To date, any premises (residential, office or other purposes) are unthinkable without laying communications in the fences. These are wired electrical networks, television and Internet cables. Long gone are the days when cable attachment to the wall, including electrical wiring, was performed only outside the fences. This was done due to the imperfection of the insulating coatings of the conductors.
Modern polymer coatings make it possible to "hide" cable and wire communications in an array of room fences. In some cases, they make the wiring open or lay cables in plastic boxes. The most common ways of fastening wires and cables to walls and ceilings are discussed in the article.
Types of fastening of cable and wire communications
There are many ways and types of fastening wires and cables to walls. The following are often found among them.
open wiring
Includes:
- quick-drying solution;
- dowel-clamp;
- dowel-screed;
- clips;
- installation site;
- nail clips.
Fast drying solution
Fixing with a quick-drying solution is the easiest way to fasten a wire. Fasten the wire to the unplastered brickwork can be alabaster or other quick-drying mortar with a spatula. They do it like this:
- One or more wires are pulled along the cement joints of brick or cinder block masonry;
- Alabaster, gypsum or a quick-drying special mixture are diluted with water;
- Considering specific gravity cable or wires, the worker attaches communications to the brickwork with a spatula with alabaster;
- The installation of the cable or wires is carried out gradually as the applied cakes solidify from the solution.
Important! It is necessary to ensure that the alabaster is most connected with the seam of the masonry. This ensures high adhesion of the fixing on the walls.
In this way, communications are carried out in non-residential and utility rooms. As a rule, such fasteners are temporary.
Situations arise when fasteners for a cable with a quick-drying mortar to a brick or concrete wall will be ineffective and will not withstand the desired load. Then it is better to use dowel clamps. The cable fastener is a plastic loop with an end in the form of a dowel with ribbed edges. Outwardly, the clamp resembles a bracket. Fasten the wiring with dowels in this order:
- in the wall along the marked line, holes are made with a puncher with a depth of 30-40 mm and a diameter of 6 mm;
- holes are made at a distance of 30-40 cm from each other;
- the cable is threaded through the loops, the dowels are inserted with a serrated end into the mounting hole by hand or with a slight blow of a hammer.
Installation of wiring is carried out in a short time, provides reliable fastening of conductors to the wall.
The dowel-screed is similar to the dowel-clamp. The difference from the "brother" is that the loop is able to tighten. This ensures reliable fastening of several conductors into a tight bundle.
The installation of dowel-screeds is carried out in the same way as the installation of dowel-clamps. After wiring, the end of the loop protruding from the lock is tightened with pliers.
Clips
The fastener is made of durable plastic. The clip is a platform with mounting holes and two brackets.
Clips for fastening cables in the form of clips are mounted in this way:
- along the marking line of the cable route using a perforator do mounting holesø 4 mm;
- plastic dowels are hammered into the holes;
- clips are installed on the wall, driving screws through the fastener holes in the dowels;
- the cable or a series of wires is pressed into the clips, the upper and lower bracket of the fastener clamps the wiring, holding it securely on the wall.
Note! Clips are selected according to the size of the cross section of the wiring. The size of the fastener should be such that none of the brackets break, and at the same time, the bundle of wires should be tight enough.
The clips serve as a reliable support for fastening the corrugations. Cable and wires are pulled inside the corrugations. The hoses are secured with clips. The advantage of corrugated hoses is that they can easily be bent at an angle.
First, choose a corrugation of the desired diameter, and then choose clips with a suitable internal dimension staples.
This simple mount uses a self-adhesive effect. From the outside of the site removed protective film. The platform is pressed against the wall. Fasteners are securely glued to the surface of the vertical fence. There is a special hook on the platform that clamps the cable.
The disadvantage of this fastener is a weak bearing capacity. The sites are intended mainly for laying a single Internet or television cable. IN last resort, several thin wires can be pulled through the pads.
This type of fastener is used to fix low-current wires (telephone wires, TV cables, etc.). The nail clip is securely held in the wooden wall.
Sometimes they are hammered into a plastered wall, but they do not hold there well. Staples need to be hammered into plaster in much larger quantities than they do in wooden walls. If there is a rack under the plaster, then you need to hit the tree with a carnation.
Hidden wiring
A universal way of laying communications is hidden wiring. The method has a number of advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages
- Absence technical details on the surface of the fences of the premises;
- The interior of the rooms does not "suffer" from the presence of wiring on the walls, spoiling the appearance of the walls;
- Simple and reliable installation of electrical wiring does not cause any particular difficulties.
Flaws
The disadvantages of hidden wiring include the fact that when changing or adding conductors, you have to open the strobes. The production of works is associated with the occurrence in in large numbers dust and subsequent wet processes.
During repairs, you have to search for old wires under a layer of plaster and top coat.
Flush-mounted wiring device in the wall
- Marking points for installing electrical fittings are applied to the walls and ceiling;
- Then draw a line with a marker or pencil to punch the strobe. The width and depth of the strobe depends on the number of wires, the diameter of the cable;
- A puncher punches strobes along the marking lines;
- Otherwise, two parallel cuts are made with an abrasive wheel along the marking line;
- With a chisel and a hammer, concrete or brick is knocked out in the cut zone. If the material of the wall lends itself with difficulty, then they pierce the strobe with a perforator, with a chisel tip installed;
- Cables and wires are laid in the channels;
- The wiring is fixed with alabaster in increments of 300-400 mm;
- Laid communications are covered with a layer cement mortar with a spatula, but not flush with the surface of the wall;
- Then putty with the starting lineup;
- The final putty is applied;
- The dried putty is polished with emery, bringing to a smooth state;
- finally produce finishing walls.
Additional Information. With the purpose of the device reliable protection the wiring is placed in a polymer sheath - corrugation.
Corrugated hoses are produced in different diameters, which are designed for laying from one cable to a whole bundle of various conductors. Corrugation allows you to replace one or another wire without disturbing the outer coating of the channel. When laying communications in the corrugation, they try to avoid creating right angles for laying paths.
When replacing a separate cable, a cord is attached to its end. Then the conductor is pulled out of the corrugation. A new cable is tied to the cord and a new cable is pulled in the reverse order.
Plastic boxes
In order not to punch strobes in the walls, you can get by with a less time-consuming method of attaching cables and electrical wiring to the walls. Industry building materials manufactures a wide range of plastic boxes. Products can be selected in the desired cross-section and color.
The fixture consists of two parts: a box and a cover. The lid snaps tightly onto the box body. The cable channel is attached to the wall with dowels. Communication is invested in plastic products. The channels are then covered with outer panels.
IN Lately On sale you can find soft PVC boxes. The advantage lies in their extreme flexibility. Thanks to this quality, it is possible to bypass any corners, both internal and external, with one channel strip. It is not necessary to connect rigid panels to each other in the corners with special fittings. It is enough to bend the box in the right direction, lay the cables in it and close the channel with the same flexible cover.
plinth
The designers at one time realized that the interior of the plinth can be used for laying cable and wire communications. Currently, the building materials market offers wide choose models of skirting boards with the possibility of placing fixed cables and wires inside them.
The design of some skirting boards consists of a rectangular channel divided by a stop. The stop divides the inner space of the plinth into two channels. The channels are closed by a figured strip having a longitudinal latch. The latch fits snugly into longitudinal groove stop.
The base of the plinth is fixed with dowels to the wall. Dowels are installed at a distance of 30-40 cm from each other. For the formation of internal and outside corners install special fittings. After laying the cable and wires, put the top panel, snapping the lock.
If you need to organize any construction works then you don't have to worry about choosing suitable materials or tools, since the modern market is filled with everything necessary for such a purpose. This also applies to fasteners for various wires, forming an electrical wiring diagram.
But not everyone knows which wire fasteners are better, and we will try to help amateurs figure it out. self-fulfillment various installation work. Although, it will also be interesting for more advanced craftsmen to get acquainted with some ways to create high-quality wire fastening.
Now let's figure out how to profitably lay and fix electrical wires in the room so that you can easily create wall plaster, repair used strobes without interference from communications.
To do this, you need to remember only two rules:
- It is necessary to lay wires in the optimal places of the room so that they have access and they do not interfere with any construction work;
- Requires good quality fasteners various kinds wiring to ensure the durability of the created communications.
Next, consider the various types of fasteners that provide durable wiring in any room. The installation process may seem very simple, and it really is! But only if everything is done correctly based on knowledge of the electrician.
You should look at the photo of the wire fasteners to navigate their appearance, as this will minimize the possibility of erroneously purchasing the wrong fastener.
The fact is that many of them are very similar, but designed for different purposes. And they may not be suitable for the intended wiring option if they are not intended for this option.
What fasteners can be used for electrical wiring?
Their list is quite extensive, but we will highlight the most popular types of wire fasteners related to open and closed versions. Let's start with hidden installation:
Dowel clamps
Dowel clamps are considered the most popular, as they are distinguished by their simplified use and low price.
But it is not difficult to get confused in them because of the abundance of different species that differ functional features and external form.
The simplest version is considered to be the "bracket". It is proposed on the basis of plastic and has notches at the ends, which have a width of about 8 mm. The size along with the shape can be chosen according to the need to create a quality fastener.
But the fixation is not very reliable, since this fastener does not have a spacer. Because of this, such types are not used for wiring on the ceiling.
But the dowel clamps for fasteners have a spacer part and are considered a more reliable product for the formation of high-quality wiring. The design is based on a plastic rod for use with a hammer so that the fastener can be driven deep into a pre-created socket.
What is the difference:
- Withstand loads up to 8 kg, which is enough for home electrical wiring;
- Power cables, smooth-walled versions of pipes and corrugations based on a diameter of up to 32 mm can be fixed using the clamp.
Important: This type of fastener can only be used once, so we recommend that you correctly mark the points for its installation.
installation site
The version called “installation pad” is considered a hybrid option, since it includes the capabilities of the two considered fasteners. Externally, it is offered in the form of a dowel based on a mounting head with an input for creating a plastic or metal tie. Made with nylon or polypropylene
If a strong base was used, then it is distinguished by reliable fixation in the wall, which is due to the special shape of the rod. Due to this, it is possible to qualitatively fix one cable or several wiring lines.
Important: If it will be used outdoors, make sure it has UV protection. This will be written in the instructions for the product.
What is the difference between fasteners for surface mounting?
They are applied after the created repair, if the electrician was not carried out before its completion. This type of mounting hardware is simple, but will require an increased level of attention and care as the wires will be left open to the eye and can ruin the design. Consider the main types:
Wires hidden in channels are used most often, since this option is distinguished by reliability, aesthetic beauty and low cost. Externally, it is offered in the form of a tube with a rectangular shape and a removable outer part. It can be fixed to the wall using various fasteners: screws, self-tapping screws or nails.
After high-quality mounting, wires are placed in the internal cavity, which are covered with a lid. The market offers many different surface colors of the product, allowing it to fit into any interiors.
Clips are used if the wiring is covered with polymer corrugation. But this type is distinguished by a sloppy form and is rarely used in residential premises, but on the basis of enterprises, shops and other institutions of this type it is often used. Due to the special qualities of additional insulation, it is excellent for mounting outdoors.
But sometimes it happens that on the basis of the room it is difficult to use one of the popular types of fastening. In this case, it is necessary to rely on special fasteners. These include metal tape and aluminum tape.
Photo of wire fasteners
When installing open wiring, fastening a wire or cable to a ceiling or wall can be done different ways. One of the frequently used mounting options is based on the use of special fasteners - clips. Depending on which conductor needs to be laid, it is mounted in a pipe, corrugated sleeve, or openly, are there any requirements for appearance wiring, clips for wires and cables are used, having various designs and sizes. Below is an overview of these mounting products.
Clip-on earrings with a carnation
Are intended for fixing of a wire or a cable with a diameter from 6 mm to 14 mm. They are used for mounting power and lighting circuits, as well as telephone and network computer lines. Made of heat-resistant and wear-resistant polypropylene, capable of operating at temperatures from -5°C to +140°C. Fastening to a wall or ceiling is carried out using the nail included in the kit. The nail is made of hardened steel, its length varies from 8.1 mm to 14.9 mm. Clip sizes can vary from 4 to 12 mm (diameter for attaching a round cable). For a flat conductor, two sizes are indicated in the marking, for example, 5.7 * 10 mm. Manufacturers declared the possibility of installing such products on any surface, except for metal. In practice, hammering nails is still more convenient in more soft materials, for example, wood, drywall, foam concrete, raw brick.
The size of the clamp is selected so that the wire or cable fits snugly into it, allowing slippage only when a noticeable force is applied. Before starting installation, it is necessary. Clamps must be placed at regular intervals. In places where the track bends, the clips are located in the immediate vicinity of the bend on both sides of it. After installing the next fastener, the wire or cable should be well stretched along the marked route, install the next fastener and hammer in the nail, keeping the conductor taut.
There is also a special stapler for attaching staples. The video below shows how to use this device:
Clips for mounting corrugations or PVC pipes
In the case when the cable or wire is laid in the corrugation or PVC pipe, it is convenient to use elastic plastic clips - the latches shown in the photo:
They are made by injection molding of plastic, equipped with stiffeners that ensure the strength of the grip of the pipe or corrugation. The use of high-quality plastic allows the product to maintain mechanical characteristics in a wide range of operating temperatures. Fastening is done with a self-tapping screw. The size range is represented by clips with mounting diameters from 12 mm to 50 mm. A feature of this product are special grooves on the side surfaces of the clip, thanks to which, the clips different sizes can be combined into blocks when parallel laying of several cable lines is required.
Work should begin with a careful marking of the wiring route. Clips or blocks of them must be fixed at equal distances. If several lines are laid in parallel and the clamps are combined into blocks, it is not necessary to attach each of them to the wall, it is enough to secure one of the three or four connected clamps. Depending on the material of the wall or ceiling, the clamp can be fixed either by screwing in a screw directly (for wood or drywall) or in advance. drilled hole(for metal or plastic). For installation during installation of the cable clamp on brick or concrete, it is better to use a dowel-nail right size. The installation ends with the installation of the pipe in the latch and a slight pressure until it enters the groove, accompanied by a click. In more detail about that, we told in a separate article.
The photo below shows a variant of a clamp that fixes sealed pipes or corrugations. It is equipped with a clasp for a tighter fit. The installation of this clamp, like the previous one, is made under the screw.
Decorative clips
Structurally, these products are similar to mounting clips with studs. Thanks to decorative form, such clips allow not only to produce, but also to give the room the required style, as well as beautifully. An example of the use of such clamps is shown in the photo below.
Another example of decorative cable clips is shown in the following photo. Such self-adhesive universal clips are mounted on double-sided tape and are designed to fix the cables of phone chargers and computer peripherals. Velcro clips are easy to place on any smooth surface.
An overview of this type of product is provided on the video:
Cable clip KL
One of the simplest types of wire fastening in the form of a clamp. Made from plastic or metal. The dimensions of the products allow the fastening of cables and wires of different sections. The clip diameter varies from 5 to 20 mm, the marking is appropriate: KL-5, KL-12, etc.
The simplicity of design, low cost and not very high decorative qualities of such a fastener allow us to talk about its preferred use for, for preliminary fixation of the conductor in the strobe.
Dowel clamps
These fasteners are designed for mounting a round or flat conductor. With open wiring, they are the least visible of all types of fasteners. Transparent clamps of this design are suitable for wiring of any color. Can be used for hidden wiring, in a strobe. Very easy to install. A hole of the required diameter is drilled in the wall, the conductor is tucked into the clamp, then the clip is inserted into the hole and pushed in until it stops. The disadvantages include relatively low fastening strength, and therefore, such clips are used when installing relatively light wires and cables.
Laying an electrical network in a structure made of timber or logs in a hidden way is too expensive and difficult. However, the strict regulations of the PUE prohibit the open installation of a power cable in rooms with their characteristic vaporization and with high content moisture. It is easier, cheaper and more convenient to install boxes that combine the advantages of open and closed type. Anyone can easily install these protective devices House master. No difficulties will arise if the future performer learns how to fix the cable channel and how to properly lay the wire in it.
Electrical boxes are the simplest design made of galvanized steel alloy, aluminum or durable, flame retardant plastic. Their main element is a two-meter profile with a U-shaped section, which is to be attached to the wall. They put it in power cable And low current wires then close the lid. Here, actually, and all affairs.
But the seemingly simplest process has several important nuances. Then they should be found out by an independent master, so that the result does not require modifications or global alterations.
The family of electrical boxes used in the organization of electrical wiring in an open circuit includes:
- wall cable channels with one-way or two-way lock;
- floor plinth with sections for wires, mostly low-voltage;
- ceiling analog of the predecessor;
- floor systems with protection against mechanical impact;
- trays and corrugated pipes, used mainly for wiring in utility rooms and on the outer sides of walls.
Because operating conditions oblige us to put practicality at the head of the choice, floor options it does not make sense to consider even for the arrangement of rest rooms in the baths.
For aesthetic reasons, let's leave thoughts about wiring in a corrugated pipe and in trays for outdoor work.
Consider the most common type of cable laying in a plastic wall channel. These are the cheapest and easiest to process boxes that do not require master skills and special knowledge from the performer.
What cable channel does the owner of the bath need?
For organizing electrical wiring open type now produce a wide range of products of various shapes, sizes and colors. Predominate in the sale of democratic white plastic boxes with a length of 2 m with variations of a couple of tens of cm.
Those who want to choose products exactly in tone wooden walls there is a chance to buy channels of the required color. There are complex systems in stores with a full range of accessories for forming a network of any degree of complexity. There are mini-channels without accessories facilitating installation.
Cutting cable channels according to the dimensions required by the buyer in stores is not performed. You will need to prepare sections for the installation of the highway yourself. You will need to stock up with a hacksaw for metal, better grinder. You will need a miter box for cutting blanks at an angle.
The choice determines the purpose of the work:
- if the task is to or sockets, it is enough to purchase an invoice version of this electrical installation product and buy one mini-channel for it;
- if the electrification of the bath will be carried out from scratch, it makes sense to buy partially or completely a set of channels with accessories: corner and T-shaped adjustable elements, plugs, devices for sockets, junction boxes, switches, etc.;
- if you plan to personally arrange a simple chain with cable laying in inexpensive plastic boxes, you must first draw up a diagram, calculate the footage of the channels and stock up on accessories of the same brand.
Buyers of the complex system, along with a pleasant purchase, will receive detailed instructions on the installation of basic and additional elements to connect them into a single line.
Home craftsmen who decide to use a mini-box to organize electrical wiring will not be offered instructions. They will need an article on how the cable channel is laid and what rules must be observed.
Wiring device in the cable channel
To implement any idea, and even more so such a responsible one as the electrification of a bath, one should prepare. It is necessary to think over everything in advance, foresee and, naturally, distribute the stages of work.
If you are interested in options for lighting in the bath, we advise you to read the article
Those who decide to lay the cable in the electrical box will have to:
- draw up a drawing of the facility to be equipped with exact dimensions;
- determine the number and type of wires that will be required to be laid in the cable channel;
- select the optimal wiring route and apply it to the plan;
- buy boxes with accessories according to the scheme;
- mark the path of the electrical wiring;
- properly prepare the box for installation;
- build a channel for laying the cable;
- lay the wires, fix them correctly and close the covers;
- install switches and sockets.
For laying power and low-current wires in one cable channel, it is advisable to purchase a box with sections. Power and low-current lines should not intersect or twist into a bundle, otherwise interference will occur during signal transmission.
The cable should be laid in a cable channel, the size of which allows you to freely place the entire set of required wires in it. The lid should snap into place effortlessly so that the entire structure does not “swing open” from accidental touch.
When buying, be sure to check the cover of the cable channel "for" closing. Feel free to click on the lock several times. It would be a shame if established basis The lid just won't stay on.
Planning is a guarantee of success in work
The wiring in the box belongs to the category open schemes, therefore, there is no need to necessarily observe horizontals, perpendiculars and verticals. After all, the route is completely visible. Those. if you want to hang a shelf on the wall, there will be no threat of accidentally breaking through the cable. Diagonal lines, all kinds of zigzags, steps are acceptable. However, the irresistible craving of the owners for a clear geometry most often forces them to adhere to the strict directions inherent in closed scheme wiring. Usually the lines are parallel to the planes of the floor and walls, extended along the window and.
You can draw the route as you please. The main thing is that there are no situations for accidental damage to the power grid, and also that it is convenient to use switches and sockets “attached” to it.
There are no regulatory regulations regarding the open wiring device, there are recommendations:
- it is convenient to use the switch if it is installed near the door on the side of the handle at a height of 90 - 160 cm from the floor plane;
- it is desirable to retreat min 15 cm from the ceiling, min 10 cm from the window opening;
- closer than 30 cm from the floor plane, horizontal wiring lines and wiring devices should not be located due to the possibility of accidental moisture during cleaning. An exception is a plinth with a cable channel, but it is often used for laying low-current wires used to connect the Internet, telephone, and antenna.
According to the scheme we made with our own hands, we purchase material, purchase accessories, and stock up on tools for cutting.
It is advisable for beginners to stock up on a box 10-15% more than the estimated footage. It is not necessary to cut all the material at once into the segments required for installation. In fact, deviations inherent in domestic construction will definitely come to light.
It is better to act consistently: I measured it 7 times - for sure I attached it to the installation site - carefully cut it off - attached it. And so with each segment, for fixing which on the wall you need to pre-mark the installation site with a simple pencil. In the process of marking the future route, you do not need to focus on the floor/wall, wall/ceiling, etc. interface lines. Verify the actual position with a level gauge and a plumb bob.
Mounting options for the electrical box
The method of fastening electrical boxes is determined by the material from which the walls are composed. Those who want to get involved self-installation plastic cable channels can:
- corny to glue the base to a wooden, wallpapered, painted wall, to a partition made of moisture-resistant drywall or sheathed with plywood, any slab of pressed woodworking waste;
- screw with galvanized screws to a wooden surface;
- fix the base on concrete or brick wall with the help of dowel-nails;
- combine the adhesive method with mounting on self-tapping screws.
Boxes with adhesive tape planted on the base at the factory are commercially available, but they are preferred for temporary wiring due to doubts about reliability.
You need to cut the boxes together with the lids snapped onto them. When constructing a route from several segments, care must be taken so that the junctions of the two bases do not coincide with the junctions of the covers. Simply put, swap the lids: close the long section first with a short lid, then with a long one and vice versa.
Specificity of gluing the cable channel
Gluing is easier than ever, but you need to take into account that you need to completely forget about dismantling the glued box. It’s impossible to tear it off just like that, only together with a piece of the wall or its decoration. True, the installation will require a minimum of effort and time, from Supplies only glue, for example, "liquid nails".
The algorithm is the following:
- we apply the adhesive composition in a kind of zigzag with a step between the "tops" equal to approximately 1.5 times the width of the box;
- we apply the base treated with glue to the wall, but do not fix it on it, but remove it to the side;
- we wait until the adhesive trace remaining on the wall thickens;
- set the channel in place and press it with force;
- again waiting for the glue to harden.
For your own peace of mind and increased reliability, you can supplement the adhesive fastening with nails hammered along the central axis of the box in increments of 50-60 cm.
Only after hardening it will be possible to start laying the cable, which for convenience must be fixed in the channel. For permanent fixation, special plastic holders. Economical masters can use improvised devices: pieces of the cover or the cable channel itself. Temporary fixtures should no doubt be removed before attaching the cover.
Advice. Cable laying in the built system is more convenient to perform, alternating with snapping the cover. Installed part of the wiring in the channel, then clicked, etc.
The nuances of the use of self-tapping screws
On inner surface the foundations of the channel must first be made holes. In a narrow profile, they can be placed in one line, in a wide box in a zigzag pattern. The spacing between the holes depends on the quality of the wall alignment. For flat surface 50 cm is enough. If there are minor gaps between the cable channel attached to the installation site and the wall, the step should be reduced to 30-40 cm. In general, “gaps” between the wall and the electrical box are undesirable. Channels are installed on a carefully leveled base.
We apply the section of the channel cable prepared for installation to the wall and screw the self-tapping screws through the holes formed.
The subtleties of using dowels with screws
The method is quite laborious, used for the construction of a cable line over brick or concrete walls:
- prepare the base of the channel: pre-drill holes;
- we apply it to the place of attachment in order to mark through the existing holes the points of the upcoming drilling of the wall;
- With a 6 mm drill, we drill holes for the dowel-nails of the recommended size 6 × 40 at the marked points;
- again we apply the base of the box to the attachment point;
- insert the dowels and tighten the screws.
Without experience in the field of installing boxes, it is undesirable to drill the base immediately on the wall and immediately insert the dowels. It is good if the result of errors closes in consequence directly by the cable channel. And if not?
Instructions for performing corner joints
The main requirement of this work is the absence visible to the eye"hole" between the elements after snapping the covers. To avoid cracks, you need to carefully measure and carefully cut, using a metal sheet and a miter box or trimming. Therefore, those who wish to independently build a cable channel system are strongly recommended to use accessories that hide all the flaws.
Minor errors can be masked with a color-matched sealant, but there is another way to create a neat corner transition. Instead of cutting two blanks at the traditional 45º angle, you can simply cut the walls of the bases to their full width. The boxes in such cases are overlapped. Cuts and cuts on the walls of the cable channel are made with scissors for metal.
We made sure that there are no special tricks in fixing electrical boxes. Connection of sockets and switches to the line laid in them is carried out in a standard way. If the performer stocks up on patience and mobilizes his own accuracy, the result can rightly be proud of.
Despite the abundance of various wall and floor light sources for rooms that have appeared in recent decades, the use ceiling lights, chandeliers in the apartment remains justified and necessary. After all, only the light falling from above can provide the necessary illumination of the entire room. Very often, various electrical appliances are placed under the ceiling - air conditioners and fans.
For these devices to work, it is necessary to provide uninterruptible power supply their electricity and at the same time without damage to the interior of the premises.
Types and methods of execution
According to the material used for the conductor, the wiring is divided into manufactured:
- from copper;
- from aluminium. Regulatory documents currently allow the use of aluminum only for products with a conductor cross section of at least 16 mm 2, therefore, such wiring is almost never used inside buildings.
According to the method of execution, electrical wiring is divided into:
- open, located on the surfaces of ceilings, walls, along beams, trusses;
- hidden, located inside parts, structures of buildings. Hidden is also considered wiring made in the voids of partitions and behind ceilings.
When laying on the ceiling, the floor material is also taken into account.
On reinforced concrete floors
In buildings with monolithic or prefabricated reinforced concrete floors, open wiring is used very rarely. In this case, the installation is carried out directly on the surface of the ceilings, on insulators, in boxes, electrical corrugated tubes (corrugations), pipes, metal hoses, cable channels. Temporary wiring is allowed to be freely suspended.
When attaching the wiring to the surface of the ceilings, nail clips are used (in this case, the nails are driven into pre-mounted dowels), dowel clamps, dowel ties. Before installation, the location on the ceiling of electrical appliances, lamps, cables is marked.
For wiring in pipes, corrugations, metal hoses, special clips or dowel-clamps are used. At the beginning of work on the ceiling, the places for attaching lamps and cables are marked. Then the installation of pipes, corrugations or metal hoses is carried out, in which cables are pulled with the help of wire. More often in buildings with reinforced concrete floors, hidden wiring is carried out along the ceiling.
If the overlap is monolithic, wiring must be provided at the stage of manufacturing the structure; for this, the cables are placed in plastic or metal pipes, which are attached to the reinforcement cage even before the concrete mixture is laid.
They should be fastened to structural reinforcement using plastic ties or wire.
Fastening the wiring to the bearing rods is not allowed. To replace the wires, they are simply pulled through embedded pipes using steel wire, or the old wire being replaced is used as a conductor.
The device of non-replaceable wiring embedded in panels and monolithic floor structures is not allowed.
In national teams reinforced concrete floors for wiring use voids in the slabs. Marking the location on the ceiling of fixtures and appliances. After that, the plate is drilled in the required places, and a cable is pulled with the help of a wire. Please note that this installation method is applicable if the direction of the wiring coincides with the direction of the voids in the slab.
If there is no possibility of laying inside the structure, it is allowed to install non-replaceable wiring under a layer of plaster. For this, flat cables are used, which are attached to the ceiling with wire, steel tape, nail clips before plastering works. The second way is to plaster the ceiling and lay the wiring in the grooved channels. There must be no crossing of flat cables when laying under plaster. If this is not feasible, the insulation at the intersections is reinforced with three to four layers of insulating tape.
Chasing floor slabs or monolithic structures is strictly prohibited.
It is also unacceptable to lay cables in the seams between the floor panels.
On wooden floors, beams, trusses
According to wood structures, wiring can be both open and hidden. open wiring on the ceiling is performed in the same way as on concrete structures. All mounting products must be made of metal or non-combustible material.
Fastening wiring to the ceiling on insulators in modern construction is used extremely rarely, mainly to imitate the old interior in the apartment. More often, wiring is installed in corrugations or metal hoses, which are mounted to the ceiling with clips. Often, pipes are also used, which are fastened with clamps. Cables are pulled into pipes or sleeves fixed on the surface using steel wire.
Increasingly, for the device wiring according to wooden surfaces plastic cable channels are used. This material does not support combustion, and the plastic is painted during production and imitates the texture of wood. Cable channels of suitable section are fixed on the ceiling surface with screws or self-tapping screws..
In places of bending, cable channels are cut at an angle. It is convenient to do this using a carpenter's miter box. Special products for bends and branchings are also produced. They greatly simplify the installation of electrical wiring on the ceiling. Further, cables are placed inside and closed with snap-on covers.
Concealed wiring is made according to wooden ceilings in a layer of plaster, under drywall, or inside ceiling structures.
When installing in plaster, the cables must be fastened along the asbestos strip or along steel tape. Clamps or nail clips are used to secure the cables.
It is strictly forbidden to fasten the cable by nailing it between the conductors. If the wiring is installed in channels punched in the plaster, it is possible to attach the cables with a quick-drying mortar with the addition of alabaster.
When performing, it is not necessary to ditch the channels, since the sheets are attached to a frame made of metal profiles. Necessarily, when laying for suspended ceilings, place cables inside metal pipes, which make it possible to localize the ignition of the wiring when a short circuit occurs. Pipes are allowed to use steel water and gas, or copper.
The diameter of the pipes must ensure that the required number of cables of the required size are laid. Before use, the pipes are inspected, crumpled are rejected. Then they are cut into pieces of the required length and cut at the ends. steel pipes carving. It is imperative to remove notches and burrs that can damage the cable insulation.
Sections of pipes are interconnected with corners or couplings. Copper pipes bent with special pipe benders.
It should be noted that when wiring any type of wiring in an apartment, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of replacing it due to physical wear and tear or emergency. Properly executed, they will ensure long-term and safe operation of the entire building or structure.
