram of the apron of a screw-cutting lathe
Longitudinal feed of the caliper carriage
The longitudinal feed of the machine support when performing all turning operations, except for cutting threads with a cutter, is carried out using a gear rack 14 mounted on the frame and a gear wheel 17 rolling along it. This wheel can be rotated either mechanically - from the running shaft 1, or manually from the rotation of the handle . Mechanical longitudinal feed is carried out as follows. The long keyway 2 of the running shaft 1 includes the key of the worm 9 sitting on it. Rotating, the worm drives the worm wheel 8. To turn on the mechanical longitudinal feed, you need to use a handle 11 to connect (using a clutch) the worm wheel with the wheel 10. The latter will impart rotation to the wheel 15, and together with it the rack wheel 17, sitting on the same roller, will rotate. This wheel rolls along a stationary rack 14, driving the apron and the caliper carriage along the frame.
Manual longitudinal feed is performed by handle 13 through wheels 12, 15, 17 and rack 14.
Cross feed of caliper slide
To carry out mechanical transverse feed, a bevel gear 7 sits next to the worm 9 on the running shaft, the key of which also slides in the long keyway 2 of the running shaft 1. Rotating with the shaft, the wheel 7 rotates another bevel gear 4 and cylindrical wheels 5, 3, 6 and 21. Using the button 18, you can engage the wheel 21 with the wheel 19. Together with the wheel 19, the screw 20 rotates, carrying out the transverse feed of the cutter. To turn off the cross feed, wheel 21 is disengaged from wheel 19 using the same button 18.
Manual transverse feed is performed by handle 16.
Thread cutting on a screw-cutting lathe
Rice. 10. The device of a split nut (uterine nut) of a screw-cutting lathe
To move the caliper longitudinally when cutting threads, a lead screw 22 is used, to which is connected a split nut (male nut) 23 installed in the apron.
The split nut structure is shown in Fig. 10. When cutting a thread, both halves of the nut 23 are brought together using the handle 25; approaching, they capture the thread of screw 22, during the rotation of which the apron, and with it the support with the cutter, receive longitudinal movement. To move and move apart the halves of the split nut, a disk 24 with two spiral slots 26 is attached to the shaft of the handle 25, into which the fingers 27 of the lower and upper halves of the nut 23 enter. When the disk 24 is rotated, the slots force the fingers, and therefore the halves of the nut, to move closer or further apart.
Apron design of a screw-cutting lathe
Enable feed by lead screw carried out by closing the uterine nut (Fig. I, 15). It consists of two half-nuts 1 and 2, which can move along guides made in the apron. Using handle 4 on the front side of the apron, the half-nuts can be brought together, locking them on the lead screw, or released; they are moved by a disk 5 with shaped grooves into which pins 3 pressed into half-nuts enter.
The movement from the running roller is transmitted through a gear z = 27 sliding along it together with the apron (see Fig. 1, 6) to the worm gear of the apron. From the worm wheel shaft, rotation is transmitted depending on which of the gear couplings M6, M7, M8 or M9 is engaged - either to the rack gear g = 10 - to obtain longitudinal feed, or to the gear g = 20, sitting on the feed screw XXI transverse slide - to obtain mechanical cross feed. Turning on all these couplings on the machine mod. 1K62 is produced with one handle (Fig. I, 16), and the direction of activation coincides with the direction of feed of the cutter. The longitudinal movement of the caliper is carried out manually using the handwheel on shaft XXII when the mechanical feed switch handle is set to the middle position. The apron has a device that prevents the feed from being switched on simultaneously along the lead screw and the lead roller (blocking), since such switching on would lead to breakdown.
To protect the feed chain from overloads, as well as for working against stops (see page 46), a safety gear coupling MP is installed on the worm axis (see Fig. 1.6), the spring of which is adjusted to transmit a certain torque. If the torque exceeds the permissible value, the clutch will begin to click.
Reducing the time required to perform auxiliary movements is an important reserve for increasing the productivity of machine tools; Therefore, most modern machines have mechanisms that provide fast (“accelerated”) idle movements of the tool. In the 1K62 machine, for this purpose, a separate electric motor (Fig. I, 17) with a power of 1 kW, connected by a V-belt drive to the running roller, is installed at the right end of the frame. The one-way overrunning clutch Mo in the feed box allows rotation of the drive shaft to be transmitted both from the feed box and from the auxiliary engine.
The overrunning clutch (Fig. I, 18) has an outer ring 2, a shaped disk 1, rollers 3 and springs 4, pressing rollers. Such a coupling can transmit torque when the rollers jam in only one direction.
In the feed box of the machine, the outer ring of the overrunning clutch is rigidly connected to the gear block z - 56 (see Fig. 1.6), and the inner disk is connected to the running roller XVI. When the auxiliary motor is not turned on, movement is transmitted to the drive shaft from the feed box; when this motor is turned on, the clutch disc rotates in the same direction as the outer ring, but with higher speed, and this leads to slipping of the overrunning clutch. After stopping the engine, the working feed chain is automatically restored. The rapid movement motor is turned on by button K (see Fig. I, 16) on the power handle automatic feeds. The fast movement mechanism provides a speed of longitudinal movement of the caliper of 3.4 m/min and transverse movement of 1.7 m/min. In heavy screw-cutting lathes with several supports, rapid longitudinal and transverse movements are carried out by separate electric motors installed on each support.
Drawings of the apron of a screw-cutting lathe 1k62
Pekelis G.D., Gelberg B.T. L., "Mechanical Engineering". 1970
The comfort of a living space largely depends on how well our life is organized in it. The most important place among auxiliary premises occupied by the kitchen. We love it most of all, because it is there that we enjoy deliciously prepared food. The apron plays an important role in the interior of the kitchen.
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An apron is a section of the wall between the lower and upper tier of kitchen modules. It protects the wall from dirt, just as work clothes of the same name protect a housewife’s suit from stains. It largely determines how beautiful and tidy our kitchen looks, and how harmoniously the individual modules fit together.
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How to choose
Since the apron must be primarily functional, the materials for its manufacture must be selected with such characteristics that they protect problem areas on the walls well and are easy to clean. This means that when choosing materials, you must pay attention to their resistance to temperature changes and moisture resistance, as well as how easily the surface can be cleaned of contaminants deposited on it.
Installation of a protective coating, first of all, is necessary near the sink and stove, since numerous water and grease splashes can seriously stain the wall. IN work area There are also food processing processes that have a damaging effect on surrounding surfaces, so it is better to place protection along the entire row of kitchen furniture.
In addition, the apron also has an aesthetic purpose. It is needed in order to combine the top and bottom rows into a single whole and create a coherent kitchen ensemble that will create comfort and delight the owners.
Features and Benefits
When we think about what our kitchen will look like, we must take into account its features. If the windows face north or have small sizes, then there will be a lack of light in the room. This means that the color scheme should neutralize the darkness and additional lighting will be required. On the contrary, if the kitchen is very light, then the shades of the furniture and walls may be darker.
When selecting materials for making a kitchen apron, you need to take into account the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Essential criteria for evaluation are ease of care, heat resistance, and moisture resistance.
Advantages traditional materials in their time-tested practicality and relatively low cost. Non-traditional materials make it possible to implement various bold projects, and at the same time, any innovations can be very convenient for use in everyday life.
Each material has its own installation characteristics. Tiles, mosaics, natural and artificial stone require preliminary preparation surfaces. When installing such an apron, there should be no furniture in the kitchen. Glass and panel protection is installed after furniture is installed. But the specific installation location of the apron must, in any case, be determined with maximum accuracy, taking into account all cabinets and equipment.
Materials
A wide variety of materials can be used to make a protective coating. The most common are ceramic tiles, PVC, MDF and chipboard panels, tempered glass, and mosaics. When choosing a material, the fact from which material it is made is of great importance. kitchen furniture. The apron is made from the one that best matches it in texture and color.
Ceramic tiles are the most popular material. It fits easily into any kitchen as there are so many tiles available different sizes, colors and textures. It tolerates temperature changes well, is durable, is not afraid of moisture, and is easy to clean from dirt. With high-quality installation it lasts a long time.
Porcelain tiles are stronger in their properties ceramic tiles and has higher moisture resistance. There are tiles large sizes, there will be fewer joints between them, so less dirt will accumulate in the seams. If on work surface If a porcelain stoneware countertop is installed, then it would be logical to make the apron from the same material.
An apron made of natural stone will look good with stone countertop. Since this material is quite expensive, it is rarely found in kitchens.
But artificial stone is quite popular. It is much cheaper than natural, but looks no less noble. Since not only countertops, but also sinks are made from such material, it becomes possible to create magnificent kitchen sets. Such sets last a long time, they are easy to care for, and the plates are well connected to each other.
Mosaic aprons come in both single-color and multi-color. Even a picture can be assembled to suit every taste with a variety of patterns. It all depends on the plans of the owners. Mosaics can be made from various materials in all sorts of combinations. Ceramics, glass, porcelain stoneware, natural stone, metal, mirrors and other materials are used. The service life of the apron and its practicality directly depend on the quality of installation and grouting.
MDF and PVC panels are low cost and look good thanks to the variety of patterns that can be applied to them. Colors and pictures can imitate various materials: tiles, mosaics, wood, brick and stone. However, such panels are not very practical as they are easily damaged, but they are quickly installed and easy to replace.
The metal surface of the wall will look interesting if the original design idea is realized. This apron looks unique and is quite practical, as it is not afraid high temperature and washes well using products that do not scratch the surface.
Glass aprons, contrary to the belief that they are fragile and brittle, are quite practical. Strained glass withstands high temperatures. If it has a smooth surface, it is easy to clean. Glass can be frosted or transparent, with or without a pattern. The transparent protection on the wall can be attached in such a way that it can be easily removed, and then the kitchen can be diversified by changing the patterns underneath it. There you can place photographs and drawings, which can look different thanks to the variety of LED backlight. These aprons are very beautiful, moisture resistant, but they can still break.
Protection on the kitchen wall can be made of laminate. It is important to choose it with such characteristics that it is not afraid of high temperatures and water splashes. Due to the fact that the panels are tightly connected to each other, they form a comfortable solid surface. The laminate is attached directly to the wall using liquid nails.
It is quite acceptable to make an apron from parquet blocks. The dies are attached to a fiberboard or chipboard backing and then placed on the wall. The drawing can turn out to be varied and very beautiful.
Colors and design
When choosing appearance There are no restrictions on the wall apron and the surface can be decorated in any way. A wide variety of possible color solutions, one or several colors can be used. Beautiful models are obtained by using different shades of the same color.
The design may contain unusual color spots. The surface may look dry and restrained, but it is also possible to depict bright patchwork quilt with fragments of different images, colors and sizes.
Colors in the kitchen are of great importance from a psychological point of view. You should not use dirty or acidic colors in the interior, which can spoil the mood of the cooking housewife and the appetite of family members. The most acceptable colors are foods or ripe vegetables and fruits. Beautiful images of the products themselves will also be appropriate; they will look especially good on a white background.
Color and light in the kitchen should be well thought out. Light in the work area is necessary, and if the countertop is not well lit, additional lighting can be installed in the apron area. The light can also have different shades, which will allow you to change the scenery and diversify the kitchen space.
You can experiment in the kitchen, but you cannot miss the main thing - all design elements should look consistent.
How to make and install it yourself
Such an interior element as kitchen apron, can be made with my own hands. First you need to determine what material it will be made of, and then decide whether we can do it or whether it’s better to trust the specialists. It is better to leave the installation of a glass apron to the manufacturer. Tiles, porcelain tiles and mosaics can be installed independently.
If you understand that in your case you can make an apron yourself, then let’s get started. We inspect the surface of the wall, it should be dry and smooth. We determine where the apron will be located. If the stove or sink is located in the corner of the kitchen, then it is advisable to go onto the side wall. If you plan to install a hood, the protective surface should extend beyond it, and it is better if the protection is mounted flush with the top plane of the wall cabinets.
The marking of the future apron should be done in such a way that it extends 2 cm behind the tabletop and cabinets. The marking is done according to the level, strictly horizontally. The top and bottom lines are drawn on the main wall and side ones, if necessary. Further installation technology depends on the material used.
Installing panels
The simplest solution is MDF or chipboard panels. Such an apron can be made of a single piece or several components. The panels are cut to fit the free part of the wall and fixed on it after the furniture is installed. The surface underneath may not be very smooth and does not require special preparation. Fastening is carried out in any convenient way. These can be screws with decorative heads, liquid nails, special or universal glue. After installation on the wall, the panel is attached to the furniture set using specially selected elements. MDF and PVC panels can be easily installed yourself.
Laying out the mosaic
The mosaic may consist of different materials. The individual mosaic pieces are called chips. The sizes and shapes can be very different - both strict geometry and arbitrary. The more complex the shape, the more labor-intensive the process of laying the mosaic will be.
Chips are combined into matrices. They can be fastened together using paper glued to front side, but it is more convenient to use a polymer mesh on back side. A gap is made between the chips, which is subsequently sealed using epoxy grout.
Mosaics with a smooth surface are easier to install, but if the surface is corrugated, more careful work is required when grouting so as not to spoil the design. Caring for such fragments during operation will be more difficult, so it is better to form the pattern in such a way that chips with irregularities are located in places less susceptible to contamination.
Let's check how much flat wall. We remove small tubercles of putty from the surface. We clean the wall from dust and prime it.
We sort through the material and examine it. It is better to purchase mosaic elements with a reserve; you should not take them back to back, as defects may be detected or accidental damage may occur during the installation process. We lay out the mosaic on a smooth surface, trimming the gaps. We measure the length and width of the fragment, and then mark this size on the wall. It is better to attach a guide to the wall along the lower border to prevent the mosaic from sliding down.
Adhesive composition should be selected specifically for the material used. There are adhesive mixtures based on cement, polyurethane, and epoxy. We study the packaging and pay attention to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Prepare according to the instructions and apply an even layer of glue to the wall, making grooves. We place the mosaic sheet on the wall, check how correct its position is, and then press it to the surface with a trowel or roll it with a roller. After installing all the sheets, clean the seams from glue and wipe the surface of the mosaic.
Two days after installation, we seal the seams with grout. Grouting is very important, as it must protect numerous seams from the penetration of moisture and microorganisms. It is better to use epoxy grouts, since compared to cement-based grouts, they protect better from moisture, withstand temperature changes better, and crumble less. The variety of available colors allows you to make the best selection.
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Every homeowner strives for his home to be different from others in its beauty and originality. How a house will look externally sometimes depends on details that you might not even notice at first glance. But it is they who form the uniqueness of the external appearance of the home.
Parapet for flat and pitched roofs
One of the seemingly minor details on which the reliability and aesthetics of your home depends is the parapet on the roof. This is not a very high element, resembling a small wall, and serves to protect and enclose the roof. This design is suitable for roofs of any type - both flat and pitched. In the latter case, it starts from the eaves, covering part of it, and at this time the other part rises on the eaves and is perfectly visible, but the parapet completely hides the flat roof. The shape of such a fence is in the upper part and can be horizontal or sloped. In any case, you need to keep in mind that the parapet on the roof may have a non-standard shape.
To protect the fence from the destructive effects of atmospheric phenomena, a so-called apron is installed on top of it, which is made of metal profile, galvanized or copper. Its design requires the presence of special drip pipes through which water will be drained from the building. Thanks to the drippers, water ingress into the fencing structure is virtually eliminated.
Often, for concrete or brick fences, a metal apron is replaced with concrete plates or decorative rock, laid on top of them.
In any roofing structure there are areas that pose a particular danger from the point of view of water leakage and corrosion. For example, the installation of a steel apron is carried out through fastening crutches, so all fastening points must be processed; the junction of the roof to the parapet, as it is especially susceptible to water leakage, must be reliably sealed. Joint seams between concrete slabs laid on top of the enclosing curb also require sealing.
Connecting the roof to the parapet
This connection is made by connecting the roof and the parapet with a side or front connection.
Along the fence there are niches and curtains designed for installing aprons, for example, made of galvanized sheets roofing metal, followed by fastening. The upper part is inserted into these recesses metal sheets. You can also use black roofing steel for these purposes, but only if it is painted twice on both sides using hot drying oil. The need for niches and curtains when arranging connections arises due to the fact that, as a rule, one roofing sheet One or the other type is not enough to ensure a reliable and tight fit. For example, due to its not entirely level vertical part or due to the destructive effects of precipitation, temperature changes, etc., the material may fall behind the curb.
Connection device
The technology for constructing these areas, depending on the presence of curtains or niches, is somewhat different.
When the top part of galvanized or black roofing sheet is installed in a niche, its height should be at least 10 cm.
In the case of installation in a curtain, it is sealed using a solution of cement and sand, which serves reliable protection from precipitation, for example, it protects the curtain from snow.
Leaks in the unit are usually covered with roofing material.
At a distance of 100 cm from each other, antiseptic wooden plugs are installed along the enclosing structure, and an apron is laid on them. Wood blocks with a triangular cross-section pre-attached to corks will help to press the edges of the apron more tightly
The apron elements are laid in the direction in which the precipitation runoff is directed with a minimum overlap of 0.10 m. The reliability of the assembly increases if the joints of the folds are areas where the fences and flat roofs Be sure to additionally waterproof, and in several layers. The main waterproofing, made of mastic, is covered with reinforcing glass material. Mount it with an overlap of 15 cm, pressing it through the intermediate side to a vertically directed plane. Then this entire layer is covered from bottom to top with mastic or emulsion. After allowing the mastic or emulsion to cool, the surface of the first layer is covered with the second. To prevent the mastic layers from slipping, they are fixed and protected from moisture using a metal apron.
To fix the mastic layer of mastic, use clamping bar made of metal, which is nailed with dowels. Before this, the upper edge of the protective apron is placed under it, the elements of which are connected with a single fold.
The connection to the parapet is also arranged on the roof with slopes, forming a valley. First of all, the base is primed and rolled fiberglass is spread over it. The rolled sheet is laid in the following sequence: the top of the pitched side, part of the valley horizontally. A layer of mastic or emulsion, at least in a strip of 10 cm, is applied to the inclined valley slope.
Connection using the example of a soft roof
Reinforced ones are required at the interface points. An additional concrete side is installed between the fence and the roof at an inclination angle of 45⁰. This greatly facilitates the installation of roll materials for waterproofing. A simple roofing material is glued to the required areas using hot bitumen mastic. After the first layer has hardened, a second one is applied to it. At the same time, the outer one is fixed using a metal strip, and a special apron is attached to it.
Dowels are used to secure it, and after treatment with a sealant, paint is applied, which must be weather-resistant, providing protection to the assembly.
Modern technologies make it possible not to use it for waterproofing rolled materials. After application, special mastics form a seamless surface that acts as both waterproofing and roofing.
