To perform any construction work it is necessary to be guided by the current regulatory documents. Further properties and reliability of the structure are influenced by correct installation plastic windows according to the current GOST. The instructions may differ slightly, but in general they prescribe the procedure, requirements for materials and components.
Production and installation companies When developing technology for installing structures, they must be guided by current standards. But due to the specific properties metal-plastic windows GOSTs and SNiPs are only partially applicable to them wooden windows ny blocks. To solve this problem, new regulatory documents were adopted.
List of regulations and their brief essence:
- GOST 30674-99, article 9. Describes the guarantees that must be provided after installation. The storage period is 1 year, upon completion of work - 3 years.
- GOST 30971-2002. It is applicable for the correct formation of assembly seams and regulates the properties of the materials used and the rules for their installation. It acts only as a recommendation, since it was canceled on the basis of Order No. 64 in April 2006 of the Ministry of Regional Development of Russia.
- GOST R 52749-2007. The final edition of the document thoroughly reveals the requirements for installation seams.
However, in practice, the latter document is only necessary when using special vapor barrier and self-expanding tapes. They are necessary only when there are significant temperature changes or increased requirements for thermal insulation of the installation seam. If, under the terms of the contract, a mandatory condition for the use of PSUL is not specified during installation, this GOST does not apply.
Regulations for the installation of metal-plastic structures
At the measurement stage, the window configuration and its dimensions are determined. The latter depend on the shape of the opening - with or without a quarter. The gap between the frame and the wall should be within 2-4 cm. Possibly taken into account irregular shape an opening whose angles are not equal to 90°. If the amount of misalignment affects the decrease (increase) of the gap, the opening must be leveled before installing the plastic window.
Work must be carried out at a temperature not lower than -15°C with normal humidity levels. It is forbidden to install plastic windows during rain or snow - moisture may remain in the opening.
Window installation procedure:
- Dismantling the old structure.
- Preparation of the opening and additional verification of its dimensions.
- Window installation.
- Arrangement of gaps and slopes.
- Adjustment of fittings.
During each stage, the following nuances must be taken into account.
Preparing the window opening
Regardless of whether the old structure was dismantled or not, the opening is prepared. It includes cleaning it from dirt and dust, checking the integrity of the reinforced concrete slab or brickwork. If necessary, restore the integrity of the opening if it was damaged during dismantling.
Window fixing
Before starting installation, you must remove the double glazed windows. Weight metal-plastic frame relatively small, which will greatly facilitate its installation. First, anchor plates are attached to the end of the structure or holes are made on the frame for anchors. The latter are necessary for large windows. The fastening step is 15-20 cm.
- A self-expanding tape is attached to the outer part of the frame, on the edge. It will prevent direct contact of the structure with the quarter, which will increase thermal insulation.
- The frame is fixed in the opening. It is important that the dew point is located inside the glass unit or from the outside of the street. For a single-layer wall, the frame is attached in the middle, for a two-layer wall - closer to the external insulation.
- Checking the location of the structure. This is done using a level. Horizontal, vertical and diagonal indicators are controlled.
- Final fixation of the plastic window.
After this, you can begin the final stage of installation.
Requirements for installation seams
Most installation errors occur during the installation of seams. In addition to maintaining the dimensions, they must be correctly filled and protected. For this it is necessary to use special materials.
Optimal construction of the assembly seam:
- Self-expanding tape is attached to the outer part of the frame and prevents moisture penetration;
- The space between the frame and the opening is filled with polyurethane foam, taking into account its expansion - from 10% to 60%.
- Installing vapor barrier tape on inner part window.
The latter is necessary to provide vapor barrier. After this, double-glazed windows are installed and initial adjustment of the fittings is performed. After 3-4 days, the window will take its final dimensions in the opening and it will be possible to make final adjustments to the fittings group.
If you or someone you know has previously used the services of companies installing double-glazed windows, then you know that installation can be normal and in accordance with GOST. The second option is more expensive, but if all the requirements are met, the quality will be much higher than in the first (you can read more about the standards in GOST 30971-02).
Consists of several stages.
Note! Manufacturers do not provide a guarantee if the measurements were not carried out by their employees. If installed incorrectly, the windows will soon begin to freeze, and if even the slightest mistake was made in the calculations, the structure simply will not fit into the opening.
However, if you study all the intricacies of the process, then no difficulties will arise during installation. Moreover, this way you can save a decent amount of money.
Stage 1. Measurements
In most apartments there are openings without a quarter.
Note! A quarter is an internal frame 6 cm wide (or ¼ brick, hence the name) that prevents the window from falling out and strengthens the structure as a whole.
If there is no quarter, then the frame will be installed on anchors, and the foam will be covered with special covers. Determining the presence of a quarter is quite simple: if the internal and external widths of the frame are different, then there is still a quarter.
- First, the width of the opening is determined (the distance between the slopes). It is recommended to remove the plaster for a more accurate result.
- Next, the height is measured (the distance between the slope above and the window sill).
Note! The measurements must be repeated several times and the lowest result taken.
To determine the width of the window, two installation gaps are subtracted from the width of the opening. To determine the height, the same two gaps plus the height of the profile for the stand are subtracted from the height of the opening.
The symmetry and straightness of the opening are checked, for which a mounting level and plumb line are used. All defects and irregularities must be indicated in the drawing.
To determine the width of the drainage, add 5 cm to the existing drainage for bending. Also, the width of the insulation and cladding is taken into account (subject to subsequent finishing of the facade).
The dimensions of the window sill are determined as follows: the width of the opening is added to the size of the overhang, and the width of the frame is subtracted from the resulting figure. Regarding the offset, it should cover the heating radiator by a third.
Note! measured after installation is complete.
Stage 2. Order
After measurements finished drawing should be taken to the window manufacturer, where all the necessary fittings will be selected. It is worth remembering that installation can be performed in one of two existing ways:
In the first option, you will have to pull the package out of the frame, insert it into the opening and install the glass back. In the second case, the entire structure is attached as a whole. Each option has disadvantages - if you pull out the package, it can; and vice versa, if the window is installed assembled, it can be damaged due to its heavy weight.
Stage 3. Preparation
This stage of installation begins only after delivery of the ordered windows. Released first workplace, all furniture is covered plastic film(there will be a lot of dust).
Step 1. If required, the glass unit is removed from the window. To do this, the glazing bead is slightly pryed with a staple and pulled out. First of all, the vertical beads are removed, then the horizontal ones. They must be numbered, otherwise gaps will form after installation.
Step 3. The bolts are unscrewed after the plugs are removed from the canopies. The handle is turned to the “ventilation mode” (in the center), the window is opened slightly and removed. All that remains is the frame with imposts.
Note! Imposts are special jumpers designed to separate the sashes.
Then you need to make a marking for the anchors and make holes along it - two on the bottom/top and three on each side. To do this, you will need ø1 cm anchors and a drill of the required diameter.
If the material from which the walls are made is not dense (for example, cellular concrete), then fastening is carried out using anchor suspensions. The latter should be fixed to the wall and frame with hardened self-tapping screws (eight pieces for each).
Note! To avoid the formation of a thermal bridge in the window sill profile, it should be filled the day before installation. This way the element will not freeze.
Stage 4. Dismantling work
This procedure is recommended to be carried out immediately before installing a new window. In most cases, the old ones are thrown away, so the structure can be torn out along with the fastening, and if necessary, the frame can be sawed.
Step 1. First, the seal and thermal insulation are removed.
Step 3. The window sill is removed and the cement layer underneath is cleaned off.
Step 4. Adjacent surfaces are treated with a primer material (by the way, many installers forget about this). In the case of a wooden opening, a layer of waterproofing material is laid around the perimeter.
Note! Installation can be carried out at a temperature not lower than -15ᵒС. Polyurethane foam must be frost-resistant.
Stage 5. Installation of a plastic window
Step 1. First, wooden wedges are placed around the entire perimeter, a window is installed on them (this will make it easier to level the structure), only after this is it fastened to the wall. You can leave the backings - they will serve as additional fasteners.
Step 2. The absence of a support profile can be considered a gross violation of GOST standards, since it is not only needed for stability, but also makes it possible to install a low sill with a window sill. In the absence of a profile, they are attached directly to the frame, which violates its tightness.
The correct location of the stand profile is shown in the diagram.
Step 3. Next, the evenness of the window is checked in three planes, for which a mounting level and plumb line are used. It is characteristic that traditional bubble levels are not suitable for this due to insufficient measurement accuracy, so it is better to use.
Step 4. If the window is level, then it is secured with anchors. To do this, a wall is drilled using a hammer drill through pre-prepared holes in the structure (approximately 6-10 cm). The lower anchors are fixed (not completely), the evenness of the package is checked again, after which the remaining points are attached.
Note! The final screed is made only after the final inspection. Do not tighten too much, otherwise the structure will “skew”.
Stage 6. Drainage
From the outside, the ebb is attached to the stand profile with self-tapping screws. The joints are carefully sealed with sealant to prevent moisture from penetrating into the structure.
The edges of the ebb are recessed several centimeters into the walls, having previously made indentations using a hammer drill.
Note! Before installation, the bottom gap is also sealed.
Stage 7. Window assembly
After attaching the anchors, the glass unit is inserted back.
Step 1. The glass is inserted and fixed with glazing beads (the latter should snap into place, for which you can lightly tap them with a rubber hammer).
Step 2. The doors are opened and their tightness is checked. In the open position, arbitrary opening/closing of the sash cannot happen if the window is installed level.
Step 3. The assembly seam is sealed on the sides. Polyurethane foam will provide high-quality waterproofing and prevent glass fogging. Before and after sealing, the seams are sprayed with water to improve polymerization.
Note! The seams are filled to no more than 90%, otherwise the structure will “lead.” If everything is done correctly, after drying the foam will protrude out a few centimeters.
Step 4. The perimeter of the window is glued with a special vapor barrier tape, and material with a foil surface is used underneath.
Stage 8. Installation of the window sill
Step 1. The window sill is cut so that it fits into the opening and at the same time rests against the lining profile. There remains a small gap (about 1 cm) for thermal expansion. Subsequently, the gap is hidden by plastic
Step 2. Wooden wedges are placed under the window sill. It needs to be laid with a slight slope towards the room, and then applied with something heavy until the foam dries. Additionally, the window sill can be fixed with anchor plates.
Video - Instructions for installing plastic windows
conclusions
Now you know how plastic windows are installed, so you can safely get to work. The final check of all elements can be carried out only 24 hours after completion of installation (then the foam will have already “set”).
The described technology is also quite applicable to, although it also has its own nuances - such as, for example, installing a parapet to create a partition.
Before the beginning installation work it is necessary to completely clear the window opening and the space next to it:
- remove everything from the windowsill,
- take down the curtains
- clear the approach to the window by moving the furniture at least 1.5 meters from the window.
Protect the room from dust and dirt by covering the floor and furniture with cloth or thick oilcloth.
For ease of installation, supply 220V power via an extension cord and prepare garbage bags.
Removing the old frame
Once the room is ready for dust and debris to appear, begin dismantling the old window frame.
The sashes are removed from the window. Window casings are dismantled. If necessary, the slopes are dismantled (knocked down).
The old window frame is dismantled, which usually causes serious damage. If you want to use old windows, for example in a country house, you should specify the option of preserving the old windows when ordering.
The old sill and the old window sill are dismantled.
PVC window installation
The sashes are removed from the plastic window and the glass unit is removed. A window frame is inserted into the prepared opening and secured with anchor bolts or mounting plates. In this case, it is necessary to strictly ensure that the frame is level, and not along the opening (in houses there are often cases when the horizon line of the window opening is far from ideal; the frame should also be aligned vertically). Otherwise, the window will not function properly.
The gaps between the wall and the frame are foamed with polyurethane foam. Foam performs both an insulating function and is a fastening element. The overall result largely depends on the quality of this installation stage. The foam should be applied evenly and fill all the recesses and cavities of the opening, and the degree of expansion of the foam must be taken into account.
Installing a plastic window in most cases means that along with the new window a new window sill and a new sill will be installed. The exception is the case when the apartment (house, room) is renovation work and the window sill can be installed on your own.
If the window being mounted opens onto a balcony (as in this case), then it is quite practical and functional to install a window sill instead of a low tide (on the outside of the window).
If you have a good old sill, you can save it for a new window, but in this case it will require restoration (restoration) - payable service, the cost of which differs slightly from the cost of a new ebb.
The window sill is cut to fit the opening and attached to the window (to the stand profile). If the opening under the window sill is small, then it foams. Otherwise, masonry or sealing of the opening with mortar is necessary. When installing a window sill (window sill), make sure that it has an inclination from the window within 5 degrees, and that the overhang is beyond inner surface walls no more than 60 mm.
When installing the window sill, you should take into account that its edges extend beyond the finishing of the internal slope to a depth of at least 15-20 mm.
Advice: when choosing the width (depth) of the window sill, it should be taken into account that by 2 cm the window sill is “recessed” under window frame, so the width installed window sill will be 2 cm smaller)
All gaps between the window and the opening are filled with foam, and when it dries, they are insulated. The outer layer of insulation is designed to protect the insulation layer (which is a layer of foam) from the penetration of moisture into it, as well as from the damaging effects of the sun.
So, the main part of the work is finished. However for finishing the opening lacks slopes (which are like a decorative addition under which you can hide polyurethane foam, and a functional element - increasing the thermal insulation and sound insulation of the window opening). Plastic slopes will give the window a finished look, in addition, it best combination with plastic windows.
Installation of plastic slopes
Plastic slopes are installed on the same day as the window for panel and block houses and on the second day for Stalinist houses.
The slopes are either a Belgian sandwich panel (in the image) or German VEKA plastic slopes with removable trims.
The differences between the various plastic slopes are not significant, but you should know them.
The Belgian sandwich panel can be installed at dawn (not at a right angle to the window), which visually increases the window opening. Choice plastic slopes VEKA is justified for more accurate wallpapering when already established slopes. Thanks to the removable casing, the edges of the wallpaper will be neatly hidden under it.
Advice: If you are renovating your apartment, then it is better to install platbands on the slopes from a Belgian sandwich panel after gluing the wallpaper yourself - it will turn out neater and prettier).
Installing accessories on windows
On final stage A double-glazed window is installed in the window frame and the sashes are hung. Installation of additional accessories, fastening additional elements fittings and components, such as: stepped ventilator, clamp, mosquito net, blinds, etc..
The window is ready. Upon completion of all work, a work acceptance certificate is signed. In it, if necessary, the customer indicates his comments on the work performed, if any.
Almost immediately after all the work is completed, the PVC window can be used. The exception is windows with large opening sashes, which are not recommended to be opened within 24 hours after installing a PVC window.
In terms of functionality, a plastic window is much better than old wooden windows. If you follow simple instructions With its care and use, it will last you forever.
Advice: do not forget to remove the protective film from installed window. The adhesive base of the protective film loses its properties with prolonged exposure to heat and can spoil the aesthetic appearance plastic profile. In the image: protective film The film was removed only from the window frame; the film was not removed from the window sash.
General installation requirements according to GOST
GOST 30971-2002 “Mounting seams of junctions of window blocks to wall openings. Are common technical specifications» put into effect by order of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation on March 1, 2003.
Due to the need to adjust design documentation for design and construction organizations, the transition period for the development of GOST is set until 07/01/2003. The republics of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and Uzbekistan have joined the Russian standards.
What's new? New standards bring significant formalization of window installation and require numerous documents. Among them, it should be noted the need for each installation company to have “Window Installation Instructions” approved by local authorities, the need to develop window installation units for each facility under construction and coordination of units with the customer, it is recommended to analyze thermal fields, and also provides for the execution of delivery certificates - acceptance window openings before installation, acts of hidden work and acceptance certificates of completed window installation.
Of particular interest in the standards are the Annexes:
- Appendix A (recommended) contains drawings with examples of window installation;
- Appendix B (recommended) sets out requirements for fastening windows in openings;
- Appendix B (mandatory) represents the actual requirements for the installation of windows as a whole and is essentially the main working document;
- Appendix D (recommended) describes the requirements for the method for calculating thermal fields (isotherm analysis).
In general, Russian installation standards bring us closer to the standards adopted in Europe, and, in particular, in Germany.
GOST requires a large number of formalities from window companies and has more requirements for testing joint designs and materials used for them.
Formalization is justified by the fight against Russian negligence.
Testing of materials and seams is generally justified by the fact that until now in Russia there were no detailed standards for installation at all, there is no accumulated scientific experience in determining the properties of installation materials and the quality of seams. Of course, there is no need for the consumer to know all the provisions of this GOST; this is the responsibility of professionals.
Without delving into the subtleties, we can talk about three basic principles for installing windows, to which you need to pay the closest attention.
Three layers of seam sealing
The content of the main part of the standards is devoted to the rules for filling the installation gap between window blocks and openings according to the principle “the inside is tighter than the outside.” Each installation unit must have three layers of sealing: on the outside - protection from climatic influences, in the middle - insulation, on the inside - vapor barrier. Can be used different materials for outer layers and different mounting foams, but, in one design or another, these three sealing planes must be present.
The outer layer is designed to protect the insulation layer from moisture penetration into it, and must be vapor permeable in order for the insulation to be ventilated through it. That is, the outer layer must be waterproof and vapor permeable.
These requirements are due to the fact that when moisture penetrates into the insulation, its thermal insulation qualities decrease. PSUL (pre-compressed sealing tapes) best meets modern requirements for the outer layer. These are special mounting tapes that are glued to the window frame before installing it in the opening, and then, expanding, they fill all the leaks in the quarter in the opening.
Despite serious advantages: optimal construction physics and technological simplicity, they also have disadvantages. It is convenient to use these tapes in new construction when the opening has good geometry. But when replacing windows in old houses, when the slopes are uneven, and even more so, plastered, their use is difficult. Another drawback is that PSUL cannot be covered with plaster.
To a limited extent, silicone can be used outside. In this case, certain rules must be observed: the thickness of the silicone layer must be half the width of the seam being filled, and the silicone must be glued only on two sides and work in tension, the remaining sides must remain free.
Sealant can be used when insulating the installation seam. Although it is not clearly stated in GOST, there is no ban on its use, no matter how much the supporters of mounting tapes might want it. An example of using silicone outside and inside a room is shown in node A.14 in GOST 30971-2002. It is unacceptable, of course, as can sometimes be observed on objects, to simply spread silicone on top of the foam - this is an imitation of seam protection, but not the protection itself.
Central layer– thermal insulation. Currently, polyurethane foams are used for its implementation. It is best to use foams designed specifically for window installation. Such foams fill the joint evenly and do not need to be trimmed after hardening. After installation, other foams hang in clumps from the side of the room, and they are cut off, breaking the protective outer crust. The inner layer is a vapor barrier. Its function is to protect the insulation (foam) from the penetration of moisture vapor from the room. For these purposes, when plastering slopes, vapor barrier tapes, mainly butyl-based, are used, as well as paint-based vapor barriers for moisture-resistant plasterboards. It is possible to use silicone according to the rules mentioned above.
No cold bridges
An assembly seam is a node where the joining of wall and window structures, which have completely different properties, including in terms of heating technology, occurs. And it is important to make the knots in such a way that there are no cold bridges on the window slopes.
Basically, the problem of cold bridges is a problem of single-layer wall structures that were used in houses of past years (solid brick, expanded clay concrete, etc.). In this case, the weak area is the wall itself around the window frame due to its low heat transfer resistance. An area appears on the slope with a surface temperature below the dew point. In this area, firstly, high heat losses occur, and secondly, condensation occurs on it. If moisture condensation on a slope occurs frequently, then fungus (mold) may subsequently form in these places. The same applies to openings without quarters. In their absence, the danger of cold bridges seriously increases, and here the heating engineering of the junction units should be especially carefully considered.
Important tip– in the absence of quarters, use window frames with a width of at least 130 mm. With a narrow window frame, high-quality sealing of the seam is difficult and the likelihood of cold bridges is high. The options given in GOST with false quarters from corners or from platband are possible only if external plaster, and still remain problematic from the point of view of thermal engineering.
If there is effective insulation in the wall ( mineral wool or non-combustible polystyrene foam) the window should be either in the plane of the insulation, or behind a quarter of the insulation. In walls where aerated concrete is combined with external cladding and brick quarters, as a rule, cold bridges also do not arise due to the good thermal properties of aerated concrete.
Fastening the window block in the opening
The specificity of plastic windows is that they have significant thermal linear expansion. That is, when the windows are heated sun rays the bars of the frame and sashes increase in size. As calculated thermal expansion values for windows white 1.5 mm should be used per 1 linear meter, for colored windows - 2.5 mm per 1 lm (the difference in thermal expansion is due to the fact that white window profiles heat up significantly less than colored ones).
In accordance with this factor, the window is fastened to the wall. The corners of plastic windows must remain free, the outer fastening elements are placed at a distance of 150 mm from internal corners ram. The remaining fasteners are placed around the entire perimeter with a pitch of no more than 70 cm for white profiles, and no more than 60 cm for colored profiles. Near the imposts, the fasteners are also placed at a distance of 150 mm from the corner. The gap between the frame and the wall must be at least 15 mm. This is due both to the thermal expansion of windows and to the fact that a thinner seam is very difficult to fill evenly with foam insulation.
Bearing blocks are placed under the lower corners of the box and under the imposts. The blocks are also placed on the sides as follows: if you look at the window from the inside, then with one turning sash, the blocks are placed on the side opposite the hinges at the top and on the same side as the hinges at the bottom. With two doors, four blocks are installed, respectively.
Schematic diagrams of junctions between window frames and walls
1 – window sill board;
2 – foam insulation;
3 – vapor barrier tape;
4 – flexible anchor plate;
5 – support block for the window sill board;
6 – plaster mortar;
7 – dowel with locking screw;
8 – liner made of antiseptic lumber or leveling layer of plaster mortar (recommended only for bottom node);
9 – waterproofing, vapor-permeable tape;
10 – noise-absorbing gasket;
11 – drain;
12 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape (PSUL);
13 – thin layer of sealant
1 – foam insulation;
2 – insulating self-expanding vapor-permeable tape (PSUL) or vapor-permeable mastic;
3 – frame dowel;
4 – sealant;
5 – vapor barrier tape;
6 – panel for finishing the internal slope;
7 – plaster leveling layer of the internal slope.
Thermal gaps must be taken into account especially carefully when designing large-sized glazing elements: when making bay windows, shop windows, glazing to the entire height of the floor. These are the three basic principles when installing modern windows, although, of course, there are many nuances and subtleties that depend on various designs walls and the materials used for sealing the seam. And - as we already said at the beginning of the article - the human factor is very important - responsible and high-quality work of installers.
When can windows be installed?
With the entry into force of Moscow Law No. 42 “On Silence”, disturbing the peace of neighbors is an administrative violation. Carefully read our instructions on carrying out noisy work in order to comply with the requirements in force in Moscow and the Moscow region in various buildings.
How much does it cost to install windows according to GOST?
The cost consists of two components: the cost of work (hours) and materials.
The installation seam will comply with GOST for the installation of windows, when using both expensive and economical materials. The use of one or the other will affect the stages (duration) of the work and the final cost of window installation.
Video instructions for installing plastic windows
When purchasing a window, we plan that it will be able to serve well for many decades. However, this is only possible if the window is installed correctly. Almost all specialists have their own methods and secrets, but there are also special fixed standards - GOST and SNiP. It is the installation of PVC windows in accordance with GOST that can give the highest quality results.
Regulations
Installation of PVC windows in accordance with GOST will guarantee its long and trouble-free service. Today, all types of work related to this area are regulated by four main standards:
- GOST 30674-99. It contains general information on the issue and basic requirements for windows. There is practically no mention of the installation process itself in this GOST.
- GOST R52749-2007. This standard focuses on the process of installing windows using vapor-permeable, self-expanding sealing tape.
- GOST 30971-2012. This document contains the most detailed information on the issue. It also contains exact requirements for window sizes, device parameters and joint filling materials, methods of fastening structures and similar information. It also describes the requirements for regulatory documentation, some warranty obligations of the work contractor and general requirements for the performance of work. This standard was introduced at the beginning of 2014 and replaced the outdated GOST 30971-2002 for window installation.
- SNiP 02/23/2003. The standard sets the parameters for thermal protection of premises. Suffice it to mention that it requires the installation of a 3-chamber double-glazed window for most climatic zones of Russia and a 5-chamber double-glazed window for Siberia.
All of the above regulatory documents are valid, but not mandatory. The only exception was various requirements related to safety in one way or another.. Compliance with GOSTs only helps to achieve the highest quality window installation.
Preparing for installation
The installation of plastic windows according to GOST is not much different in general terms from the usual installation of a PVC window. The main differences lie in the nuances and compliance with a number of requirements. The technology for installing plastic windows is as follows:
Measurements
Before starting work, a number of measurements should be taken. The dimensions of the window are set as follows: the width of the window is the width of the window opening, from which the double width of the installation gap (which will be on both sides) is subtracted, the height is the same. According to GOST, minimum width such a gap is 2 cm, and in calculations the figure most often used is 2.5-3 cm.
When installing a quarter window, measurements are taken from the outside If we are talking about installing a window in an opening with an external quarter, then all measurements should be made from the outside. The width will be the distance between the quarters, increased by the size of the frame plant per quarter, which ranges from 2.5 to 4 cm. The height is determined in the same way.
Preparatory work
After the windows have been manufactured and delivered to the customer, work should not begin immediately. It is recommended to first prepare the room: clear the space near the window for comfortable work, remove unnecessary things and furniture, cover the walls and remaining objects with film or thick fabric. The doors are removed from the frame, and the cavity of the stand profile is filled with heat-insulating foam. It is recommended to do the latter one day before installation.
Particular attention should be paid to the opening itself - it must be cleaned of dirt and dust in advance. If there are noticeable irregularities, they are leveled with putty.
Fastening
GOST stipulates two main types of window fastening. The first is done in the mounting plane - self-tapping screws are attached directly through the frame. This option is used most often, but requires that the door leaves and double-glazed windows be removed from the frame in advance. The advantage of this method is the ease of installation in the opening.
Most often, self-tapping screws are used for fastening The second option is based on the use of reinforcement mounted in the frame during production. The entire structure can be mounted. It should be noted that its weight will be quite large, so the process will require certain efforts and skills.
Installation work
Installation of plastic windows according to GOST provides one important point: The frame is not installed on a bare brick or similar base. Instead, small wooden blocks, soaked in solutions. They will help in aligning the window.
After this, either a separate frame or the entire structure is placed on them, which depends on the preferred type of fastening. For greater stability and reliability, the supports are left as part of the structure, and wedges are knocked out between the window and the wall on top for fixation. After this, the frame is attached from the sides in the same way. By controlling the process with a level, the frame is leveled, and adjustments are made by adding substrates.
The frame can be fastened, according to GOST, through pre-drilled fasteners. You should start from the bottom, gradually moving higher. To top it off, the structure is additionally checked for horizontalness and all screws and anchors are tightened.
Drain installation and window assembly
Most often, a special groove is provided on the outside of the window into which the drainage system is mounted. GOST states that during installation it must be foamed. If you need to create more robust construction, the drainage system is additionally secured with screws.
The drainage system is mounted in a special groove on the outside Upon completion, another control check of the entire structure is required: for strength, verticality and horizontality. After this, all that remains is to assemble the window. The assembly process takes place in the reverse order of disassembly: during the process, stops, handles and other accessories are returned to their places.
Filling gaps
GOSTs pay special attention to filling gaps. This procedure is almost always performed using polyurethane foam-based polyurethane foam. This material tested over years of work, but still has a number of shortcomings. First of all, its resistance to impact environment and ultraviolet radiation leaves much to be desired. That is why GOST standards require maximum insulation of all seams on all sides - this will avoid destruction of the insulation, which can result in loss of tightness, fogging of windows and the penetration of cold from the street into the house.
The insulation procedure is as follows: waterproofing tape for PVC windows is glued from the inside around the entire perimeter. The tape must also have vapor-tight properties. A strip of foil is glued at the bottom, which will subsequently end up under the window sill board. They pass along the outside in a similar way. PSUL adhesive strip (moisture-resistant and vapor-tight). This membrane film can allow steam to pass out.
Installation of windows in accordance with GOST requires mandatory waterproofing of gaps Both mentioned materials are characterized not only by the fact that they are not difficult to find on the construction market. They also differ in accessibility, that is, the final price of the work will not increase that much, but the quality will increase significantly. In addition, the structure mounted in this way will last several years longer.
To fill the gap when installing PVC windows according to GOST, the strips are slightly bent and the surface is wetted from the inside. Apply the composition using a pistol. The filler is foam intended for use all year round. According to GOST, ordinary foam can also be used, but only at temperatures up to 30 degrees below zero. Considering the conditions in most regions, such seam insulation in Russia turns out to be of little use.
Window sill installation
On last stage work is installing a window sill. This process is considered quite simple - you just need to adjust the size and, if necessary, trim the finished window sill so that it fits perfectly under the frame. According to GOST 30971, it is allowed for the window sill to extend onto the walls at a distance of 5 to 10 cm. Pegs are used to create a level, after which the cavity under the board is sealed with polyurethane foam or mortar. Experts recommend making a slope of 1-2 degrees towards the room during installation.
When installing a window sill, it is necessary to adjust it to the correct size To decorate the window sill, plastic panels are used, which are attached to the initial profile using a clip. The platband, which goes around the corner, is secured with self-tapping screws, and covered on top decorative film. All that remains is to put on the end caps and seal the seams with sealant.
Many construction companies interpret GOST and SNiP standards as they want and can simply ignore them, but what can happen if they are installed incorrectly? once again no need to talk. There are two ways out: either carefully monitor the installation process and immediately notice violations, or install windows according to GOST on your own.
Installation of windows according to GOST: ptrue and... not quite true
Having decided to install a plastic window, you carefully choose a company: having your own production and certified products guarantees that the window will be of high quality. But 70% of a durable window is its installation.
What is “installation of a plastic window according to GOST”?
The installation (installation) of a plastic window is regulated by several documents:
■ GOST 30674-99 “Window blocks made of polyvinyl chloride profiles”, art. 9;
■ GOST 30971-2012 “Mounting seams of junctions of window blocks to wall openings. General technical conditions";
■ GOST R 52749-2007 “Window installation joints with vapor-permeable self-expanding tapes.”
If you want mandatory compliance with GOST requirements during installation, make sure that the contract states in compliance with which specific GOST the window will be installed. The fact is that:
1. GOST R 52749-2007 applicable only when installed using vapor-permeable self-expanding sealing tapes (PSUL). If the installation of a plastic window was carried out without PSUL (and the use of PSUL is not specified in the contract), the application of the requirements of this GOST in the dispute is incorrect.
2. GOST 30971-2012“Mounting seams of junctions between window blocks and wall openings. The document is valid, but for voluntary use. It’s better to say this: The document is a valid normative..., but its use is optional (voluntary).In confirmation of this - Order of Rosstandart No. 1983 art. dated December 27, 2007
All questions in this article will be considered on the basis of GOST 30971-2012, since GOST 30674-99 (Article 9) contains too general instructions, and GOST R 52749-2007 was created on the basis of GOST 30971-2002, after which GOST 30971-2012 was adopted. In addition, most contractors refer specifically to GOST 30971-2012.
If the contractor claims that he carries out installation in accordance with GOST, he is obliged to comply with the requirements of GOST, and draw up his documentation in accordance with the requirements and recommendations of GOST.
GOST 30971-2012 (hereinafter simply GOST) contains requirements, recommendations and examples. Note, however, that GOST 30971-2012 was introduced on January 1, 2014 for “ voluntary applications in Russian Federation as a national standard of the Russian Federation.” Voluntary means not requiring mandatory certification.
So, GOST contains:
■ Requirements for the properties of the construction seam filling.
■ Requirements for the dimensions of the installation gap.
■ Requirements for the size of the window opening.
■ Requirements for window opening surfaces.
■ Requirements for securing the window structure.
■ General requirements to perform the work.
■ Contractor's warranty obligations.
Filling the assembly seam
GOST requirements for an assembly seam come down to two points:
1. The seam must be resistant to various operational influences and loads (clause 5.1.5.).
2. The seam must be warm, soundproof, steam and waterproof (5.1.3.).
GOST conditionally divides the seam into three layers: outer, central and inner. The outer one prevents water from entering the seam and ensures the removal of steam from the seam, the central one is thermal insulating, the inner one provides vapor barrier.Note that vapor barrier tape in this GOST is considered as one of possible options external seam (clause A.2.5), along with vapor-permeable sealant (A.2.4), plaster mortars (A.2.6.). No matter how carefully you study GOST, you will not find in it requirements for the mandatory use of PSUL and vapor barrier tape. This GOST also notes that “in cases where tapes are used to seal installation gaps building structures, intended for operation with increased wind loads (for example, in high-rise construction) and other loads, sealing tapes should be used in conjunction with protective overlay profiles (coverings).
Outer layer (example from GOST):
Rice. 1
Where 1 is polyurethane foam, 2 is PSUL.
Central layer. There is no point in dwelling on this part of the seam, since careful and leisurely foaming of the installation gap ensures the required quality of the seam and satisfies all GOST requirements.
Inner layer. The use of vapor barrier tape, recommended by GOST (there are other methods of vapor barrier, but more on them later), makes sense and performs the functions assigned to it, but... only when building a house.
The fact is that materials for the inner layer, according to GOST (clause 4.3), “vapor barrier materials along the internal contour of the installation gap must be laid continuously, without gaps, breaks or un-glued areas. In other words, when changing windows according to GOST, it is necessary to achieve the appropriate surface of the window opening in the section “ Technical requirements"(clause 5.2.3, clause 5.2.4 and 5.3.)
Size Requirements
Firstly, the contractor must provide you with working drawings of the junction assemblies with the specified gap sizes. If the opening complies with the requirements of the joint venture, the dimensions of the installation gap recommended by GOST are observed automatically, but... In buildings built after 1953, you can forget about observing the depth of the quarter. What is “quarter depth” follows from the name: a quarter of a brick is 60-65 mm. In real buildings, the depth of the quarter can reach 150 mm. This means that it is not always possible to maintain gap sizes within the GOST recommendations.
Therefore, in order to comply with the requirements and recommendations of GOST, it is necessary to bring the window opening in accordance with SP 50.13330.2012 (currently in force, and not during the construction of the building): plastering, laying bricks, etc. Or design and approve (in competent organizations) the appropriate technical solutions for the installation seam.
More? Needs plastering.
About the surface of the opening
Let me note again: compliance with GOST is important when constructing a new residential building. You can install three-chamber windows (without looking at SP 50.13330.2012 ), check the laying of the opening, draw up all the necessary technical solutions, etc., but unfortunately not when replacing an old window with a plastic one.
It's no secret that plastic windows are most often installed when the old ones become unusable. That is, approximately 30-40 years after the completion of the house. When dismantling an old window, bricks and parts of the facade slab (destroyed by weathering) crumble and chip. And according to GOST, “Edges and surfaces of external and internal slopes should not have punctures, cavities, mortar overflows and other damage with a height (depth) of more than 10 mm. Defective areas should be puttied with waterproof compounds..." And also: "When repairing objects and replacing window units... the surfaces of internal and external slopes should be leveled with plaster mortar without the formation of thermal bridges."
In addition, let us remember the point about the vapor barrier tape and its adhesive strength and we get: after dismantling old frame it is necessary to clean the opening from the old plaster, re-plaster it, dry it, prime it, dry it and, only after that, carry out installation.
Anchoring (fastening) a plastic window
When installing a plastic window according to GOST recommendations, you need to carefully monitor the number and location of fasteners. For a double-hung window (the most popular configuration is one fixed sash, one tilt-and-turn), according to GOST, 14 anchors are required (see Fig. 2), which, in my opinion, is redundant and was installed to level out errors and carelessness of builders and manufacturers of plastic windows . In addition, it is necessary to adjust the type of fastening elements used depending on the material and walls and their condition (see below: “Diagnostics of the condition of walls”).
Rice. 2.
General requirements for work performance
In addition to all of the above, the company performing installation in accordance with GOST must have standard instructions for the installation of window units (and now - attention) developed for the window company by competent organizations and agreed upon with regional construction authorities.
About inspection of heating and ventilation systems, condition and design features walls (necessary when carrying out work in accordance with GOST) can not even be mentioned, just as one can not mention the compliance of newly installed structures architectural project building.
Have you heard about organizations that test the materials of the assembly seam and the seam itself, which, according to GOST, must be carried out regularly? If you know, write, I will be grateful.
And, if we talk about full compliance with GOSTs and SP, the window must comply with the design documentation. In other words, the window configuration must correspond to that specified in the building design, or the window sketch must be consistent with the authors of the architectural project.
And now about time... and money
The cost of installing a double-hung window in compliance with all GOST requirements and recommendations (listed above) cannot be less than 30 thousand rubles. This is approximately how much such a window costs in European countries. They promised you installation according to GOST for only 9 thousand?..
How to interpret and apply GOST requirements?
GOST can be approached from several angles. You can follow the letter of GOST with fulfillment of all requirements and appropriate documentary support. Or you can not look at GOST and install it as you please (for example, fixing a plastic window only with foam, without anchors - this also happens).
But there is an intermediate option: to focus on GOST, but at the same time critically evaluate its requirements and recommendations, taking into account that in 10-20 years from the moment of its development to today(A new GOST- only a slightly modified old one) both installation technologies and plastic windows themselves have gone far ahead, and Russia is a huge country with a wide range of climatic conditions.
GOST in real conditions
Let's start with the window requirements. According toSP 50.13330.2012 “Thermal protection of buildings” (hereinafter simply SP), in the climatic conditions of Siberia it is possible to use window structures made of five-chamber (and higher) window profile. Three-chamber windows (even using low-emissivity glass and filling the glass unit chambers with argon) do not meet the thermophysical characteristics. It would seem, what does this have to do with it? But five-chamber window the installation width is larger and this causes certain difficulties when constructing the installation seam.
If you install a high-quality energy-efficient plastic window (with an installation profile width of 70 mm or more), the installation seam will differ from the GOST example (see Fig. 3): when foaming, non-foamed cavities will form in the corner area near the PSUL (1) (3 ) (it is impossible to control their foaming), and this violates thermal insulation properties installation seam and leads to its freezing, and in as a last resort- and to blowing.
An attempt to put more foam into this space results in the foam squeezing the PSUL outward. Vapor-permeable putties will not be considered, since in our climate (temperature range from -45 to +40, and on the frame - up to +60) significant thermal changes in the size of the window block are observed, the putty cracks and crumbles.
Rice. 3.
One of the possible alternative installation methods
1. Filling the assembly seam.
The GOST requirements (if not literally, but in essence) can be expressed as follows: the seam must be warm, moisture must not get into it, both outside and from the room (the expansion of water when freezing destroys the polyurethane foam) and the moisture located there must have the ability to leave the seam. Based on this conclusion, the following weld pattern is possible (see Fig. 4).
Rice. 4.
In this case, the technology for filling the seam is as follows. After securing the structure, the first layer of foam (1) is laid. After foaming is completed, the first layer of foam (2) is applied to the entire perimeter. The next stage is foaming the gap between the quarter and the PVC window (3), after which the seam is closed from the outside with the outer plastic corner(4). This allows you to achieve dense foaming of the seam with a uniform fine-porous foam structure (that is, to avoid large bubbles, which is inevitable when foaming in one pass).
This installation of plastic windows allows you to achieve the basic requirements of GOST: outside corner(4) prevents water from entering the seam, but leaves the possibility of steam release from the seam. The sandwich panel is vapor-tight and prevents moisture from entering the seam from the room side. In addition, the frame of the plastic window is separated from the wall by a layer of foam on all sides, which allows the heat-saving functions of the profile to be fully realized.
2. Dimensions of the installation gap.
If the quarters are made in accordance with SP, the gaps recommended by GOST are automatically observed, but:
■ Firstly, the depth of the quarter is determined only after dismantling the old window, and the PVC window has already been manufactured at this time.
■ Secondly, it is undesirable to install a quarter frame of a plastic window deeper than 30 mm - there is no room for exterior finishing there is no assembly seam left.
■ Thirdly, the minimum size (according to GOST is 20 mm) of the installation gap cannot be properly foamed. In addition, the foam must dampen (soften, level out) temperature changes in the dimensions of the frame, but such a gap does not allow this.
■ And finally, GOST (clause 5.3.1) allows you to increase the size of the installation gap. True, with filling it with “...inserts made of rigid insulation materials...” However, no one will allow such a seam design to be registered.
I mentioned above regarding the size of the “quarter” in our houses.
Thus, when measuring windows, craftsmen almost always start from the depth of installation of the frame at a quarter (and the experience gained from their mistakes). And if the gap exceeds the recommended GOST, it is the fault of the builders, “circumstances that are impossible to find out during measurements, without dismantling the old structure.” In addition, with proper fastening (you need to select the appropriate anchor) and foaming of the plastic window, increasing the installation gap to 80-85 mm does not affect the quality of the seam. sash and high wind loads. In addition, it should be remembered that in brick houses the fastening from above is made into the jumper and the more holes there are, the greater the likelihood of its destruction...
4. Documentary execution of work.
Most often it is limited to design sketches with a list of works, a contract and a certificate of completion of work. And this is explained quite simply. You, as a customer, will not agree to take responsibility for the dimensions of the structure and installation features by signing the approval certificate, just as you will not agree to limit warranty cases by signing the hidden work certificates. Coordinating the window configuration with architects is also out of the question, because you need a plastic window that is convenient for you, and not something that an architect came up with 30-50 years ago, but in a plastic version.
5. About the warranty.
A small incident: according to GOST 30674-99, the warranty on plastic windows must be at least 3 years from the date of shipment of the products; according to GOST 30971-2012, the guarantee on the seam is at least 5 years.
But an installed plastic window is a complex of a window with an installation seam. And the warranty is most often established for the window, that is, 3 years from the date of completion of installation. After all, a window without a seam can exist, but vice versa - not at all. In addition, in three years all installation defects will have time to manifest themselves, and this time is not enough for defects to appear due to builder errors (changes in the size or configuration of the opening, etc.). True, here you need to ensure that the contract covers the guarantee not only for the structure, but also for the installation seam (installation work).
And at the end of the article, I want to say that no matter what slogans your contractor uses, the quality and durability of the installation depend 90% on the hands that carry out this installation...
P.S. This article is analytical. It is based on the analysis and synthesis of industry regulations (GOST and SP) and our own practical experience its author in terms of resolving disputes regarding the quality of installation (installation) of plastic windows. The article does not claim to be the ultimate truth.
If you have any questions, comments, concerns, or would like to tell us about controversial issues from your practice, please send them by email: . We will be happy to discuss this with you.
Head of Sales Department
company LOKA S.V. Salnikov.
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