Introduction

1. Purpose of the object

6. Features of landscaping

7. Territory balance

8. Landing sheet

Conclusion

Introduction

IN last years There has been a positive trend of an integrated approach to solving the landscape design of school institutions. The main task of landscape design is to organize space in accordance with functional, environmental and aesthetic requirements, create a bright artistic image of it and evoke positive emotions among people around.

In our country, school educational institutions produce equipment developed by specialists in the physical development of children in collaboration with hygienists, teachers, engineers, artist-designers and architects.

A lot of useful and original things can be seen today at educational institutions in various regions of our region and city. And this is a great merit of the city administration, which pays great attention to improving the improvement of both the city and the territories of educational institutions.

When addressing issues of planning and improvement of school institutions, much attention is paid to landscaping.

Green spaces influence the microclimate and have great sanitary and hygienic importance, which consists of the following:

they have a beneficial effect on temperature regime internal spaces;

directly protect the school building, gazebos, canopies and areas of the territory from excessive insolation;

protect from strong winds;

have a beneficial effect on the child’s body as a whole and, in particular, on his nervous system;

make it possible to organize children's recreation directly on the territory of the school institution.

Vegetation can be used in architectural and planning solutions.

Using the example of my course work, I would like to offer my options for landscaping and landscaping the territory of a school institution.

The goal of this project is to develop a project for landscaping and improvement of the school territory in accordance with the norms and design rules, to meet the social and functional needs of children, their physical and mental development, while trying to preserve the landscape and natural integrity of the territory.

1. Purpose of the object

The improvement object considered in this course work is the territory of a school located in the village of Maryina Roshcha, not far from Gelendzhik. The site is intended for students to engage in physical education, conduct experiments in natural disciplines, conduct school classes and events, and also as a place for students to relax during their free time from lessons. Therefore, in addition to the main building, educational and sports areas with appropriate equipment are usually located on the school site. The list of structures and landscaping facilities on the school site and their sizes are given below:

In addition to the listed elements of the educational and sports areas, recreation corners are placed among the ornamental plants on the school site. In some cases, when the size of the school site is insufficient, some elements of the zones have to be excluded.

The area of ​​plots for schools corresponds to the capacity of the latter: if the capacity of a school is 640 places, it is allocated a plot of 2 hectares, 960 places - 2.8, 1280-3, 1600-3.4 hectares. In this course project, the area of ​​the entire site is 1.8 hectares, the designed fragment of the territory is 7700 m 2

One of the decisive factors for improvement is natural and climatic factors. These conditions determine the specifics of landscaping and special requirements for the creation comfortable conditions for people's livelihoods.

According to climatic characteristics, Gelendzhik belongs to the zone of dry subtropics of the Mediterranean type. It is characterized by dry, hot summers and warm, wet winters. Since ancient times, the climate of an area was determined by the amount of inclination of the sun's rays above the surface of the earth (klima translated from Greek as inclination). In this regard, Gelendzhik is located in favorable conditions - between 44 and 45 degrees north latitude. The Caucasus Mountains protect it from northern cold air masses. The Black Sea softens the summer heat, and in winter, on the contrary, it releases the heat accumulated over the summer to the coast.

The average annual air temperature in Gelendzhik is +13.7, Kabardinka +12.9, on Tonky Cape +13.3 degrees Celsius. On the plain there are negative temperatures in winter time They happen most often at night and during nor’easters. Moreover, frosts below 10 degrees are extremely rare. Table 1 shows average monthly temperatures (in degrees Celsius) in some localities.

Table 1 - Average monthly temperature (in degrees Celsius

monthsForIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIVVVIVVIIVVШIIХХХХИХХII year Anapa12,116,250,410,115,620,023,423,217,212,572,431,411,9Kabardinka33,127,750,410,115,720,224,323,519,515, 395,851,812,6Tonkiy Mys32,948,060,810,816,020,224,023,819,915,195,461,113,3Gelendzhik55,245,870,611,717,219,924,124,019,315,485,871,013 ,7Tuapse44,347,670,611,316,220,123,023,419,615,610,261,613,5Sochi Center68,064,080,011,516,120,122,923,119,815,911,881,414,1

The duration of sunshine in Gelendzhik is 2374 hours per year with a maximum in July and August. On average there are 250 sunny days. There is little cloud cover. In summer it is 30%.

The amount of precipitation in Gelendzhik does not exceed 796 mm per year, and on its northwestern outskirts, on Tonky Cape - 598. In the coastal strip, moving to the southeast, the amount of precipitation increases to 1000 mm (Arkhipo-Osipovka). Moreover, precipitation falls unevenly throughout the year. Their maximum occurs in November-February. Moreover, this precipitation falls mainly in the form of rain. Snow on the plain is rare and does not last long - from 1-2 hours to 2-3 days. In summer, precipitation falls extremely irregularly and its duration is short. In some years there may be no rain at all for several months. Average relative humidity air reaches its greatest value - 75% in May, in the summer months - only 62-69% (compare: in Sochi - 78%). This is an important element of climate. The lower the relative humidity, the easier it is to tolerate the summer heat. The spur of the Siberian anticyclone creates stable northeastern winds over the Black Sea - the famous Black Sea nor'easters. They manifest themselves most strongly in winter. During a nor'easter, the wind speed can reach 40 m/sec, and the air temperature sometimes drops to 15 degrees below zero.

On sea coasts, where there are river valleys and gorges, foens are formed - warm, dry winds blowing from the mountains. Such winds usually operate in spring, sometimes in autumn and winter.

The soil on the territory of the designed facility is sandy and gravelly.

More than half of sandy soil consists of sand particles less than 5 mm in size, the shape of which is close to spherical. The space between individual grains of sand is called pores; they are filled with water and air. Unlike clayey<#"center">2. Justification for choosing the designed solution

The main trend in the development of secondary school sites in the near future is a significant improvement in layouts, equipment universal types lightweight modern equipment, landscaping and territory design.

The main requirement when creating the aesthetic appearance of a site is not the enlargement of objects, but complex design, i.e. creation of uniform equipment in style and aesthetic integrity of the environment.

When deciding on the architectural planning of the area of ​​a school educational institution, I chose a mixed style landscape design, based on a combination of regular and landscape styles.

Of all the styles of landscape design, regular is rightfully considered the most conservative. The basic principle of a regular style in landscape design is order and regularity in everything. All lines are geometrically correct, its paths are usually straight, and if not, then the lines of their bends are drawn on the plan using a compass. This style is used where they want to emphasize the impact of man on nature, to introduce a sense of order, rigor and solemnity into the composition.

As for the layout itself, it should be strictly geometric, where the building is the axis of symmetry. The main feature is its isolation from the surrounding nature, therefore the random arrangement of garden elements is unacceptable.

It is difficult to imagine a regular landscape design style without topiary figures. Many trees and shrubs (both deciduous and coniferous) lend themselves to topiary pruning; topiaries are given a variety of shapes (ball, cube, pyramid, cone, spiral).

Among the plants for regular gardens, evergreen species are chosen, which remain decorative throughout the year. Arches are often covered with vines and climbing plants<#"justify">landscaping microclimate school planting

3. Description of the road and path network

One of the most important elements of landscaping is the covering of paths and platforms, as they play an important role in the decorative design of the landscaped area.

In this regard, when choosing the type of coating, in addition to taking into account such indicators as reliability in operation, simplicity of design and sanitary and hygienic characteristics, it is necessary to pay attention to the decorative properties of road pavements.

The road and path network in school institutions is generally not much different from other surfaces in urban areas. The exception is children's playgrounds and sports facilities, where it is desirable to use a green lawn or new modern soft and environmentally friendly coatings.

In this work I used the following paving methods:

Paving on concrete. These are the most durable paths and platforms. This type of paving is used on the blind area around buildings and recreation areas, as well as on the site for school-wide events;

synthetic surfaces used on sports fields;

Gravel paths and platforms are usually located in places for recreation and walking. Such paving requires periodic repair, adding gravel or sifting, but thanks to the contrast of textures, gravel paths give the park a special charm. To prevent gravel or screenings from scattering to the sides and ending up on the lawn, in flower beds, or in a pond, you can install borders.

Installing curbs gives the paving more strength and prevents edges from breaking. Large stones, special concrete curbs, and wood are used as borders. You can install curbs flush with the paving or higher. In the first case, they usually try to give more strength to the edge, and in the second, they try to prevent the bulk material from scattering.

Installation of curbs is carried out before paving begins.

Tiled coverings also provide the most interesting decorative solutions. The slabs can be concrete, cement, silicalcite, ceramic, natural stone and decorative mosaic. Tile coverings are quite durable and easy to use. They make it easy to replace damaged slabs, reposition them in case of subsidence of the foundation or repair of communications laid under the paths. The installation of such coatings is very simple, not labor-intensive and does not require expensive machinery and equipment.

Gravel paths are made using granite cuttings (granite chips).

Sports grounds. The most promising are synthetic coatings, among which the most widespread are polymers - polyurethanes in the form of monoliths - recortan, tartan, sportan - and coatings based on hard rubbers in the form of slabs - armand, discord.

These coatings are primarily elastic, have elastic vibration properties, allow the runner to achieve greater results with the same energy expended, and at the same time have high operational properties: they react poorly to climatic conditions, are easily removed by mechanisms, and are not sensitive to the type of sports shoes.

This project uses tartan - a gray-green or brown coating, laid on an asphalt concrete base 10-12 cm thick.

4. Description of a small architectural form

Small architectural forms - in landscape design this is the name given to small structures installed in gardens and parks for functional and aesthetic purposes. These include gazebos, trellises, pergolas, arches, benches, sculptures, bridges, lamps, fountains, flowerpots, etc. In this project, a bench is considered as a small architectural form.

Benches are used for short-term (without backrests) and long-term (with backrests) rest for visitors to the facility. They come in a wide variety of shapes and are made from various materials(metal, concrete, wood and stone). The benches used on the school site are benches for long rest.

Benches are usually made:

with one span 1.2 - 2 m long;

with two spans 3.5 - 4 m long.

The height of the benches is 40 cm. Wood is the most affordable material, it is easy to process and has high thermal conductivity. When antisepticized and dried, wood can be used for a long time and, most importantly, it is easily replaced if broken.

Used for backrests and seats wooden slats with rounded upper edges and a convex surface, which facilitates the rapid release of precipitation from the slats and drying of the surface of the backs and seats. Wide boards and half-beams retain moisture on their surface longer and dry out more slowly.

Small architectural forms for recreation areas and playgrounds - benches, tables, swings, carousels, booms, climbing walls, sandboxes, pyramids, vines, roller coasters, etc. - are produced in series.

5. Description of the equipment used

When designing the landscaping of the courtyard area, the following types of site equipment were used.

Garden furniture.

Canopies for adults , are installed in meeting places with children on the playground in different compositions - line, semicircle, square, etc.

Rest benches are an integral part of landscape design. Used primarily in the design of walking areas, they have a metal base. The seats for the benches are various types of coniferous wood. The wooden parts of benches and benches are subjected to antiseptic treatment and tinted. After this, the benches are coated with several layers of special varnish that is resistant to various mechanical and atmospheric influences.

Children's play complexes, playgrounds, various sports facilities - all this contributes to the proper development of children and the promotion of health.

All equipment is made of metal and has all the necessary certificates and conclusions. The special coating for sports playgrounds provides an attractive appearance and resistance to mechanical and atmospheric influences.

Fireproof urns - operating principle: The lid of the urn acts as a guaranteed high-quality fire extinguisher, closing the air supply in the event of a fire, thereby eliminating the flame. This reduces the risk of emergencies on the school site.

Flower bowls, vases and various shapes are grouped into picturesque compositions or placed on the site strictly functionally.

Street lighting

Street lighting is necessary for the full functioning of any populated area. And it is used not only for security purposes, but also for decorating individual architectural objects, as well as parks and squares . Installing lighting poles allows you to increase visibility on the roads at night. In addition, lighting poles form a unique appearance of a populated area, and also provide the necessary level of safety for both pedestrians and road traffic. Lighting poles can be turned on in the evening either from the control center or manually.

As street lighting install special street lights and fixtures. Street lamps are lighting poles made in the form of one shape or another, on which light sources are placed. And street lamps are called special lighting, which are used for lighting roads, parks, squares, as well as special lighting for various landscape and architectural objects.

One of the most common types of lighting poles are street lamps, which are mounted in a special way on lighting poles or lighting poles. This type of lamp is considered one of the most reliable and efficient due to the fact that in this case the light comes from a certain height. This means that it is able to cover a larger area and is less susceptible to various mechanical damage. Light poles include a wide variety of street lighting poles including metal poles lighting, multifaceted supports and others. Lighting supports are made of steel sheets three millimeters thick. The lighting column has a conical shape, which has six or eight sides. The height of lighting poles can reach four, six, eight and ten meters. At the bottom of the lighting pole there is a special hatch with a cover, which allows for installation and operation of the electrical switching device. In addition, at the bottom of the lighting pole there is always a flange with a diameter of 200 millimeters, which is designed for installation and fastening on a concrete foundation, as well as on similar devices and underground parts.

At the top, the outdoor lighting pole has a diameter of 62 millimeters. This part is intended for installing brackets with lamps. Steel structures street lamps are hot-dip galvanized. These brackets are made from metal pipe, the wall thickness of which is three millimeters. The outer diameter of such pipes is 48 millimeters.

Equipment for sports grounds.

Sports grounds include: a football field, volleyball, basketball, tennis, playgrounds, and gymnastics.

The composition of the equipment for sports grounds depends on the existing facilities for team sports. Thus, the equipment of a basketball court consists of racks (wooden or metal) with transparent hardboard boards measuring 1.8x1.2 m, on which metal rings with a diameter of 450 mm are fixed at a height of 3.05 m from the surface of the court. The boards should move away from the supports: for schoolchildren - by 1.1.2 m; for adults - 1.6.2.2 m. Metal or wooden supports are painted in White color.

The volleyball court is equipped with two metal or wooden posts round section with a diameter of 100.120 mm with a rope and a net stretched tightly between them at a height of 2.1 m - for children; 2.2 m - for women: 2.5 m - for men. In addition, the site has a mobile referee tower, a table for informant judges and benches for participants.

Tennis court equipment includes:

-low supports made of pipes with a diameter of 100-120 mm, sunk into the ground (in a wall with cement mortar):

-"a mesh 12.8 m long, fixed on a rope stretched between supports at a height of 1.07 m - at the ends; 0.91 m - in the middle;

-training wooden wall with a height of 3.2.3.5 m and an arbitrary width.

To tension the rope, a “shoe” with a hook is installed in the center of the platform, to which a mesh regulator is attached.

The football field is equipped with gates internal size 7.32x2.44 m, made from round posts with a diameter of 120 mm and painted white. Corner flags are installed at the corners of the field.

The gymnastics ground is equipped with a gymnastics town or installation for hanging apparatus.

A fence that encloses a site from neighbors and protects the site from wind and noise.

For the construction of such fences, durable materials are used: brick, concrete blocks, stone. The minimum height of the fence is 1.5 m. To protect from precipitation, stone and concrete fences are covered with cornices on top. Massive fences will become a little more elegant if you complement them with arches and niches for flowers. On the courtyard side, benches made of the same material are sometimes attached to the fences. To decorate support posts, you can use balls, flowerpots, containers with flowers or slabs, the ends of which hang from all sides of the post.

Drinking fountains.

The fountain is designed for installation in standard school water supply systems and multi-stage drinking water purification through a filtration system and disinfection using an ozonizer. After purification with ozone, the water is not inferior in taste and quality to spring water. Even when the permissible concentration of harmful and health-hazardous microorganisms usually found in water is many times exceeded, the system returns the water to its original purity, while all useful minerals are retained in the ozonized water, which is very convenient for installing and using such fountains in the school yard.

6. Features of landscaping

Proper landscaping of a general education school site is a factor in the aesthetic, mental, moral and physical education of children and adolescents.

When selecting plants, take into account not only artistic, but also practical purposes. Thus, alley (row) plantings sometimes serve as protection from noise, wind, dust, snow, which will undoubtedly affect the selection of plant forms.

It has been established that when a green protective zone is created along the fence of a school institution, the wind speed is reduced by more than half, and the air temperature in the green zone is set below the city temperature by 8-10°.

Experts say that phytoncides (volatile protective substances) released by plants can kill pathogenic bacteria and clean the air (up to 70%) of dust.

The variety of trees and shrubs, the beauty of shapes, density and color of the crown allow you to create expressive landscaping compositions. Plantings: group, alley, single, bay window, row, checkerboard, fencing, labyrinth, etc. - enliven the site, allow better use of the expressive qualities of trunks, crowns, foliage.

But planting trees and shrubs should not interfere with the insolation of the room ( sun rays), and depending on the nature of the crown and the degree of leaf fall, they are planted at a distance of 5-10 m from the building. Before drawing up a landing drawing (dendroplane), you also need to find out where the electrical and telephone cables, heating pipes and other communications run. Thus, planting trees closer than 1.5 m from water supply and sewerage systems and 2 m from other networks is not allowed. Shrubs are planted no closer than 2 m from the gas pipeline, 1 m from the heating network and 0.5 m from the electric cable.

Trees and shrubs such as maple, birch, linden, spruce, pine, poplar, ash, elm, bird cherry, larch, alder, chestnut, rowan, lilac, jasmine, spirea, cotoneaster, etc. are widely used in landscaping areas of school institutions. In places where children play for a long time, it is recommended to plant trees with a dense crown - linden, maple, elm, etc.

In early spring and late autumn, it is necessary to clean the landscaping. Maple, linden, poplar, elm, hawthorn, hornbeam, apple, willow, and ash tolerate pruning well; chestnut, birch, and walnut tolerate pruning poorly.

When designing tree and shrub plantings, I followed the norms of planting between trees and from trees to the walls of buildings, etc. The standards are given in Table 2.

Table 2 - Distance from objects to plant axes

Object Minimum distance to the axis of a plant, m tree shrub External walls of buildings and structures 51.5 Edge of sidewalks and garden paths 0.70.5 Edge of the roadway of streets, edges of reinforced strips of roadsides or ditch edges 21 Masts of lighting network supports, trams, columns, galleries and overpasses 41 Fences up to 2 m high 21 Fences more than 2 m high41 Soles of slopes, terraces, etc. 10.5 Soles or internal edges of retaining walls 31 Underground communications: gas pipelines, sewerage 1.51 Heating networks (from the walls of the channel) 21 Water pipelines, drainages 2-Power cables and communication cables (from the outer wall of the pipe) 20, 7 From underground communication networks protected by pipes (from the wall) 10.3

Small flower beds are also planted on the site, but so that the flowering of plants does not coincide. For example, tulips and daffodils begin to bloom in the spring, peonies, carnations and delphiniums in early summer, then phloxes, gladioli, dahlias and until late autumn chrysanthemums, perennial asters, etc. These plants are perennial and require only fertilizing, tillage and weed removal. Flowers on the school lawn are also selected taking into account their continuous flowering.

First sown lawn grass, then flowering plants are planted. Perennials require pruning.

Color design is simply necessary when landscaping school buildings, but even here you need to approach the selection with the utmost caution.

A large role in the landscaping of the site is played by lawn coverings of group and physical training grounds, sown with sustainable grass mixtures in combination with annual and perennial plants in the general flower garden, in the flower beds and edgings of group areas.

The aesthetic appearance of the lawn is maintained by periodically mowing the grass, but it is also good to leave islands of tall grass landscaping with field vegetation. A wide variety of types of lawn landscaping are widely used, combined with flower beds, ridges, oases with water, sand, pebbles, etc.

The floral and woody design of the school site fully matches the style I chose.

Planting is done in the morning. Using a shovel to dig holes the right size so that the roots of the plants do not bend when planting, and the seedlings are planted slightly deeper than the root collar. The distance between plants depends on their size. Flower beds are watered in the evening after 5 pm or in the morning. Flower beds made from carpet plants are watered more often, up to 40-50 times per season. In dry and hot weather, a refreshing watering or spraying is carried out in the evening between waterings. To create a rosary, two types of rose are used. On the sides is Californian, because it has almost no thorns, the flowers are not large, Pink colour. In the middle is the Far Eastern one, it is more prickly with large red flowers.

Tulip - varieties from the group of Darwin hybrids are especially good for decorating gardens and parks. They look elegant against the background of a lawn or shrubs, in flower beds.

For planting, it is better to take bulbs of the first and second sorts, which bloom the next year.

The most attractive are small groups of the same variety. Since the varieties bloom at different times, the height of the plants and the color of their flowers are different, it is not advisable to mix them.

In flower beds, tulips are grown in one place for 2 - 3 years. So that the site does not lose decorative look after flowering, annual and perennials, grown in pots.

Viola (violet, pansy) is a member of the violet family. A plant 20 - 25 cm high with large flowers of different shapes and colors. Varieties of large-flowered garden viola are complex hybrids.

Thus, the tricolor violet (viola tricolore) appeared as a result of many years of selection work by specialists and amateur flower growers.

It is believed that simple pansies came to the garden from England. Their ancestors are wild violets (viola tricolor and lutea). Although flower growers have known these wildflowers well for a long time, the first serious attempts to cultivate them were made only at the beginning

Caring for floral plants involves regular watering, weeding and loosening the soil. To prevent fruits from developing, all faded flowers are removed, otherwise flowering will stop.

Sunny places are reserved for the viola. In partial shade it blooms longer, but the flowers are smaller and paler. In the summer after flowering it is replaced with other annual plants. In our country, the following varieties are most often grown: Forbote (white and blue flowers), Zurich See (blue), Bergwacht (dark purple), Himmels Koenige (light blue), Gold Crown, Abendglut (reddish brown). These varieties bloom quite early in the spring.

Brief characteristics of climatic subregions. Trees and shrubs. Lawns and flower beds. Spring plantingAutumn plantingStart of sowingEnd of sowingClimatic subregion with average monthly temperature in January - 15 0C and above July from +25 0C and above. MarchOctober - November1st ten days of March1st ten days of November

7. Territory balance

Since the territories of school institutions are areas of limited use, and since these areas occupy a significant part of the territory of the microdistrict, they are of great importance in common system landscaping of the neighborhood.

Zoning of the school site provides for the organization of group and physical education areas, a meteorological site, a utility yard, etc.

Based on the master plan, calculations were made, on the basis of which a balance of the territory was compiled, presented in Table 4.

Table 4 - Balance of the site area

Name of elements Area Number of elements Per 1 hectare. landscapingNote. m 2% of the total area pcs. Buildings and structures203026,42030School building and workshopRoadways, m. -_---Paths and platforms, including: 3926,350,2-5099a) gravel276,33,6-358Paths along the platformsb) asphalt-----c ) paving made of concrete, slabs 25*25 cm. 190024.7-2467 Platform for rulers and front zone) others 175022.7_2272 Sports grounds (tartan) Small architectural forms, equipment, pcs. a) bench - 810 b) urn - 68 Area under plantings, m 2including: 3773.750-10000 a) under trees145018,8-1883-b) under bushes2353,1_305-c) under flower beds87,51,1_113-d) under lawns2001,226_2598-And that: 7700100---

Thus, the percentage of greening on the site is 50%, which is slightly lower than the greening norm for the southern region, so in the future it is planned to increase the greening area through the use of stationary garden flowerpots on recreation areas and on the event site. Plantings with paths, areas for recreation and games occupy over 70 % total area. Since it is considered justified specific gravity plantings equal to 75% of the total area of ​​the site., and in this project it is equal to 74%, then the distribution of the territory complies with the standards.

8. Landing sheet

The planting list of plants used in the design is presented in Table 5.

Table 5 - Landing sheet

Pos Name of species and type of planting Age, years Number, pcs Notes 1 Norway maple 107 With a clod 1.3x1.3x0.65 m2 Warty birch 1035 With a clod 1.3x1.3x0.65 m3 Small-leaved linden 1030 With a clod 1.3x1.3x0.65 m4 Crimean pine 1075 Common boxwood338Sapling6Lilac360Sapling7Tulip-476With a lump 0.15x0.15 m8Viola-345With clod 0.1x0.1x0.15 m9Petunia hybrid-560With clod 0.1x0.1x0.15 m10Lawn - sowing

Conclusion

Designing a general education school site is a long and painstaking work. In my course project, I tried to take into account as much as possible all the goals and objectives of creating a green zone, taking into account the natural and climatic conditions, the needs of the population, the functionality and versatility of the object, as well as aesthetic appeal. At the same time, paying special attention to the issue of preserving the existing landscape and vegetation.

In my opinion, the main task of a landscape architect is to harmoniously combine nature with human activity. Without destroying the green island she has already created, she can transform it into something beautiful, capable of serving for the benefit and pleasing the eye, but the issue of landscaping must be approached very seriously.

The appearance of the school site should be thought out to the smallest detail even before the completion of the design of the building itself, based on the experience and mistakes of previous plans and is largely determined by its relationship with the building, the surrounding landscape, but most importantly - the layout and appearance of architectural structures, small forms and landscaping.

Having learned a lot about the design and improvement of a school institution, I realized how important it is for the health of our children, our future, for their physical and mental development.

Architects must create a beautiful and durable house, and the task of landscapers is to fence off and create comfort, to create as many corners of nature as possible.

I am very pleased that now the administration of Novorossiysk is paying great attention to landscaping and improvement of streets, courtyards, school areas and parks of the city.

Bibliography

1.GOST 21.204-93* SPDS. Conventional graphic symbols and images of elements of master plans and transport structures

2.GOST 21.508-93* SPDS. Rules for the execution of working drawings of master plans for enterprises, structures and housing and civil facilities

.GOST 21.101-97* SPDS. Basic requirements for design and working documentation

.SNiP 23-01-99* Construction climatology

.SNiP 2.07.01-89* Urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements

.Garnizonenko T.S. Handbook of a modern landscape designer. - Rn/D: Phoenix, 2005. - 315 p.

.Kaznov S.D. Kaznov S.S. Improvement of residential areas of urban areas. - M.: Publishing house ASV, 2009. - 216 p.

City children have little contact with nature; their lives have virtually nothing to do with the flora and fauna. For the most part, they know the names of only the most famous trees and flowers: birch, oak, spruce, rose, chamomile. This is offensively little!

To identify plant species in practice, to know and be able to use their beneficial properties, to understand the relationship between flora and fauna, to observe nature - there is almost nowhere to do this in a metropolis. The development of computers, multimedia, and the replacement of outdoor games with virtual ones has led to the fact that children do not receive a whole layer of knowledge about the world around them.

Targeted environmental education of the younger generation will help fill the gaps. For this, theory is not enough; a practical basis is needed. The easiest way to create it is on the territory of a child care facility. This means that when landscaping a school grounds, it must be taken into account that in addition to being decorative, it must also perform educational functions.

Landscaping kindergarten or school has its own specifics. Where there are children, you should not use poisonous or emitting substances. essential oils plants that can cause allergic or skin diseases. Thorns, thorns, and inedible fruits are dangerous. It is important that the work is carried out in strict accordance with SanPiN.

The site should be beautiful in winter and summer, so special importance is given coniferous trees. Fluffy Christmas trees have another purpose: favorite winter tree You can decorate for the New Year with your children, then dance in a circle and meet Santa Claus. If the children helped make toys, then the Christmas tree will become the center of winter entertainment, a reason for competitions (on best decoration or drawing).

When planning the landscape, it is necessary to create an alternation of shady and sunny areas, to ensure “ventilation”, without allowing plants to be planted too closely. What plants can grow on the territory of a childcare facility? First of all, these are conifers: spruce, pine - they look great all year round, juniper - lends itself well to modeling. Unpretentious, decorative species feel good in an urban environment:

• snowberry;
• some types of mock orange;
• spirea;
• lilac;
• acacia,
• thuja, juniper.

One of the functions of green spaces is protective. Rows of shrubs protect the yard from the dust of adjacent streets and help create a calm environment. A hedge will also become a decoration if you skillfully prune the bushes. Today it is fashionable to turn trees and bushes into funny animals, but a landscape designer must correctly model such figures and harmoniously “fit” them into the space.

It all starts in kindergarten

Back at the end of the twentieth century, the first attempts were made to create experimental environmental laboratories on the basis of a kindergarten. Children, under the guidance of adults, looked after plants and animals and observed them in their natural environment. A “corner of the forest” was created on the territory, where they tried to recreate a piece of the forest landscape with plants characteristic of the region (the experiment was carried out in Moscow).

The best ideas lie on the surface. Children enthusiastically take part in planting a vegetable garden and enjoy the “forest clearing” created right on the territory. Some educators approach their creation creatively. A vegetable garden helps you learn the alphabet if, while examining the beds, you remember the letters with which the names of vegetables begin. A forest clearing where primroses appear in the spring (carefully planted in the fall) is an occasion to talk about the change of seasons.

Thoughtful landscaping in a kindergarten is necessary to instill in children a caring attitude towards nature. The gardening plan for the kindergarten is developed taking into account the requirements of the law and sanitary standards. The best result is obtained if planting is thought out simultaneously with the design and design of verandas and the choice of equipment for children's playgrounds.

Organization of a school site

The original landscaping of the school area with the division of the site into zones allows for some lessons and practical work in biology, natural history and the environment right in the open air. Here scientists come to the aid of the school. As part of cooperation between Moscow State University and schools, a landscaping project was developed school yard, which recommends identifying zones in the “green” territory:

1. Food plants.
2. Green pharmacy.
3. Useful plants (having properties used for the production of dyes, oils, etc.).
4. Plants characteristic of the area.
5. Mini pond for aquatic plants.
6. Flower beds (flower beds of different sizes and shapes, flowerpots).
7. Traditional crops that were previously grown in the area.
8. An experimental field offering unlimited possibilities for project activities entire classes.

Activities that include observing and caring for plants clearly show the relationship between man and nature, develop meta-subject skills, and consolidate theoretical knowledge. The design of individual areas is an occasion for the manifestation of the creative imagination of schoolchildren and the embodiment of any ideas.

School grounds landscaping plays important role when dividing the yard into functional areas. If space allows, the entrance can be decorated classically - an alley of trees. The sports complex is visually separated from the rest of the territory, the “front” part for holding ceremonial events is decorated with flower beds. Their flowering should begin before graduation. May is the time for bulbs: tulips, crocuses, daffodils, irises. You need to take care of planting them in the fall. It should be remembered that grass also needs sun and care, and if it is impossible to provide these conditions, it is better to replace it with a special coating.

Unfortunately, not all schoolyards can boast that a landscape architect worked on them, but unusual “green” objects and small architectural forms that bring a smile and make children proud of their school are increasingly appearing. It turns out that landscaping the school yard is the beginning of instilling not only environmental literacy, but also love for the “small homeland” and patriotism.

Project activities at school

“Improvement of the school grounds: “Tourist Glade””

Project Description

A brief introduction to the basic techniques of landscape design, drawing up a sketch of a future project, purchasing the necessary materials, making furniture for a recreation area and decorating the area with decorative elements, painting decorative elements, preparing land for flowers and plants, sowing seeds of annual plants in decorative flower beds.
The target audience: Students in grades 5-7
Project implementation time: May-June

Target: aesthetic design of the school site.
Tasks:
Develop and implement a plan for landscaping the school yard;
to instill in students a love for nature, for their native land, for the Motherland;
aesthetic design of the school site;
develop practical skills in constructive and creative work;
instill a sense of an active position in transforming and creatively creating the surrounding reality;
theoretical and practical training of students in landscape design and decoration.

Expected results

1. Uniting a team of children in a common cause;

Justification of the relevance of the project

Teaching a person to think not only about himself, but also about the world around him is not easy, this problem is especially relevant for teenagers. Conservation and protection of nature allows teenagers to feel their importance, adulthood, to feel their ability to do important, useful things, to really see the results of their activities, to bring joy to others, to create something beautiful.
The school is ours common Home, which we love and want to see it beautiful not only from the inside, but also from the outside.
Brief summary: The priority of environmental education is today recognized by the entire world community. Therefore, nowadays people have begun to pay more and more attention to the condition of the territories adjacent to their home, place of work, educational institutions and other objects of social significance. And many of these areas often require significant improvement
Practical significance:
Involving the public in the significance of the project;
Improvement of the surrounding landscape of the school yard;
Aesthetic correspondence between the school and the created cultural landscape.
Materials and resources needed for the project
Technologies – equipment Camera.
Printed materials Directories, encyclopedias, publications in magazines
Other accessories Shovels, stretchers, buckets, axe, saw, drill, grinder
Internet resources Wikipedia Internet encyclopedia wikipedia.org
Cost name: Paints, brushes, flower seeds
Social partners MCOU Glukhovskaya secondary school, Glukhovskaya information center, Glukhovskaya rural administration, Voskresensk district forestry.
The estimated cost of the project is 1160 rubles.

Relevance of the problem
Teaching a person to think not only about himself, but also about the world around him is not easy, this problem is especially relevant for teenagers. Conservation and protection of nature allows teenagers to feel their importance, adulthood, to feel their ability to do important, useful things, to really see the results of their activities, to bring joy to others, to create something beautiful.
The school is our common home, which we love and want to see it beautiful not only from the inside, but also from the outside.
The priority of environmental education is today recognized by the entire world community. Therefore, nowadays people have begun to pay more and more attention to the condition of the territories adjacent to their home, place of work, educational institutions and other objects of social significance. And many of these areas often require significant improvement.
There is less and less living nature around us. There is more and more dead asphalt and smoking cars in cities; people are moving far from the city to listen to living nature and see flowers blooming. It is unlikely that we think about the fact that we are within the boundaries of a certain natural system. But it is in our hands to preserve this corner of wildlife. Currently, much attention is paid to the environmental education of the younger generation, and this is impossible without active work in nature. Therefore, our school created a project to improve the school yard and teach landscape design skills. IN Lately Landscape design of a site or landscape design and landscaping of the territory is becoming more and more relevant. What does the phrase "landscape design" mean? If we use scientific terminology, landscape design is a type of activity that is aimed at creating an artificial environment on a site through the skillful use of natural components. Landscape design creates a pleasant and harmonious human living environment.

Project implementation stages
1. Preparatory; goal: Motivation, goal setting of the project; responsible/term: D.S. Shemuranova, May.
2. Design; goal: Construction of an indicative scheme of activities; responsible/term: D.S. Shemuranova, May
3. Practical; goal: Project implementation; responsible/term: D.S. Shemuranova, N.E. Zhichin, May-June;
4. Final; goal: Comparison of actual and desired work results; responsible/term: June-September

Budget, resources

1 Flower seeds (Lobelia ampelae, Sapphire) 55 rub.
2 Facade paint 480 rub.
3 Color for paint 360 rub.
4 Brushes 65 rub.
5 Cotton gloves 120 rub.
Total 1160 rub.

Expected results
1. Uniting a team of children in a common cause;
2. Mastery of information about landscape design;
3. Aesthetic design of the school site.

Project implementation methods.

The implementation of the “Tourist Glade” project began on the eve of the summer holidays. At the end of May it was held Classroom hour on the topic of summer classes during work practice, which revealed the students’ desire to change the area in front of the school porch. We immediately outlined a rough work plan and decided on necessary material and distributed responsibilities. In addition to materials purchased in the store, items that were used or prepared for disposal were required. In the last week of spring, the guys prepared a sketch of the project they had started, prepared the place (collected dry grass, household garbage, stones), collected materials for the decorative elements of the project (boat frame, garbage tank, rubber boots, tires from a GAZ-66 car). As soon as possible car tires turned into figures of swans.
Summer came, and the guys from the flight labor camp began the main stage of the work: they dug a hole to “immerse” the skeleton of the boat, and made a flower bed around it. Then the guys made a “bonfire” on which to cook flower pot in the form of a camp pot. Nearby there is a hut made of dried branches of garden trees. There are plenty of “resting places for tourists.” To implement this stage of the project, the help of workers from the Voskresensky district forestry was required, who cut a table and 3 chairs from a pine trunk.
Having finished installing all the elements, the guys began painting. All that remains is to sow flower seeds that will serve as a reservoir, food in a pot, and a bright fire. All that remains is to regularly water the decorative flower beds and wait for the flowers to appear to complete the project.

Bottom line: working on the project brought a lot of positive emotions, the guys received valuable practical skills in mastering a new profession and spent their free time on an interesting activity. The project turned out to be aesthetically pleasing and fit perfectly into the landscape of the school grounds.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….………..…..3

GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT……………….……........3-5

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PLAN …………………...............…...……….…....6

PREPARATORY STAGE OF WORK……………………...……….….7-8

STUDY AND SELECTION OF FLOWER CROPS...............................................9-14

STUDY AND RESEARCH OF THE SITE...............................................................15 -18

SOWING SEEDS FOR SEEDLING………………………………….………........19

SEEDLING PICKING…………………………………………………………….……......20

PLANTING SEEDLINGS AND SOWING SEEDS OF FLOWER PLANTS IN OPEN GROUND................................................... ........................................................ ...21

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….22

USED ​​LITERATURE…………………………..………….…23

INTRODUCTION

Since ancient times, the love of flowers has been characteristic of all peoples. Bright, varied in shape, with a pleasant aroma, they have always attracted and continue to attract the attention of adults and children. A person’s love for flowers, instilled from childhood, remains throughout his life, and no matter where he lives, he will plant them everywhere.

Why did you choose this topic for the project? We spend most of our time at school. And therefore the school should be beautiful not only from the inside, but also from the outside. When choosing the theme of our project, we decided to please not only ourselves, but also those around us with the results of our work, and also try our hand at design, learning a lot of new things at the same time. For our flowerbed we chose the shape of a circle, which symbolizes unity and friendship.

GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND RELEVANCE OF THE PROJECT

In winter, looking out the window, you see a monotonous picture: white snow, bare trees, gray sky. Every schoolchild is waiting for the long-awaited summer holidays and imagines how the buds will bloom on the trees outside the window, the warm sun will sparkle with light, and the most beautiful flowers will bloom. But you can bring this time closer if you start preparing for it in advance. You can study the variety of flower varieties, you can choose different color solutions flower beds, you can think about the geometry of the plantings. To make the flowering time earlier and longer, you need to start growing flower seedlings on the window in winter.

Hypothesis: If a project is developed and implemented to improve the school flowerbed, and in the future, to plant the entire school grounds, this will improve the recreational conditions for all “residents” of the school and teach them to respect nature.

Object of our research: annual and perennial flowering plants;

Subject of study: how you can change the ecosystem of the school area on your own to improve its ecological situation.

Objective of the project – cultivation flower seedlings for the design of a school flowerbed, taking into account the economical exploitation of the territory and its rational use of natural resources.

To achieve this goal, you must complete the followingtasks:

study the literature on creating landscape design and, based on what you have studied, develop your own project for landscaping a school site;

select an assortment of flower crops to decorate the school grounds;

improve the school flowerbed;

determine agrotechnical methods for growing the proposed plants.

Project type: long-term.

Relevance of this project :

Instilling aesthetic and artistic taste in students,

Cultivating hard work and skills in caring for flower plants.

To implement our project we used:

Literature on this topic;

Internet capabilities;

Landscape projects of other schools;

Photo and audio equipment.

Expected results:

Blooming flower bed in different periods of time;

development of practical skills in growing plants;

gaining knowledge about ornamental plants;

formation of research skills.

Description of the project stages:

• collection and study of literature;

  exploring design options for flower beds;

  study of the species composition of floral and ornamental plants;

  drawing up a work plan;

  soil analysis;

  sowing seeds;

  growing seedlings;

  laying out a flower bed;

  planting seedlings in open ground;

  organizing the care of flower beds during the summer months;

  analysis of completed work;

  creating a presentation report.

1. Project Implementation Plan

Completed work

Term

Organizational

Drawing up a work plan

January February

Research

Exploring design options for flower beds.

Studying the types of flower beds

February

Practical activities

Buying flower seeds

February March.

Soil preparation

March, April.

Growing seedlings

March, April.

Picking

April.

Digging the soil in the flowerbed

April.

Laying out flower beds

April.

Planting seedlings, sowing seeds

April May.

Work at the school site during the entire summer period (summer work practice)

May-August.

Care and observation of flower plants.

May-October.

Final 1st stage

Analysis of completed work

October 2016

2. PREPARATORY STAGE OF WORK

Before we started working on decorating flower beds, we did a little research - we studied the literature on this topic, learned the types of design of flower beds, the flowers used, and methods of color design.

Depending on the shape, flower beds can be oval, round, square, rectangular, rhombic, triangular, etc. They also vary in size - from 1 to 8-10 m or more in diameter.

Flowerbeds are planted with one or more types of flowering plants. The interior design of a flower bed can be very diverse. Flower beds can be low or elevated (protruding above the surface), depending on the assortment of plants. Flower beds made from salvia, petunia, annual asters, begonias, marigolds, etc. are very beautiful. Based on the assortment of plants planted in the flower beds, there are carpet flower beds consisting of only tall carpet-leaf plants, carpet flowering flower beds, flower beds consisting of only flowering plants etc. Creating composite flower beds from several types of flower plants requires great skill, skill and taste from the gardener.

In modern landscaping, flower beds are kept low, level with the lawn, and only in special cases bulk, but not higher than 5-8 cm. The size of the flower bed depends on the size of the flower bed. When designing, it is necessary to take into account the duration of flowering of the planted plants.

The artistic decorative value of a flower garden depends on the selection of plants in a combination of colors of deciduous and flowering plants, the proportionality of individual parts of the flower garden, the clarity and clarity of the design, the content of the design, the presence of a good lawn background, and the provision of care. Successful selection of plants based on leaf or flower color is essential. In this case, the rules for harmonious combinations of colors with each other provide significant assistance. The main or main colors are yellow, red and blue. Derivative colors will be green, which is obtained from mixing yellow with blue, orange - from yellow and red, purple from blue and red. The brighter colors yellow, orange and red are called active and the less bright colors violet, green and blue are called passive.

A pleasant impression is produced by such a combination when the main color is located next to a derivative in which this main color is absent. Plants of the same crop are combined in color, especially if there are varieties.

The parts of the flower garden should be harmonious and pleasing to the eye. The rules of proportion help solve this.

Mainly used for decorating flower beds annual plants. And they choose mainly summer flowers, which bloom for a long time and profusely, and are distinguished by the decorativeness of their leaves. They are widely used in flower beds, ridges and parterres of summer flowering.

What requirements should a flower garden satisfy?

Continuous flowering throughout the growing season.

Available planting material.

Caring for plants is easy.

A harmonious combination of plants in height, shoot structure, color and size of flowers and leaves should be suitable for decorating a recreation area in the school yard.

3. STUDY AND SELECTION OF FLOWER CROPS.

Based on the literature studied, we identified the most common flower crops in our area and compiled a table taking into account their main characteristics.

Project estimate:

10*20=200 rub.

Fertilizers

Seedling

Total

900 rub.

4. Study and investigation of the site

In February, work began on the flowerbed itself; it was necessary to study the site, the composition of the soil in the proposed flowerbed, and determine its physical and chemical properties. Dig up the area, clear the grass and roots, select stones, loosen.

1) Marking the area.

The area is 88.21 square meters, circular, located in the southern part of the school yard. The study of soils begins with determining its physical and chemical properties: structure, color, moisture, density, acidity, fertility.

2) Soil description plan:

Point (school yard);

General relief (flat);

Vegetation (weeds).

3) Plan for studying the soil section:

Schematic cross-section of soil section (1:10);

Coloring;

Structure, the ability to break down into separate parts;

Mechanical composition;

Inclusions;

Density;

Soil moisture;

Acidity;

4) Analysis of soil composition.

1.Physical analysis of the soil under study.

To describe the physical properties, we examined the soil profile, mechanical and mineral composition, structure, moisture capacity, water permeability and air content of the soil sample.

Experiment No. 1 “Research of the soil profile.”

From the diagram of the soil profile (Appendix No. 1) it is clear that the turf and humus layers are weakly expressed.

Experiment No. 2 “Determination of the mechanical and mineral composition of the soil.”

They took some soil, slightly moistened it and rolled it in their palms. The soil rolls into a thick sausage that breaks when bent. From which we concluded that the soil is light loamy. And alumina does not significantly predominate in it.

Experiment No. 3 “Determination of soil structure.”

They took some soil, spread it in a thin layer on a saucer and examined it. The soil broke up into lumps. When adding water, a continuous viscous mass did not form. After analyzing the results, we concluded that the soil has a structure.

Experiment No. 4 “Determination of soil moisture capacity.”

They took some soil, placed it on a metal tray and weighed it. Soil massm 1 = 100g 700mg. We placed the tray with the soil in the oven for a day at a temperature of about 100 degrees Celsius. The dried soil was weighed. The soil mass has becomem 2 =48g 200mg. The percentage of water was calculated using the formula:

{( m1- m2)*100%}: m1=(100700-48200)*100%:100700=52%

It was concluded that the soil under study contained sufficient moisture.

Experiment No. 5 “Determination of soil water permeability”

A cylindrical soil sample was taken. To do this, we prepared a plastic jar (the bottom was removed) and cut out a soil sample with this cylinder. Approximately 100 ml of water was poured into a wide vessel and the selected sample was placed in it. We noted the time during which the water was completely absorbed into the soil - 19 minutes 28 seconds. Since the soil under study is dry and structural, water was absorbed into it quite quickly. We concluded that the soil has high water permeability.

Based on the results of physical analysis (Appendix 2) of the sample under study, we established:

a) pronounced structure, mineral composition of the soil, its high water permeability and good aeration should promote plant growth;

b) but a weak humus horizon indicates an insufficient content of organic matter in the soil.

2. Chemical analysis of the soil under study.

The following parameters were used for chemical analysis: assessment of soil acidity, determination of soil salinity, determination of the presence of heavy metals (see Appendix 3).

Experiment No. 1 “Determination of pH of soil extract.”

Usingsalt soil extract, pH was determined in two ways: a) with a universal indicator solution, adding 3-5 drops of the indicator solution to the first test tube; b)pH- indicator paper, lowering the end of the paper strip with tweezers into the second test tube.

Both tests showed that the pH of the tested soil ranged from 7-8. From which we concluded that the soil environment is slightly alkaline.

Experiment No. 2 “Study of soil salinity.”

A) Detection of carbonate ions: hydrochloric acid was added to the test tube with the soil being tested. “Boiling” of the soil (low-intensity release of bubbles) was observed. This indicates the presence of carbonate ions in the soil.

2H + + CO 3 2- = N 2 O + CO 2

B) Detectionsulfate ions: a barium salt solution was added dropwise to a test tube with a soil solution. A small suspension of barium sulfate was observed, which indicates the presence of sulfate ions in the soil.

C) Detection of sulfite ions: an alcohol solution of iodine was added dropwise to a test tube with a soil solution.

D) Detection of chloride ion: a solution of silver nitrate was added dropwise to a test tube with a soil solution. No visible changes were found.

From the experiments carried out, it was concluded that the soil was slightly salinized.

Experiment No. 3 “Detection of heavy metals in soil.”

A) Detection of copper ions: a soil solution was poured into a test tube to 1/4 of its height, 2-3 ml (excess) of ammonia solution was poured into it, and the contents of the test tube were mixed.No visible changes were found.

B) Detection of iron ions: 3-4 ml of potassium thiocyanate was poured into a test tube with a soil solution using a pipette.No visible changes were found.

Based on the experiments performed, we were convinced that the soil sample under study was not contaminated with heavy metals.

3. Research results.

Thus, in the course of a series of experiments we found out:

1. The remoteness of the school site from various sources of anthropogenic pollution has a beneficial effect on maintaining the fertility of its soil.

2. Physical properties such as structure, mineral composition, high water permeability and good soil aeration should contribute to obtaining good growth plants on the school site.

3. Also, the presence of sulfate ions negatively affects the growth of plants in the school area.

4. The main problem of the soil in the educational and experimental site of the school is the insufficient content of organic matter and the excessive content of carbonate ions, which causes a slightly alkaline soil solution and reduces productivity.

The identified problems showed that the main task is to increase the content of organic matter in the soil and reducepSoil N. In order for humus to form in the soil, all kinds of organic residues must be added to it. But very often use organic fertilizers is associated with large financial costs.That's whyWe proposed methods for increasing soil fertility in a school plot without much material effort. Applicationorganic waste.It is best to compost organic waste directly in your garden bed or path. In this case, maximum restoration of soil fertility is ensured with minimal labor costs. It's best to have 2-3 compost heaps. In one, organic residues are added, in another they are already rotting, in the third, the compost is already ready and applied to the beds.

The following organic residues are used for composting:
1. Household waste of organic origin.
2. Fresh manure and bird droppings.
3. Wood ash.

And finally, to neutralize soil acidity, it is recommended to add wood ash. Since most garden plants and useful soil microorganisms develop well at soil acidity pH=6.5-7.0 - slightly acidic or neutral soil reaction.

5. SOWING SEEDS FOR SEEDLINGS

The seedling method of growing plants allows for earlier flowering.Required tools:

Scoop

Sowing container

Glass or plastic film

Ingredients:

Earth mixture

Flower seeds

Water

The depth of sowing seeds is determined by their size. The basic rule is that the seeds need to create conditions for easier germination. For example, the smaller the seeds, the shallower the planting depth they need, the heavier the soil, the closer to the surface they need to be planted, the drier the soil, the greater the sowing depth, and so on.

FIRST SHOOTS

The first aster shoots appeared within a week, but the dahlias were covered with plastic film for a long time and the shoots were rare and single. We regularly looked after our seedlings, carefully watering the sprouts using a spray bottle.

6. PICKING SEEDLINGS

Our aster sprouts pulled themselves together and they became cramped. Picking required! What is “picking”?

Picking is the planting of seedlings in order to provide a larger area for their nutrition. Picked plants will develop better and faster. Therefore, picking is very important for their life.

Picking seedlings determines the further growth of the seedling, so it must be done correctly: the seedlings must be watered abundantly before picking - this will make it easier to remove the plants from the ground and protect the roots from mechanical damage. Using a special peg (spade), a depression is made in the prepared substrate, into which the root and part of the stem (up to the cotyledon leaves) of the seedling are lowered. At the same time, make sure that the roots do not bend. For better branching, the central root of the seedling can be pinched by 1/3 (this will make the plant stronger and more resilient). When picking, you need to hold the plant not by the fragile stem, but by the cotyledon leaves. The depression is covered with earth, the quality of the picking is checked by lightly pulling the seedling up by the cotyledon leaves. Injury to plants during picking leads to delayed growth of seedlings. During picking, diseased and twisted plants are discarded. It should be remembered that picking delays the development of any crop for 5-7 days.

The picking is completed by watering the transplanted plants from a shallow watering can or by generously spraying. The critical period lasts 3-4 days. At this time you need to maintain the temperature 23-25 0 C, keep plants in diffused light and protect from wind and drafts.

OUR SEEDLING

Continuing to care for the seedlings, we watered them and loosened them, and kept diaries of observations of the flowers. Every day the seedlings grew stronger, we swapped the boxes, turned them one way or the other towards the light. There were a lot of asters, but there were only a few dahlias.

7. Planting seedlings and sowing seeds of flower plants in open ground.

In mid-April, strengthened and healthy seedlings was planted in open ground, and seeds of flowering and ornamental plants were also sown.

CONCLUSION

The initial work on drawing up the design, selecting seed material, soil research, sowing and planting seed material and seedlings of flower plants has been completed.

The next stage of project work involves planning and organizing care flower bed during the summer period.

Bibliography.

Mansurova S.E., Kokueva G.N. We monitor the environment of our city: 9-11 grades: School workshop. – M.: VLADOS Center, 2001

Methods of soil quality control: Educational and methodological manual for universities. – Voronezh, 2007

N. G. Fedorets, M. V. Medvedeva Methods for studying soils in urban areas (educational and methodological manual for students and graduate students of environmental and biological specialties). - Petrozavodsk, 2009

http://ru.wikipedia.org

3. A2 - washout horizon; it is not very fertile and has a light shade due to the intensive leaching of humus particles - 17-20 cm;

4.A3-washout horizon. Substances from overlying horizons are washed out and accumulated in it.




Appendix 2.

Table No. 1. Studies of the physical properties of soil.

Appendix 3.

Table No. 2. Results of a study of the chemical properties of soil.

Appendix 4.

Table No. 3. Conclusions based on the research results.

1.Remoteness of the training and experimental site from various sources of anthropogenic pollution.

2. Soil structure, presence of large pores.

3. High water permeability.

4. Good aeration

5. Mineral composition

6. Absence of heavy metal ions and soil salinity

1. Insufficient organic matter content

2. Weak expression of the humus layer

3. Excessive content of carbonate ions and sulfate ions.

4. Slightly alkaline soil solution

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Landscaping and landscaping of the territory of secondary school No. 1 named after Pyotr Badmaev

Introduction

territory landscaping landscaping

An environmentally friendly, complete external environment, along with other factors, is an important prerequisite for maintaining and strengthening people's health. The vast majority of schools are located in cities and villages, and only a small part of them operate outside populated areas. An indispensable environmental requirement is the location of children's institutions at a sufficient distance from enterprises, highways, etc., but this is not always met. Therefore, the improvement and landscaping of the school area is of exceptional importance.

The school is our common home, which we love and want to see it beautiful not only from the inside, but also from the outside.

The school yard is universal remedy, which simultaneously performs a number of functions: cognitive, developmental, spiritual and moral, the function of social hardening, civic development of personality, the function of designing one’s own activities.

The problem of improving the school grounds has become relevant since the first years of its existence. On the school yard there are flower beds, trees planted, and sports grounds. As the school grows and develops, this problem remains relevant to us today, which contributes to the formation of environmental thinking among students, the formation of a sense of responsibility for their school and the desire to change the appearance of the school even for the better. At school children spend most of its time, so landscaping and landscaping is simply necessary. Landscaping plays an important role, because if you correctly arrange landscape objects, divide the territory into zones that will functionally interact with each other, this will make the territory convenient for use, which will allow children to develop in a favorable environment, study and relax.

In their works, such authors as V.V. Tabolin, V.S. Zanadvorov, A.V. Zanadvorova, V.B. Zotov, Yu.L. Khotun residents considered the problems of landscaping management and landscaping. Activities in the field of improvement and gardening at the federal level are regulated by the Town Planning Code Russian Federation dated January 10, 2005 No. 190-FZ, which normalizes relations in the field of creating a settlement system, urban planning, development, improvement and environmental protection in order to ensure favorable living conditions for the population. The Code delineates the powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments in the field of urban planning activities, including landscaping of populated areas. Improvement and landscaping of populated areas is a set of works to create and use green spaces in populated areas. In urban planning, landscaping and landscaping is integral part a general set of measures for planning and development of populated areas. It is of great importance in human life and has a huge impact on the environment. The purpose of this work is to develop a project for landscaping and landscaping the territory of secondary school No. 1 named after Pyotr Badmaev, located at st. Kalinina 9.

1. Describe the territory of secondary school No. 1 named after Pyotr Badmaev

2. Develop project proposals to improve the improvement and landscaping of secondary school No. 1 named after Pyotr Badmaev;

4. Propose a plan for landscaping the area.

Subject of research: territory of secondary school No. 1 named after Pyotr Badmaev

Section 1. Review of sources

The issues of landscaping and improving nature are especially relevant for Russia, because it so happens that much has been neglected and abandoned in our native spaces, in cities, and especially in rural areas. At the same time, in recent years, the increasing desire of Russians for nature, its beautiful places, and the desire to create a wonderful world of living nature in their settlements, estates, and houses have been noticeable and understandable.

The improvement of populated areas covers some of the issues united by the concept of “urban planning” and characterizes, first of all, the level of engineering equipment of the territory of populated areas, the sanitary and hygienic condition of their air basins, reservoirs and soil. Improvement of the territory of a municipality is a set of measures aimed at creating favorable, healthy and cultural conditions for life, work and leisure of the population within the boundaries of the municipality and carried out by state authorities, local governments, individuals and legal entities.

The organization of improvement and landscaping of the territory of a municipality is regulated mainly by municipal legal acts, which are adopted in accordance with urban planning and housing legislation, the requirements of SNiP and other federal and regional acts. The acts that, as a rule, should be adopted by local governments include:

Rules for improvement and landscaping of the territory of the municipality;

Rules for land use and development in the municipality;

Regulations on the regulation of urban planning activities on the territory of the municipality;

Regulations on the passport of external finishing of facades of buildings and structures;

Regulations on the procedure for installation, commissioning, accounting, replacement and demolition of temporary structures on the territory of the municipality;

Passports for improvement of the adjacent territory, etc.

Requirements for the location and functional composition of the territory. Buildings of general education institutions should be located in separate areas of the territory, taking into account the future development of the residential area and sanitary protection zones of existing and designed facilities. At all stages of designing buildings of educational institutions, it is necessary to carry out calculations of the expected noise levels from vehicles and other noise sources. If necessary, measures must be developed to protect against increased noise levels with mandatory efficiency calculations.

In areas of the territory of educational institutions, division into the following functional parts should be provided:

Physical education and sports,

educational and experimental

Recreation and economic.

Areas of the territory of educational institutions must have a fence around the entire perimeter, at least 1.5 m high, and have safety devices that prevent students from running out onto the roadway from the entrance to the building. Along the fence, a strip of green space should be provided with the planting of trees and shrubs.

Green spaces along the school site protect not only from chemical pollution, but also reduce noise from moving cars, which of course has a positive effect on the educational process.

Green spaces reduce the concentration of harmful particles in the air by 4 times, reduce wind speed by 5 times, reduce the concentration of gases from cars to 15% per unit volume of air, that is, they make the air more acceptable for breathing. They also clean the air from dust, harmful gases, and radioactive substances, humidify it, slightly lowering its temperature in summer and increasing it in winter. They provide oxygen and carbon dioxide and are noise absorbers. In addition, plants emit volatile substances - phytoncides, which have a bactericidal effect and have a beneficial effect on human tone. In 24 hours, an average-sized tree restores as much oxygen as is needed for three people to breathe.

Normal leaf cover in summer and even a small layer of snow on the branches of trees and shrubs in winter - good protection from street noise. Dense plantings of shrubs reduce noise by 10-12 decibels.

Different tree species differ in the intensity of absorption of certain substances from the air. It is believed that the best carbon monoxide absorbers are alder, aspen, maple, spruce, and birch. Lead absorbers: horse chestnut, linden. And a plant like lilac is resistant to pollution.

The landscaped school area will be a platform for the implementation of the environmental education program. As a result of work on the project, a single complex will be created where one could realize all one’s abilities, requests, and interests. The school site will become a place where everyone will feel comfortable and have ample opportunities for self-realization for the benefit of himself and others, he will gain life experience.

Section 2. Characteristics of the object

2.1 Features of the location of the object

Secondary school No. 1 is located in the Duldurginsky district of the village. Taptanay on Kalinina Street 54a. It began functioning in 1909. Over the past years, the school's microdistrict has tripled in area and the number of students has increased. Therefore, there was a need to re-develop and landscape the school grounds.

The entrance to the building is located on Kalinina Street. The Duldurga-Aginskoye highway runs along this street. The distance from the roadway to the school fence is 8 meters. The school grounds are fenced metal fence approximately 1.5 m high.

2.2 Objects located on the school grounds

The school territory is divided into a sports zone, an economic zone, and a recreation area.

Objects located on the territory: the main structure - a school building, a garage, a boiler room, a monument to the heroes of the Second World War, horizontal bars, an obstacle course, swings, various types of trees.

Section 3. Project proposals

This course work aimed at improving and landscaping the school grounds. It is necessary to plant trees, shrubs and ornamental plants, create garden paths, install decorative hydraulic structures, small architectural forms, and also plant a lawn.

The layout of the site will include the construction of paths, planting trees and flower beds, placement engineering systems and equipment.

3.1 Engineering preparation of the territory

Preparation of the site territory includes the following types of work:

· clearing the territory of debris, chemical waste, foundation residues formed during the development of old walls and foundations, underground structures, filling holes, depressions, removing stones, construction waste;

· creation of a reference geodetic network that allows you to find the necessary relief marks at all stages of construction of the facility;

· organization of relief - vertical planning according to design marks, depending on specific conditions;

· protection of territories from flooding, strengthening of slopes and banks of reservoirs and ravines;

· laying underground communications - installation of drainage, water supply, storm sewerage, electric lighting, telephone cable;

· removal of dry, dying trees and shrubs infected with pests and diseases, cleaning the area from branches, leaves, logging residues of wood, as well as small household waste, stones, glass, etc.;

· protection of valuable woody plants with the help of special devices, carrying out measures to care for valuable plants - pruning branches and shoots, fertilizing;

· identifying areas with valuable grass cover, removing the turf cover, moving and storing it in specially designated areas for further use for landscaping and landscaping;

· identifying areas with fertile soil, removing the top layer of such soil and moving it to specially designated areas, storing it in piles for further preparation of plant soil for landscaping work at the site;

· providing the facility with plant soil for the growth of plantings directly on the site, if there is a top, infertile layer of soil that requires improvement of physical and biochemical properties, or preparing plant soil at special landfills with its subsequent delivery to the site in the volume required by calculation.

3.2 Justification for the need for improvement

For a village with difficult climatic and economic conditions, along with the availability of places of employment and comfortable housing, it is also important to create necessary conditions comfortable environment, providing conditions for recreation of the population. Therefore, there is an urgent need to plan and improve public areas.

Green spaces are of no small importance in purifying rural air from dust and gases. Vegetation has a wide variety of shapes, colors and textures. Trees purify the air, shrubs, flower beds and lawns give the school grounds a pleasant appearance.

Surely many people know the fact that green color promotes rest and relaxation. This is why we feel so good and comfortable in nature, where this color is dominant.

Various sculptures and beautiful landscapes will leave a good and memorable impression on the village residents.

3.3 Description of the designed plants

When designing a landscaping system, one should never forget about biological features plants, the most important of which is the structure of the root system.

So, for example, a spruce that has a superficial root system cannot be planted in a tree-trunk circle surrounded by paving: as the plant grows and develops, its root system will also develop and eventually go beyond trunk circle, which will first lead to the breaking of the paving, and then to the death of the plant.

When forming mixed (multi-species) groups of trees and shrubs, it is also important to know and take into account the mechanical, physiological, biophysical and biochemical factors that influence the interaction between plants. Thus, Scots pine, planted at a distance of 2 m from warty birch, suffers greatly from the whipping of its leaves and various substances released by it, and at a distance of 5-6 m from each other these trees grow well.

Trees and shrubs are one of the main components traditional garden. Flower beds, paths, rock gardens form the lower level of the garden, while trees and large shrubs create volume in the garden, give natural comfort to recreation areas, protect from wind and summer heat. It is the trees and shrubs that determine the shape, color, and smell of the garden; it is the evergreen trees that add decorativeness to the garden in late autumn and winter, when all other plants have bloomed and fallen, and the flower beds are hidden by snow.

Deciduous plants are decorative mainly in summer. They are even more diverse than conifers, since, in addition to different colors leaves and crown shape, they can bloom beautifully and smell fragrant (birch, rowan, lilac).

Lilies of the valley, asters, tulips, carnations, irises, gladioli, roses, narcissus and chrysanthemums will be planted in the flower beds. And there will be hanging plants hanging on the gazebo. Ground cover plants can cover empty areas in a flower garden.

Vertical gardening will be carried out using climbing plants, lianas or trimmed trees, widely used in landscape design. Target vertical gardening in a short time, in conditions of lack of territory, obtain a large green area, as well as design, decorate gazebos, create green walls to isolate individual areas from each other.

An ordinary (simple) lawn spreads throughout the selected area. Because it can occupy large spaces and is equipped on any side - sunny or shady

It differs from parterre in the quality of tillage, the thickness of the plant layer and lower costs.

Section 4. Estimated part

To make a decision on the implementation of a project, it is necessary to calculate and evaluate the economic effect - the profit that the owner will receive in connection with the implementation of the project. In this project, the owner will not receive any profit from the sale, since the object is used exclusively for public recreation and aesthetic perception. This section discusses the costs of its implementation.

Documents that allow solving organizational and financial questions design object is the design estimate cost, which includes price indicators characterizing all types of work on the territory.

In construction, clear reporting and estimate documentation are always important. Drawing up estimate documentation includes work on calculating estimates, choosing the form of estimates, as well as the use and knowledge of regulatory frameworks, indices and coefficients.

Estimate calculations are usually at the intersection of the interests of the Customer (Payer) and the Contractor (Executor), with the possible exception of the case when the Customer and the Contractor are combined into one person. Accordingly, the economic interest of the Customer lies in minimizing the estimated cost (the result of the estimate), and the Contractor, on the contrary, in maximizing this cost.

Estimates are prepared by professional estimators, who must have a good understanding of the technology of the work for which the estimate is being prepared.

Estimated part

To construct the design object, more than cheap materials. Based on the data in the table, it is necessary to spend approximately 857,088 thousand rubles to implement the project. The results of these calculations are relative, since they largely depend on the prices of the supplier of goods and services, on the amount of payment for the work of contractors and on many other factors.

Conclusion

For all developed countries of the world, the environmental situation is a subject special attention official authorities at all levels, political parties and social movements, the media and the general population.

Landscaping should be understood as a set of measures aimed at ensuring and improving the sanitary and aesthetic condition of the territory of the municipality, increasing the comfort of living conditions for residents of the municipality, and maintaining a uniform architectural appearance of the settlements of the municipality.

The improvement of the school territory is a set of measures aimed at creating favorable, healthy and cultural conditions for life, work and leisure for schoolchildren, employees, and visitors.

Thus, the improvement of the territory of a municipal formation combines a set of measures that contribute to the improvement of life and economic activity in the territory of the municipal formation, including measures for engineering improvement (engineering training and engineering equipment, artificial lighting), social improvement (improving the system of social services for the population), external improvement (landscaping, organizing traffic and pedestrian traffic, equipping the territory with small architectural forms and landscaping elements) and improvement activities related to health improvement environment, improving the sanitary and hygienic conditions of residential areas, ensuring environmental improvement of the territory. Landscaping work includes cleaning the area; maintenance of external landscaping elements; landscaping of the territory of the municipality; maintenance and operation of roads; lighting of populated areas of the municipality.

Landscaping is understood as a complex process associated with the direct planting of trees, shrubs, flowers, the creation of grassy lawns, and with carrying out work on various types engineering training and landscaping of green areas.

List of sources

1. Building codes and regulations II-L.4-62, paragraph 2.4;

2. SanPiN 2.4.2.2821-10 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for the conditions and organization of training in educational institutions”;

3. Improvement of residential areas of urban areas. Kaznov S.D., Kaznov S.S. - Publishing house: M.: Publishing house ASV, 2009. - 220 p.

4. Greening populated areas. Urban planning principles; V.S. Teodoronsky; G.P. Zherebtsova., - Publishing house: M. - "Academy". 2010. - 360s.

5. Landscape construction. V.S. Teodoronsky, - M.: GOU VPO MSU, 2003 - 336 p.

6. Bogovaya, I.O. Greening populated areas. [Text]: textbook for universities / I.O. Bogovaya, V.S. Teodoronsky - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990. - 280 p.

7. Teodoronsky V. S. “Garden and park construction”: a textbook for universities. - M.: GOU VPO MSUL, 2003.

8. Lepkovich I. P. "Landscape art - LNG: Dilya Publishing House", 2004.

9. Protsenko L.V. Design of your garden: lane with it. - M.: My world, 2008.

10. Krizhanovskaya N. I “Fundamentals of landscape design” - Rostov N\D: Phoenix, 2005.

11. Rubtsov L.I. - Trees and shrubs in landscape architecture. - M, 2000.

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