Do-it-yourself scaffolding drawings. Do-it-yourself scaffolding made of wood. Disadvantages of homemade scaffolding

Many works in the construction, maintenance and repair of private houses have to be carried out at height. To facilitate and make the process of performing such activities safer, scaffolding, which is easy to purchase in ready-made or assemble by hand. Independently, such structures are made from profile pipes or from wooden elements according to fairly simple schemes.

The main elements of scaffolding made of wood and metal

Scaffolding (SL) is an auxiliary supporting structure. They are used for mounting wall siding and roofing, filing gables, installing gutters, decorating the facades of private houses, and performing other events. Do-it-yourself scaffolding is made of wood or metal. Regardless of the material used, they consist of the following main elements:

Vertical racks. These parts take the load from the structure and transfer it to the ground.
Jumpers. Parts of the structure that serve for the installation of the flooring. Jumpers are installed on the sides of the scaffolding.
Ties. They are horizontal and diagonal. They are necessary to give the SL frame maximum spatial rigidity.
Railing. They are the simplest fence that protects a person performing construction work from falling from a height.
Flooring. The structure is made of boards knocked together. The flooring serves as a working platform.
Stairs. Allow builders to climb up and down scaffolding.
Stubborn cuts. An important element of the structure, protecting it from overturning.

Wood scaffolding is easier to assemble. They are light in weight. Their parts are attached to each other with screws or nails. But wooden structures are not suitable for serious loads. The dismantling of such scaffolding takes a long time. They are allowed to subsequently collect a few more times to perform high-altitude work. But the strength of re-mounted structures is reduced, since holes from hardware remain in the beams and boards.

SL from profile pipe much more reliable. They are quickly dismantled and then promptly assembled, retaining their initially high strength characteristics. If necessary, they are allowed to increase additional elements.

Types of structures and their performance characteristics

All scaffolding is divided into several types depending on the design and the fasteners used to assemble them. There are the following types of structures described:

Frame.
Pin.
Wedge.
Suspended.
Clamp.

Frame structures are strong and durable in operation. They are made from metal parts with low weight (for example, from aluminum pipes). Such scaffolding has several vertical frames, which are reinforced with spacers. Often they are equipped with wheels to quickly move the structure along the surface to be treated (walls of the house, gable).

Pin scaffolding is clumsy and heavy. They are considered the most stable and durable. They are assembled from metal pipes connected into a single structure by socket locking elements and welding (with its help curved pieces of reinforcing bars are welded to the structure). Pin SLs are recommended for brick (stone) masonry, as they can easily withstand the heavy weight of the materials used.

Wedge scaffolds are mobile and strong enough. They combine the advantages of pin and frame structures. This is achieved through the use of special fasteners-holders, which are special slotted flanges. Wedge SL are optimal for the installation of complex facades and their maintenance.

Suspended structures, called cradles by home craftsmen, are used when decorating walls with tiles and other types facing materials, for washing facade windows. They are not very functional, which cannot be said about clamp structures. The latter are recognized by experts as universal structures. Making clamp scaffolding is not at all easy. But with their help it will be possible to process (decorate, repair) buildings of the most complex and unusual configuration. Such structures, if necessary, easily change their shape vertically and horizontally.

Reliable wooden construction - how to do it yourself?

Frame wooden scaffolding is assembled from boards with a section of 10x5, 3-5 cm thick and a beam of 10x10 cm. The tool is required Circular Saw, drill and hammer. Nails (self-tapping screws) are used to fasten structural parts. Marking work is carried out with a tape measure and building level. Boards with a thickness of 3 cm are designed to create stiffeners, 5 cm - for the construction of flooring. The scaffold drawing is developed taking into account the following requirements:

The maximum height of the structure is 600 cm, length - 400.
The minimum deck width is 100 cm.
The distance between the supporting posts of the structure is 200–250 cm.

For the construction of scaffolding, well-dried wood is taken. It does not allow the presence of cracks and other defects. All wooden elements are treated with solutions that prevent the development of mold and decay. Work begins with the manufacture of frames. According to the planned height of the SL, four beams are cut. The resulting blanks are placed on a flat piece of land. Two beams 360 and 400 cm long are attached to the support beams (from the inside). The second are fixed along the lower edge of the supports, the first - along the top. The result is two trapezoidal frames. They are reinforced with struts. The installation of the latter is carried out diagonally.

Frames are lifted from the ground, placed vertically, connected (temporarily) by sidewalls. The distance between the upper edges of the support posts is taken as 100 cm, between the lower ones - 115 cm. The level checks the accuracy of the horizontal mounting of the sidewalls. The made frame is connected into one piece with self-tapping screws or nails. It is preferable to use nails as fasteners. They are made of soft metal, which does not break under heavy load, but bends. Self-tapping screws are made from hardened steel, which is characterized by increased fragility. If variable or tangible shock loads act on the scaffolding, such fasteners break. This causes the SLs to fall apart.

The flooring is made from planks. They are attached to the transverse upper bars. The boards are mounted without gaps - the denser they lie, the more reliable the construction will be. On the sides of the structure, additional crossbars are being installed. These jumpers give the structure additional rigidity and serve as stairs.

Metal scaffolding - how many years are they designed for?

Profile pipe structures consist of 2–4 sections 160–200 long, 100 wide and 150 cm high. The specific number of the latter depends on the height and length of the house. Sections are made with aluminum or steel racks. In cases where scaffolding will take on serious loads, it is better to build them from steel. To assemble a metal structure, you need a welding unit, an electric drill, a level, a grinder, fasteners (bolts and self-tapping screws). Scaffold decking is made of edged boards (recommended thickness is 4 cm). Supports, crossbars, adapters and other parts of the structure are made of round and shaped pipes with a section of 1.5, 3x3 and 2.5x2.5 cm.

Spacers are cut from 1.5 cm diameter products. Diagonal parts are made 200 cm long, horizontal - 96 cm. Cuts are made at the ends of the pipes (two meters). Their length is 6 cm. After that, the tubular products are flattened at the points of cuts. The operation is performed to facilitate the connection of the bearing supports-racks and struts.

Pipes with a section of 3x3 and 2.5x2.5 cm are cut into segments 8 and 30 cm long, respectively. Adapters are made from the obtained blanks - special elements for increasing the height of the SL. Segments of shorter length are put on longer ones and welded together.

With the help of spacers and vertical racks, two frames are created. It is not difficult to make them - you should weld the spacers to the racks every 0.3 m of the length of the latter. The result is products that visually resemble stairs.

Plates measuring 7x7 cm are welded to the lower ends of the supports. They are cut from sheet steel. The plates will not allow the massive structure to fall under its own weight and the weight of the people working on it into the ground. If necessary, wooden bars are additionally placed under these plates during the use of scaffolding.

Welded frames are placed vertically. The fixing points of the diagonal braces are determined. Holes are made in the marked places with an electric drill. Bolts are screwed into them. All details scaffolding connect. After that, the horizontalness of the crossbars must be checked using a level. In the presence of a skew, parts of the SL are adjusted. exploit homemade design with non-horizontal crossbars is prohibited due to its low stability.

Fabrication of flooring and painting of pipe structures

The flooring of metal scaffolding is made of boards. They are laid across or along the section. In the first case, wooden blanks are fixed to pipes that are installed on the sides of the scaffolding (fastening is done with bolts). In the longitudinal direction, it is allowed to lay boards with a length of more than 200 cm. They are knocked into one flooring (without gaps) and reinforced from deflection by transverse bars. The latter are mounted below the boards.

At the ends of the flooring, a U-shaped metal profile is mounted. Its width is 1.7–2 cm. The profile is cut to the size of the flooring and fixed to the latter with self-tapping screws. This design eliminates the possibility of shifting the boards.

Scaffolding from a profile pipe is used repeatedly. They are easily disassembled and assembled as needed. To prolong their service life, it is recommended to paint SL. Painting is carried out according to a simple scheme:

all elements of scaffolding are carefully sanded;
metal surfaces are dedusted;
pipes are primed.

After the soil dries, painting is carried out. It is advisable to apply a layer of paint on the flooring from the boards, having previously treated the wood with an antiseptic composition.

During the construction of the second (and third or even fourth) private houses and cottages, special structures are used - scaffolding. They allow you to work safely at high heights - where ladders cannot be used. Most often, wood is chosen for the manufacture of scaffolding - a material that is more cost-effective and easy to process. Although it is possible to use a metal profile for this.

Material selection

Choosing between metal and wooden structures you should know:

to assemble metal scaffolding, you will need special equipment, including a welding machine. In addition, the design itself will require more time to manufacture and will cost more;
wood is easier to work with, and the tools used to build such scaffolding can usually be found on any farm. However, the strength of such forests is lower. And for the construction of a high structure, it is dangerous to use them.

Making wooden scaffolding with your own hands, as a rule, is within the power of every owner of a private house taking part in the construction. For the construction of the same metal structure, sometimes you have to turn to specialists. Although when building a house with several floors, in any case, outside help will be required.

Structural elements of scaffolding

The number of popular schemes and methods for making scaffolding from metal profiles or boards reaches several dozen. However, they all consist of the same elements:

Racks located vertically and perceiving the load from materials and people located on the scaffolding and transferring it to the ground;
Screeds designed to increase the rigidity of the frame and placed diagonally;
Jumpers on which the flooring boards are laid. They must be located strictly horizontally (with a level check);
The flooring itself is one of the main parts of the structure, which occupies a large volume and, to save money, is made of thick boards attached to each other.

In addition to the main elements, scaffolding drawings must necessarily include railings that prevent workers from falling from a height. Special stubborn slopes will help to avoid overturning of the structure. And ladders are used to climb to and from the work site.

wooden structures

Before assembling wooden scaffolding with your own hands, a diagram must be made on which several basic dimensions must be indicated:

height, the maximum value of which for wood scaffolding should not exceed 6 m;
the distance between the supports is usually chosen to be no more than 2.5 m;
flooring width. For convenience, this size is taken within 80–100 cm.

The optimal height of the first level of flooring is about half a meter. This feature provides the maximum level of convenience for builders whose hands, during bricklaying or other work, are located 30-40 cm below chest level. The second flooring is already at a height of 2 meters, the third - about 4 meters. Marks may vary depending on the size of the building itself.

Starting to build wood scaffolding, you should purchase the appropriate materials and fasteners. These include a beam with a section of 100 x 100 mm or boards with a thickness of 50 mm and a width of at least 100 mm. For railings, struts and ties, a 30 mm edged board can be used. And for the flooring, wooden elements with a thickness of at least 40 mm are selected.

Important: When choosing fasteners, you should be aware that nails will cost less, but they will increase the time for building scaffolding. In addition, they are more difficult to remove when disassembling the structure. The use of self-tapping screws will reduce the process, but will make the structure less durable. Therefore, for low structures, nails are selected, for long and high forests - self-tapping screws for wood.

Stages of construction

Scaffolding is made from boards and timber in several stages:

Unfolding the elements of the future design on flat surface and checking their compliance with the height of the forests;
Linking racks with horizontal jumpers;
Installing two already assembled frames side by side and fixing them with horizontally and diagonally placed screed boards;
Laying wooden flooring over horizontal screeds, with boards fastened to lintels.

Now it remains to fix the railing and fix the ladder, with which the ascent and descent will be carried out. With a large length of the building, the structure is extended and can consist of a different number of sections - from two to three or four. The frames are interconnected with boards.

Should know: When assembling wood scaffolding with nails, it is advisable to pre-drill holes for fasteners. This will increase assembly time, but will prevent the boards from splitting.

Scaffolding from metal profiles

To assemble metal scaffolding with your own hands, you will have to perform approximately the same sequence of actions, choosing standard height and width of structures. And the only serious difference is the adapters used to increase the "number of storeys" of the structure. In addition, some of the elements are connected to each other by welding.

Before starting the construction of a metal structure, the preparation of the following materials is required:

Profile pipes of the appropriate section (30 x 30 or 40 x 40 mm), from which the racks will be made. The length of the segments is from 1 to 1.5 meters;
Thin-walled pipes with a diameter of 20 mm, used for the manufacture of screeds. The length of each is 2 meters;
Pipes (25 x 25 or 35 x 35 mm) for thrust bearings and adapters. Length - 2 m.

Railings are most often made from the same profile pipes as adapters. And to create thrust bearings, metal plates up to 4 mm thick are also used. A sufficient number of bolts and nuts are provided to connect the diagonal braces to each other and to the main structure of the scaffolding.

Construction assembly

The process of building metal scaffolding begins with the following steps:

Fixing scaffold racks with the help of an assembly surface (as a rule, OSB sheets are used in this capacity);
Welding of horizontal jumpers;
Insertion of pipe adapters into the upper ends of the metal supports and their fixation by welding.

After being removed from the assembly board and flipped 90 degrees of the scaffold, the structure is again attached to the OSB sheet. The ends of the pipes to be used for the diagonal braces are flattened and prepared for joining by drilling holes in them. Scaffolding ties are fastened to each other in the middle and superimposed on the posts, and then fixed with bolts and nuts.

At the next stage of assembly, holes for fasteners are drilled on the railings and supports and the thrust plates are welded to the pipes. Assembled structure is installed in a vertical position, and thrust bearings are inserted into the lower ends of the pipes. Wooden scaffolds are laid on horizontal lintels, which it is desirable to additionally fix with steel corners.

When fixing the ties, it is recommended to install horizontal and diagonal elements on different sides of the frame. If the assembly of the second tier of scaffolding is carried out simultaneously with the construction of the third, additional holes should be drilled in the racks for bolting the stubborn slopes. And when building scaffolding in the horizontal direction, the sections are attached to each other with the same bolted connections.

Metal scaffolding "in work"

Or the production of such construction works like painting the facade or filing cornices, scaffolding is widely used.

Currently, it is possible to rent inventory scaffolding or scaffolding, and return it after the work is completed. But this is justified only in the production of work that takes a short period of time. If the construction is carried out exclusively on their own and for a long enough time, then the rent will be very expensive. Therefore, most of the future property owners prefer to make scaffolding with their own hands.

Most often, private traders use the following types of forests:

Scaffolding supported by trestles - suitable for such "quick" work as painting the facade is not too high house, the device of cornice overhangs of the roof, If desired, from them it is also possible to fill the formwork with concrete and brickwork walls.
Scaffolding envelopes are used mainly in the construction of houses.
Attached wooden frame scaffolding - good for both construction and home renovation.

Scaffolding on goats

Traguses are often used not only in construction, but also in external and interior decoration Houses. Their advantages are:

cheapness;
ease of manufacture;
light weight;
mobility.

Such scaffolding consists of two trestles, knocked together from boards, and a flooring, which can be either just a set of individual boards cut to length, or a solid knocked down plank shield. Using a shield allows you not to worry that the boards will “disperse” under your feet.

For the manufacture of goats you need:

edged board with a thickness of 30 - 50 mm;
nails or screws;
for screeding parts together, you can use steel corners 50 * 50 mm (if any);
drill or screwdriver;
hammer;
roulette.

Beforehand, it is desirable to throw a simple sketch with dimensions in order to properly cut and prepare the parts for assembly. The central beam of the tragus can be either just a thick board or a structure of three boards like a channel, to which the legs are sewn at an angle.

Greater rigidity, the legs can be pulled together with crossbars, and jibs can be nailed from the ends. The length of the deck depends on how large the work area needs to be. But do not make the flooring too long, otherwise you will have to put another tragus in the center.

Envelope scaffolding

This is a design that is attached directly to the wall.

The main structural part of such scaffolding is triangular support platforms made of boards 50 mm thick. They are l-shaped brackets, sheathed on the sides with a board (25 * 100 mm). The size of one shelf of such an arm usually does not exceed 400 mm. This is due to the fact that the shelf is a support for the working platform. A smaller size can lead to a lack of space on the scaffolding, and a larger one can cause the structure to detach from the wall and, as a result, injure people working on the scaffolding.
The brackets are attached to the wall at a height where the installation of the working floor is planned. They are usually fixed with nails, pressing the vertical arm of the bracket against the wall.
Additionally, the brackets are supported by long boards-supports with a section of 100 * 50 mm, installed at an angle and rested on the ground. For better adhesion to the ground, the lower ends of the props are pointed.

Wood for the manufacture of envelopes must be of high quality, this provides the structure with sufficient reliability.

wooden scaffolding

Most often, in the low-rise sector, wooden scaffolding is used, consisting of a system of supports and flooring. They serve both to lift workers to the required height, and to place building materials and tools on them.
Forests can be of considerable height and be multi-tiered. There are some General requirements, which apply to all scaffolding and scaffolding:

They must be reliable. The margin of their strength should allow them to easily withstand the weight of materials and workers placed on them.
The design should be economical, but not at the expense of reliability.
The design of scaffolding should be simple and convenient not only for operation, but also for assembly and disassembly.
It is desirable that the material of scaffolding and scaffolding can be reused after construction is completed.

The simplest scaffold design consists of the following elements:

Support legs - vertical supports, which can be made of high-quality edged boards (100 * 50 mm) or timber (100 * 100 mm). It is important that the boards and beams are intact, without rot, cracks and insect damage. If necessary, the racks can be spliced along the length. The elements are joined end-to-end and fixed with side plates.
crossbars - it is they who, taking the load from the working floor, transfer it to the racks. The same requirements apply to the material of the cross members as for the uprights. They must be one single element. If splicing is necessary, then it is carried out with an additional support.
Braces - connect the racks diagonally. They can be made from slats or even slabs.
Flooring - ladders laid on the crossbars. They are the main work surface.

Edged or not can be used edged boards. From above, the flooring can be sewn up with sheet material. To prevent materials and tools from falling from the flooring, a board board is sewn along its outer part. To give the structure greater stability, it can be supported by slopes, which are made from boards 25–30 mm thick.

Scaffolding Rules

To build scaffolding, you will need the following tool:

saw;
level;
hammer.

When erecting wooden scaffolding, the following rules must be observed:

Before installing scaffolding, it is necessary to level and tamp the base. , then to support the racks it is necessary to make wooden platforms.
The step of the racks can be 1 - 2 m.
Each structural node must have at least three attachment points.
As fasteners, it is better to use large self-tapping screws. If nails are used for this, then with reverse side they need to be bent.
Handrails must be installed on the inside of the racks - this will prevent workers from falling from the scaffolding.
For the convenience of work, the width of the flooring between the racks should be from 50 to 100 cm.

Work procedure

Scaffolding is assembled in the following sequence:

First, with the help of diagonal ties, the racks are fastened together. For reliability, you can use not only nails and screws, but also corners.
Then, at the required height, the elements of the crossbars are attached.
Horizontal decking boards are fixed on them.
Railings are sewn on.
If necessary, to give the structure additional stability, slopes are installed.
To climb the scaffolding, it is also necessary to secure it to the side of the scaffolding, although ladders can also be used.

For greater reliability, using additional wooden elements, scaffolding can be connected to the wall of the house.

If in own forces and you are afraid that it may be difficult to collect homemade scaffolding, you can choose the option of renting collapsible scaffolding.

It is difficult to imagine a construction site without scaffolding. With them, walls are erected and finished, roofs are made, gutters are installed, etc. In each case, they must be strong and reliable. If renting factory-made scaffolding is expensive, make scaffolding from a profile pipe with your own hands. This is often done when individual construction, where the height of houses rarely exceeds two floors. How to assemble these simple designs, this article will tell

Types of scaffolding

Construction scaffolds are made entirely of wood or metal pipes combined with boards.

On a note! Homemade scaffolding should not be subjected to heavy loads. No more than 2 people are allowed on them at the same time.

Scaffold materials

For the construction of frame scaffolding, steel racks and frames will be required. The flooring is made from wooden planks. Aluminum structures are lighter and can withstand less stress. For one section, the following dimensions are recommended:

height - 150 cm,
width - 100 cm,
length - 165-200 cm.

The number of sections determines the height of the building and the perimeter of the outer walls of the house.

A simple option for homemade scaffolding

Before proceeding with the assembly of frame scaffolds, you should purchase the following materials:

profile for vertical racks with a square section of 3x3 cm and a length of 150 cm;
pipe (diameter 15 mm) for the installation of horizontal and diagonal struts;
profile for connecting inserts with a square section of 2.5x2.5 cm (the flooring rests on them) and fences;
boards for flooring 2-2.5 m long and 4-5 cm thick;
ladder to climb (if not finished product, it is assembled from a profile and placed between the side posts);
bolts with nuts and washers for connection structural elements;
self-tapping screws for fastening wooden elements.

Note! In the course of work, you will have to use a hacksaw or a grinder, a drill with a drill for metal, welding machine. Connections can also be made with special threaded fasteners.

Frame construction rules

Before starting the assembly of scaffolding, the ground should be carefully compacted in the area where they are placed. When carrying out work in the rainy season, it is desirable to make a drainage system. So the soil under the scaffolds will not be washed away, and the structure will remain initially strong and reliable. For the stability of the structure, boards are placed under the support posts.

Wooden frames designed for light weight

Important! Even a small play at the joints or incompletely screwed threads can cause the scaffold to tilt or collapse, and this poses a danger to people's lives.

Homemade scaffolding from a profile pipe is assembled in the following sequence.

Cut pipe blanks - for diagonal struts 2 meters long, and for horizontal struts - 1 meter. Pay attention! Two-meter spacers are cut 7-8 cm from each end and flattened. In the future, this will simplify the connection of parts to the profile.
Connect two vertical racks spacers. Make sure they are in a horizontal position.
Connect horizontal sections scaffolding with screeds (the distance between them should be 30 cm). Subsequently, you will lay the boards on them.
Fasten connecting elements.
Drill holes for the bolts on the supports and racks.
Finally assemble the structure from the profile pipe (fix the boards with self-tapping screws).
Clean the scaffolding and cover it with paint.
Check the drawings according to which scaffolding was made from pipes with your own hands.

On a note! Temporary structures from several sections are connected by adapters. To do this, cut off 8-10 cm pipes with a section of 3x3 cm, thread a section of the profile with a section of 2.5x2.5 cm into it. The parts are connected by welding.

The feasibility of facilities

Some people are concerned about the question of whether it is advisable to make scaffolding on their own. The following arguments are presented as an argument against them.

Scaffolding is not a small structure, like a scaffolding goat. And this bulky structure after the completion of construction will need to be stored somewhere.

After completion of the work, the wooden scaffolding is dismantled, but this takes a lot of time. Boards, if they are not urgently needed, will also have to be folded somewhere. It should be borne in mind that wood scaffolding is knocked down with nails, and not assembled using self-tapping screws. Boards after such disassembly will not remain intact, moreover, they are often stained with mortar or paint.

Temporary structures of their pipes can be rented out

Note! DIY metal scaffolding can be rented out.

Home-made construction scaffolds are used for work that is carried out at a height not higher than the second floor. With a higher number of storeys, the use of such scaffolding is associated with a danger to the life of workers.
The need for this design rarely arises (when repairing the facade). At the same time, you have to spend a lot of time on its assembly and disassembly, which may seem unprofitable.
Often, long temporary structures are required, made from a profile pipe. They differ in considerable weight and it is difficult to rearrange them even for a group of people from 3-4 people.

Homemade scaffolding from a profile pipe is a matter of personal choice. They help on different stages construction and after completion of construction can be rented out. So you pay for your labor and materials.

Video: homemade scaffolding

In this article: how to make wooden scaffolding; types and characteristics of metal scaffolding; requirements for the design of scaffolding (GOST); the order of assembly of scaffolding; how to assemble a tower tour; prices for scaffolding and tower tours; how to choose scaffolding.

A thousand or two years ago, when there was a need to build buildings more than two stories high, it also required full-fledged construction equipment to lift builders to this height so that they could work relatively freely on it. Heap an embankment around the structure being built, like builders ancient egypt, was too time-consuming and troublesome - another solution was required. This is how the first scaffolding appeared, owing its name to the tree from which it was originally created.

Like a web, scaffolding envelops a new building or a building requiring restoration, and workers can work on them with minimal risk to their lives. Half a century ago, not a single major construction was complete without human casualties, workers were afraid to climb shaky scaffolding, categorically refusing to work at high altitude. Today, work on scaffolding has become much safer, largely due to specially developed rules for working on them. It is worth carefully understanding all the details regarding scaffolding - so let's do it!

The tree is the oldest construction material and it is quite possible to build good scaffolding from it, suitable for finishing work at a low height on the scale of a private house.

For scaffolding, you will need: half-meter trimmings of a board 150x50 mm (fifty), pieces of a thinner board (for example, 25x100 mm), a board of the required length to form a horizontal deck. For supports (sleep) you will need two fairly long boards, for example, the same "fifty".

From the scraps of the "fifty" we knock together triangles of scaffold supports, then we sheathe them with a board of a smaller section. What considerations should be taken into account when choosing the dimensions of triangular supports - sufficient space for standing on them and the complete elimination of the possibility of separation from the wall / support under its own weight and the weight of the builder. For these reasons, the length of the scaffold should be between 400 and 500 mm - the feet of the person standing on them should in no case sag behind the scaffold!

The line of props - they will be attached to the supports under acute angle, so be careful with their length. The upper end of the poles is cut off at an angle so as to insert them inside the triangular supports, the lower part is sharpened for a firm fixation in the ground.

After the scaffolding has been brought to the required position, the vertical side of the triangular supports must be nailed to the wall, without driving in the nails to the very head - they will need to be removed upon completion of the work. We attach a ladder, alternately raise, install and nail the flooring boards to the fixed supports - here each nail should be driven all the way.

Before starting construction and finishing work, make sure that the scaffolding is stable. It is not necessary to bring the scaffolding out of wood to a height of more than seven meters!

It should be noted that in addition to wood, scaffolding can be built from grass - bamboo. In Asian countries, where this plant grows in abundance, everyone builds from it. However, you should not compare the strength of bamboo with the strength of wood - its strength characteristics are an order of magnitude higher.

metal scaffolding

Scaffolding from steel or aluminum pipes is produced industrially in two main versions - frame and modular. Frame scaffolding includes flag, pin scaffolding and scaffold towers, while modular scaffolding includes wedge, clamp, suspended (attached to the supporting structures of buildings) and modular (system) scaffolding. The design of scaffolding, regardless of their type, must comply with GOST 27321-87, and be stored in accordance with GOST 15150-69.

Important: before moving on to detailed description metal scaffolding, it should be noted right away - they all require anchoring to the wall of the building, along or around which they are exposed! The highest height to which it is possible to bring scaffolding without fastening to the wall of the building should not exceed 4 m, and only if the site on which the scaffolding is lined up is perfectly horizontal and rammed, rainwater drainage is necessarily organized. Failure to comply with this rule will result in overturning or collapse of the entire scaffold structure.

Frame or flag scaffolding (standard load - 200 kg / m 2)

Their kit includes: side frames (with and without ladder), racks for diagonal and horizontal fastening side frames between themselves, shoes for ground support - all these elements are made of steel. The dimensions of the frames, the installation distance between them for each manufacturer are somewhat different, while the construction scheme is the same.

This type of scaffolding is popular for two reasons - they are cheap and easy to assemble. Fasteners of frame scaffolding are inserted into the holes intended for them and fixed by turning the “flag”. Vertically, scaffolding elements are connected by inserting a higher frame into the nest located below, without additional fixation.

Frame scaffolding is designed for masonry and finishing work on straight facades of buildings, their assembly height should not exceed 50 m (for masonry - 20-25 m, for finishing - 40 m).

Before proceeding with the installation of frame scaffolding, you should consider the scheme of their construction and the location of tiers with stairs (it is better to draw), find out the types and number of necessary structural elements of the scaffolding.

The frame scaffolding is assembled in the following order:

On the finished site, the segments between the frames are measured (as a rule, the step is 3 m) and the support boards are laid out, with steel shoes on top. Frames are built in them, forming the first tier of scaffolding. They are set strictly vertically - along a plumb line, connected by braces and screeds;
The second tier is the connection of vertical frames with the lower tier, fixing them with diagonal / horizontal ties (using a level and a plumb line). For future laying of flooring, horizontal ribs of crossbars are exposed. From the first to the final (highest) tier, diagonal ties must be installed in a checkerboard pattern, i.e. their location should not be the same as the vertically adjacent sections of the tiers;
Installation of ladder structures located at an angle (workers can also climb vertical ladders built into the frames, but this is not convenient and makes the work difficult). Inclined stairs are exposed as the tiers rise;
Mandatory fastening of the scaffolding structure being erected to the building using hooks with bushings, plug anchors that securely connect the scaffolding frames to the wall (check!). Fasten the scaffolding with the wall in a checkerboard pattern, step - 4 m;
Bringing the tiers of scaffolding to the required height, repeating the operations described above (starting from the 2nd tier);
At the ends harvested forests end connections-rods are set along the entire length of the tiers, in those sections where there are no diagonal ties - to establish longitudinal (horizontal) connections that act as a fence.

The dismantling of scaffolding is carried out in the reverse order, from top to bottom.

Widely represented on the construction market, frame scaffolding is offered at an average price of 170 rubles. per m 2, their monthly rent will cost 60 rubles. per m 2.

Pin scaffolding (standard load - 200 kg / m 2)

In terms of their design and assembly technique, these scaffolds are as simple as frame scaffolds - their horizontal elements are fastened by inserting pins into hollow tube-eyes welded to vertical posts. The lower supports of the racks of the frames are put into shoes, each new level is assembled in stages, the braces installed diagonally give greater rigidity to the scaffolding.

Pin scaffolds are built up to 40 meters in height, they are used mainly in masonry and rarely in finishing work. With all its simplicity and reliability, this type of scaffolding can be combined with clamp scaffolding, thanks to which it is possible to build complex frame schemes.

The average market value of forests of this type is 550 rubles. per m 2, rent - 100 rubles. per m2 per month. The reason for the higher cost compared to frame (flag) scaffolding is the ability to carry large loads, tk. in their design, steel pipes with a significant wall thickness are used (for example, LSh 100 - the diameter of the steel pipe is 57 mm, the wall is 3.5 mm).

Scaffolding Vishneva (standard load - 200-250 kg / m 2)

The frames of these scaffolds are installed during assembly not in a vertical, but in a horizontal position. They connect the vertical posts just above the base shoes, and in each new tier they serve as a support for the deck. Reinforcing the structure of Vishnev's scaffolding does not require diagonal ties, it is the only type of scaffolding that does not need them.

Vishnev scaffolding ladders are not built into the frame, they are an independent element installed at an angle inside the scaffolding structure. Ladders and fencing frames are equipped with pins that are inserted into the eyes of the racks (similar to fastening ties in pin scaffolding).

Vishnev scaffolds are intended for restoration and finishing works at a height of up to 40 m, both inside and outside buildings. Starting from the second tier, the racks of these scaffolds must be fixed to the wall, horizontally in increments of 6 m, vertically - on each tier (anchors, crutches and steel wire, braces and brackets are used).

Their average cost is 300 rubles. per m 2, the price of a monthly lease is 80 rubles. per m 2.

Tour tower (standard load - 200 kg / m 2)

This design is a kind of compromise on the combination of "price" and "need". Any building periodically requires repair of various levels of complexity, both complete decoration and fragmentary "cosmetics". And if up to a certain height, say up to 5-8 meters, you can somehow get by with ladders, then a more stable and spacious working platform will be needed for a greater height. Building scaffolding around the entire perimeter of the building is expensive. And collecting / disassembling scaffolding again and again, moving each time to a new place - is not an easy task and takes time. The optimal solution here is a tour tower.

The design of any tower tour is the same - it is assembled from ready-made frames equipped with a ladder. Wheels are attached to the base, they can be raised above ground level by a few millimeters, if the screw supports fixed on the lower frame, acting on the principle of a jack, are extended to the maximum. When the tiers are raised to a height of more than 4 m, additional (regular) spacers are attached to the frames of the first tier. Depending on the model of the tower, when the tiers are raised to 2/3 of the maximum height, it is necessary to fix it to the wall of the building on anchors or brackets. The tour tower is equipped with two or three horizontal platforms, the top one is equipped with a folding hatch for lifting / lowering.

Tour towers can have a height of 4 to 21 meters, depending on the number of tiers, each of which is 2 m high (larger frames would be difficult to lift). Its operation will require a solid and even platform that does not have any slopes.

The order of assembly of the tower-tours:

A frame with wheels is placed on the site, screw supports are put forward, wooden coasters;
Connect the sidewall frames to the base frame, fasten them to the horizontal braces and tighten them with diagonal stiffeners, lay and fix the flooring, connect the side supports;
Insert the frames of the next tier into the pins of the side frames, connect them with horizontal and vertical ties - each new tier is assembled according to this scheme. As you climb, install side struts, put a wooden stand under each of them;
On the upper section, set up and fix the flooring, safety fence, vertical and diagonal ties - you should bring the fence to a height of at least a meter from the flooring.

The dismantling of the tower-tour is carried out from the upper tier in the reverse order of the assembly steps.

The price of tower tours depends on its model, material of execution (steel or aluminum pipe), number of tiers. Steel towers cost an average of 12,000 rubles. (height 4.2 m), aluminum - 44,000 rubles. (height 4.9 m). It should be noted that it will not be possible to buy additional elements of new tiers to an already purchased tower tour - its design is designed for a certain lifting height, adding sections will increase the load on the base frame and reduce its strength.

Wedge scaffolding (standard load - 200-300 kg / m 2)

These scaffoldings are more complex than those described above - their constituent elements are fixed with steel wedges driven in / knocked out with a hammer. This type of fastening greatly increases the reliability of scaffolding, they are able to carry a greater load than frame or pin scaffolding.

The shape of the wedge, which connects the racks and crossbars of the wedge scaffolding, does not allow spontaneous wedging, and the flange locks on the racks are equipped with eight holes - for building scaffolding of the required spatial shape. When dismantling the scaffolding, the wedges extracted from the joints are inserted into special holes with which the racks are equipped.

The maximum height to which the wedge scaffolding rises is 40 m. They are used both in construction and finishing works, including high-rise ones, and for temporary structures for public purposes - visual stands and concert stages, stair descents. This type of scaffolding is popular with ship/aircraft builders.

The price per m 2 of wedge forests is on average 200 rubles, renting m 2 will cost 80 rubles. per month.

Clamp scaffolding (standard load - 200-250 kg / m 2)

One of the first types of scaffolding. All prefabricated elements of these scaffolds are connected by clamps - rotary (repeated) and deaf. They are difficult to assemble, but the height to which they can be brought out is twice the capabilities of other types of scaffolding - 80 m. Racks and crossbars are inserted into clamps, which are then tightened with threaded bolts.

This type of scaffolding gives access to any spatial structure, be it domes or complex architectural ledges that create “dead zones” around the perimeter for frame, pin or wedge scaffolding. The possibility of building tiers of any height, combining with any type of metal scaffolding - all this justifies their rather high price and complex assembly.

It should be noted that clamp scaffolding is produced in two versions, differing in profile diameter: “professional” - a steel pipe with a cross section of 57 mm is used; "lightweight" - pipe diameter 48 mm. As a rule, when assembling clamp scaffolding, both standard sizes of racks are used - 2 m and 4 m, alternated during installation. Longitudinal ties are also of two sizes (3.6 and 5 m) and are also alternate.

Clamp forests cost about 450 rubles. per m 2, rental price - 75 rubles / m 2 / month.

Suspended scaffolding (standard load - 200 kg / m 2)

The support for the scaffolding of this design is the building itself (its floors), i.e. their lower tier does not touch the ground. In cases where the partial or complete lack of space near the building does not allow the installation of any other scaffolding option, hanging scaffolding is indispensable. Interference in the form of extensions, a significant height of the object, architectural elements of weak strength, the need to surround the entire perimeter of the building with scaffolding, simultaneous communication and landscape work (short deadlines) - all these are tasks for suspended scaffolding. They are used in finishing and restoration work.

The outwardly protruding elements of the suspended scaffolding securely hold the consoles (material - channel No. 10), fixed in the spacer between the ceilings, they are connected by crossbars and ties on clamps. In other words, with the exception of the support cantilevers, hanging scaffolding is otherwise a variation of the clamp scaffolding (1.5" crossbars and braces, 2" posts, 2.5mm wall steel pipes).

Each new tier is connected to the consoles on the floor of the building that coincides with it and to the lower tier, the vertical posts must be anchored to the walls (step 4 m).

You can buy ready-made only part of the hanging scaffolding - the one that forms the outer tiers, i.e. elements of collar scaffolding. Console struts are calculated and produced for a specific object and cannot be unified due to structural differences between different buildings - they must be ordered additionally. The price of suspended scaffolding is only negotiable.

Modular (system) scaffolding (standard load - 200 kg / m 2)

They allow you to create a structure of almost any shape, able to bypass any protrusions, repeat the rounded or angular outlines of the object, the facade repair of which is necessary. Their elements can be connected with a wedge-disc (dish-shaped) or cup mount (cup-lock).

In the first case, crossbars and scaffold ties, equipped with a fork-shaped lock, are inserted into the disk lock of the vertical support and locked in it with a wedge (the locking element of some ties is movable, i.e., it can be fixed at the required angle).

Scaffolding crossbars with a cup-lock connection are attached as follows: their racks are equipped with steel cups welded at a certain height, T-shaped locks of the crossbars are placed in them, and a wedge nut fixes the lock on top.

Elements of modular (systemic) scaffolding are made of steel pipes (d - 48 mm, wall thickness - 3.5 mm) and coated with a layer of zinc (hot-dip galvanizing). The supports for them come in three options - ordinary (square base and connecting pipe section in the center), screw (according to the jack principle) and wheeled. The maximum lifting height of the tiers is 60 m, starting from the 3rd tier it is necessary to fix them to the wall with anchors.

Modular (systemic) scaffolding is used in high-altitude work on objects of complex geometry, in the arrangement of formwork, the creation of temporary spatial structures, such as concert and demonstration sites.

This type of scaffolding is quite expensive - its elements are produced outside of Russia, mainly in the EU countries. The average cost of modular scaffolding is 3,000 rubles. per m 2 (depending on the manufacturer and design), on lease issues, you need to negotiate with the owners of forests of this type personally.

What type of scaffolding to choose

The solution to this issue is for the purpose of their application. It is necessary to analyze the scope of the upcoming work, their urgency, the presence / absence of sites for scaffolding. Frame scaffolding, for example, is great for masonry and finishing work at low heights, they are cheap and unpretentious. For masonry at a higher height, clamp or pin scaffolding will be required - they have a greater carrying capacity. By the way, the normative load capacity given above for each type of scaffolding is the minimum, i.e. depending on the specific model scaffolding, their carrying capacity may be higher - this indicator, among other things, depends on the thickness and diameter of the steel elements, the scheme for constructing scaffolding.

Clamp scaffolds are indispensable for work at height and for objects of complex geometry, however, this type of scaffolding has a major flaw - over time, the tightening bolts on the clamps rust, losing strength and ability to fasten. Therefore, you need to choose only clamps with a layer of galvanization - they will last longer and without interference with work. When renting clamp scaffolding, in particular, pay attention to the wear of the clamp fasteners, the degree of deformation of the racks at the joints (the clamps deform them).

Having opted for wedge forests keep in mind that they cannot be purchased by quadrature - first prepare a project necessary design forests, coordinate it with the supervisory state bodies. And then buy necessary elements wedge forests according to the prepared list.

Significantly save on scaffolding will help a qualitative calculation of their needs, in addition, you can combine different types scaffolding, resulting in access to working surfaces (for example, combined scaffolding from frame and clamp).

The main thing when choosing scaffolding, in addition to cost and versatility, will be their safety for workers - reliable attachment points, comfortable ladders, and the mandatory presence of safety bumpers. With each assembly, it is necessary to test the scaffolding for strength, without relying on chance.

Abdyuzhanov Rustam, especially for rmnt.ru