IN extreme situation The key to survival and the basis of minimal comfort is not only food and food, but also fire. Fire is warmth, protection from insects, snakes and animals, the ability to cook food, dry clothes, melt snow to get water, and also feel at least a little more comfortable and relaxed psychologically, which is very important in survival conditions. But what to do if matches and lighters are not on the list of necessary things that you happen to have with you in an extreme situation? We will tell you how to make fire without matches in this article.

1. Friction based

The bow and wood hammer is probably the simplest of the friction-based methods, but it also requires a lot of components. As a rule of thumb, it takes a little longer and requires a bit of practice to get the fire going, creating friction between the hammer and the bow strings, which are an important part of both the bow and the bow.

2. Manual friction

This method has a little more self made, but this effective way to make fire if you don't have ropes or other similar materials with you. Here you will need a wooden stick, preferably with a pointed end, and a weak wooden base for its friction. If you have enough energy to finish the job, you will be able to warm your sore hands with the fire you have produced.

3. Friction of wooden sticks

The most energetic and intense way to make a fire is to arm yourself with several wooden sticks, one of which should have a diameter of 5 cm and the other 1.5 cm. The large stick should have a crack in it, against which you rub the end of another stick. This is another great way to make fire with limited resources and tools.

4. Flint and steel

In this method you need to take flint and steel with you. Find a wooden base for them and prepare brushwood. Then put it on the ground, take the flint in one hand and the steel in the other and light the fire as if you were lighting a match on a box.

5. Bottle of water

To start a fire, hold a water bottle up to the sun and place a piece of paper underneath it. The water bottle should be full and the paper should preferably be black for quick ignition. The principle is simple - water acts as a lens.

6. Balloons and condoms

This method is similar to using a water bottle, this method will help start a fire if the balloon or condom is clear to hold it and create a formative and focusing lens. It will take a little longer to start a fire using this method as the material used is more fragile. You can't let the fire start to flare up and the balloon or condom burst and put it out.

7. Fire from ice

Take ice, cut a transparent and small sphere out of it, place it on a tree so that the sun's rays pass through it completely. The fire will burn right before your eyes. It is effective and effective method, which accurately answers the question: how to make fire without matches and without much difficulty.

8. Bottom of a metal can

Using the bottom of a Pepsi can you can create a focusing mirror effect. The catch is that you need a polishing agent to create a shiny mirror to focus the light. For this purpose, you can take a chocolate wrapper or silver-coated candy. This is another way to know it and use it in an emergency.

9. Batteries and steel

By using a battery and steel, you can create a really hot surface and start a fire very easily. Put the battery in a piece of wool and bring it to the steel, so you can easily get fire, but you should prepare in advance to get it.

10. Lemon

A new and interesting way to create a power and voltage source. Take a lemon and parallel to each other, insert 5 screws and 5 nails into it, tie them together with metal wire, and from the outer ones, run two contacts to the brushwood.

Conclusion.

With this information in mind, you will have a practical understanding of how to make fire without matches. Warmth, the ability to heat water and cook food are now literally at your fingertips. We encourage you to practice these techniques to develop your skills and test your knowledge. Practice will improve your chances of success when you need to put them to use and help reduce stress in emergency situations. Be careful when attempting to use these methods, and follow fire safety guidelines.

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In extreme situations, you definitely need to know how to turn off the fire with the help of those around you natural materials. Do not rely solely on matches or other conventional methods of starting a fire. This chapter explains the basic principles of starting and maintaining a fire.

Fire is extremely necessary for any person who finds himself in an extreme situation, both physically and psychologically. It helps you not to lose heart, it warms you up, it helps clothes dry quickly, it boils water, and finally, it can be used for signaling and cooking. It follows from this that you, by all means, need to learn how to make a fire using available materials and maintain it.

MAKING FIRE

The combustion process involves the presence of three factors - air, fuel and a heat source. In order to make a fire, you need to prepare the material for it and make sure that all three factors are present. Be patient, practice and you will achieve results.

So, to start a fire you will need tinder, kindling chips and fuel.

Tinder is any material with a low combustion temperature. It is very easy to set fire to. It is best if the tinder has a fine-fiber structure and is always dry. As tinder, you can use the bark of some trees and shrubs, dry wood, leaves and grass ground into fibers, dry thin shavings, resinous sawdust, bird nest litter, fluff, rags, cotton wool, natural wool, ground pine resin, paper or porous rubber.

Always have tinder with you and store it in a waterproof container.

Wood chips have a higher ignition temperature and are added little by little to the smoldering tinder when starting a fire. Wood chips are used to raise the temperature of a fire to a level where even higher fuel can be added. high temperature ignition.

As kindling, you can use wood chips, dry thin twigs, pine needles, as well as any dry wood soaked in flammable liquids (gasoline, alcohol, etc.).

The fuel does not have to be dry, but remember that damp firewood smoke a lot. The best fuel for a fire is well-dried wood, such as that cut from the inside of a fallen tree, as well as thick, dry branches (usually dead trees are dry inside, even if they have been wetted by rain). Firewood cut from freshly felled trees can be used in combination with dry firewood. If there are no trees around, large tufts of dry grass, dried plants (such as cactus), dry animal droppings or peat can be used as fuel.

FIRES AND bonfires

The place for making a fire must be chosen with special care. Remember that your fire should be a source of warmth, comfort, protection from darkness and predators, and a fireplace for cooking.

If you need to start a fire in deep snow or on muddy ground, raise the fire pit above the ground by building a platform for it. To do this, drive four spears into the snow or into the ground, place two poles crosswise on them, on top of which build a platform of freshly cut branches, soil and stones.

RULES FOR BUILDING FIRE

It is very important to choose the right place to make a fire. The Special Aviation Service has many years of experience lighting fires in distress situations in any area. Here are the basic rules:

Choose a protected place for the fire.
- Do not light a fire in close proximity to a tree or bush.
- Clear the area for the fire - remove debris, fallen leaves and pine needles from the ground, exposing the soil within a meter radius from the center of the fireplace.
- If the ground is wet or covered with snow, build a fire on a bed of thin poles, on top of which is a layer of soil and stones.
- In strong winds, it is better to light a fire in a pre-dug hole.
- When it is windy, cover the fireplace with stones.

FIRE REFLECTORS

If possible, it is better for you to build a reflective wall made of stones or logs around the fireplace. It will perform two functions - direct the heat from the fire in the direction you need and protect the fire from the wind. You can build a reflective wall in such a way as to direct the flow of heat towards your shelter. If your camp is located near a rock, do not light a fire directly at its foot - it is better to organize your camp in such a way that the shelter is located between the fire and the rock, the heat from the fire is directed to the rock using a reflective wall. The stone absorbs heat well, and the heated rock will warm your back.

ATTENTION!
Do not place wet or porous stones in or near the fire - they may explode from the heat. Also do not use slates, soft rocks, cracked or hollow stones. Before covering the fireplace with stones, test them for suitability - knock one against the other. If there is a cavity in the stone, especially one filled with liquid, the liquid will expand faster than the thickness of the stone when heated, which can cause an explosion, and the resulting fragments can injure or even kill you.

MAKING FIRE WITHOUT MATCHES

People struggling to survive must be able to light a fire without matches, which is especially important if the disaster lasts for a long time. There are several simple ways making a fire without the help of matches, four of which are shown in Fig. 11. When making fire, try to wait until there is complete calm or stand with your back to the wind.

Flint and chair (Fig. 11.1)
Hold a flint and a flint over the tinder. Using a hammer to strike the flint from top to bottom, direct sparks toward the tinder until it smolders, then fan the smoldering tinder until it ignites.

Battery (Fig. 11.2).
If you happen to have a charged battery at your disposal, attach pieces of insulated wire with bare ends to its terminals. Holding the insulation, short-circuit the wires. At the point where the wires are shorted, the wires will begin to spark and heat up. Sparks can ignite tinder or wood chips. Immediately after you get fire, take the battery away from the fire.

ATTENTION!
Be careful when starting a fire with a battery! Protect it from heat, fire and sparks, as an acid battery produces explosive hydrogen, which can split if ignited. battery and burn you.

Lens (Fig. 11.3).
Concentrate the sun's rays on the tinder using a “fire glass” - a camera lens, a plano-convex lens from a flashlight. IN as a last resort You can even use a piece of bottle glass.

Reflector from a flashlight (Fig. 11.4).
Unscrew the reflector from the flashlight, insert a piece of tinder into the hole for the light bulb (you can use a cigarette) and point the reflector with the bell at the sun. Moving the tinder back and forth, find the point where the reflected rays converge and wait for the tinder to smolder.

Making fire using a bow drill (Fig. 12).
This is one of the oldest methods of making fire, very useful for modern man. Find a straight stick of strong wood, 30-45 cm long and about 3 cm in diameter. Round one end and sharpen the other.

Make a holder from strong wood - a flat plate with a blind hole in the middle, into which the rounded end of the stick would freely fit. The holder should fit comfortably in your hand. To reduce friction, add lubricant, such as soap, to the hole in the holder.

Make a bow from a springy branch about 1 m long and up to 3 cm in diameter. Use a strong rope made of non-slip material as a bowstring (nylon is not recommended). You can use a leather strap as a bowstring. The string should have some tension, selected experimentally.

The base board is made from soft wood and is about 30 cm long and about 15 cm wide. In the base board, at one of the long edges, it is necessary to make a funnel-shaped through hole, exactly matching the shape of the tip of the stick. When the tip rotates, strong friction should occur in the hole (1).

Standing on your right knee, step on the base board with the sole of your left foot, fixing it securely. It is recommended to first place the base on two blocks of wood to allow air access to the tinder.

Place the tinder near the recess of the base board. Then wrap the bow string once around the stick, insert its pointed end into the recess of the base board, and the upper, rounded end into the hole in the holder (2). Holding the bow drill by the holder with your left hand, with your right hand begin to move the bow from side to side (3) until the tip begins to smoke. After this, transfer the embers to the tinder (4). All that remains is to add wood chips and fan the fire (5).

RULES FOR BUILDING FIRE

US Special Forces soldiers use simple rules when making fires in camp conditions.

Save your matches for lighting a well-prepared fire, and don't waste them on lighting cigarettes or poorly prepared fires.

Always carry dry tinder in a waterproof container.

In winter conditions, the fire must be lit on a platform raised above the snow so that the fire does not melt the snow and go out.

A fire on a peat bog or humus soil must also be lit on a raised platform to avoid causing fire to spread and cause a fire.

In the forest, in order not to cause a fire, the place for the fire must be cleared of fallen leaves, bark and pine needles.

TYPES OF CAMPFIRE

There are many types of fires, and each one serves a specific purpose. The main types of fires suitable for use in extreme situations are shown in Fig. 13. You must be able to fold and light any of them.

Safe night fire (1). This type of fire allows you to sleep next to it without the risk of burning wood rolling up and burning you. Place two large logs of freshly felled wood on top of the burning wood. The logs, under the influence of their own weight, will push the burning wood away from you and your shelter. Make sure before going to bed that the fire is built tightly - then it will not burn strongly, but throughout the night. Pay attention to the location of the reflector wall.

"Long" fire (2). It can be placed in a long pre-dug groove, oriented in the direction of the wind. You can place it between two parallel laid logs of freshly felled wood and above the surface of the ground. The logs will prevent the burnt firebrands from rolling to the sides. They should be at least 15 cm in diameter (the larger the better). You can place cooking utensils on top of the logs. It is better to place the logs on two logs of 3 cm height to facilitate air flow to the fire.

T-shaped fire (3). This type of fire is good for cooking. The fire is lit in the “crossbar” T, and the coals for cooking are shoveled into a groove - the “leg”.

"Teepee" (4). Suitable for both cooking and heating. Requires a large supply of firewood. The kindling should be placed inside the tipi, thin twigs should be placed around the tent, and thicker twigs should be placed on top of them. In the direction from which the wind is blowing, the tent must be opened to provide traction. You should light a fire with your back to the wind, placing fuel on the leeward side.

"Star" (5). Used when there is a shortage of fuel or when you need a small fire. The fire is lit in the center, the wood is moved to the center of the fire as it burns out. For ease of cooking, some of the firewood can be removed. This type of fire requires fuel from hard rocks tree.

"Keyhole" (5). Dig a keyhole-shaped hole in the ground with the leg oriented in the direction of the wind. Such a fire has the same meaning as “long”.

"Pyramid" (7). Several layers of firewood are stacked crosswise. This type of fire burns for a very long time and can be used to heat the shelter throughout the night.

"Hut" (8). Firewood is stacked in the shape of a log house. The fire burns very brightly due to the good air flow inside the “log house,” but it quickly burns out. It is good to use for cooking or as a signal.

CARRYING FIRE
Carrying fire is the simplest way to save equipment for making it and the strength needed to get it in a new camp site. Carrying fire was used by primitive people and is still used by some primitive tribes. As with all things survival, you'll need practice to get the hang of making fire cans and tubes before you actually need them. Remember also that you will need to have several fire carrying devices ready to use.

In Fig. Figure 14 shows two effective ways to carry fire, the most accessible for you is a fire tube, since an empty suitable tin can may not be at hand.

Fire can (1). Place a few glowing coals surrounded by pieces of tinder and wrapped in grass and leaves in a medium sized tin. You must first punch holes in the sides of the can for ventilation.

Fire tube. Take big piece soft bark, place dry tinder on it (2). Roll the bark into a tube and secure it with rope or wire rings evenly along its entire length. Place coals in the top hole of the bundle so that the tinder begins to smolder (3). The tube must be kept oriented towards the wind (4). If the fire tube catches fire, the flame must be knocked out or spit into the tube so that only slow smoldering continues.

There are several other ways to transport fire, for example, carrying a smoldering log and periodically fanning its smoldering fire (you can simply wave the log, but first you need to make sure that you have enough strength for this). A lot can be said about the meaning of carrying fire - the moral factor plays not the least role here. It is very important to first learn all the skills for transporting fire, and only then apply them in practice.

We'll go camping... virtually. Moreover, as usual, our campaign will turn out to be extremely unsuccessful. And the weather was unlucky, and they forgot their matches at home, not to mention the fact that after the continuous rain for two weeks, everything that could be set on fire became irreversibly damp. Having piled up a small pile of similar problems, we, with our characteristic zeal, begin to overcome them. So, let's try to make a fire in wet weather. And the first thing to consider in these chilly circumstances is the obvious fact that a small fire is much easier to light and ignite than a large one. And therefore, we boldly make a great many small fires, which will burn better, and will provide more heat, and maybe, if we are very lucky, they will attract some plane lost in the clouds. For what? Maybe they’ll give you a ride home... As for fuel, it’s best to look for it under the trunks of fallen trees. Small, dry islands usually remain there. Of which the most flammable and comfortable material is rot of dried trees, or dry stumps and resin pine cones. Now everything that we have fumbled needs to be put into a heap, in the form of a wigwam. And at this solemn moment you discover that you forgot your matches at home. It's OK. You shouldn’t tear out your hair, buttons or rub your cheeks, which are abundantly watered with salty tears, over this. It’s not worth it - because there are at least three methods of starting a fire without matches, proven by folk wisdom. The first and most good option- this is flint and steel. The corresponding side of the waterproof can serve as flint here. matchbox, or a solid piece of stone. In order for a flame to ignite from a spark, this spark must first be struck. Why are we furiously beating the flint against the steel blade of a knife, or against some small steel block. When a spark hits the tinder and the latter begins to smoke, we urgently, urgently bend over and begin to blow desperately. If everything was done correctly, the fire is ready; if not, go to the beginning of the paragraph. The second method, sung by the unforgettable Cyrus Smith, lies in the sun and the lens. Moreover, he made the last one from two glasses wristwatch filling them with water and covering them with clay, once again confirming that there are no hopeless situations. If Prometheus has not come out of you and it was not possible to get fire, it remains to advise you to resort to the last and most classic method of cutting out a flame, namely friction. They resort to this method out of great desperation. However, a faint hope of success should still linger. This method has many varieties, we will focus on one, called “bow and drill”. First, we make a bow using a lace, rope, or belt. Then we use it to spin a dry soft shaft in a small hole made in a dry and hard block of wood. As a result, we get dry powdery dust, in which a spark should appear with further friction.

7 ways to light a fire without matches

There is a primary connection between a man and fire. Every man should know how to light it up. A real man knows how to do this without matches. This is an important survival skill. You never know when you will find yourself in a situation where you need a fire and you don't have matches or a lighter with you. Below are 7 ways you can start a fire without matches.

Making fire by friction

Making fire by friction is not a method for the faint of heart. This is perhaps the most difficult of all methods of making fire without matches. Exist various methods which can be used to make fire by friction, but most important aspect what makes it all the same is the type of wood that is used for the plank and spindle.

Spindle- a stick that you will twist to create friction between it and the plank. If you create enough friction between the spindle and the board, you will have a coal that can be used for further ignition. Juniper, aspen, willow, cedar, cypress, walnut best materials for board and spindle.

In order to use wood to create fire by friction, the wood must be dry. If the wood is not dry, you will have to dry it first.

Hand drill

Method hand drill the most primitive, the most basic and the heaviest. All you need is wood, tireless hands and strong determination. Here's how it's done:

Build a tinder nest. Tinder is any material that ignites with a single spark. Birch bark, dry grass, wood shavings, wax paper, fluffy cotton wool, fir cones, pine needles, crushed dry mushrooms (tinder fungi), burnt cotton fabric are excellent tinder, as is the fine dust produced by wood-boring insects, as well as the contents of bird nests.

Make a cut. Cut a small indentation on the board.

Place the bark under the cutout. The bark will be used to catch the ember that will arise from the friction between the spindle and the board.

Start rotating. Place the spindle into the recess on the board. Your spindle needs to be about 50 centimeters long for this to work properly. Maintain pressure between the spindle and the board and begin to rotate the stick between your palms. Continue turning until an ember appears.

Set on fire! As soon as you see a glowing ember, move it to the tinder nest. Blow on it carefully to light a fire.

Fire Bow

The most effective way to make fire based on friction is to use a bow and auger.

Onion. Make a tight bow by stretching a rope, belt or cord around a stick.

Make a small hole in dry and hard wood.

The result will be black powder like dust.

When a spark appears in this powder, it must be transferred to flammable materials (tinder) prepared in advance.

Fire Bow: Getting Fire from a Branch (photo report)

This photo report is dedicated to making fire using the firebow method, briefly discussed in the previous post. For the experience we need a knife, rope ( perfect option- paracord) and something like Silky Pocketboy .

Go…

Several movements Silky Pocketboy and...

A few more with a knife...

Adding paracord...

Now let's put this puzzle together...

Making a deepening...

Cut a piece from the side of the hole...

Let there be fire...

This is a good old backup option. Good idea, always take flint and steel with you on a hike. Matches can get wet and become virtually useless, but you can still get a spark from steel and a piece of flint. The “FireSteeL” mini flint is a pretty good option, although I prefer the “Expedition” flint knife option.

If you find yourself in a situation where you don’t have a set of flint and steel with you, you can always improvise using quartzite and a steel blade pocket knife. You will also need a charred piece of cloth to catch the spark. If you don’t have it, you can replace it with a piece of mushroom or birch.

Take the stone and charred cloth. Take a piece of stone between the big one and index fingers. Make sure that the edge protrudes 5-7 centimeters. Pinch the fabric between your thumb and the flint.

Create sparks! Take the steel or the back of a knife blade. Strike the steel against the flint several times. Sparks from the steel will fly directly onto the fabric, causing a glow.

Light the fire. Place the smoldering cloth in the tinder and gently blow on it to start the fire.

Lens based methods

The easiest method of making fire without matches is based on the use of lenses.

Traditional lenses

To create fire, all you need is some sort of lens to focus the sun's rays on a specific location. A magnifying glass, glasses, eye lenses or binoculars - anything will do. If you add a little water to the lens, the beam will become more intense. Tilt the lens so as to focus the rays into a small point (with as small a diameter as possible). Place tinder in this area and you will soon have a fire.

The only drawback of the lenses is that it only works when there is sun. Therefore, at night or in cloudy weather you will have to look for other methods.

In addition to methods using traditional lenses, there are three unusual but effective methods, based on the refraction of rays.

Balloons and condoms

By filling a balloon or condom with water, you can turn these ordinary objects into a lens.

Please note that condoms and balloons have a shorter short focal length than regular lenses. Therefore, keep them 1 to 2 cm from the tinder.

Fire from ice

To make fire from a block of ice you need to make the ice into the shape of a lens and then use it just like you would with any other lens. This method can be especially useful for winter camping.

Pure water. The ice must be clear for this to work. If it is cloudy or has other impurities, the option will not work. Most The best way To get a clear block of ice, fill a cup, goblet or container made of foil with clean water from a lake, pond or melted snow. Let's turn water into ice. Your piece of ice should be about 5 centimeters thick.

Lens shape. Use a knife to form a piece of ice into the lens. Remember that the lens shape is thicker in the middle and narrower at the edges.

Polish the lens. Once you have the rough shape of the lens, finish it off by polishing it by hand until the surfaces are smooth.

Set on fire. Angle your ice lens the same way you would with traditional lenses. Focus a beam of light onto the tinder.

Coca-Cola and Chocolate Bar

Another interesting way to make fire.

All you need is an aluminum can and chocolate.

Polish the bottom of the jar with chocolate. The chocolate acts as a polish, and by rubbing the bottom of the jar a little, you can get something like a mirror. If you don't have chocolate with you, toothpaste will do too.

Make fire. After sanding the bottom of the can you will have a parabolic mirror. Now they need to catch sunlight and place tinder in the place where the rays are focused.

How to light a fire without matches?

How to make a fire

The usual way. Small dry wood chips are piled up into a small “pioneer” fire, and larger logs are placed on top of this structure (in the end it looks like it looks like a cone - a standard “pioneer” fire).

Modernized method. A well is made from logs: two logs in pairs parallel to each other, two more on top perpendicular to the previous ones, and so on. At the bottom of the “well,” chips are ignited, and the entire structure flares up very well and quickly. For ignition, it is convenient to use pieces of birch bark, previously separated from the log.

In the rain. Even in rainy weather You can make a fire as follows: place two small logs of equal size in the wind. Place the thinnest dried twigs or twigs perpendicularly on top of these logs and set them on fire. Usually lights up from the first match.

How to light a fire without matches

Without experience, it is difficult to light a fire even with a large supply of matches. What if there are no matches? There are several ways using available tools. Before you try to light a fire without matches, have some dry, flammable materials ready. Then shelter them from wind and moisture. Good substances can be rot, rope or twine, dry palm leaves, wood shavings and sawdust, bird feathers, woolly plant fibers, finely ground tree bark, gauze, cotton wool, fluff, dry moss, scraps of clothing, which, if possible, are moistened gasoline, etc. To stock up on them for the future, put some in a waterproof bag.

Potassium permanganate and glycerin

Pour in about 1 gram of potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) ground into fine powder. Then carefully drop 2-3 drops of glycerin onto it from a pipette or glass tube and quickly remove your hand. Only 2-3 seconds will pass and you will see the fire break out.

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While relaxing in nature, sometimes you want to warm up by the fire, cook yourself a warm meal, or desperately need to dry your wet clothes. On a hike, on a picnic, in the fireplace or stove at your dacha, you can light a fire different ways. But how to light a fire without matches if they are damp or, in case of your forgetfulness, left at home - in the city. It is generally accepted that a woman is the keeper of the fire (hearth), while a man is its breadwinner. It is difficult to predict the situation when he does not have matches or a lighter. Therefore, the information given here is needed by a man first and foremost.

There are many ways to make fire. The main ones are: striking a spark, friction, using a lens.

Living fire from a spark

Fire, as we know, starts from a spark. A spark can be obtained using flint and chair(medieval method).

AND using modern flint(friction of two metals).

The difference between them is that modern version flint when wet does not create a spark. In contrast, flint and steel, abundantly soaked in water, successfully strike a spark.

We were taught how to properly light a fire in a snowy, wet forest at school, but not everyone can do it. The most simple rules, as we know, is the presence of a piece of dry wood, the absence of laziness in order to plan dry shavings (the more, the better) - this will take a lot of time. When making shavings, it is better to cover yourself with a tarpaulin to protect yourself from the wind and possible precipitation. When the fire flares up, you can place wet twigs in the shape of a hut, which, when dried, will also light up. Then you can add thicker branches - the fire will gradually gain strength. The only thing left to do is to get fire from a spark.

To create it, you can use special kits that are commercially available or created by yourself. They include: a skein of linen rags or twine for creating rags, burnt flax tinder, a forged chair, and flint.

Flint is a hard silica stone that can leave scratches on glass.

A chair is a metal object in the form of a strip of hardened steel of artistic forging, measuring 6 and 7.5 cm. A 7-centimeter chair is more convenient to use. The steel blade of a knife can serve as a knife.

Tinder is a material that is easily flammable. Natural tinder can be dry grass or wood shavings, birch bark, spruce cones, crushed tinder fungi, pine needles, and even fine dust created by wood-boring insects. The contents of a bird's nest will also work. Tinder can be cotton wool, wax paper, cotton fabric. Burnt pieces of flax tinder or pieces of birch tinder fungus, made using a special ancient Russian technology, are also used.

A piece of burnt tinder smoldering from a spark can be safely placed in the tin box in which it is stored along with the other pieces - it will safely go out when oxygen supply is cut off.

We make fire using flint - steel, flint, tinder

Juniper bark and birch bark are used as tinder. We create a tinder nest - a lump of crushed juniper bark, which we will then put into a piece of birch bark.

Using a stone and a hammer, we extract a spark, holding a piece of burnt labor or a tinder fungus close to the stone at the moment the hammer hits the stone. A spark hitting the burnt tinder causes it to smolder. The smoldering piece is wrapped in a rag or a lump of natural tinder made from juniper (birch tinder fungus or any other aforementioned material), inflated in the palms, wrapped in birch bark and inflated some more. The fire will certainly flare up.

Let's consider a way to light a fire in the forest using the friction method. It can be called the “bow and auger method.”

First you need to stock up on dry moss and create a tinder nest. You should not use paper for these purposes - you are unlikely to achieve anything with it.

Next, you need to build a so-called “fire bow”, carve out a rod or spindle, or drill, that is, that same “drill” - a thick, smooth stick of soft wood (walnut, aspen, juniper, cedar, cypress, willow) 50 centimeters long. , and also create a foundation. Its role can be played by a stone with a smooth depression, a piece of wood ( wooden die) dense rock or ordinary tree stump. For this purpose, pine and oak wood is used.

A smooth hole or recess of 1 or 1.5 cm is cut out in a wooden base with a knife. The diameter of the hole or recess in the base must correspond to the diameter of the “drill” rod for a tight fit. A cut is then made in the hole to come into contact with the moss, which will ignite.

Any flexible stick tied with a cord or any rope can serve as a “fire bow”. Insert the rod into the string of the “fire bow”, turning it so that it is in the loop, without tying any knots.

Fire will be produced by friction of the “club” rod against the base.

Place a prepared base with a depression on an island of moss or any other tinder and press it with your foot. Place one end of a stick entwined with a bowstring vertically into a smooth recess in a stone or wooden base. The bowstring is in a horizontal position. With one hand, holding the upper part of the “drill” rod with the help of a piece of bark (so as not to damage the hand), with the other hand we begin intensive horizontal movements of the “fire bow”, holding it by the rigid part - the flexible stick.

These movements are reminiscent of cutting wood regular saw, and the method itself is the work of a modern hand drill.

You should not create friction by rotating the “club” with your hands - this is ineffective.

If the moss nest starts to smoke, you need to take it in your palms and fan the fire harder.

When this happens, we place leaves, dry small twigs or other forest materials on top of the nest in the form of a wigwam or a “pioneer” fire. The fire caught fire - be careful not to get burned!

The video shows how to make fire using the friction method.

You can enjoy a fire created using the lens effect only in clear sunny weather. With this method of lighting a fire, the concepts of “sun” and “lens” are inseparable. This method of making fire is the easiest, but requires some patience.

A lens can be anything that reflects light: the glass of a watch or glasses, a piece of ice, a metal spoon or ladle, water in transparent cellophane or hot-air balloon, binocular lens, bottom tin can. These objects focus the sun's rays at one point, which is why ignition occurs. In a dry and bright place, place dry “fuel” - natural tinder or paper - under the lens.

1. WATCH GLASS. To create a lens from two watch glasses, they are placed together, water is poured between them and coated with clay.

2. METAL SPOON. As a lens, it is used together with a cauldron - a carrier of soot and a dense 3-4 centimeter rope of toilet paper with an evenly torn end, which is stained with the soot of the pot. They create the same lens from a deep spoon, bending it even more to deepen it for focusing sun rays. Instead of a spoon, you can use a ladle. In bright sunshine, place the end of the soot bundle close to the middle of the spoon and patiently wait for it to ignite. The peculiarity of toilet paper is that it smolders very well. The rope will definitely begin to smolder, and the soot will create an ember - a reliable keeper of the fire.

If you don't have matches, you can light a fire with ice. But this can only be done in sunny weather. So, we must choose a piece clear ice the size is slightly larger than the width of a brick and we form it into a smooth product in the form of a huge tablet or a very thick lens 5 cm thick. To do this, the surface of a piece of ice is polished, warming it with the warmth of your hands. An ice tablet can be obtained by freezing melted snow or clean water from a reservoir in any cup or pot. The main rule is that the shape of the lens is a thick middle and thinner edges. Then we install this kind of lens on a stump, on a stone or any hill and tilt it, directing the ray of the sun passing through the ice lens onto a hill of dry moss or other highly flammable forest materials.

4. WATER IN CELLOPHANE AND BALLOON

These “devices” are characterized by a shorter focal length, therefore, they should be located somewhat further from the flammable object - 1-2 cm.

5. TIN AND CHOCOLATE

The bottom of the tin can is sanded with chocolate or toothpaste to create parabolic mirror and is used as a lens.

Chemical substances

When mixed, rubbed or struck chemical substances ignite. You should also adhere to the proportions of these substances.

Component options:

• Potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) and sugar (in a ratio of 9:1);
• Cover the potassium permanganate with tinder (for example, a cloth or napkin), carefully drop 2-3 drops of antifreeze or glycerin on top;
• Sugar and potassium chlorate (ratio 3:1).

Pour potassium permanganate and sugar onto a dry wooden board (not rotten) and grind it with a stick as you do in a mortar. After 20 seconds, fire appears as a result of a chemical reaction.

The produced fire can be transferred to the original homemade wooden “stump stove”. To do this, you need to cut a thick log into 6 parts and tie these parts in the form of a stump, without tightening them tightly. Then place the thin bark of this hemp (birch bark) in the middle of our “stove” - between the logs. With the fire you have obtained, you can ignite birch bark and safely place a kettle or bricks on the “stump stove” that will warm your home. You will need 10 of these bricks; they can be heated periodically on a miracle stove.

Whether you are a tourist, a hunter, a fisherman, or just a random traveler lost in nature, armed with such information, you will feel much more confident.

Video

The program "Galileo" about ways to make fire without matches.

Galileo experiment: Fire by friction.

Experiment in Galileo: potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide.

A campfire often means the life of a traveler. It is simply impossible to overestimate its importance: the fire of a fire is warmth with which you can warm up, it is an opportunity to dry things and cook food. Sometimes fire is just an opportunity to survive. Usually we are used to lighting it with matches or a lighter, which are always at hand (many tourists take dry alcohol or some kind of liquid with them on hikes to light a fire). But this is not always at hand, and situations vary. What if suddenly the situation is extreme: the matches are wet, the lighter doesn’t work, the forest around is after rain and everything around is damp? What then? Die from the cold? Or should I try to start a fire? But as?

I found it on the net interesting project from Grigory Sokolov dedicated to non-standard methods of starting a fire in camping conditions - I’m sharing. There are many of them and fire can almost always be obtained. I made a selection of the most interesting methods from his collection, maybe it will be useful to someone.

Method number 1. An old flint lighter that has run out of gas.

The most common situation on a hike. There was the last lighter, but it’s a shame - all the gas came out. What to do, how to make fire? The video answers this question. Even an empty lighter can provide you with fire and warmth.

Method number 2. Making fire in damp wood by friction.

Situation: To make fire, only a knife and a small piece of rope are at hand. It has recently rained in the forest and everything around is damp and wet. Method - light the fire by rubbing the onion.

Method No. 3. Getting fire from a battery and a small piece of foil.

Batteries are such a thing these days that we very often have them on hand. Know that if you have a battery and some foil, for example from some kind of food packaging, then you also have a fire.

Method number 4. Wire friction method

A knife and a small piece of steel wire are all that is needed to create fire using this method. And also a little physical activity. 🙂

Method No. 5. Method of making fire by rolling cotton wool with chalk

In places where people used to live, in old abandoned houses you can always find cotton wool. In furniture, mattresses, upholstery. Chalk - whitewashing walls. Using this method you can get fire.

Method number 6. Getting fire with the sun and a condom

Generally speaking, a condom on a hike useful thing. In addition to its direct purpose, it can be used as a hermetic bag, as a container for storing water and, below, as a means for starting a fire in camp conditions.

Method No. 7. Making fire with a spoon and the sun.

An ordinary steel spoon, which should be slightly bent, a little soot from the pot and a piece of toilet paper - that's all that is needed to get the fire going. Yes, and of course - sunny weather.

Method No. 8. Getting fire from the sun and an old gas bottle

Old gas cylinder has one very useful part for this method of making fire. Namely, the bottom. An empty beer can will also work, by the way.

Method number 9. Fire from the sun and reflector from a flashlight

It turns out that the reflector of a flashlight, headlight or any other device for directional light is an almost ideal lens for receiving fire from the sun.

Method No. 10. Fire from the sun and two bottle bottoms

“Use what is at hand and don’t look for anything else.” (c) Vilias Fog. In this case, fire is made from garbage, which is often much more around than required. A structure consisting of two bottoms glass bottles, a small amount of water and, of course, the sun may well provide you with fire.

Method No. 11. Old light bulb, water and sun.

You may find old light bulbs in a place where people once lived. And they can serve well when making fire if there is nothing else at hand.

Method No. 12. Ice + sun = fire!

And finally - a completely extreme technology for making fire. Ice, sun, cleaver and a little hard work. Unlikely to be useful, but very impressive!

Grigory Sokolov - many thanks for the material provided.