How to make an effective septic tank without pumping with your own hands. Antiseptic for cesspools - proper sewer cleaning Installation of sewerage in a private house antiseptic

A rare country village or partnership, even near Moscow, can boast of having main water supply and sewerage systems, but mostly owners of suburban real estate have to acquire their own amenities. And in order not to pollute the environment, including the aquifer, with waste from their own vital activity, wastewater treatment systems have long outgrown the simplest cesspools, turning into more advanced structures.

There are a lot of different treatment plants and cleaning stations on sale. Wastewater from mechanical impurities, but despite all their effectiveness, their significant drawback is their considerable cost. Therefore, for many private owners the best option become homemade devices, enjoying deserved popularity among FORUMHOUSE craftsmen. Let's consider what a septic tank is, existing sanitary standards, parameters for choosing systems and the most popular varieties.

Septic tank operation diagram
How to choose a septic tank
The design of a septic tank from concrete rings
Features of monolithic reinforced concrete septic tanks
Plastic septic tanks from Eurocubes

Septic tank operation diagram

A septic tank is one of the elements of a complex autonomous (individual) domestic wastewater treatment system designed for collecting, settling and purifying wastewater. Accumulation and sedimentation occurs in a sealed container (when there are several chambers) or containers; from the settling tanks, the wastewater flows into a filtration well or onto soil filtration fields (underground, aboveground). The legislation prohibits the discharge of even settled and treated wastewater from a septic tank into open areas land. The system necessarily includes inspection/cleaning wells and ventilation risers; the vent riser is brought to the roof level to prevent the possibility of characteristic odors. Septic tanks are periodically cleared of sediment by a sewage disposal machine; if the volume of the septic tank is correctly selected, this procedure, even if you live permanently in the house, is required no more than once a year, or even several years.

Sanitary and building codes and standards governing the location, design and construction of septic tanks

Until recently, the main regulatory documents relating to septic tanks and biological protection stations were SNiPs and SanPiNs, developed at the end of the last century and the beginning of this one:

SNiP No. 2.04.03-85 (recommendatory), SP 32.13330.2012 (current standard) - parameters for the organization of external sewer networks and structures.
SNiP 2.04.04-84 and SNiP 2.04.01-85 - parameters for organizing internal and external water supply (outside the city, water supply is most often from a well and a well, and some provisions intersect with the rules for organizing septic tanks).
SanPiN 2.1.5.980-00 – protection of surface waters.
SanPiN 2.2.1/2.1.1.1200-03 – septic tanks are classified as environmentally friendly dangerous objects, this set of rules regulates the creation of protective zones around.

Adopted last year new standard organizations autonomous sewerage with septic tanks and soil (underground) filtration of wastewater - STO NOSTROY 2.17.176-2015. Now this is the main document that contains the design and installation rules, as well as the requirements for the results of the work.

The following rules apply for the location of treatment facilities relative to other objects on the site:

There is 5 meters between the septic tank and the house.
Between the septic tank and the water intake (well, well) - at least 20 meters, if between aquifer and the filtering field there is no connection through soil with high filtering capacity, from 50 to 80 meters, if the segment has loamy, sandy or sandy loam soils.
Between the septic tank and the side of the road - 5 meters.
Between the septic tank and the border of the site - 4 meters.
Between the septic tank and trees - 3 meters (1 meter to bushes).
Between the septic tank and the reservoir with running water(stream, river) – 10 meters.
Between the septic tank and a body of standing water (lake, pond) - 30 meters.
There is 5 meters between the septic tank and the underground gas main.

The main operating characteristic of a septic tank, on which its performance, the efficiency of wastewater treatment and the frequency of pumping will depend, is volume. It is calculated based on the number of household members, daily consumption rates and the capacity of the structure. By sanitary standards one person consumes 200 liters (0.2 mᶟ) per day. Throughput is the capacity of sedimentation tanks with a three-day reserve, plus a small increase for bottom sediments. To operate normally, a septic tank for a family of four requires a volume of 2.7 mᶟ (0.2x4x3+0.3=2.7). The volume of all chambers is calculated, but from the bottom to the level of the overflow pipes. To be on the safe side, you should add on the salvo drop or the arrival of relatives and make the volume a little more than the calculated one, as the super-moderator of our portal’s forum advises.

Vadim (spb) Super moderator FORUMHOUSE

Three cubes are enough for four people.

Options for choosing a septic tank

If the location of individual treatment facilities is regulated by standards, and the volume is selected depending on the amount of wastewater, then what type of septic tank will be, the design of the system and the method of organizing soil filtration depends, first of all, on the groundwater level (GWL) and the throughput (filtering) capacity of the soil. At low groundwater levels, almost any composite or monolithic structure is allowed. But if the soil has weak permeability (clayey soils), then it is necessary to increase the area of the filtration field, the length of the filtration tunnel or the layer of drainage cushion under the filtration well.

If the water level is high, then it is permissible to use only monolithic septic tanks (reinforced concrete, plastic containers) with several chambers and an additional sealed storage tank. From the storage tank via a float drain pump the settled wastewater will flow to the bulk filtration field (cassette and tunnel infiltrators are used). Underground filtration directly from the septic tank in a situation with close occurrence of perched water is unacceptable.

Ladomir Moderator FORUMHOUSE

It is necessary that the distance from the bottom of the filter structure to groundwater is at least a meter.

Popular types of homemade septic tanks

Among the participants of our portal, three types of homemade products are most in demand:

From concrete rings;
Monolithic reinforced concrete;
Plastic (from Eurocubes).

Construction of a septic tank made of concrete rings

When the State Water Inspectorate allows, the majority of forum members prefer concrete rings, from which two sealed chambers and a filtration well are usually assembled, connected to each other by overflow pipes. To get the most impermeable structure possible, choose rings with a groove connection; they are not only more resistant to possible ground movements, but it is also easier to achieve the tightness of such a seam. Use external and internal waterproofing with bitumen primers or solutions based on CPS with the addition of liquid glass. There are two options for the arrangement of cameras - sequential and combined.

In the first, settling tanks are placed one after another, and the FCs are placed at a short distance, each with its own neck and inspection cap. The optimal design for a septic tank of this type was developed by one of the participants with the nickname MatrasMSA with the help of a moderator Ladomira.

MatrasMSA User FORUMHOUSE

The plot is 40x60 meters with a slope, a bathhouse/guest house is currently being built, three people live on weekend visits and sometimes guests, in the future there will be a house for permanent residence. The groundwater level is low, it is problematic to get to the water, the well is 88 meters deep, according to neighbors, the soil is loam. I am planning a septic tank like this: the first and second wells are three rings each (1.5 m in diameter) with a concrete bottom, the third well is the same, but the bottom is on the ground.

During the discussion, the following typical recommendations for the device were given.

Ladomir

A straight tee is placed on the pipe entering the septic tank, the lower part is buried 15-30 cm into the drains, similarly on the outlet pipe.
The outlet from the septic tank is 5-10 cm lower than the entrance to it, measured along the lower pipe tray.
The overflow between the chambers is done at a depth of 0.4 m from the height of the drain column in the septic tank.
The height of the drains into the septic tank is the distance from the bottom to the bottom tray of the pipe coming out of the septic tank.
The branch pipe entering the filter well does not need to be equipped with a tee; it is routed in such a way that the wastewater flows into the center of the FC.
Under the filter well, gravel/crushed stone is added, 0.3-0.5 m thick, and sprinkled on the sides, in a layer of up to 0.2 m.

The combined septic tank (designed by A. Egoryshev) is compact due to the arrangement of sedimentation tanks and FC in a triangle and is suitable for small areas. All wells are closed with blind covers, in which inspection holes are cut out, a common neck (service well) is installed on top, and the fan riser is discharged through the cover of the service well. To prevent differences between settling tanks, the bottom of the pit is filled with concrete slab with a hole for the FC, a drainage pad (filter cassette) made of ASG, 10 cm thick, is poured under the slab onto a double layer of geotextile.

On our portal this scheme was proposed by a craftsman with the nickname s_e_s_h, having laid out the design and a similar construction process back in 2009, it is “alive” to this day, which proves the relevance of systems of a similar operating principle.

s_e_s_h User FORUMHOUSE

The requirements for the septic tank, taking into account the standards and needs of the family, were as follows:

Good treatment of domestic wastewater at the outlet of the septic tank.
Volume sufficient for permanent residence in the house for 3-4 people (bath, shower, 3 sinks, washing machine and dishwasher, 2 toilets).
Winter operation.
Robust design with the possibility of easy maintenance of the septic tank itself and underwater communications.
Neat and discreet final appearance.
Minimum possible cash costs.

The result was an economical design without sacrificing functionality.

However, both options are only suitable for areas with low level groundwater, with high groundwater level No matter how you insulate the wells, there is a danger of them being flooded with high water and polluting the area with wastewater.

Work of a reinforced concrete septic tank

Monolithic reinforced concrete septic tanks can be used at any level, only the location of the filtration structures will differ. It is difficult to resolve difficulties when digging a pit, but it is possible.

researcher User FORUMHOUSE

To make it faster, the pit is dug with a tractor, on one side it is dug with a bucket that is wider and half a meter deeper than the bottom of the main pit for the septic tank (it seems like a pit), and a regular drainage pump is installed there. All the water from the main pit quietly migrates into the pit and is pumped out from there by a pump and poured out 25-30 meters away. For the duration of work in the pit, pouring and treating hardened concrete with water repellents, this solution is just enough.

Otherwise, the process is standard - formwork, reinforcement cage, pouring with the addition of modifiers to the solution, waterproofing (internal and external). A monolithic design with a low groundwater level was chosen by a portal participant Rybnik.

Rybnik User FORUMHOUSE

From the foundation to the rotary well (PW) - 1.4 m, the PW itself has dimensions of 1x1 m, from the PW to the septic tank there is a trench, 7.5 m long, 40 cm wide and 1 m deep. The pipe will enter the septic tank at a depth of 85 cm from surface (taking into account a slope of 2 cm per 1 meter). A second pipe (from the house) will also enter the septic tank. Next, a pipe of clarified water comes out of the septic tank, which will run 23 m along the fence and enter a filter well measuring 1.5x1.5x4 m.

For the reinforcement frame, rods with a diameter of 8 mm were used, restraints (frogs) were bent from them, cement M500 (intended, among other things, for concreting underwater structures in a fresh environment), a special additive that reduces the permeability of concrete, was used for pouring. Sheets used as formwork flat slate. Details of the process and a step-by-step photo report are in the topic

A dacha today is the same as urban housing in terms of its level of comfort. “Conveniences in the yard” are gradually becoming a thing of the past, being replaced by a full-fledged sewer and water supply system inside a private house. However, holiday villages often suffer from a lack of centralized systems waste disposal.

Of course, you can live with a cesspool. But in Lately the advantage of a septic tank over a pit is not even discussed. Much more often there are disputes about which type of septic tank has proven itself better. And indeed, unlike simple toilet, has a huge number of advantages:

It is economical. The services of a sewer truck are required much less frequently: once every 10-15 years.
Complies with all sanitary and environmental standards.
Comfortable use. Proper work A septic tank absolutely eliminates bad smells even in close proximity to the structure. This is evidenced by reviews of the Unilos Astra 5 septic tank, which is quite easy to install and has a sealed waste tank.

Of course, you can buy a ready-made septic tank and invite specialists to install it. But it’s much more interesting to try to assemble a septic tank in a private house with your own hands in order to learn something new and save a lot of money.

A household septic tank consists of a system of chambers; wastewater flows into them from the house through pipes. Natural settling and purification of water occurs in the chambers. The main role in the natural purification of water is played by the influence of microorganisms. Filter arteries, wells containing sand and gravel filters are devices for the final purification of water. They complement all household septic tanks.

To find out how to properly build a septic tank in a private home, pay attention to the operation, lower installation and operating costs. A suitable septic tank design for a private home is selected, taking into account the feasibility of use. A multi-chamber septic tank is more productive. Let's consider how the types of such structures differ.

Single chamber septic tank

The most simple models single-chamber structures are one of the options cesspool, only more advanced. They have sealed walls and bottom, are storage, and periodically require pumping using sewer equipment. The frequency of pumping is reduced if a special drug is added to the chamber. The question of how much it costs to make a septic tank in a private house with a single-chamber system can be solved as easily as possible in this case.

Two-chamber septic tank

Has two tanks. The water inside them undergoes two stages of purification, so it can be used for subsequent drainage into the ground. To make a two-chamber without pumping, you will need a little more costs for materials and work.

Three-chamber septic tank

It processes wastewater, purifying it not only from biological but also chemical impurities (detergents and cleaners). Passing through three chambers allows you to clean the drains from large and small inclusions. Such water can not only go down into the ground using drainage, but also be used for watering plants.

How is a septic tank built?

The owner of a residential building who wants to have a septic tank in his yard should know several ways to make a septic tank in a private house efficiently and correctly.

Installation of a finished industrial design. In this case, you need not make a mistake in choosing it. Thus, numerous reviews about the AK 47 septic tank indicate the consistency of its price and quality, and negative reviews about the microbe septic tank are already alarming: is it worth taking? You should know that septic tanks differ from each other in their performance. There are both models with a minimum level of service (up to 2 people) and entire stations that are equipped with hotels, holiday homes, and camps.

A ready-made model, for example, a plastic septic tank for a private home, is easy and fairly quick to install. They are easy to maintain and function perfectly. In addition to the most varied reviews about the models, there is another significant “but”: the price of such a structure, which is high enough for its installation in a country house.

Monolithic septic tank. The option is the most reliable, but takes a long time. Concrete chambers provide the highest tightness, they are strong and durable. The execution of this sample is a rather lengthy process: concrete is poured in several layers, each layer must completely dry, only then the next one is applied, which also dries long time, and so on.

Many people think about how to make a septic tank in a private house from ready-made ones, especially since it is installed quickly and reliably. True, for reliability it is necessary to take care of sufficient waterproofing, which will prevent the passage of drains from the chambers into the ground.

Septic tank from improvised means. You can use old barrels for this. This simple scheme for installing a septic tank is the most inexpensive and unreliable, suitable for small houses. The productivity of such septic tanks and their safety for nature are extremely low.

Preparation for work

Before constructing a purification system, it is necessary to develop a project. Selected appropriate place, a diagram of a septic tank in a private house is drawn up with your own hands, the necessary measurements and calculations are performed.

How is the volume of a septic tank calculated?

To build the right purifier, you should calculate the volume of the septic tank for a private house, that is, determine the volume of the settling chambers. The calculation is completely simple, you just need to track the amount of drains in the house on a daily basis.

This figure is influenced by two factors:

how many residents of the house use water;
how many plumbing fixtures are installed in the building.

Of course, if the house has a bathroom, shower, washing machine, and dishwasher, then there will be more waste than if there is only a washbasin and toilet.

There is no need to measure anything with absolute accuracy, since water consumption varies from day to day. You can imagine the approximate daily water consumption for each person and calculate these figures for all family members. For example, one person spends 200 liters per day, and a family of 4 residents then spends 800 liters per day.

The receiving chamber should be 3 times larger. That is, for 4 residents the calculation is done as follows: 3 multiplied by 800 = 2400 liters, rounded, you get 2.5 cubic meters. This will be the volume of the receiving chamber.

How to choose a place for a septic tank?

After you have drawn up a diagram of a septic tank for a private house with your own hands, it is very important to choose the most suitable location for the septic tank.

At the same time, it is worth taking into account all the nuances that dictate sanitary and construction standards.

Here are the main ones:

How is excavation work carried out?

It is impossible to build a septic tank with your own hands for a private house without carrying out earthworks.

It is best to dig a pit using earth-moving equipment. You can also dig by hand, but it will be much slower and require more physical effort.

Some tips:

Septic tank from monolithic concrete it's done like this:

400 kg of cement.
600 kg of sand.
200 liters of water.
1200 g of crushed stone.
5 liters of superplasticizer C3 (to make the solution more plastic).

How is a septic tank made from well rings?

Many people want to learn how to make a septic tank in a private house from ready-made reinforced concrete parts - well rings.

What is needed for this:

You can't do without construction hoists.
The lower part of the chamber is mounted from concrete rings with a bottom (in finished form). If they are not there, you can concrete the areas for the cameras.
The upper part of the chambers is made of rings with holes for the hatch. Thanks to this, the installation of septic tanks in a private house will be closed.
The number of rings depends on the planned volume of the chamber. The rings are mounted one to the other and attached tightly with metal brackets, which gives them strength and invulnerability during ground movements.
Care should be taken to ensure tightness. Once the cameras are installed, their joints are processed cement mortar. Also used are alternative views waterproofing. Sealing is carried out both inside and outside.
The chambers are filled with layers of cement and sand. The thickness of each layer is 30 cm. The layers should be well compacted.

How are filter fields made?

When studying how a septic tank works in a private home, you need to know that in addition to basic cleaning, the water passes through filtration fields. They serve to ensure that the water is completely purified, passing through layers of river sand and gravel. Filtration fields are laid out in the form of a trench, which is filled with sand and gravel. A system of perforated pipes evacuates wastewater from the chambers into trenches. In order for water to flow through the pipes on its own, the pipes are laid at an angle. A distance of more than 1 m must be maintained between the filtration field and the location of groundwater.

It is worth remembering: in order to correctly carry out the work of constructing a wastewater septic tank with your own hands, you should not deviate from construction and sanitary rules. Only then can an effective and safe sewage treatment plant be made.

Making your home comfortable is the task of every owner. One of the conditions for comfortable living is an efficient local sewerage system. If previously cesspools were mainly built to collect wastewater, today such a solution is not acceptable. Therefore, most homeowners decide to build a septic tank - an installation in which wastewater not only accumulates, but is also purified. Let's consider how to make a septic tank in a private house, without resorting to the help of professionals.

Why is it recommended to build an overflow septic tank to install a local sewer system? The fact is that this installation, unlike a simple cesspool, is capable of not only accumulating, but also purifying wastewater, ensuring water drainage. Therefore, the owners of such installations use the services of vacuum cleaners much less often; as a rule, it is recommended to clean the chambers from sediment once a year.

It is quite possible to build a septic tank yourself. Moreover, the homeowner has the opportunity to choose which septic tank to build on his site. But before you start construction, you need to find out how to properly build a septic tank so that the constructed installation works efficiently and is environmentally friendly.

The principle of operation of a septic tank without pumping

The principle of operation of a septic tank is quite simple. When processing wastewater, two treatment methods are used - mechanical (settling) and biological (anaerobic fermentation and aerobic purification on filtration fields).

Water purified from impurities is filtered into the ground. If the septic tank is built in clay soil that does not absorb water well, then you have to drain the water differently by constructing a ring drainage around the treatment plant.

Primary requirements

Before you make a septic tank with your own hands, it is important to remember the basic principles of its effective operation:

Multi-stage. The efficiency of the settling process is ensured by the fact that the wastewater goes through several stages of purification. To do this, the installation is divided into 2-3 chambers. In each chamber, a settling process occurs, and in the first compartment large inclusions are deposited, and in subsequent chambers the smallest contaminants precipitate. It is this kind of organization of advocacy that allows you to achieve better results;

Tightness. This condition for the construction of a septic tank ensures environmental safety installations. The tightness of the settling tanks eliminates the possibility of leakage dirty water into the ground, therefore there is no threat of soil and ground water contamination. In addition, the tightness of the chambers eliminates the possibility of soil water penetrating inside, which could lead to flooding;

Advice! When building a septic tank, you need to take care not only of the tightness of the chambers themselves, but also of the connections between the body and the pipes. Silicone-based sealant or elastic rubber seals are widely used to seal joints.

Volume. The quality of wastewater treatment directly depends on how long the contaminated liquids remain in the chambers. In order for the waste to settle well, it must remain in the septic tank for at least three days. Therefore, the volume of the chambers treatment plant must be large enough to accommodate the wastewater generated within three days;
Thermal insulation. To carry out biological purification processes, it is necessary that the installation is sufficiently warm. Therefore, if the septic tank is installed at an insufficient depth, then it is necessary to carry out insulation work on the body of the treatment plant;
Ventilation. During the fermentation process, organic matter decomposes into simple components, including methane and other gases. To remove gaseous decomposition products, it is necessary to equip the septic tank with a ventilation pipe.

Selecting a construction site and assessing local conditions

It is extremely important to choose the right location for the septic tank. In addition, conditions such as soil structure and burial level will need to be taken into account. groundwater. When choosing an installation location, you will need to comply with the requirements of SanPiN and SNiP. Among these requirements:

The septic tank should be located as far as possible from the water intake site. The minimum permissible distance is 30 meters;
The septic tank must be no less than 5 meters away from the house;
It is not allowed to build a treatment plant close to the fence with a neighbor’s property; it is necessary to step back at least a meter from it;
It is advisable to choose a construction site so that equipment can approach the site. Equipment will be required during the construction process (for preparing the pit, installing heavy parts etc.). In addition, the passage of equipment is necessary to periodically pump out sediment from the chambers.

Advice! This requirement is justified by the fact that with a close location of the treatment plant, erosion and premature destruction of the foundation is possible.

The construction of a septic tank involves not only the construction of sedimentation tanks, but also the construction of filtration fields, which are necessary for the post-treatment of wastewater and filtration of purified water into the ground. When constructing such fields, it is very important to correctly assess the structure of the soil, as well as the level at which groundwater flows.

At high groundwater levels or during construction on clay, it is necessary to organize water drainage alternative ways, since the construction of a septic tank according to the standard scheme under such conditions is impossible.

Advice! Under alternative scrapings during the construction of a septic tank in difficult conditions This means the installation of ground filtration cassettes, the use of biofilters, the construction of filtration fields by partially replacing clay soil on the site, etc.

In some cases, it is necessary to organize forced drainage of water. This option has to be resorted to if drainage by gravity is not possible. Forced drainage of water is carried out using a drainage pump; drainage is possible into a drainage ditch or filter well.

Pit preparation

Let's figure out how to make a septic tank with your own hands. Whatever option for building a septic tank is chosen, work always begins with preparing the pit. This work can be done in several ways:

Dig the pit by hand yourself. This is the cheapest solution, but you will have to spend a lot of time and effort on earthworks;
Dig a pit by hiring a team of diggers. In this case, digging a pit will not be cheap, and the time gain will be small;
Dig a pit by renting an excavator with a driver. If you choose this option, the pit will be ready quickly, the cost of renting equipment is comparable to the cost of working for a team of excavators. However, it is not always possible to use technology, for example, due to lack of access;

The size of the pit must be larger than the body so that there is free access to the walls of the installation during operation;
The bottom of the pit is carefully leveled. Then you need to add sand and soil at the bottom. The height of this shock-absorbing layer is 20-30 cm;
To install some types of septic tanks, it is necessary to lay a reinforced concrete slab on a sand bed.

Advice! If you need to make a septic tank yourself in an area with highly rising soil waters, then at the stage of constructing a pit it is necessary to build a ring drainage to ensure the drainage of rising water from the installation body.

Construction options

There are several options for constructing an overflow treatment plant. Let's look at what you can use to build a treatment plant and how to make a septic tank correctly.

Monolithic

This is the most durable and durable option. Construction begins with filling the bottom. To reinforce concrete, metal rods or a ready-made mesh of metal wire are used.

After the bottom has dried, they begin to construct the formwork for pouring the walls and internal partitions. The thickness of the body of a monolithic septic tank must be at least 20 cm. At the same time, you need to remember the need to install embedded parts at the places where pipes are laid:

The inlet pipe should be located 5-10 cm above the level to which the septic tank will be filled;
The overflow pipe connecting the first and second chambers is located slightly lower - at the filling level of the first chamber;
Overflows are made with a slight slope and are made from pipes with a diameter of 150 mm;
The top of the septic tank must be covered with a floor slab, in which holes are provided for installation ventilation pipe and hatches for pumping sediment out of the chambers.

From well rings

What can you use to build an overflow septic tank as quickly as possible? It is convenient to assemble chambers from ready-made reinforced concrete products - well rings. To build such a septic tank, the use of lifting equipment is mandatory:

The chambers are constructed by stacking rings on top of each other;
To give the septic tank strength, the rings are fastened together with staples;

It is important to seal the joints of the rings well. To do this, the joints are covered with cement mortar and then treated with waterproofing mastics;
The top of the wells is covered with a slab with a hole for installing a hatch.

From Eurocubes

It is convenient to build a treatment plant from plastic containers - Eurocubes. These containers can be purchased relatively inexpensively. For construction, pipes are inserted into a plastic casing. For greater strength, it is recommended to weld the metal lattice frame of the Eurocubes together.

To protect lightweight plastic the septic tank is prevented from floating, the containers are secured with bandage belts to the embedded parts reinforced concrete slab, laid at the bottom of the pit. When constructing any of the listed septic tank options, the drainage of water from the treatment plant is organized so that the liquid enters the tertiary treatment plant.

But the installation option for post-treatment is selected depending on the geological conditions at the site. This could be a filter well, areas with a drainage layer, or an additional biofilter. Discharging water from a septic tank without post-treatment is strictly prohibited.

So, before making a treatment plant, it is necessary to correctly determine the volume of its chambers, remember the basic requirements for placing a septic tank on the site, correctly assess the characteristics of the soil and select a construction site.

Alexei 02.11.2014 Septic tanks

Very often owners country houses or dachas have to solve the problem of absence central sewer. Many people, in the old fashioned way, dig a cesspool into which all human waste is dumped.

This method of dealing with sewage is quite simple, but ineffective. Nowadays, there are many other methods that are more progressive.

One of them is the installation of a septic tank in the local area. Using this design allows you to save on calls for sewerage equipment, since in this case the need for cleaning may be necessary once every 2-3 years. Before you make a septic tank on your own, you should find out what types there are and what is required for this. It is also important to choose the right location, taking into account the terrain of the site and the presence of groundwater.

The simplest septic tank for a country house

It's easy to build. First you need to dig a pit of a certain size. In this case, complex calculations will not be required; the dimensions of the pit can be minimal, for example, 2x2x2 meters. You can dig a pit using special equipment, but the most economical ones do it manually. Everyone decides for themselves, to the best of their ability, how to make a septic tank on their site.

Let's watch a video about what a septic tank is:

After completing the excavation work, formwork is made; timber must be prepared for it in advance, OSB sheets and plastic pipes. To increase the suction area of purified wastewater from the device into the ground, you can also use pipe trimmings. They are inserted into holes made in OSB sheets after approximately 25-30 centimeters.

Since formwork made of this material has poor strength, it must be strengthened. For this purpose, timber is placed around the perimeter of the structure. For strength, stiffening ribs are also added, installed every 50 cm.

Having decided to create a proper and inexpensive septic tank with your own hands, you need to keep in mind that the formwork must be strengthened to prevent its destruction in the future. Timber is also used for this.

After assembling and installing the shields, plastic pipe sleeves should be installed. They are driven into the ground to a depth of at least 5 centimeters.

Pouring concrete

Having completed all the necessary earthworks, they begin pouring concrete. This is also not difficult. All manuals on how to properly make a septic tank note that since a lot of concrete will be required, you will have to use a concrete mixer during the work. Preparation of the solution requires knowledge of all proportions. Crushed stone and sand are mixed with cement in a ratio of two parts to one. Add water to the resulting mixture and mix.

Those who know how to properly make a septic tank are aware that reinforcement is used to enhance the strength of concrete. After pouring the first part of the solution, it is allowed to harden. After which the formwork is dismantled and installed on the opposite part of the pit. Then the filling process is repeated again.

At the next stage, the pit is divided in half. The first will serve to collect solids, and the second will contain wastewater that is gradually absorbed into the ground. The partition between them can also be made of concrete or built of brick. It is very important to choose the right height. The overflow hole is usually installed at a height of 30 cm lower than the drain pipe.

Watch the video and do it yourself:

Correct location

This question is not at all secondary, since from it the right decision a lot depends. Many factors influence where to set up a purification complex, and primarily its type. According to regulatory requirements, a proper septic tank must be located no closer than 15 meters to a well with drinking water. It is not recommended to place it close to a building.

And it's not just a matter of unpleasant odors emanating from the cleaning system, but also possible high humidity in her area. There must be at least two meters between the septic tank and the property line or road.

Experts who give recommendations on how to make a good septic tank with your own hands advise placing it in the part of the site that will be used the least. In hilly terrain, the aeration system should be located at the lowest point so that groundwater carries away wastewater.

If there is a garden on the site or there are ornamental shrubs, then you need to take care of how to properly install a septic tank on it so as not to harm the vegetation. There should be a distance of 4 m from it to the nearest tree, this will allow the plant to develop normally.

Watch the video on how to position it correctly:

The foundation of the house and outbuildings should not be allowed to be washed away by sewage. Treatment facilities must be located at least five meters from buildings.

Scheme of a plastic model in a private house

It was already noted above that today you can purchase a ready-made cleaning device. How to properly make and install such a septic tank depends on its internal structure. To do this, it is important to first familiarize yourself with its diagram.

Installation standards

The main part of the septic tank is a large fiberglass container. Inside, it is divided into several compartments by special perforating partitions. These jumpers hold different kinds sediments and prevent their movement through the compartments.

Before you make such a septic tank with your own hands, you should keep in mind that the wastewater in it is purified using special chemicals or bacteria. The latter is much better, as it significantly improves the quality of cleaning. Subsequently entering the filtration fields, the liquid, which has undergone additional processing, is gradually absorbed into the soil.

Calculation of a septic tank for a country cottage

The volume of the treatment plant is calculated based on the number of people who will use it. The calculation formula is quite simple. The number of family members should be multiplied by 200 liters, the resulting result is again multiplied by three and divided by a thousand. As a result of the calculations there will be a number in cubic meters, showing what the volume of the system should be.

Watch the video and make the correct calculation:

After the calculations have been made, you need to find out not only how to properly build a septic tank, but also how much it will cost financially.

The cost of installing a treatment plant

Price for a septic tank installed on local area, may be different. This depends on the type of treatment plant and the material from which it is made. Sometimes the work performed costs much more than the container itself. Those who are interested in how to make a septic tank with their own hands should know that in general its cost can range from 20,000 rubles to one hundred thousand.

Much depends on the type of structure and the work carried out, including excavation and concreting. If you decide to turn to specialists for help, you will have to spend another 25% of the total cost of the equipment. But you can do all the work yourself. For those who know how to make a septic tank correctly, its price will be much lower.

Thus, there are several main factors that influence the cost of installation:

Type of soil and volume of excavation work
Number of additional operations during installation
Installation dates and time of year when it is carried out

With accurate calculations and proper arrangement, the right septic tank, no matter how much it costs, will pay for itself very quickly.

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IN country houses the owners strive to create conditions comparable to those found in city apartments. Comfort in the house is unthinkable without a sewer system. Often there is no central sewer system outside the city limits, so it is necessary to create autonomous system– an example can be seen in the photo. When arranging it, two principles are used: the construction of a cesspool and independent wastewater treatment. When using a sedimentation tank, there is a need for regular cleaning. An antiseptic for cesspools can make life easier for owners.

Creation of external sewerage

Typically the system looks like this: all pipelines are removed from the house and other buildings and are united by a single drain through which all sewer water goes to a common reservoir - drain hole. To clean the storage tank, you have to periodically call a sewer truck. Sometimes, not cesspools are installed, but septic tanks in which wastewater can be purified. They come in several types:

Absorbing. At the bottom of sealed tanks there are special adsorbent substances that process harmful impurities from wastewater. The spent adsorbent is subsequently removed by a sewage disposal machine.
Sealed. There is no cleaning in such septic tanks. In them, wastewater accumulates until the entire volume is filled. Then the containers are cleaned by vacuum cleaners.
Multi-level cleaning systems. In them, wastewater is purified by passing through several chambers. Inside such septic tanks there are microorganisms that, in the course of their life activity, process organic matter, dividing it into simple chemical substances that do not cause harm to humans. To colonize beneficial bacteria, a sewer antiseptic is used. Subsequently, the purified liquid can be used, for example, for watering plants, or simply discharged into the ground.

Calculation of septic tank volume

The volume of the storage tank must be at least three daily volumes of wastewater. It is generally accepted that each person uses about 200 liters of water per day, which is discharged into the sewer. Based on this, the volume of a septic tank for a family of three should be at least 1.8 cubic meters.

Cleaning methods

There are two methods for treating wastewater, which can be used both for a cesspool and a septic tank in case of insufficient filtration.

The easiest way is to call a sewer truck to pump out sewer fluid. However, in this case there are regular costs for calling out equipment. In addition, the site must be designed in such a way that equipment can easily approach the septic tank (near the road, in an open space).

Currently, the second method is more often used, which consists of local wastewater treatment. In this case, you can save a lot of money, not only on the services of vacuum cleaners, but also on water, since the purified liquid can be used for technical needs (more details: " ").

To treat wastewater, special bacteria are used that decompose organic and inorganic matter into simple chemical elements. It is important to take into account that some substances are harmful to microorganisms - for example, household chemicals. Therefore, for large volumes of waste from a washing machine or dishwasher, it is recommended to make separate tanks (read: "").

Septic tanks and antiseptics for cesspools

Cleaning septic tanks break down organic waste into simple components. To do this, you can use both natural and artificial colonies of bacteria. Artificially grown microorganisms purify wastewater better, since enterprises select a composition of bacteria that promotes faster and more efficient decomposition of organic matter. Typically, such preparations include putrefactive bacteria, enzymes and yeast. With the skillful use of septic tanks, the need for the services of septic tanks completely disappears. Effluents treated with biological preparations can be used for agricultural purposes.

Compositions with antiseptic properties can completely neutralize sewer liquids.

Differences between biological and chemical antiseptics

Previously, chemical antiseptics were the most popular, but recently many owners of private houses prefer biological preparations.

A chemical antiseptic for drainage pits differs in many ways from a biological agent:

Chemicals are suitable for harsh climates because the active ingredients remain active at any temperature. But biological ones must be used at temperatures between -4 and +30 degrees, otherwise the bacteria die.
When using chemical antiseptics, there is no need to create separate drains, since their action is not affected by household chemicals. Even chlorine does not harm such preparations. As for living microorganisms, they are immediately killed by chemicals for sewer pits.
Substances contained in chemicals can react with sewer elements, especially metal ones. In addition, their entry into the ground is harmful to the environment. Therefore, the use of a chemical antiseptic for the toilet is allowed only in sealed tanks, built primarily from concrete or polymer materials. As for biological preparations, they are absolutely safe for nature, therefore wastewater purified with their help can be discharged into the ground, and the requirements for such sewer systems not so tough.
When using chemical antiseptics, decomposition products cannot be reused, since they contain a lot of harmful substances. But compost formed under the influence of biological preparations serves as a good fertilizer.

Biological drugs

Nowadays there is a huge selection of biological antiseptics on sale. They are recommended for the purification of wastewater containing organic matter, since their effect is similar natural processes decomposition and rotting. They don't harm environment, therefore, liquid purified with their help can be reused for technical purposes. However, microorganisms are sensitive to low temperatures, so in order to prevent them from dying in winter, the tanks have to be insulated.

Chemical antiseptics

These antiseptics are divided into 3 types:

Containing formaldehyde. This substance used to be very popular, but recently scientists reported that it is carcinogenic and highly toxic. Therefore, at present, formaldehyde-based antiseptics are practically not found.
Based on nitrate oxidizing agents. These antiseptics are not cheap, but they quickly decompose organic residues and are not affected by wastewater containing household chemicals.
Based on quaternary ammonium compounds. They not only speed up the process of decomposition of organic matter, but also completely eliminate the unpleasant odor. But at the same time, they cannot be used in tanks that receive waste from washing and dishwashers. Presumably, such antiseptics have a negative impact on the environment if they seep into the ground.

Any antiseptic for cesspools with your own hands is easy to use: you just need to add it to the contents of the tank according to the manufacturer's instructions.