Fertilizer in spring. Preparing the beds. Proper preparation of a bed for carrots in spring

In order for the harvest from the fields to be rich and healthy, the farmer must know the basic properties of the soil, its types and preparation rules before planting. Improving high-quality composition soil and using biologically and chemically active preparations, the owner will be able to increase the yield and quality of the harvested products.

Soil is a substrate, a formation consisting of small solid particles of organic or inorganic origin with a distance between them that allows oxygen and water to penetrate into it in certain quantities. Soil is the main, most important and valuable resource in agriculture. Productivity, and, as a consequence, the profitability and efficiency of any production, depends on the condition of the soil, its saturation with mineral elements, nutrients, water and air. Since ancient times, the possession of fertile soil has been considered a sign of prosperity, and the ability to properly cultivate it a century or two ago was one of the most important skills of any average person.

Basic soil properties

As an agricultural resource, soil has the following properties:

• indispensability;
• limited quantity;
• inability to move;
• fertility.

These features emphasize the need for exceptionally careful treatment of soil resources and constant concern for increasing soil fertility (fertility is a soil structure in which plants are freely supplied with water and minerals).

The natural level of fertility is rarely conducive to growing cultivated plants that are sensitive to conditions and require large amounts of nutrients. In addition, it falls over time, since the amount useful substances limited, and every plant planted in a given soil absorbs them. Applying fertilizers, organic or mineral, fighting weeds, planting crops herbaceous plants By using tillageless and high-tech tillage systems, any agricultural enterprise or farm can achieve high levels of so-called effective fertility: the condition of the soil in which it is able to supply nutrients to a given number of plants.

Scientists claim that, in terms of mechanical composition, the best soils for growing various crops are humus-rich, loose sandy loam and loamy soils. Agriculture is carried out in areas with soils suitable for cultivation, under climatic conditions characteristic of the area and easily tolerated by plants. Production at small areas doesn't make sense. In this regard, agro-industrial enterprises, as a rule, are based on large areas, which leads to the need for mechanization of production.

Over time, any productive force wears out. The soil is rational use its resources, regular fertilization, restoration work does not deteriorate, but, on the contrary, becomes better, soil fertility increases. It performs many functions in the biosphere, the main ones:

• is the habitat of some animals;
• is a “supplier” of food for plants;
• collects and stores an impressive amount of chemical energy;
• maintains the balance of the biosphere.

All of the above speaks of the value of the soil and its exceptional benefits with proper, rational use. To provide optimal conditions For crop germination, the soil must be carefully prepared.

First you need to understand what type of soil should be cultivated:

• Clay soil is hard; when heavily moistened, such soil becomes viscous, easily deformed, but difficult to break. Some varieties of roses, irises, raspberries, figs, apple trees, cherries, hawthorn, many legumes and nightshades grow on such soils.
• Loamy soil in a dry state is ground into powder, upon closer examination of which grains of sand and dust particles are revealed. When moistened, it becomes easily deformable. In the conditions of the development of modern agricultural science, any crops grow on such soils, but the highest yields are produced by plants of the legume, cruciferous and nightshade families.
• Dry sandy loam soil is ground into a homogeneous powder between the fingers. Upon examination, sand can be discerned. When wet, it is difficult to deform. Suitable for growing various root crops, legumes and cruciferous vegetables.
• Sandy soil when dry is a coarse powder. Does not deform when moistened. Allows you to grow some nightshades and root vegetables.
• Crushed stone or cartilaginous soil contains clay, sand, crushed stone and cartilaginous particles. Suitable for growing coniferous trees.

Preparing the soil before planting

There are several methods of tillage, the combination of which completely prepares the soil for sowing:

1. Mechanical loosening.
2. Fertilization with organic and mineral substances.
3. Treatment with biologically and chemically active substances.

Mechanical loosening

Mechanical loosening is carried out in order to saturate the soil with oxygen and minimize obstacles to the plant’s root system. It can be done with your own hands or using special equipment, and can be simple or double.
Before starting loosening, it is checked whether it should be done. If the soil crumbles easily from a depth of 8-20 centimeters, then loosening can be done; the absence of this effect indicates that it is too early to loosen.

Before the procedure, all plants from the selected area are removed. Removed upper layer turf by approximately 8-10 centimeters. Double (planting) loosening is carried out at a depth of 45-60 cm, which improves drainage by destroying hardened layers of soil. When the turf is removed, a kind of “trench” no more than 30 cm wide is dug in strips across the entire area; the earth dug out from one “trench” is poured into another. After planting loosening is completed, the soil surface rises slightly. Planting begins after leveling the soil level.

The lack of organic and mineral substances is filled with fertilizers. For example, when the acid-base balance increases, sulfate-containing fertilizers are added to the soil, and when it decreases, limestone is added. The mineral balance of the soil is determined by special instruments.
As organic fertilizers Any plant waste is suitable - sawdust, fallen leaves, small pieces of tree bark, dead herbaceous plants, mown grass, rotten fruits. All this is collected in one container, poured, and after two months it is ready for use.

Features of soil preparation for sowing:

1. Training is carried out annually.
2. It is necessary to create a fertile soil layer 35-40 centimeters thick; every year the thickness of this layer should increase by 3-5 centimeters.
3. Soil cultivation is mandatory.

Treatment with chemically and biologically active substances

Microorganisms play important role in creating soil fertility. Microorganisms are involved in many processes, for example, organic decomposition. Microbial cenosis on plant roots is strictly specific. Microorganisms help the plant to feed and sometimes perform a protective function. Some microorganisms are capable of breaking down harmful substances– phosphates. The formation of humus is entirely due to the activity of microorganisms.

Before sowing, preparations “EM-1”, “Oksizin”, “Baikal-1”, containing microorganisms that maintain soil fertility, are introduced into the soil. Phytocide preparations or pesticides are applied to control plant pests.

Preparing the soil in a greenhouse occurs using the three steps described above. Fertilizers rich in magnesium, molybdenum, manganese, nitrogen, calcium, potassium, sodium, and boron are applied. For example, green manure.
Green manures are plants that easily form shoots, grown on cultivated lands. These plants subsequently “smell” into the soil, becoming sources of organic matter and a habitat for soil microorganisms. The most commonly used green manures are:

• representatives of the legume family (clover, sweet clover, vetch and others);
• representatives of the Cruciferous family (shepherd's purse, rapeseed and others);
• representatives of the Cereal family (Sudan grass, breadbasket and others).

They should be sown in spring (between March and April) and autumn (after harvest), and plowed in 1-2 weeks before planting. It is also important to moisten and warm the soil in early spring, since in greenhouses it usually dries out very much, so it is a good heat insulator. To do this, it is recommended to heat the ridges simultaneously from three sides after loosening the soil. Small grooves can be made to increase the contact area warm air with soil. After this, the soil is moistened with an EM solution and watered.

Preparing the soil for planting cucumbers

Cucumbers are quite demanding in terms of conditions. environment plants. They can be grown either on outdoors, and in the greenhouse. They need special conditions. The main ones:

1. High illumination.
2. High air humidity (up to 80%).
3. Medium high temperatures (about 25◦C).
4. Soil pH 6-7.5. Acidic soils must be limed before planting cucumbers.
5. Watering warm water(not lower than 18 C).

Tilling the soil before planting cucumbers requires a special approach, since this vegetable crop is quite capricious.

1. If the soil is acidic, be sure to liming.
2. Carry out mechanical loosening of the soil.
3. Apply 10-15 kilograms of organic fertilizers per m2.
4. Contribute mineral fertilizers(about 10 grams of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus).
5. Form beds measuring 80x60 centimeters with a layer of soil at least 45 centimeters thick.

Soil preparation: the best experience of domestic enterprises

Bogoroditsky Alliance LLC is recognized as a leader in the potato growing industry. In 2014, the organization became the “Best Machine Operator” and the “Organization that Achieved best results in the field of crop production" in the Tula region. A high degree of mechanization, the operation of plowless systems, the creation of an artificial irrigation system, hydraulic engineering measures, and the use of modern soil-safe fertilizers allow them to keep the soil in ideal condition - and this bears fruit - huge harvests. Since 2013, the company has been implementing a precision farming program.

To maintain the organic balance of the soil, farm staff actively use green manure, plant herbaceous and earthen crops. To maintain sufficient amounts of minerals, the organization uses high-quality fertilizers based on nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium.

After all, “a spring day feeds the whole year.” For summer residents, this proverb is like a law, so with the arrival of the first warmth they rush to their plots. Nothing can stop the start of the gardening season, not sudden snow, not still cold wind, not rain. What you need to do in the spring to guarantee yourself good harvest?

Preparing beds in spring - a reminder for beginning gardeners

When preparing the soil in spring, the first thing you need to do is remove what is left in the garden from last year. Plants that were used for snow retention in winter should be disposed of.

Mulching

The easiest way to dispose of plant waste is to collect and put it in a compost heap. But there is a better option. If branches and plant residues are processed into mulch, the soil on the site will receive additional organic matter and will not become depleted.

There is a lot for this useful tool – garden shredder. It is designed for crushing various garden waste plant origin: branches, tree bark, stems, leaves, weeds, corn cobs and others. All of this can easily be turned into wonderful organic mulch.

Wood chips take quite a long time to decompose - almost 5 years, but this is how Canadians restore soil fertility on depleted lands. Mulching not only enriches the soil with natural beneficial elements, but also retains moisture in it and protects plants from overheating and recurrent frosts. Thanks to the shredder, the garden becomes more well-groomed.

Weed control

Of course, it is better to border the beds and add the imported soil in layers, interspersing it with organic matter. An example of such a global improvement in soil structure can be seen in our experience of constructing a high bed - we also purchased fertile soil there.

Top dressing

Fertilizing in the spring is a very important agrotechnical practice. It is best to use organic matter: humus, compost, weed infusions. It is last year’s unripe compost that can be used during deep digging (if you decide to dig, of course). It will help to grow a good harvest of pumpkins: cucumbers, zucchini, pumpkins. These plants simply adore unripe organic matter. By absorbing nutrients fresh, they will grow and develop quickly. Worms will also be delighted with immature compost, which will immediately form numerous colonies on the site.

We have been laying organic matter in the beds for pumpkin crops since the fall - collecting fallen leaves, carrion and kitchen waste. And in the spring we move apart the immature plant remains and plant seedlings. EM preparations, as well as a little compost left in the underground for the winter, significantly accelerate the decomposition of organic matter directly in the garden bed.

One bucket of compost overwintered in the warmth is enough for 30 m² of beds. We spotted this trick from Yu.I. Slaschinina and use it with pleasure. It has been proven that beneficial microorganisms that have overwintered in warm conditions quickly remove soil microbes from anabiosis and the yield in such beds is higher.

Ash and mature compost are suitable for almost all plants without exception. Carrots do not like ash - the root vegetables are densely overgrown with thin roots and become hairy. If you add both of these fertilizers to the beds, the plants will quickly gain green mass. Ash and rotted compost provide crops with almost all mineral components: potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, sulfur, boron, manganese and others. And all of them are perfectly absorbed by plants.

For a beginning summer resident, high-quality work with soil is the key to a future harvest. Take the time to prepare the beds in the spring, and then throughout the season you will enjoy the juicy and tasty “results” of your labor.

Fig, fig, fig tree - these are all names of the same plant, which we strongly associate with Mediterranean life. Anyone who has ever tasted fig fruits knows how delicious they are. But, in addition to their delicate sweet taste, they are also very beneficial for health. And here's an interesting detail: it turns out that figs are completely unpretentious plant. In addition, it can be successfully grown on a plot in middle lane or in the house - in a container.

Quite often, difficulties in growing tomato seedlings arise even among experienced summer residents. For some, all the seedlings turn out to be elongated and weak, for others, they suddenly begin to fall and die. The thing is that it is difficult to maintain ideal conditions for growing seedlings in an apartment. Seedlings of any plants need to be provided with plenty of light, sufficient humidity and optimal temperature. What else do you need to know and observe when growing tomato seedlings in an apartment?

Delicious vinaigrette with apple and sauerkraut- vegetarian salad from cooked and chilled, raw, pickled, salted, pickled vegetables and fruits. The name comes from the French vinegar sauce, olive oil and mustard (vinaigrette). Vinaigrette appeared in Russian cuisine not so long ago, around the beginning of the 19th century; perhaps the recipe was borrowed from Austrian or German cuisine, since the ingredients for Austrian herring salad are very similar.

When we dreamily sort through bright packets of seeds in our hands, we are sometimes subconsciously convinced that we have a prototype of the future plant. We mentally allocate a place for it in the flower garden and look forward to the cherished day of the appearance of the first bud. However, buying seeds does not always guarantee that you will eventually get the desired flower. I would like to draw attention to the reasons why seeds may not sprout or die at the very beginning of germination.

Spring is coming, and gardeners have more work to do, and with the onset of warmer weather, changes in the garden occur rapidly. The buds are already beginning to swell on plants that were still dormant yesterday, and everything is literally coming to life before our eyes. After a long winter, this is good news. But along with the garden, its problems come to life - insect pests and pathogens. Weevils, flower beetles, aphids, clasterosporiosis, maniliosis, scab, powdery mildew - the list could go on for a very long time.

Breakfast toast with avocado and egg salad is a great way to start the day. The egg salad in this recipe acts as a thick sauce that is seasoned with fresh vegetables and shrimp. My egg salad is quite unusual, it is a dietary version of everyone’s favorite snack - with Feta cheese, Greek yogurt and red caviar. If you have time in the morning, never deny yourself the pleasure of cooking something tasty and healthy. You need to start the day with positive emotions!

Perhaps every woman has at least once received a blooming orchid as a gift. It’s not surprising, because such a living bouquet looks amazing and blooms for a long time. Orchids cannot be called very difficult to grow indoor crops, but failure to comply with the main conditions for their maintenance often leads to the loss of the flower. If you are just getting started with indoor orchids, you should find out the correct answers to the main questions about growing these beautiful plants at home.

Lush cheesecakes with poppy seeds and raisins prepared according to this recipe are eaten in no time in my family. Moderately sweet, plump, tender, with an appetizing crust, without excess oil, in a word, exactly the same as my mother or grandmother fried in childhood. If the raisins are very sweet, then you don’t need to add granulated sugar at all; without sugar, the cheesecakes will be better fried and will never burn. Cook them in a well-heated frying pan, greased with oil, over low heat and without a lid!

Cherry tomatoes differ from their larger counterparts not only in the small size of their berries. Many cherry varieties are characterized by a unique sweet taste, which is very different from the classic tomato taste. Anyone who has never tried such cherry tomatoes with their eyes closed may well decide that they are tasting some unusual exotic fruit. In this article I will talk about five different cherry tomatoes that have the sweetest fruits with unusual colors.

I started growing annual flowers in the garden and on the balcony more than 20 years ago, but I will never forget my first petunia, which I planted in the country along the path. Only a couple of decades have passed, but you’re amazed at how different the petunias of the past are from the many-sided hybrids of today! In this article, I propose to trace the history of the transformation of this flower from a simpleton into a real queen of annuals, as well as consider modern varieties of unusual colors.

Salad with spicy chicken, mushrooms, cheese and grapes - aromatic and satisfying. This dish can be served as a main dish if you are preparing a cold dinner. Cheese, nuts, mayonnaise are high-calorie foods; in combination with spicy fried chicken and mushrooms, you get a very nutritious snack, which is refreshed by sweet and sour grapes. The chicken in this recipe is marinated in a spicy mixture of ground cinnamon, turmeric and chili powder. If you like food with fire, use hot chili.

The question is how to grow healthy seedlings, all summer residents are concerned about early spring. It seems that there are no secrets here - the main thing for fast and strong seedlings is to provide them with warmth, moisture and light. But in practice, in a city apartment or private house, this is not so easy to do. Of course, everyone experienced gardener There is a proven way to grow seedlings. But today we will talk about a relatively new assistant in this matter - the propagator.

The Sanka tomato variety is one of the most popular in Russia. Why? The answer is simple. He is the very first to bear fruit in the garden. Tomatoes ripen when other varieties have not even bloomed yet. Of course, if you follow the growing recommendations and make an effort, even a novice grower will receive a rich harvest and joy from the process. And so that your efforts are not in vain, we advise you to plant high-quality seeds. For example, such as seeds from TM “Agrosuccess”.

Task indoor plants in the house - to decorate the home with your own appearance, to create a special atmosphere of comfort. For this reason, we are ready to take care of them regularly. Care is not only about watering on time, although this is important. It is also necessary to create other conditions: suitable lighting, humidity and air temperature, and make a correct and timely transplant. For experienced flower growers there is nothing supernatural about this. But beginners often face certain difficulties.

It’s easy to prepare tender chicken breast cutlets with champignons according to this recipe with step by step photos. There is an opinion that it is difficult to make juicy and tender cutlets from chicken breast, but this is not so! Chicken meat contains virtually no fat, which is why it is a bit dry. But, if you add to chicken fillet cream, White bread and mushrooms with onions, you will get amazingly delicious cutlets that both children and adults will love. During mushroom season, try adding wild mushrooms to the minced meat.

Preparations for the gardening season begin in early spring. But before that, at the end of winter, careful planning must be carried out to ensure that the preparatory work is as effective as possible. If you have a site plan, great. If not, you will have to go to the dacha and conduct a “reconnaissance” of the area. It is necessary to get an accurate idea of ​​what and in what volume you will grow in the coming season. And as soon as April comes, begin to prepare the land for the future abundant harvest.

Start of preparatory work

Preparation of beds in the spring begins depending on the climatic conditions of your area. Traditionally in the middle zone it is April. The main thing is that the snow melts and the temperature rises above zero.

You shouldn’t go “to the field” as soon as the last snow has disappeared. Wait until the sun dries the top layer of soil, and the moisture from the melting snow goes deeper into the ground.

While the garden looks like a mud bath, the summer resident has something to do. Arranging a garden also requires attention. And so as not to waste precious time on processing and trimming later fruit trees And berry bushes, do this first.

They need to be freed from insulation and protective coverings, whitened if you have not done this before, sanitary pruning before the buds wake up, and preventive treatment to protect the young green leaves that will soon appear from greedy pests.

How to know when the soil is ready for cultivation

To understand whether the soil is ready or not for spring preparation of beds, people have long used a proven method. Take some earth in your palm and try to crumble it. The soil should break up into small fragments.

If it lies in a sticky lump, it is too early to process it. But if it crumbles as soon as you touch it, it means you’re a little late and the ground is dry.

You should not wait for the soil to dry out, otherwise you will have to water-charge the entire garden before sowing. To make the soil ready for cultivation faster, for sowing cold-resistant and early crops, sprinkle peat on the remaining snow on the beds. This will speed up the warm-up and allow you to start processing earlier.

Preparation in stages

Like any planned action, spring training gardening has its own stages, each of which must be completed in its own time. Much depends on what garden work were held in the fall.

Digging

If you have not dug up the soil since the fall (it is recommended to do this in October, when the harvest has been harvested, the residues have been removed, but the cold has not yet arrived in full force), digging will be the first stage in preparation for sowing. There is no need to dig deep in the spring. If the autumn digging is done to a depth of 25 cm, in the spring 15 cm is enough. But the rotation of the layer must be complete so that the entire lower part of the soil is on top.

Fertilizer

Simultaneously with digging, the soil is saturated with nitrogen. You can only add well and completely rotted compost or manure. If you dug up your garden in the fall and added organic matter, you can skip these two steps and go directly to loosening. If digging and fertilizing is done in the spring, wait a week until the soil is slightly compacted again.

Loosening

The dug up soil must be loosened. The loosening layer should be shallow - 5-10 cm. In this case, all the roots of weeds are removed so that they do not germinate, becoming an obstacle to the germination of sown cultivated seeds. If digging is carried out with a shovel, then for loosening it is better to use a rotary cultivator or, in the case of the formation of earth blocks, a star roller.

These devices can break up soil compactions and give the soil homogeneity and light structure.

Weeds and other plant waste that you remove from your garden bed can be composted. Also here, autumn foliage collected from the site is allowed if the trees are not affected by fungal diseases. You can transfer plants to compost pit with manure or sprinkle with humus. In the first case, it will take longer for the compost mass to rot.

Leveling and marking beds

Loosened soil must be leveled. This can be done with a regular rake. After this, you can begin marking the ridges. Traditionally, the maximum width of the beds should not exceed 1.2 m to make it convenient to sow, weed, dig and other plant care work. The length can be any at your discretion.

Along the edge of the bed, if there is no border at the border with the passage, it is good to pour earthen rollers up to 8 cm high. They will not allow moisture to drain from the bed during watering and will protect the useful sown area from the penetration of weeds from the outside.

If the garden space allows, create ideal beds, the width of which will be 60-70 cm. Between them, arrange paths of approximately the same width. Then everyone, even tall garden plants, will have enough sunlight moisture and space in the soil to grow to its full potential.

Interesting way:

Paths are also dug up, like ridges, but not so deeply, just to remove weed rhizomes from the soil. After the beds are ready, the paths are sprinkled with sawdust or other mulching material. This way weeds will not grow on them, which otherwise will soon end up on the usable area of ​​the bed, disturbing cultivated plants and taking away nutrients from them.

Can be equipped raised beds. This is especially true in the northern regions. Their borders are outlined half a meter wide wooden beam, slate, board, any materials so that you get a kind of box. The interior is filled with earth at a level higher than 35-45 cm than the level of the garden. The width can be about a meter, but not more than 1.2 m.

How to improve the soil

Sometimes it is necessary to improve not only the structure, but also the quality of the soil. In the spring this is done by applying fertilizers. To understand exactly what substances need to be added, evaluate the quality of the soil. This can be done manually by determining the type by the nature of the earthen clod. Clay soils do not break up from a coma. Fertile black soils are broken up with average force. Sandstones crumble instantly.

What can be used.

1. Organic fertilizers.
2. Mineral fertilizers.
3. Peat or sand bedding.

When applying fertilizers and auxiliary substances, moderation is important. Don't use too many cutting components, choose one or two depending on the needs of your soil.

What components are added to the soil?

How to prepare beds in greenhouses

In the greenhouse in the spring, it is also necessary to prepare the area for sowing. This is done two weeks earlier than the weather allows you to start preparing in the garden.

Often in greenhouses, crop rotation is not observed particularly carefully. The same crops have been sown in their places for years. Therefore, the soil must be prepared for sowing in a greenhouse with special care.

1. Replace the top layer first. Remove about 15 cm of old soil, take it out of the greenhouse (it can be used on open beds) and fill this place with freshly prepared soil.
2. For topping up, the soil is prepared from turf soil, river sand, humus and peat in a ratio of 1:1:3:5.
3. Next, the poured soil must be well moistened by choosing any watering method. You can, if there is still snow outside the greenhouse, throw it on the greenhouse beds. Once melted, it will provide the necessary moisture.
4. The last stage is loosening, marking the beds and arranging holes or furrows for sowing seeds.