Do-it-yourself cement at home. It's all about the proportions: what cement is made of so that the foundation stands for a long time. Making cement mortar with your own hands

Construction is a part of the lives of many citizens, especially those who live in the private sector. It surrounds people everywhere. Today, private construction is developing very actively. It is known that the most commonly used building materials are wood, concrete, brick, cement. Cement occupies an important place in this industry. With its help, roads, foundations for houses and garages, and some other structures are built. To prepare a cement mortar, it is necessary to have all its components on hand. Many do not know how to make cement with their own hands.

To prepare the simplest cement, you will need chalk and kaolin.

The cement mixture consists of three main parts: sand, water and cement powder. This distinguishes it from concrete in many ways. In concrete, in addition to all the listed components, there is one more - coarse-grained material. It can be represented by crushed stone or gravel. It is important that cement is different. The brand of the mixture is determined by the type of work performed and the basic requirements for structural strength. Let us consider in more detail the main stages of the preparation work. cement mortar at home.

To independently make a cement-sand mixture, you need to decide on its type. Currently, lean, normal and fatty solutions are isolated. All of them have their advantages and disadvantages. If in a normal solution the proportion of cement powder does not exceed the norm, then fatty ones contain a lot of cement. All this contributes to the fact that such a mixture, after hardening, will quickly crack. As for lean mortars, they contain more sand than cement powder. This makes them less durable. In addition, in the construction business there is such a thing as the brand of cement and the mortar itself.

The brand determines the compressive strength of the solution after hardening. The most commonly used in construction are mortar grades 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200. To make cement with your own hands, you need to choose it correctly. This takes into account the nature of the work. For example, for masonry and plastering works often a cement mixture of brand 100 or 150 is used. For the construction of blocks, it is recommended to use a solution of brand 100. As for the proportions of the main components, they can be different. This largely depends on the quality of the cement powder. Sand-cement mortars can be masonry, building or plastering.

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Stages of preparation of cement mortar

When making a cement mixture, it is necessary to remember the main stages of work. They include:

• correct selection of the brand of the mixture and the brand of cement powder;
• preparation of water, sand and various additives;
• direct cooking.

In some cases, builders need to determine the brand of the resulting solution. This is done quite simply. It is necessary to divide the brand of cement powder by the amount of sand (in buckets). For example, if the main component of grade 400 was used, and there were 4 buckets of sand, then the resulting solution will be grade 100. The first stage includes the selection of cement powder. The brand determines the quality of the material. The higher it is, the stronger the mixture and the whole structure will be.

An interesting fact is that different brands of cement can be used for the same mortar. The difference will be in the amount of cement used. Accordingly, the higher the brand of powder, the less it will be required. Ideally, the brand of the mixture should match the brand of the material (if plastering or masonry work is carried out). This is necessary so that the entire structure has one strength.

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Sand preparation for the mixture

The second very important and crucial stage is the preparation of all other components. First of all, it is sand. To make cement of high quality, you need to use river sand. It must be cleaned and sufficiently dried. Otherwise, excess moisture can change the water-cement ratio. You need to take the choice of sand for facing masonry very seriously. Such sand should not contain clay particles. The thing is that during the operation of the structure, the clay will leave the solution. All this will eventually lead to the formation of defects: cracks, holes, voids.

The quality of sand can be determined with the naked eye. River sand has a somewhat grayish color, while clay gives sand yellow tint. Uncleaned sand can also be used in construction, but not for facing masonry. It is suitable for backfill masonry. The amount of sand available should match the scope of work. It is desirable that immediately before use, the sand can lie down for several days. It must be protected from moisture and stored in a dry place.

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Solution water preparation

Before you make cement, you need to stock up on water. Used only pure water. Most often, groundwater is used. Salt water is not recommended. For greater convenience, you can extend the hose for the water supply. How much water is needed? The volume of water depends on the brand of the required solution and the quality of the cement. The volume of water in the preparation of the mixture is approximately equal to the volume of cement powder. If a bucket of powder is taken, then the same amount of water is required. Much attention is paid to the quality of the sand.

If it is wet and contains a lot of water, then its amount should be reduced. The solution should not be too liquid. Ideally, in consistency, it resembles sour cream. Of great importance is the fact that water is poured into the concrete mixer first. This ensures optimum mixing. Water is best divided into 2 servings. First one is added, and at the very end the second (if the mixture is thick).

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Other components

Cement is not only made up of cement powder, water and sand. Often other ingredients are added to it. These are various detergents. What are they needed for? Any cement has such characteristics as plasticity and mobility. The simplest solution is to add liquid soap or any other soap to the mixture. detergent. The volume of detergent is 50-100 ml. It will give the solution good plasticity. It must be remembered that this component is added immediately after the water, that is, at the very beginning. Water and detergent must be thoroughly mixed to form a small foam.

If you overdo it with this component, the mixture will lose its strength, and the design will be short-lived. Today, there are special additives on the market that can improve the quality of cement. These include various plasticizers and water repellents.

If liquid cement will be used for brick joints, then it is advisable to use dyes. It must be remembered that with a higher brand of liquid cement, the solution is darker.

Additives also include an elasticizer. It is used to make mortar for tiles. Superplasticizers give a good effect. With their help, it is possible to reduce the amount of powdered cement used.

In the construction industry, latex and reinforcing additives are successfully used. The latter increase the strength of the cement. At low temperatures, it is recommended to add additives that increase the frost resistance of the solution.

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Mixing the main components

You can prepare liquid cement without the involvement of specialists. This is done manually or with a concrete mixer. A concrete mixer allows you to save energy, as well as get the most homogeneous mass. First of all, water is poured into the concrete mixer. It is not used all, part of it is left for last. Then detergent or other liquid additives are added to the water. In order for the solution to dissolve well and mix with water, you must wait about 3-5 minutes and only then add bulk components. Sand is placed first. It is required to add only 50% of the required volume of sand.

At the next stage of work, all the cement powder is laid. After this, the mixture must be very thoroughly mixed and only then add the rest of the sand. To get high-quality liquid cement, you will need to very accurately calculate the ratio of the main components. If it is planned to prepare a mortar of brand 100 in the presence of cement powder of brand 500, then the ratio of cement to sand should be 1:5. This means that for 1 bucket of cement powder, 5 buckets of sand will be needed. If the grade of cement powder is 400, then the ratio will be 1:4. To prepare a mixture of brand 200, the ratio will be 1: 2 (in the presence of cement 400). Water must be added until a mixture of the desired consistency is obtained.

Cement is an artificial powdered substance that acts as a binder when mixing concrete. In combination with water, it forms a plastic mass, which subsequently hardens and becomes stone-like. What cement consists of primarily depends on the method of production. IN general case the basis is clinker in combination with mineral additives and gypsum.

History of cement

The word "cement" comes from the Latin caementum, which translates as "crushed, broken stone." This substance was the result of a search for ways to cope with the low water resistance of gypsum and limestone rocks. For this purpose, water-resistant mineral substances were introduced into their composition. At the very beginning, they were the remains of baked clay bricks and volcanic rocks. The ancient Romans used the ash deposits of the famous volcano Vesuvius - pozzolana.

The optimal cement production technology was developed many years later, when the need for in large numbers inexpensive and durable binder has not become the most pungent. The greatest contribution to the research was made by:

1. Mason John Aspind, who in 1824 received a patent for Portland cement.
2. Russian builder Yegor Cheliev, who wrote a book in 1825 on cement for underwater work.

The name Portland cement comes from the English island of Portland, consisting of limestone rocks. In England, stones from this island were considered the most prestigious building material. Aspind managed to obtain an artificial stone, which was very similar in strength and color to the specified material.

But it was made without firing the raw materials. Greater compliance of technology with what is today Portland cement is noted precisely in the production process of Cheliev.

What is cement made of: composition and main raw materials

The composition of cement includes the following components:

1. Lime (calcium oxide, CaO) - 60%.
2. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) - 20%.
3. Aluminum (alumina, Al2O3) - 4%.
4. Gypsum and iron oxides (Fe2O3) - 2%.
5. Magnesium oxide (MgO) - 1%.

The indicated percentage ratio of the listed components is typical for the most popular type of cement - Portland cement. It may change somewhat. It all depends on the production technology and class of cement products.

Important! existence various kinds and stamps due to the lack of accurate chemical formula cement. All important information give indicators of the mineralogical composition.

The main material from which cement is made is clinker. This is the name of the product of firing the raw materials - limestone and clay, which are taken in a ratio of 3: 1. Clinker is a semi-finished product for cement production. After firing at temperatures up to 1500 ° C, the clinker is crushed, as a result of which it is presented in the form of granules with a diameter of up to 60 mm.

When grinding, the following additives are introduced into the composition of clinker:

1. Gypsum (CaSO42H2O), which regulates the setting time.
2. Corrective additives (up to 15-20%) that improve certain properties of cement: plasticizers, additives, etc.).

Various rocks are used as the main raw materials for the production of cement:

1. Fossils of the carbonate type. They can have an amorphous or crystalline structure, which determines how effectively the material will interact with other components in the composition when fired.
2. Sedimentary origin. This is a clay raw material with a mineral base, which, with excessive moisture, becomes plastic and swells, i.e., increases in volume. The main feature of the material is its viscosity, which determines its use in a dry production process.

Among the carbonate rocks for the production of cement are used:

1. Marl limestone, or marl. It contains impurities of clay, therefore it is considered a transitional material between carbonate and clayey rocks.
2. Chalk is a kind of smearing limestone, which is characterized by ease of grinding.
3. Shell rock. It is characterized by a porous structure, which is not very resistant to compressive loads.
4. Dolomitic rocks. Of all the types of carbonate rocks, they are distinguished by the most valuable physical properties.

Clay rocks used in the manufacture of cement include:

1. Clay. The main variety of clay rocks with mineral inclusions in the composition.
2. Loam. Differs from clay in the increased concentration of dusty particles and sandy fraction.
3. Loess. Less plastic rock. It is more characterized by porosity, friability and fine grain. The loess may contain inclusions of quartz or silicate.
4. Shale. Of all the types of such rocks, it has the highest strength. When crushed, shale is converted into lamellar particles. There is little moisture in the material, it is characterized by a stable granulometric composition.

Corrective additives

In order to adjust the composition of cement, special mineral additives are introduced. First of all, these are fossil-based modifiers containing:

1. iron,
2. flint-belite
3. fluorspar,
4. apatite,
5. alumina.

Even corrective additives can be represented by industrial waste from other industries. They are used as:

1. pyrite cinders;
2. dust from blast furnaces;
3. belite sludge;
4. mineralizers.

The use of additives improves the characteristics of cement and concrete mortar, which is prepared on its basis. Each of the modifiers gives the mixture special properties, for example:

1. - has antifreeze, plasticizing and accelerating action.
2. - allows you to get a highly mobile concrete mix with increased workability, as well as increase the activity of the binder, i.e. cement, and ensure the completeness of hydration.
3. and - a waterproofing, water-reducing, water-repellent surface treatment.
4. - increases the strength, frost resistance, water resistance and durability of concrete products.
5. - a multifunctional water-reducing and plasticizing additive that increases the branded strength of concrete products.
6. - additive accelerator used for concrete mixtures, which require high early strength.

How cement is made: 3 main ways

Cement production in modern conditions carried out in one of three ways:

1. Wet. Its main feature is the replacement of lime with chalk, as well as the production process with the addition of water. The raw material for manufacturing here is a charge (a mixture of raw materials) with a moisture content of up to 50%.
2. Dry. This is a technology with minimal energy consumption and cost, since here several technological operations are combined into one process. Entering the ball mill, all components are simultaneously ground and dried.
3. Combined. This production method combines the features of dry and wet technology processes. Here, according to the results of firing, a semi-dry composition with a moisture content of 18% is obtained.

Dry method of production

How dry technology cement is made:

1. The feedstock is subjected to crushing.
2. Dry it to a certain level of humidity.
3. The dried mixture is ground to a state of flour.
4. It is fired inside a rotary kiln, after which it is cooled and sent to a warehouse.

Wet production technology

In contrast to the dry manufacturing method, here, after grinding the components, water is additionally added to them. The result is not flour, but raw sludge, which enters the kiln for roasting, and then into the refrigerator for cooling. Already cooled clinker is crushed and supplemented with additives.

Combined manufacturing technology

The combined method of cement production combines the stages of dry and wet:

1. First, raw sludge is obtained using wet technology.
2. The sludge is subjected to dehydration and granulation.
3. The granules are fired in a kiln, which is used for dry technology.

Clinker-free production method

In the clinker-free production technology, hydraulic or blast-furnace slag is used as a feedstock for the manufacture of cement. It is also supplemented with various additives and activators. The resulting slag-alkaline mixture is subjected to crushing and grinding to a powder state. This production technology has several advantages:

1. Improving the cleanliness of the environment through the processing of waste from the metallurgical industry.
2. Obtaining a product with high resistance to the negative effects of the environment.
3. Ability to produce cement with different properties and in a wide range of shades.
4. Lower costs for electricity and heat.

Types of cement by composition and scope

Video: what is portland slag cement

Production of cement in factories

The production of cement by the wet method is traditionally carried out by domestic cement plants. Abroad, dry technology is more often used. It is used by cement plants in China, Turkey and Egypt. White cement is produced by only one Russian enterprise - Kholsim (Rus) SM LLC. Much of this binder is often supplied by foreign companies, such as:

1. AalborgWhite (Denmark).
2. Cimsa/Adana (Türkiye).
3. Holsim (Slovakia).

IN general view cement production technology includes several stages:

1. Mixing of all components for the manufacture of clinker (75% limestone and 25% clay).
2. Roasting of feedstock at high temperature. At this stage, clinker is obtained, which is the basis for cement.
3. Grinding of clinker in ball mills. The result should be a substance of a powdery consistency. Ball mill is horizontal drums with steel balls inside.

Please note: the smaller the clinker grinding fraction, the higher the performance characteristics and the grade of the cement composition.

Equipment for the production of cement

Cement production at each stage requires the use of special equipment. It is divided into the following categories:

1. for the extraction of raw materials;
2. for the transportation of raw materials to the place of production;
3. kiln for roasting;
4. ball mills for grinding and mixing clinker;
5. machines for packing finished cement.

How to make cement at home

You can get cement at home, but only if you have all the raw materials and necessary equipment:

1. blast furnace for roasting at a temperature of 1500 °C;
2. crusher for grinding clinker into flour.

In one of the ways homemade cement used resin and sulfur. The resulting cement can be used for laying tiles and bricks, creating cement screed. Manufacturing technology is as follows:

1. Melt 1 kg of resin in a metal container, 1 kg of sulfur in a refractory container.
2. Combine liquid ingredients, mix until smooth.
3. Enter 2 kg of sifted homogeneous sand and 3 kg of lead oxide (lead litharge).
4. Constantly heating the mixture, stir it until a homogeneous mass is obtained.
5. Fire in a blast furnace and allow the product to settle.

In reality, there are certain difficulties with the manufacture of cement at home, since the production requires a kiln and a grinding mill. In this regard, at home, it is necessary to slightly change the recipe of cement, using water, water lime and stone ash for its manufacture. The resulting solution is suitable for sealing small cracks, and it must be used immediately after manufacture.

Video: how to make refractory cement from ash

How white cement is made

The difference between white cement also lies in the composition. It contains less iron than gray, and there are also additives:

1. mineral,
2. gypsum,
3. salt,
4. limestone, etc.

The raw material for the manufacture of white cement are clay or carbonate rocks. The main advantage of the binder is its snow-white color, which increases decorative properties cement mixture. Because of this white cement often also called decorative. At the same time, due to the more complex production technology, the material has a higher cost.

Video: Loft-style white concrete table

Video: how to prepare a mortar on white cement

Video: how and what cement is made of

To mix the cement mortar, it is necessary to observe the proportions of its components. 1 part of cement is 3 parts of sand. Water is added depending on how plastic or viscous the solution needs to be. Also, the proportions are selected taking into account the type of work and the brand of cement. For example, to prepare a solution for a floor screed, use the proportions from the table:

First, dry fractions are mixed together, i.e. cement and sand. Only then do they begin to add water in small portions, gradually bringing the composition to the desired consistency. As a filler, you can use not only sand, but also gravel or crushed stone.

Please note: it is better to use sedimentary water for mixing the solution, and not tap water.

Mortar classes for different types works:

1. M50 or M100 - for plastering;
2. M50 or M100 - for the construction of brickwork;
3. M100 or M200 - for floor screed;
4. M200 or M300 - for foundations and foundations.

To mix the solution, you must use a special pallet or concrete mixer. The latter allows you to get a mixture of the most homogeneous consistency.

Video: cement mortar, tool-free preparation

Video: how to mix cement mortar

Finally

In the modern world, cement is produced in a large number of different types, which allows you to choose a binder for any construction works. Through the use of various additives, cement can be given certain properties and used in various applications. difficult conditions, for example, for structures operated under water or at low temperatures. Cement is very easy to use, and can also be prepared at home if you know its composition and common technology manufacturing.

- the basis of any building structure. Almost every building around us, one way or another, was erected using cement mortar. Construction, created on the basis of cement, can withstand multi-ton loads for decades, practically without experiencing negative impact from the outside. Why has cement been the most popular building material for decades? The editors of the site will try to reveal the very secret formula, thanks to which we will finally find out what exactly cement is made of and why it is considered one of the most durable materials in the world.

Read in the article

Regulations

Cement, like any other product, must pass the certification procedure. There are several GOSTs and SNiPs, which, to one degree or another, relate to the quality of the cement mixture. We list the main ones:

1. GOST 31108-2003 General construction cements. Specifications".
2. GOST 30515-97 “Cements. General technical conditions".
3. GOST 10178-85 “Portland cement and slag Portland cement. Specifications".

The chemical composition of cement

By itself, cement is nothing but a powder. It is created on the basis of clinker. The composition may contain various components and fillers.

Interesting fact! When the cement mortar hardens, its density is not inferior to the density of the stone. For creating artificial stone cement is also used.

Heating occurs up to +1450°C. The structure of natural components changes, and a new substance is obtained - clinker. After that, the resulting substance is combined with gypsum and ground, as a result, cement powder familiar to everyone is obtained.

A comment

"This is what it looks like chemical composition finished cement powder: 67% calcium oxide (CaO), 22% silicon dioxide (SiO2), 5% aluminum oxide (Al2O3), 3% iron oxide (Fe2O3), 3% other components.

Main characteristics

For cement main technical specification its brand remains, it is this marking that will tell about such an important characteristic as an indicator of the maximum load in kg.

The numbers indicate the maximum rate that can withstand cured cement. It is also called the compressive strength index. In practice, this value indicates the weight that the material can withstand without collapsing. For example, when using M200 cement, the load that 1 cm³ can withstand is 200 kg.

Interestingly, it is allowed to test cement only after complete drying, and this happens after 28 days and not earlier. After that, the test sample of cement is placed under the press and compressed. The pressure at which he began to collapse is his mark. Moreover, the procedure is repeated six times, and then the arithmetic mean is calculated from the 4 best indicators. This indicator is measured in MPa and kg / cm².

A comment

Head of the team of the repair and construction company "Dom Premium"

"The letter "D" denotes data on special additives used in cement. For example, D10 indicates that 10% additives were added to the dry mix. Thanks to them, it is possible to give the finished structure additional strength and frost resistance.

Types of cement by use

As we noted earlier, various additives affect the quality of the cement mixture. From this depends on its scope and strength. For example, frost-resistant samples are used in and buildings in areas with a harsh climate, in seismically hazardous areas, additives are used that increase the stickiness of the mixture. They, in turn, do not allow concrete structures to crack.

Interesting fact! During the freezing process, the water contained in the concrete expands and begins to destroy it from the inside. However modern technologies allow to improve the degree of frost resistance, mineral additives are added to the cement powder, for example, neutralized wood pitch. They create a strong shell around water particles.

Most often, various additives are added to the cement mixture, the percentage of which can reach 10 and 20%. For the construction of monolithic buildings I use cement grade M500. Such a material has a higher solidification rate and strength. Usually, load-bearing structures are also erected from such a cement mixture.

What is cement made of?

Typically, cement plants are built where there are deposits of limestone and other rocks that are used to create clinker. The main natural elements from which cement is made are:

• fossils of the carbonate type: crystalline rocks that can be burned;
• clay materials, as well as sedimentary rocks of mineral origin. The raw material is characterized by viscosity, it is used in the dry method of production.

A comment

Head of the team of the repair and construction company "Dom Premium"

"When choosing cement, pay attention to such an indicator as the fineness of grinding. The finer the powder structure, the stronger the mixture will be.

Carbonate rocks

What carbonate rocks are used in the production of cement:

• chalk(limestone variation) - easy to process, cheap and versatile;
• marl, or marl limestone. The advantage of these rocks is that they contain a sufficient amount of moisture, in addition, they contain the necessary particles of clay;
• limestone raw material, shell rocks, characterized by the absence of silicon inclusions. The rock has a porous structure, is easily destroyed under the influence of compressive forces;
• carbonate rocks. They are characterized by valuable physical properties.

Clay raw materials

Clay rocks include:

• clay containing mineral inclusions that swell when water is added;
• loams− diluted with sand fraction;
• shales- strong clay rocks;
• loess- inelastic porous rock with inclusion of quartz.

Corrective additives

In addition to mineral raw materials, special plasticizers are used in the production of cement. Most often, additives based on fossils containing fluorspar and apatite are used.

Important! The basis of any binder is cement clinker and only 15-20% mineral supplements. The strength of the future cement and its other characteristics depend on it.

How cement is made in production

Like any production, the creation of a cement mixture takes place strictly according to a special technological scheme. And it consists of the following steps:

1. Creation of clinker. It, recall, is made of limestone and clay in a percentage ratio of 75 × 25. The mixture is placed in an oven, at a temperature of approximately +1500°C, the composition changes. A viscous substance is formed that securely fastens all clinker granules. The resulting clinker is cooled in special refrigeration units.
2. Then the granules are further crushed. Grinding takes place in special grinding mills. They are drums with steel balls placed there.
3. Finely dispersed and mineral additives are also added to the crushed clinker.

Exist different technologies preparation of raw materials. Let's consider the main ones.

wet method

Wet technology involves the mandatory addition of water at the grinding stage; in this case, chalk is used instead of lime. In this case, a special mixture, or charge, is formed, which is then re-dried in an oven, turning into a kind of glass ball, which is then crushed again. At the same time, the cost of cement increases significantly. Do you think that the mixture prepared in this way is more durable.

Dry way

The dry method is a cheaper option. In this case, in practice, two technological operations are combined - grinding and drying the mixture. Hot gases are sent to the ball mill, which carry out drying. Here, the output is a ready-made powder.

Combined techniques

The combined version combines the features of the wet and dry methods. Technology is different in every enterprise. Sometimes instead wet process, allowing clinker moistening up to 50%, use options with a decrease in humidity at this stage to 18 or 20%. The second method involves the preparation of a dry mixture, followed by moistening up to 14%, granulation, and final annealing. It all depends on the tasks that the technologist faces.

How to make cement at home

Despite the apparent complexity of cement production, it is possible to make it yourself at home. It is clear that this option will not be as technologically advanced as at the factory, and it will also not work to burn it at the required temperature. However, we can tell you some tricks. Consider one of the popular recipes for creating a composition that is quite suitable for sealing gaps and. To create a mixture, we need water lime, rock ash and ordinary water.

It is impossible to make cement at home with your own hands. However, many private developers are interested in the question: “How do they get this unique construction material for which they pay decent money?

Cement production

The main component for the production of cement is clinker. Clinker is a mixture of materials of natural origin (usually lime and clay) that have been fired at high temperatures in special kilns. In general, the clinker formulation for cement production includes 75% limestone and 25% clay. Sometimes clay is replaced by others natural materials- dolomite or tripoli.

IN environment There is a natural clinker that can be used to produce cement directly without firing. This is a rock - marl. Due to low power deposits of natural clinker, its use is very limited, so the vast majority of cement plants in Russia use clinker, consisting of clay and lime, to produce cement.

In the process of cement production, when grinding clinker, so-called “hydraulic” materials are added to it - gypsum (3% of the clinker volume) or dolomite (15% of the clinker volume).

Main stages

• Thorough mixing of clinker components in special large steel drums (screens);
• Clinker firing in kilns. The components of the material react and combine with each other in the form of grains the size of a small walnut;
• Grinding to powder. The cement grinding process takes place inside ball screens, which are a long horizontal drum inside, which contains steel objects - balls and cones;
• The cement is ready. It should be for packaging or for adding additives and for packaging and shipment to the consumer.

Cement production technologies

In general, cement production technologies differ from each other only in the process of preparing clinker. At the moment, there are three types of cement production technologies that are successfully applied:

• wet;
• Dry;
• Combined.

Wet technology. In this embodiment, chalk and clay are used to make clinker. Mixing and grinding of the components takes place in a steel drum with the obligatory presence of water. The charge obtained in this way has a moisture content of 30-50%, and, having entered the firing furnace, it turns into spherical granules, which follow for grinding. The technology is energy-consuming, therefore it is used to a limited extent.

Dry method for producing cement – the future of manufacturing this material. In this case, it was possible to combine several processes with one technology, which gave significant savings and a significant reduction in the cost of production. For example, white cement M500, produced by " wet technology"at the Shchurovsky cement plant, it retails 690 rubles for 1 bag weighing 50 kg, and exactly the same bag of Turkish or Egyptian cement M500 produced by "dry technology" can be purchased for 300 rubles for a bag weighing 50 kg.