Finishing work is The final stage construction or renovation of buildings. They are performed in order to protect the structures of the house from the effects of the external environment, to create comfortable conditions residence, to give the house a complete look.

Finishing is carried out both inside (internal finishing works) and outside buildings (external finishing works). Finishing materials must comply with sanitary and hygienic standards, withstand destructive mechanical influences, and retain their original appearance for a long time.

Building a house or overhaul includes rough and fine finishing. The rough finish includes work on leveling the surfaces of ceilings, walls, floors; device, if necessary, a "warm floor" system; installation of heating, water supply and sewerage systems; laying electrical wiring; installation of window and door blocks, all types of glazing.

Fine (finishing) finishing is performed after roughing. It includes the following types of work:

• Plumbing installation.
• Laying ceramic tiles.
• Finishing ceilings and walls finishing plaster and puttying, painting, wallpapering, decorating panels and artificial stone and other design work.
• Installation of finishing floor covering.
• Installation of sockets, switches, installation of hanging furniture and other actions to decorate a house or apartment.

Fine finishing completes the construction or renovation of the house, after its completion, the housing is ready for occupancy and permanent residence.

The main types of finishing works

Depending on the purpose and technological operations, finishing works are classified into plastering, glass, painting, cladding, wallpapering and device finish coatings floors.

Glass work

Glazing of external windows and doorways buildings are produced at the first stage of rough finishing. Most interior decoration operations cannot be performed without installing windows and doors, since plasters and paints, wallpaper and other interior finishing materials are not intended for use in drafty and high humidity conditions.

Glazing is done in various ways, but in modern construction, as a rule, ready-made double-glazed windows made in the factory are installed. To install glass blocks, it is better to invite a specialized team of workers.

Plaster work

facade plastering, internal walls, ceilings - an obligatory part of the finishing work.

Plaster is applied to protect building surfaces from environmental influences and heat loss, as well as to level the bases for fine finishing.

Plastering works can be divided into two types: wet and dry plastering. Wet or monolithic plaster is the application of solutions of various plaster mixtures to the surface in order to level or obtain relief decorative surfaces. Now they produce a lot of dry putty and plaster mixtures, which only need to be diluted with water before application. According to their composition, they are:

• Ordinary. Consisting of a binder and fillers, they are used to level and eliminate differences in the base before subsequent finishing.
• Specialized. They contain special additives and have certain properties - soundproof, waterproof, frost-resistant, heat-insulating and others.
• Decorative. They not only level the surface, but also give it an original relief and color.

Dry plaster is called drywall sheets, with the help of which they perform interior decoration walls, ceilings, install partitions between rooms. Drywall looks good in the interior, but it is not recommended to use it for outdoor work, since the material does not have the necessary resistance to atmospheric agents.

Painting works

Painting work is the painting of surfaces with the aim of protecting them from the external environment, ensuring sanitary and hygienic requirements, improving appearance. Painting paints are made on a water or non-aqueous basis.

In the first case, the coloring pigments are bound by cement, glue, lime, liquid glass; in the second - with synthetic resins, bitumen, drying oils, and other natural or synthetic materials. Various solvents give the necessary consistency to the paints.

The quality characteristics of the binder determine the type of paint: oil, adhesive, synthetic. Adhesive paints are usually used for internal surfaces buildings, oil - for painting facades, wet rooms, metal structures. Synthetic, water-based, silicate coloring compounds are versatile and suitable for any surface.

The technology of painting works consists of several operations: cleaning surfaces from irregularities, removing dirt and dust, puttying, applying soil, painting in several layers.

Facing works

Facing work consists in finishing facades, exterior and interior walls, ceilings and floors with ceramic tiles, siding panels, ceramic and natural granite, artificial and natural stone and other facing materials.

The cladding technology depends on the characteristics of the surface and on the properties of the material. The general rules for facing are as follows:

• High adhesion (adhesion to the surface). This quality is guaranteed the right choice adhesive composition and compliance with the laying conditions for a particular material.
• No voids under facing material, for this it is necessary to level the base well and evenly apply the adhesive mixture.
• The absence of cracks, chips, irregularities, remnants of the frozen solution.
• Seams of the same width and perpendicular to each other. Facing is carried out using levels and other devices that allow you to evenly lay the finishing material.

Facing work begins with the upper surfaces (ceilings, walls), and then proceeds to the arrangement of floor coverings. The exception is sanitary facilities - bathrooms, showers, toilets, garages. In conditions of high humidity, condensation forms on the walls, and water can penetrate into the joints of the ceilings. Therefore, in such rooms, floor tiles are first laid.

wallpaper sticker

Pasting the walls with wallpaper is the final stage of interior decoration, with the exception of painting or varnishing the floors. The market of finishing materials is saturated with roll materials of various textures, colors and quality characteristics. Consider the most popular.

paper wallpaper

A common type of wallpaper, the cheapest and easiest to stick. Single-layer wallpaper (simplex) and two-layer wallpaper (duplex) are produced. More often they have a smooth texture, but there are also embossed images. Paper wallpaper is an environmentally friendly material, but they are afraid of moisture, fade, absorb odors. Usually used in living rooms Oh.

Non-woven wallpaper

They are made of non-woven dense fabrics. Much stronger paper wallpaper, are not afraid of moisture, are environmentally friendly, do not shrink after gluing, hide minor surface defects. Good for walls and ceilings. If a layer of vinyl is applied to non-woven wallpaper, they can be glued for painting.

Vinyl wallpapers

Available in paper or non-woven backing with foam vinyl backing. Such wallpapers do not fade, they can be washed, painted. On sale there are smooth, embossed wallpapers, as well as silk-screened canvases. Vinyl wallpapers they do not let air through, so it is better not to use them in bedrooms and children's rooms, but in the kitchen and in the hallway such material will be in place.

Elite wallpapers made of natural materials

As a basis for them, paper or interlining is used, and upper layer performed from natural materials: bamboo, straw. Veneer, cork, cane and others.

Environmentally friendly materials, they look beautiful on the walls, but they are expensive, they are afraid of moisture and can fade in the sun.

Often, natural wallpaper is glued to one of the walls, which gives the interior an original look.

Textile wallpapers

The front side of the fabric wallpaper is made of silk, cotton, velor, linen and other natural and synthetic materials. Fabric wallpapers are resistant to sunlight, have heat-insulating and sound-proofing properties. Their disadvantages include low resistance to moisture, pollution, odors, mechanical damage.

Liquid wallpaper

Liquid wallpaper in appearance is similar to decorative plaster. They are made from cellulose with the addition of various fibers, sparkles and natural dyes. Harmless to health, level the walls, create an unusual relief surface.

Due to their high hygroscopicity, they are not recommended for use in wet areas. Sold in the form of dry mixes, which are diluted with water before application.

In addition to those listed above, acrylic, metallized wallpapers, fiberglass finishing roll materials, photo wallpapers and others are on sale. Adhesives for each type of wallpaper is selected in accordance with the instructions attached to the batch of material.

Finishing technology varies depending on the type of wallpaper. Before sticking, it is necessary to clean and level the surface, it is better to glue the wallpaper, starting from the window of the room. It is advisable to avoid drafts during operation.

Floor covering device

Finishing flooring flooring completes the finishing work of the house. A variety of modern materials allows you to satisfy the tastes of any buyer. Here are some examples of common floor coverings.

Parquet

The time-tested material has not lost its relevance in our days. Now more often parquet boards are laid from various types of wood: oak, maple, ash, beech. Computer technologies make it possible to model the laying pattern and carry out original design solutions.

parquet board

For the price, the material compares favorably with parquet. Made from natural wood in a wide range color shades. Laying parquet board carried out on the principle of locking connection. Just like parquet, parquet board lends itself well to repeated scraping, cleaning and varnishing.

Laminate

Reliable material, resistant to scratches and mechanical damage. Its top layer imitates the texture of wood, parquet, ceramic tiles, natural stone - it all depends on the taste and preferences of the customer. During laying, the material is fixed with the help of locking elements provided for by the design of the panels.

In addition to these materials, for finishing flooring use wooden planks, cork coverings, mats, ceramic tiles, porcelain stoneware, slabs of natural or artificial stone, roll materials (carpet, linoleum).

The technology of laying flooring varies depending on the material chosen. After the installation of the floors, the decoration of the room can be considered complete.

Our offers

The MosKomplekt company performs finishing works for private houses, apartments and public buildings. Turning to us, you will receive a beautiful cozy house, the design of which will meet all the requirements of reliability and environmental safety.

We do not charge for the departure of specialists for measurements and assessment of the conditions of work. Our specialists perform both individual types of work and turnkey finishing of apartments and houses.

The total cost of repair and finishing services depends on many factors and is calculated after clarifying the scope of work. We have reasonable prices and individual approach to every client. Estimated cost of turnkey finishing:

• Cosmetic repairs - from 2,500 rubles / m2.
• Overhaul - from 5,800 rubles / m2.
• Elite renovation (European-style renovation) – from 7,900 rubles/m2.

From this article you will learn:

• What are the standards for interior decoration
• What does it include rough finish premises
• What is room cleaning
• Things to keep in mind when decorating interiors

Repairs in Moscow must be taken seriously. During the construction of any object, its foundation is first laid, walls are erected, after which ceilings and a roof are arranged. But the appearance of all these structures is rough, the house in this state is not suitable for further operation. The interior decoration of the premises is carried out just in order to make the object comfortable for living. Today, the construction market offers a wide range of finishing materials and the latest technologies, which gives you the opportunity to choose the most optimal for yourself.

Interior decoration of premises and its regulatory framework

Some owners of residential premises, having the appropriate skills and abilities, make repairs on their own. Others prefer to go to experienced craftsmen. However, in both cases, it is necessary to know the key requirements for interior decoration. They are spelled out in special regulatory documentation - SP (Code of Rules). All work carried out as part of the decoration of the premises must comply with established standards and never deviate from them.

Regulatory documentation has been developed with requirements for each type and type finishing works. You need to follow the rules prescribed in it if:

• you are going to build a building or structure;
• in your plans, the reconstruction of existing premises or the alteration of a certain part;
• you are about to restore your property.

The main emphasis in these regulations is on safety.

There is the Law of the Russian Federation No. 384-F3 of December 30, 2009 "Technical Regulations on the Safety of Buildings and Structures". This is the main regulatory act, the fulfillment of the conditions of which is mandatory for all construction organizations.

Note that the interior decoration of the premises is carried out in accordance with SP 71.13330.2011. Sanitary networks are arranged and installed on the basis of SP 73.13330.2016. The rules for conducting power supply and electrical network systems are specified in SP 76.13330.2016. Repair work standards for private customers are prescribed in GOST R 52059-2003.

If you order interior decoration of premises in a construction company, be sure to conclude a contract. In the contract, indicate that the work performed must necessarily comply with building codes.

The quality of the final finishing of the premises must meet the requirements of SP 71.13330.2011. Since this document is quite large, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the instructions, which indicate the basic tolerance limits for the deviation of all surfaces of the interior.

Permissible deviations in relation to gender:

• thickness - no more than 10% of that specified in the project;
• surface unevenness of the screed decorative coatings- no more than 2 mm per 2 m;
• flatness when laying parquet - no more than 2 mm per 2 m of length;
• joint width when laying ceramic tiles - no more than 6 mm;
• surface flatness when laying ceramic tiles - no more than 1 mm.

Besides:

• during visual inspection, chips, potholes, protrusions, depressions and cracks are unacceptable;
• the flatness of the surface is checked using a rail 2 m long. The allowable clearance over the entire length should not be more than 4 mm;
• voids under the tile when it is tapped are unacceptable. If voids are found, the tile is laid again.

Wall tolerances:

• when applying plaster on walls, it is necessary to ensure that the deviation from flatness does not exceed 2 mm over a length of 1 m, and in high buildings - by 1 cm;
• wall decoration is performed only on surfaces with a humidity below 8%;
• painting work is also carried out on surfaces with a humidity of not more than 8%;
• paint coatings are applied with a thickness of at least 25 microns;
• on painted surfaces there should be no smudges, splashes, stains, color differences;
• wallpaper can be glued only at a humidity level not higher than 8%;
• the width of the seam between the wallpaper strips should not exceed 0.5 mm;
• surfaces should be free of spots, bubbles, delamination of wallpaper;
• wallpapering of skirting boards, doorways, electrical communication devices is prohibited;
• the pattern on the wallpaper must necessarily match along the entire length.

Before the immediate interior decoration of the room, decide how you see the end result. Of course, you can try to make repairs on your own. But it is much more convenient to take the help of professionals, especially if you are interested not only in interior decoration, but also in redevelopment.

What is the interior decoration made of? Masters carry out a number of activities: they level, putty and plaster surfaces, perform work on screeding floors, finishing walls and ceilings with plasterboard. In an additional order, surface cladding is carried out, workers install windows, doors and slopes. Interior decoration also includes electrical work, installation of material for insulation and laying floors.

It depends on how well the finishing works are carried out. general form premises and renovation results. That is why it is very important to use high-quality finishing materials.

Interior decoration is carried out in 3 stages:

1. Ceiling repair.
2. Wall work.
3. Floor finishing.

Note! The work is carried out in this sequence.

Rough interior decoration

There are the following types of interior decoration:

1. Draft. Masters prepare the surfaces in the room for the application of finishing materials. Usually, during rough finishing, the base is strengthened, defects are eliminated and the surfaces are leveled by various methods.
2. Fine. Finishing / decorative materials are applied to the previously prepared surface.

Let's stop at general rules rough finish.

Rough interior decoration usually involves leveling floors and walls in various ways. In accordance with SP 29.13330.2010 and SP 71.13330.2011, the subfloor is arranged on a solid foundation using multilayer technology.

If the floor is laid on a base of soil (often this is done by the owners of private houses), then it is mandatory to stabilize and fix the soil in order to avoid subsidence and swelling. At this stage, water disposal works are also carried out.

Note! The compaction of the soil base is carried out in accordance with SP 71.13330.2011, which describes the requirements for earthworks.

Equip floors should only be at the appropriate temperature. Minimum temperature air for backfilling sand, gravel or other earthworks- 0 0 C. At +5 0 C, apply bituminous compositions and pour cement mortar. Polymer compositions are used at +15 0 С.

The humidity level in the room should not exceed 60%. In addition, before proceeding with the arrangement of the floor, it is better to finish the work on plaster and putty, accompanied by an increase in humidity.

A base layer of sand, gravel, slag or similar materials is laid on the soil base. As for the thickness of the underlying layer, it is determined by the expected load, but should not be less than 60 mm if it is sand, and 80 mm if it is larger bedding.

If necessary, as part of the interior decoration of the premises, waterproofing of the floor is also carried out - a number of measures to protect the screed and floor covering from contact with moisture. In this case, use waterproofing materials, as bitumen-based mastics, polymer paint materials, and PVC film and membrane with similar characteristics.

During interior decoration, they level the floor, mask pipelines and other communications, evenly distribute the load on load-bearing elements and carry out other types of work. In all these cases, the masters use screeds. The most common type is poured screeds from a solution, which includes cement and sand (with or without reinforcement).

The minimum thickness of the screed for floor slabs is 20 mm, and for the layer of backfill (as well as for bulk sound and thermal insulation materials) - 40 mm. When pouring over pipes, the screed must be at least 10-15 mm thicker than the diameter of the pipeline.

Instead of cement-sand mortar screeds, it is allowed to use prefabricated structures made of plywood, fibreboard and similar materials. When installing such a coating, its elements are fixed on the base, using adhesive solutions or mechanical fasteners for this.

Before finishing, the craftsmen plaster the walls and ceilings. In this regard, the following rule is written in SP 71.13330.2011.

Walls on which a fine finish is provided must have a strength of at least 65% of the design value.

To repair all cracks, cracks and other defects, it is necessary to use special solutions.

A notch is applied to the concrete surface to ensure adhesion. Surfaces made of bricks and blocks must be processed without notches, but it is imperative to fill the seams with a special compound.

When plastering, a multi-layer method is used. In this case, the thickness of each layer must correspond to the value prescribed in this table:

The application of each subsequent layer of plaster is permissible only after the previous one has dried.

Nothing is said about the methods of leveling the plaster, but it is best to do it along the lighthouses. To do this, beacon profiles are pre-installed on the base, which serve as a support for the distribution of plaster and the removal of its excess.

Instead of plastering, as part of the interior decoration, cladding or sheathing is performed drywall sheets. Sheets are attached directly to the base, using an adhesive mass, using a special metal frame or wooden beam.

Equipping the skin on the frame, you can lay concealed wiring without compromising the integrity of the wall. Of course, to ensure safety, all wires must be laid in cable channels made of non-combustible material. If the building is built of concrete or brick, you can use plastic corrugations. If the building is wooden, a metal hose or steel pipes are used.

Often, after the completion of plastering work or the installation of gypsum boards, the surface must be puttied. In these cases, a special composition is applied to the walls with a thin layer (usually based on gypsum), after which they are leveled, wait until it dries, and then polished with abrasive materials.

Clean interior finishing

Upon completion preparatory work the masters begin fine finish walls. The choice of materials is usually determined by the purpose of the room. Both specialists in the field of repair and decoration, and the owners of houses and apartments themselves pay great attention not only to the aesthetic component, but also to the safety of materials for decoration.

Premises are residential (a bedroom, living room, children's room), non-residential (kitchen, hallway, bathroom, etc.) and industrial. For each type, materials with a specific marking are used, designed to repair these rooms. Interior decoration of residential premises is carried out with materials marked E1. The E2 mark indicates that the material is intended for non-residential premises, and E3 - only for production.

Ceramic tile

decorative trim interior spaces with a high level of humidity (bathroom, kitchen, toilet) should be carried out using ceramic tiles. This material has excellent properties. It is durable, practical, moisture resistant, easy to care for, it practically does not remain contaminated, it has a long operational period. A wide range of shades and textures allows you to choose ceramic tiles for any style of interior in accordance with your wishes.

But ceramic tiles also have disadvantages, the main of which is the high cost. It should also be noted that self-laying tiles - the process is quite difficult, and therefore it is better to use the services of an experienced specialist.

When transporting ceramic tiles, care must be taken, since this material is quite fragile. You also need to remember that the hardness of floor tiles is different from that of wall and ceiling tiles.

PVC and MDF panels

Wall panels made of plastic or MDF for interior decoration of residential premises - not the best option. This material is used in the repair of non-residential premises due to its low environmental friendliness. At the same time, MDF furniture is found in many apartments and houses. But still, if you care about your health and the well-being of loved ones, preference should be given to a different finishing material.

The interior decoration of the premises with such panels looks very dignified. The advantages of the material are also enough: it is strength, ease of operation, no need for additional processing of the walls. In this regard, you can use the panels in rooms with unprepared walls. Fasten them to the wooden planks installed on the wall.

Plastic panels for interior decoration cost less than MDF, but the latter's environmental performance is much higher.

Wallpapers and their varieties

Interior decoration with wallpaper is perhaps the most common option for walls, which has been preferred by millions of people for many years. Wallpaper is the best solution for renovating living rooms in a house. The choice today is very large. You can give preference to wallpaper of any texture and design on a fabric, vinyl, non-woven basis.

The advantages of paper wallpaper are environmental friendliness and low cost. Fabric and cork wallpapers have excellent safety records. Among the minuses, fragility can be noted - over time, the wallpaper loses its color. In addition, they are easy to tear or scratch.

Wallpaper should only be smooth walls pretreated with a primer.

If the pattern is complex, the wallpaper must be carefully adjusted when pasting.

For different types of wallpaper, different adhesive compositions are used.

Decorative plaster

Exist different types plasters for interior decoration. Especially popular today is decorative plaster, which allows you to create a beautiful and unusual design in a house or apartment. Fillers for decorative plaster are different, due to which you can achieve any texture and decorate the room in the desired color scheme.

A significant disadvantage of such interior decoration is the high cost and high labor costs.

Walls for painting

Often, when interior decoration, the walls of the premises are painted. The advantage of this method is the ease of implementation. The downside is the high labor costs for leveling the base, since even the smallest wall defects are clearly visible when painting.

The paint is very easy to apply on dry primed walls with a roller. The method is very economical: to update the appearance of the surfaces, it is enough to walk over them with a roller again.

Interior wood finish

Owners country houses and dachas often use materials that imitate timber, as well as lining and eurolining, for interior decoration of their premises. It is also very common with wood, the advantages of which are high environmental friendliness, practicality and a pleasant appearance.

Such finishing materials as wane boards, wood cuts, and parquet boards have also become quite widespread today.

Interior decoration of premises with wood cuts assumes the same (or approximately the same) thickness of the cut elements. Sections are formed using miter saw- a tool that allows you to get aesthetic polished elements.

Parquet board is not the most cost-effective material, but its design fully justifies all financial investments. Interior decoration with parquet board always looks great.

The interior decoration of the premises is also carried out using panels made of natural wood. The advantages of this finish are environmental friendliness, practicality and excellent appearance.

Decorative rock

Decorative stone - these are tiles, the material for the manufacture of which was natural stone, gypsum or plastic concrete. In appearance, artificial and natural stones are almost completely identical to each other.

Finishing the interior with stone allows you to create spectacular design completely different styles.

But it is worth noting that decorative stone is almost never used as the main material. As a rule, it is combined, for example, with plaster, wallpaper, etc. The decorative stone itself is used to decorate certain areas in the room - corners, doorways, etc.

Among its advantages, in addition to beautiful design, you can note:

• high strength;
• practicality - the material is resistant to high humidity (the exception is gypsum stone), it is easy to wash and clean, and therefore it is ideal for laying in the kitchen as an apron;
• simple installation - for wall cladding with stone, standard tile adhesive is used. It is very convenient that you don’t have to worry about the uniformity of the seams and setting the tiles according to the level, and therefore even an inexperienced person can finish the finish.

The disadvantage of decorative stone is the high price.

Clinker tiles

Quite common and interior decoration using clinker tiles. Clinker is a ceramic material, for the manufacture of which shale clay is used and a special technology is used.

Clinker tiles are shaped like bricks and are great for imitation brickwork in the interior.

Clinker tiles have a number of advantages:

• looks very presentable;
• resistance to moisture, detergents and other negative factors. In this regard, it is often used for decoration kitchen aprons;
• has a long service life: the tile is able to maintain its original appearance for several decades.

Installing tiles is easy. The process is similar to the installation of ordinary tiles. But in order to qualitatively lay the clinker with your own hands, of course, you need to have certain skills.

In the modern building materials market, you can find clinker tiles for both walls and floors. Even tiles are presented in sets for finishing stairs.

It is worth emphasizing that clinker cannot be called a budget material, the price for it is quite high.

Do not start repairing all the rooms in the house at the same time, as in this case the process will be delayed. Interior decoration should begin from the farthest room in the house. As soon as you complete the work in this room, you can start repairing others.

Remember that walls are painted and whitewashed only from top to bottom. Always start from the ceiling and finish at the baseboard level.

When repairing walls and ceilings, use rags and special paper. They should be placed on furniture and surfaces to protect them from possible pollution. In addition, this way you will save time on cleaning your house or apartment.

Do not forget that before proceeding with the interior decoration of the premises, you should make sure that all communications are installed with high quality. This important rule which should never be forgotten.

To prevent damage to freshly painted or plastered walls, close all doors and windows immediately after finishing. There should be no draft in the house or apartment.

Before you start repairs, decide where the sockets and switches will be installed.

If the condition of the walls and ceilings is unsatisfactory, sheathe them with drywall, which will greatly facilitate your work. The walls and ceiling will be in perfect condition. You can mount drywall either using a special profile or using glue for mounting the material.

When fitting drywall sheets to each other, joints are formed that need to be plastered.

After installing drywall, you can wallpaper it or paint it.

Today, special self-leveling compounds are very often used for floors. Only when they are completely dry, the selected material is laid on them, for example, linoleum or laminate.

1. Remember that the laminate should not get a large number of moisture, and therefore for the kitchen this is far from the best option. If manufacturers say otherwise, don't believe it. From moisture, the laminated coating swells, deteriorates and cannot be restored.
2. It is also better not to lay parquet in the kitchen, since it is not at all intended for this room.
3. If you lay massive parquet on the floor, there should be no heating under it, as this will negatively affect the quality of the material.
4. Performing interior decoration of the room, install not only hydro, but also sound insulation.
5. If you are carrying out the interior decoration of an apartment in a new building, perform the screed again.

1. If your house is less than 3 years old, ceiling cracks are best preserved with drywall material, hemming the ceiling with it.
2. We recommend that you give preference to drywall and profiles of imported rather than domestic manufacturers, since the quality of Russian materials today leaves much to be desired.
3. In some walls, after applying putty, bulges form at the points of contact with wet building materials. The volume of gypsum increases, the deformation of the profiles occurs.

1. Places that are leveled with gypsum mortar with asbestos are best re-plastered on lighthouses using only environmentally friendly plaster. If you take into account the price of the material used, the work will be much cheaper.
2. Brick walls have higher noise insulation properties compared to standard plasterboard partitions.
3. Uneven walls must be plastered with a mortar of cement and sand before laying the tiles.
4. Don't buy expensive paints import manufacturers. Just in this matter, Russian counterparts are no worse. Even if you buy the most expensive Russian paint, you will save almost twice as much as the cost of a foreign one.

1. Do not connect aluminum wiring to copper wiring. Do not try to save money on this - run copper wiring everywhere.
2. It is forbidden to conduct power wiring around the bathroom. Statistics show that this causes the annual death of about 60 people.
3. If you live with small children, use a differential circuit breaker for protection. When in contact with a person, it works. Its counterparts are not always.

Cooperate with the company "My Repair" - it is reliable and prestigious. The specialists working here are professionals of the highest level. The company "My Repair" operates throughout Moscow and the Moscow region.

about me and my team

Stroganov Kirill

I have been in the renovation business for over 15 years. The most pleasant thing for me is a solid list of satisfied customers.

My the main task- organize the repair process in such a way that it would be easy and pleasant when interacting with me and my team. I am as open as possible to you.

I will help you choose modern material, both expensive and not expensive.
I'm optimizing the budget. Years of experience allows me to offer you the best way to reduce the cost of repairs without loss of quality even in the premium class.

I managed to put together a great team that works well together. This allows you to clearly meet the deadlines for work, not go beyond the agreed estimate and save your time and effort.

We approach our work with pleasure, starting from the creation of a design project and ending with advice on arranging furniture and decorating a room.

Finishing work, how to do it correctly and inexpensively.

Finishing work (OP) is the process by which a protective layer is created for the structure. She receives protection from external negative influences. Also, the operational period of the surfaces is significantly developed, and a more attractive appearance is created. Thanks to competent finishing, such characteristics of the object as sound insulation and fire resistance are also improved.

Types of finishing works

Since they can be carried out from the outside and from inside premises, then their types are appropriate. A more detailed division is as follows:

1. Plastering.
2. Painting.
3. Glass work.
4. Facing.
5. Wallpaper pasting.
6. Stucco work.
7. Work on clean floors.

Before finishing work, the following stages must be completed:

1. Preparation.
2. Dismantling.
3. Draft OR.
4. Clean OR.
5. Electrical work.
6. plumbing operations.

Preparation stage

The main thing here is the preparation of the room. Furniture and other barriers to work are taken out of it. The creation of the necessary space is due to the plan of the planned work and the type of repair. If a major overhaul is planned, then all the furniture from all rooms is taken out.

At cosmetic repairs work furniture from one room can be deployed to another. Very massive furniture can remain in the room, but it should be moved to the center of the room.

It is also important to eliminate old wallpaper.

If it is necessary to replace the flooring, the work is carried out in parts. Any change in the position of massive furniture after the final stage of repair is carried out very carefully.

It is possible to replace doors without changing blocks after repair. If it is necessary to replace the door blocks, these actions are performed before working with the walls.

Dismantling

Here, operations are carried out to eliminate old components: finishes, wiring, plumbing, etc.

The goal is to improve the quality of the upcoming repair, replacement of structures or redevelopment.

Dismantling can be done on your own. You can turn to professionals. One way or another, it can affect such objects:

Flooring,

Ceiling,

Wiring,

Detached commercial buildings.

Old wallpaper, paintwork, tiles and other finishes must be eliminated from the walls and ceiling. More will follow in their place. modern materials. And also such dismantling allows to reveal different effects and to carry out high-quality leveling of surfaces.

Partitions may also fall under elimination. Cut out additional openings for windows and doors.

When dismantling the floor, its sheathing material is removed. Logs and boards can also be removed if a concrete base is being considered.

On the ceiling, plasterboard structures are removed.

How to remove windows, doors and wiring?

When windows and doors have solid thermal conductivity, they are replaced - they are completely dismantled.

Delete electrical wiring You need to be very careful to avoid electric shock. Before this process, all electricity in the apartment / house is turned off. Then all the wires coming from the distributor, sockets and other current-carrying places are cut with wire cutters.

When the cable is located in the wall, it is better to extract it using a chisel, hammer, puncher, or drill. When removing it, it is important not to spoil the necessary electrical appliances.

They include the following:

1. Plaster. The goal is to close cracks and uneven areas larger than 5 mm. Work affects walls and ceilings. Cement compositions are used:

With lime

With sand

With plaster.

There are also stages of work here:

A) Surfaces are prepared for the base.

B) Beacon profiles are installed.

C) The walls are finally leveled.

1. Masonry stage. Systems are created from isolated building materials. Their assembly is obtained in a certain algorithm. They are reinforced with cement mortar.

Partitions, walls, columns, fireplaces can be installed. Of the materials, it is worth using natural stone, foam blocks, bricks, etc.

1. Drywall work. Walls are being put up different partitions, arches, slopes, suspension mechanisms etc.

1. Painting stage. Surfaces are treated, primed, reinforced (if necessary), ground and polished. The final phase is puttying with leveling agents.

1. Plumbing. Sewerage and water supply, communication systems are being arranged. Pipes are installed and bred. Their tightness is checked. Devices are installed that take into account the flow of water. On the floor, an area is being prepared for a bathtub, a shower cabin and other plumbing fixtures.
2. Electrical installation. Chasing walls. Installed wires and cables. Areas for sockets and switches are being prepared. Openings are created in the walls for shields and meters, fuses, adjustable blocks.

Ceilings are installed here. If necessary - and a variety of rack and other structures.

Walls and ceiling surfaces are painted. Mixtures for painting in several layers are applied to the treated surfaces (after priming and puttying).

Wallpaper is pasted. The walls are primed before this. Wallpapers are selected according to taste and for the tasks of the room, as well as for the type of wall surface. Glue is selected based on the type of wallpaper. For example, to glue non-woven wallpaper, you should not use glue for ordinary paper wallpapers.

Tiles can be glued in the kitchen, bathroom and toilet. The process can take place on:

cement compound,

adhesive solution,

Mastic.

The surface for tiles is prepared: it is plastered, leveled, a screed is made (if necessary).

The floors are being laid. It can be parquet, laminate, linoleum and other materials. Thresholds and skirting boards are installed.

Doors and their components are mounted: platbands, limiters and other fittings.

Lighting fixtures are being installed. They can be on ceilings, walls and floors.

Plumbing is being installed.

Replacing wiring is a necessary operation, even with cosmetic repairs. These activities can be done on your own. But you still need the help of professionals in this field. The prices for these services vary. Their calculation proceeds from the type, difficulty and scope of the planned work. The replacement of the outlet is usually calculated immediately. A specialist can make some calculations right away, having studied the scope of work and knowing the wishes of the customer.

Within this stage:

1. New wiring is being designed and laid. It can be isolated or open. It's a matter of the owner's wishes.

1. Completely or partially change switches and sockets. Their work is adjusted. They can also be transferred from one area to another.
2. Removed old lamps. New devices are installed and transferred.

1. If necessary, the reason for the lack of current in a certain segment of the circuit is revealed.

1. Various counters, automatic devices and RCDs are installed.

1. The shield is assembled and assembled. Also, there can be several shields.

1. Eliminate old communications.

1. Lightning rods are installed, and a ground loop is mounted.

1. Networks with low voltage are being installed: these are TV, Internet, telephone communications.

Even with this installation, they can: ditch walls, lay wires into the created strobes, mount main cable trays, etc. The main characteristics of the quality of these works are:

1. All components of the circuit work in harmony.
2. Electricity is supplied without interruption.

Plumbing work

They include a fairly wide range of diverse works. Some of the work is simple, they can be implemented on their own. And some can only be performed by specialists. And they mean a hefty expense. Examples of such work:

1. Installation and repair of plumbing fixtures, water supply networks.
2. Connection and adjustment of household equipment.

It is optimal to order a complex of works. In this case, there will be serious expenses, but your plumbing will be of high quality.

Materials used and their pros and cons

Types of materials depend on the place of their application.

Wall finishing options:

First. Wallpaper. They can have textures, photos, images, be glossy, matte, monotonous, etc.

Their advantages:

1. Solid variety.
2. Different price range.
3. Ease of wall preparation.
4. High dynamics and ease of sticking.

1. Susceptibility to mechanical stress.
2. If some area is damaged after painting, if it is difficult to replace. The reason is the differences in the shades of circulation.

Second. Decorative plaster. It can be used in various designs. Its advantages:

1. Serious texture and color assortment.
2. You can make your own image on it.
3. Moisture resistant.
4. Durability.

Its cons:

1. High application complexity.
2. Too serious price tag.

Third. Dye. It also has versatility. Strengths:

1. An abundance of flowers.
2. Can be applied in different rooms. In the bathroom and in the kitchen, you can use moisture resistant and oil versions.

1. Ease of application.

1. Long service life.

1. There are versions at any price.
2. allowed to create patterns on the wall.

1. Shows all uneven areas on the surface.
2. The need for coverage in 2-3 layers.
3. Nasty smell.
4. Long drying process.

Fourth. Tile. Usually it is glued in bathrooms and kitchens. Her strengths:

1. Moisture resistant.
2. Ease of laundering.
3. Resistant to light mechanical stress and wear.
4. Does not ignite.
5. An abundance of color modifications, textures and sizes.

Weaknesses:

1. Modest sound and heat insulation.
2. Fragility.
3. Complicated fitting process.
4. High price tags.

Fifth. MDF panels. Pros:

1. Fast and easy installation.
2. Environmental Safety.
3. They do not need to prepare the walls.
4. abundance of types and colors.
5. Easy to clean while using.
6. Modest prices.

1. They show stains and traces of liquid.
2. Pretty fragile.
3. Susceptible to moisture.
4. This is a combustible material.
5. Unrepresentable look.

Sixth. Tree. The usual option for country houses and baths. Pros:

1. Creating a warm atmosphere.
2. Hiding uneven areas.
3. Ease of installation.
4. An abundance of forms.
5. Improves noise isolation.
6. Nice smell.
7. Environmental friendliness.
8. It can be dyed in different colors and tones.
9. With proper processing, resistance to decay and durability appears.

1. Serious prices.
2. The need to update the defense against insects and moisture.
3. Doesn't handle temperature fluctuations well.

In private homes, the interior becomes chic thanks to natural stone. Its advantages:

1. Durability.
2. Graceful look.
3. Strength.
4. Environmental friendliness.
5. Resistant to moisture and temperature fluctuations.

1. Solid prices.
2. Massiveness.
3. Clogged with dust. It's hard to extract it.

For those who need modern materials, PVC panels are suitable.

Their advantages:

1. Fast installation.
2. Lightweight sheathing.
3. An abundance of colors and images.
4. Modest prices.
5. Ecology.
6. Heat and sound insulation.
7. Moisture resistance.
8. Durability.

1. Flammability.
2. Brittleness.
3. Burnout in the sun.

Ceiling Options

Stretch and drywall options usually appear here. Their comparison is set out in this table:

You can decorate the ceilings from the inside with wallpaper, paints and whitewash.

Whitewashing is a fairly old method of decorating. Its advantages:

1. Ease of implementation.
2. Cheapness.
3. Does not lower ceiling height.
4. The ability to "breathe".
5. Ecology.
6. Mold protection

1. The need for surface preparation.
2. One color option is white.
3. cannot be washed.

If you are a supporter of the classics, then the white ceiling is your option. You can apply bleach. Usually its color is selected in more light colors by analogy with the color of the walls.

Floor Options

All of them must have the following qualities:

1. Ease of use.
2. High strength.
3. Fire resistance.
4. Non-slip surface.
5. Possibility for additional insulation.

If you want to universal option, then linoleum will fit. It is great for any space. Due to the abundance of colors and images, it is easily matched to any interior.

If you need an option with a better look, then it is better to take a laminate or wood. They have some analogies.

In rooms with high humidity and load on the floor, it is better to use ceramic tiles.

Even today, carpet has won good fame. This is an elegant replacement for carpets.

To finish the floor less often these options are used: natural stone, cork, rubber, bamboo and self-leveling floor.

Common mistakes when performing finishing work

Mistakes made during OR can negatively affect their quality and service life:

1. A design project has not been created that reflects the visual result. It helps to understand in advance what the appearance of the interior will be when the work is completed. This will allow you to correctly calculate the required volumes of materials and resolve the issue with the types and volume and necessary work.
2. Positions of plumbing, electrical equipment are not defined. Even at the beginning of the repair, you need to solve this dilemma in order to:

A) Determine how and where the sockets and switches will be located.

B) Develop a method for laying cables, pipes, ventilation, etc.

C) Calculate the load of the mounting structure.

For example, if you randomly plan the positions of lighting devices without dividing them into groups, in some areas of the premises you will get very weak or very strong lighting.

1. There are no reinforced structures, reinforcement and insulation in the right places. Example: if the partitions are plasterboard, then a reinforced profile must be mounted in the installation areas of massive furniture and other similar elements.
2. The conditions of all the main surfaces in the room have not been studied for defects. The same goes for communications. Example: if you do not change the wiring in an old house, it may not be able to cope with the load from a powerful household appliances. As a result, circuit breakers will fly out.
3. There is no study of heat loss sources. Example: without insulation of walls in apartments, where necessary, they can freeze, become damp. They grow mold and fungus.
4. Repairs are being carried out partially. If it is not made uniformly in the whole apartment, but only in rooms, there may be level differences in the ceilings in the rooms. So it will be more difficult to build communications, the created coatings will be damaged.

If the available funds are not enough to complete renovation, it’s better to save up and arrange full-fledged work.

1. The use of cheap materials and compositions. As a rule, such materials are not durable. They won't last long. And soon it will have to be redone again. An example - if you lay pipes made of metal-plastic with cheap fittings, there is a high risk of leaks.
2. No control over repair work. Control is essential when hiring workers. For example, they may deviate from the design project, install a socket or pipes in the wrong areas, etc. Therefore, it is important to monitor the quality of work at all stages.
3. Poor quality repair. This point follows from item 8. Some brigades charge small amounts for their services. The most common reason for this is the low professional level workers. Such brigades can make repairs for a very long time and of poor quality. The end result is a waste of money.

Factors affecting the cost of repairs

Repair is a global event. It requires certain costs. But what are the factors that make up its cost? Their list is as follows:

1. The professional level of employees. The higher it is, the higher the dynamics and speed of repair.
2. Responsibilities that experts can take on and the guarantees they provide.
3. Hiring a team or an agreement with a company. In the second case, the payment is always higher, but there are more guarantees for the high quality of repairs, and all activities are reflected in the documentation.
4. The amount of work carried out by a team or firm.
5. The number of decorative components. For example, due to the use of 3d panels, ceiling lights, the payment for work also increases. These nuances must be foreseen in advance. The easier the repair is started, the easier it is to agree on an estimate.
6. Dynamics of work implementation. Here workers can work in two shifts. Accordingly, the payment will be higher.
7. Hire a foreman. It is needed if for some reason you cannot control the execution of work yourself. And if you can, and even get the materials yourself, then you get savings. But the time costs are enormous.

Finishing work- a process, the main purpose of which is to create a protective layer that protects structures from negative influences environment, extending the life of surfaces, as well as giving them a more attractive appearance. In addition, competently carried out finishing can significantly improve the soundproofing and fire-prevention characteristics of the object.

Types of finishing work in construction: the main classification

As you know, finishing work can be carried out inside and outside the premises, respectively, two main groups can be immediately distinguished: internal and external processes. However, there is a more detailed classification, according to which finishing works are divided into:

Plastering works;

Painting works;

Glass works;

Facing works;

Wallpaper works;

Stucco work.

In addition, the list of finishing works also includes processes for creating clean floors. They start finishing only after the completion of all construction and electrical work. Before starting work, the premises go through a preparatory process.

Types of finishing work in construction: implementation procedure

When carrying out finishing work, it is very important to adhere to correct sequence. For example, to work with paintwork materials You can proceed only after the completion of plastering. Arrangement of floors is the penultimate stage, after which only wallpaper work can be carried out.

- a rather vague concept, since their list includes a variety of processes, including carpentry and carpentry.

Introduction

Capital construction is the most important branch of the national economy of the country, which ensures the creation and accelerated renewal of fixed assets for production and non-production purposes.

Main task capital construction is to increase the country's production potential on the basis of scientific and technological progress, the construction of residential buildings, public utility and socio-cultural facilities.

In the total volume of construction and installation works important role belongs to the decoration of buildings, which is the final stage of construction.

Finishing works (plastering, painting, facing, etc.) give buildings and structures a finished look, and structural elements buildings - protective, sanitary and decorative qualities.

Despite the relatively low cost, finishing work is the most labor-intensive in construction and is characterized by high material consumption. In the construction of residential and administrative buildings, the labor intensity of finishing works reaches 30–40% of the total labor intensity of construction.

Finishing work in construction is still characterized by high costs manual labor, which can be 60-90% depending on the type of work.

Reducing the labor intensity of finishing work can only be achieved by increasing the level of mechanization of processes and the introduction of industrial methods of surface finishing using factory-made products and parts. Usage individual elements industrial production allows to reduce "wet" processes in construction conditions, increase the productivity of finishing workers, reduce the cost of manual labor and the timing of finishing work, improve the quality of finishing and production culture.

However, with the current level of construction, it is impossible to become an experienced finisher without systematic advanced training without studying advanced technologies and labor organization. Each worker needs to deeply master the basics of professional knowledge, acquire practical experience and creatively use progressive methods of labor and the experience of innovators in the construction industry. From effective work each in his place will depend on the power of the country and the well-being of each of us.

Chapter 1. Purpose and types of finishing works

1.1. Purpose of finishing works

Finishing work in construction is a complex of construction processes associated with the interior and exterior decoration of buildings and structures, the result of which is an increase in their protective-operational and architectural-aesthetic qualities.

Their purpose is to give structures, buildings and structures such qualities as durability, fire resistance, resistance to environmental influences and decorativeness.

Finishing work is carried out during construction or after the installation of buildings and structures is completed, or during the repair of apartments, offices, redevelopment of premises, etc.

Prior to their implementation, all major construction, installation, repair and sanitary work must be completed.

During the construction, repair and reconstruction of buildings and structures Special attention is given to the quality of finishing works, which create a unique image of the object and give individuality to its interior and exterior.

1.2. Types of finishing works

Finishing works include plastering, puttying, painting, wallpaper, cladding, including decorative finishing. facing stone, installation of floors and ceilings, glazing and artistic painting. They also include the installation of prefabricated frame-sheathing and light-transmitting partitions, built-in furniture, railings for balconies and loggias.

Not only the visual and aesthetic perception, but also the durability of operation, air exchange, noise and heat insulation, moisture protection, sanitary and hygienic properties and a number of other indicators depend on the choice and quality of the finish.

Finishing work is carried out both inside and outside buildings and structures.

Facade finishing in they are carried out either in the factory during panel construction, or in the process of erecting brick, large-block and wooden buildings, or during the repair or reconstruction of buildings and structures. Apply facade decoration with ordinary or colored decorative plaster, artificial and decorative stone, tiles or panels, etc.

Interior decoration It is determined by the purpose of the premises, the type of structures that form it, the conditions of its operation and the solidity of the building. At the same time, not only the physical durability of the coatings is taken into account, but also the obsolescence, ease of use, conditions of sanitary and hygienic maintenance, etc.

Finishing works are divided into two groups: the actual finishing and finishing and installation.

Actually finishing works - This is a device for protective and decorative coatings on the surface of building structures. These include plastering works (coating with mortar), painting works (coating with paints and varnishes), facing works (covering with finished products of artificial or natural origin), wallpapering works (pasting with wallpaper or films).

Finishing– installation work - this is an assembly of building elements that simultaneously play a constructive role and perform the functions of a finishing coating. These include:

1) the device of prefabricated frame-sheathing and sliding partitions;

2) arrangement of built-in furniture;

3) cladding of walls and partitions with large-sized prefabricated sheet and slab products;

4) installation of light-transmitting partitions made of glass blocks and profiled glass;

5) installation of floors from parquet boards, panel parquet, wood chipboards and wood-fiber boards;

6) installation of suspended ceilings;

7) filling of light openings (windows, doors, transoms, shop windows) with sheet window, display, mirror and decorative glass;

8) installation of facade panels with full factory finishing;

9) arrangement of fences for balconies and loggias asbestos-cement sheets, aluminum, plastic and other products.

Finishing coatings perform two functions: technical and decorative.

technical function is aimed at improving sanitary-hygienic, technological, fire-prevention and other properties during the operation of buildings and structures.

Decorative function - giving originality and completeness to the architectural appearance of the building and the interior of the premises.

Depending on the ratio of these functions, coatings are classified as ordinary, special, decorative, and architectural and artistic.

Conventional coatings are used and construction and repair of buildings and structures of all types.

Special coatings are used mainly in industrial buildings, where the technical function prevails.

Decorative and architectural-artistic coatings used in civil and industrial buildings, in the construction and reconstruction of unique buildings and structures, the decoration of restaurants, clubs, etc.

The coatings obtained in the process of finishing work can consist only of the front layer and the front and one or several preparatory layers (covering, priming, leveling, etc.) In the front layer of the coatings, both liquid materials (varnishes, paints, mastics) and products with a finished front surface (tiles, wallpaper, facing panels, glass). For the device of the preparatory layers, materials are used, as a rule, in a liquid or plastic state (solutions, primers, primers, putties, adhesives, mastics).

Control questions:

1. What are finishing works and their purpose?

2. What works are finishing works?

3. What applies to finishing and installation work?

4. What functions do finishing coatings perform?

Chapter 2

2.1. Types of plaster work

Plaster is a finishing layer on surfaces various designs buildings and structures (walls, partitions, ceilings, columns), which levels them and gives them a certain shape, protects structures from moisture, weathering, fire, increases heat transfer resistance, reduces air permeability and sound conductivity of enclosing structures.

All types of plaster are divided into monolithic, which is obtained by applying plaster solutions to the surface, and dry (facing with factory-made plasterboard sheets).

Monolithic plaster closes all the cracks in the structure, forming a single whole with it. It can be used in damp and wet areas. It is characterized by high labor intensity, drying time, difficulties in performing work in winter, the need for special equipment for preparing and transporting the solution to the place of work. This limits its application.

Dry plaster has no such disadvantages. After sealing the seams between the plasterboard sheets, the surface can be finished the next day. It is cheaper than monolithic, but inferior to it in terms of reliability. Dry plaster is used mainly in residential buildings, the humidity in which does not exceed 60%.

According to the purpose and properties, monolithic plasters are divided into ordinary, special and decorative.

Ordinary plasters are intended for operation in normal temperature and humidity conditions (they can be painted or covered with wallpaper).

Special plasters perform protective functions in relation to the base (waterproofing and hydrophobic, heat-insulating, acoustic, chemically resistant, X-ray protective).

Decorative plasters are used for finishing facades and some rooms of public buildings (lobbies, staircases, halls). They can be smooth, colored, imitate decorative natural and artificial facing stones.

Ordinary plasters, depending on the thoroughness of their execution, are divided into three categories: simple, improved and high-quality.

simple plaster is made from two layers of mortar (spray and soil with a total thickness of up to 12 mm), the surface of which is leveled with a falcon edge without further finishing with other tools (in this regard, it is called “falcon-like” plaster). It is used in temporary, basement, warehouse and other non-residential buildings, as well as in utility rooms of public and industrial buildings.

improved plaster is made of three layers (spray, soil and coating) with a total thickness of 15 mm. Finishing- leveling and smoothing the surface - perform the rule (plaster under the rule). It is used in residential, hospital, school and other public buildings of mass construction.

high quality the plaster consists of spray, two layers of primer and a covering layer with a total thickness of 20 mm. The soil is leveled over the beacons, the covering layer is rubbed with a grater. In this regard, this type of plaster is called lighthouse. She finish theaters, train stations, hotels, museums, residential high-rise buildings.

2.2. Preparation of materials for plastering

For plastering brick walls lime-sand mortars of composition 1: 3 and 1: 4 (parts by volume) are usually used, concrete surfaces - complex mortars of cement, lime and sand in a ratio of 1: 1: 8, rooms with high humidity(bathrooms, basements, baths), as well as on a metal mesh - cement-sand mortar grades 75-100 composition 1: 4, gypsum concrete and wooden surfaces - lime-sand mortar with the addition of gypsum. For plastering concrete and gypsum concrete surfaces, polymer cement and gypsum polymer cement mortars are also widely used, which include a polyvinyl acetate emulsion or synthetic latex in a ratio of 0.2: 1 to cement.

The mortars used for plastering must have the following properties: sufficient strength, the ability to adhere to the surface to be plastered, frost resistance, sufficient mobility for pumping through pipes and hoses, workability, setting times necessary for plastering, volume constancy during setting (no significant shrinkage). For the layers of spray and soil of internal premises with a normal humidity regime, solutions of the following compositions are used:

1) on stone surfaces - lime: sand - 1: 2.5 to 1: 3; lime: clay: sand - 1: 0.4: 5, clay: sand: fibrous additives - 1: 3: 0.5;

2) on concrete surfaces - cement: sand - 1: 4 (to increase the plasticity of the solution, lime is added in an amount of 20–30% by weight of cement); cement: lime: sand - 1: 1: 6; on wooden surfaces - lime: sand - 1: 2 to 1: 4.5: gypsum (added at the rate of 1 part of lime from 1 to 1.5 parts of gypsum); lime: clay: sand: fibrous additives - 1: 3: 3: 0.5;

3) on a metal mesh - cement: sand - 1: 3 to 1: 4, while for the 1st layer a fibrous substance is added in an amount of 0.5 to 1 part of cement.

For spray and soil internal plasters exposed to moisture, use one of the following solutions: cement: sand - 1: 3 to 1: 4; cement: lime: sand - 1: 1: 4 or 1: 1: 6.

The compositions of the solutions for the covering layer are selected depending on the type of plaster. If the soil is made on a lime, lime-gypsum or lime-clay binder, then solutions of the compositions are used for covering: lime: gypsum: sand - 1: 1: 1 or 1: 1: 2.

When soils are based on cement or lime-cement binder, solutions of the compositions are used for coating: lime: cement: sand - 1: 1: 2, 1: 1: 3 or 1: 1: 4.

Sand for plaster is used in such a way that it contains no more than 0.1 parts of large particles larger than 1.5 mm with clay impurities in the amount of 10–12% of the total mass. Pure river or sea sand is unsuitable for a solution applied by mechanized method. Before preparing solutions, clay milk is added to these types of sand (in the mortar mixer drum) at the rate of 9 parts of sand 1 part of clay (by dry volume). The volume of voids in the sand is no more than 40%. For pumping through pipes, a solution is used in which the voids in the sand are 2–3% filled with lime paste, as well as a solution containing at least 1/4 of the lime paste.

For the preparation of solutions, a mixture of 60% fine and 40% coarse sand is used. Coarse sand should be added to medium-sized sand in an amount of 30% of the total volume.

Gypsum mortars should be used only with setting retarders (carpenter's glue, sulphite-yeast brew, BS retarder, etc.), which delay the onset of setting by 20–30 minutes.

Depending on the type of mortar, volumes and nature of construction, the preparation of plaster mortars is carried out:

1) at the place of work - in free-standing small-capacity mortar mixers (mixing drum capacity up to 100 l) and in small plastering units equipped with the same mixers;

2) at facilities under construction - at on-site mortar units and in mobile plastering stations equipped with medium-capacity mortar mixers (mixing drum capacity 150, 325 l);

3) centrally - at central mortar units and plants equipped with large-capacity mortar mixers (mixing drum capacity 1000, 1500 l).

2.3. Tools, fixtures and equipment for plastering work

Mortar application and leveling tools(Fig. 2.1) Plaster trowel consists of a steel sheet up to 1.2 mm thick, a handle with a knee 50 mm high and a wooden handle mounted on the handle. Trowels are made with a blade 190 mm long. The handle is welded to the canvas, rarely riveted. Handles are made in one standard size.

Rice. 2.1. Tools for applying and leveling the mortar: a - plastering trowel; b - cutting; c - bucket; g - scoop with a swinging handle; e - scoop-shovel and falcon-bucket; c - rectangular falcon; g - disc falcon, h - trowels; and - collapsible duralumin falcon

Various materials are poured and approximately dosed with plastering trowels, dry mixtures and mortars are mixed, they are thrown, smeared, leveled, smoothed, mortars are cut off, tools, inventory and fixtures are cleaned of mortar.

Cut-offs are small trowels with thin steel sheets 140 mm long, 56 mm wide. For some works, the canvas is shortened in length up to 50 mm, in width up to 10-15 mm. Cut-offs are used for cutting architectural details, cleaning tools, cutting cracks in plaster, greasing, cutting and correcting mortar when cutting corners in rods, ironing plaster.

Ladle for finishing works it consists of a cup (ladle), a handle, a wooden handle and a hook with which the ladle is hung on the side of the box. Bucket capacity 0.6; 0.8; 1.0 l. Ladles are made of sheet structural steel with a thickness of 0.8–0.9 mm. Buckets made of aluminum and various alloys are of little use, since the solution strongly adheres to them, which reduces its slippage when thrown. Buckets are used for applying the solution on different surfaces and dosing materials.

Falcon- this is a shield made of wood or sheet aluminum alloy 2 mm thick, size 400 × 400 or 350 × 350 mm with a handle in the middle. From the falcon, the solution is applied to the surface with a spatula or directly smeared with a falcon and leveled over the surface.

trowels consist of a canvas and a handle. They are made from non-knotted wood or extruded aluminum profile. Depending on the purpose, they come with a canvas 150–2000 mm long, 20–150 mm wide, and 5–30 mm thick. The wooden canvas should be evenly planed, and best of all jointed. Half trowels are used for leveling, spreading mortar, rubbing architectural elements.

Stucco Finishing Tools(Fig. 2.2). Graters used for grouting the plaster layer. They consist of a canvas and a handle. The canvas and the handle are made of pine or spruce wood that is not knotty and resinous, or the canvas is made of duralumin or galvanized steel, and the handle is made of wood. Attached to the duralumin sheet wooden slats, felt, foam plastic, foam plastic, felt.

Rice. 2.2. Stucco Finishing Tools:

graters: a - wooden; b - universal metal for attaching felt to it; c - universal metal for fastening a wooden sheet; g - trowels; d - brush (fossil); e - bush hammer; g - chisel; h - troyanka and gear; and - shaped trowels; to - steel brush; l - cycles; m - nail brush; n - plaster ruler; o - rustication

Ironers used for smoothing plaster. The trowels are available in steel or wood. Wooden trowels are trowels, the canvas of which is covered (upholstered) with rubber. The length and width of the ironing sheets are different.

Brush it is intended for wetting surfaces and dried plaster with water, washing tools and other purposes. There are brushes different sizes and forms, from hair, sea grass, bast. IN plastering works use brushes, dimensions which are 250 × 180 × 80 mm.

Buchard- a metal hammer weighing up to 1.5 kg. On the butt sides of the bouchards, from 16 to 36 cloves of a pyramidal shape are incised. Instead of cloves, there may be cutting in the form of straight blades. When processing surfaces with hammers, pits remain on them from the teeth, from the blades - strips (strokes). Bouchards are used for forging decorative plaster on a cement binder (stone and terrazitic) and for preparing stone, brick, concrete and similar surfaces.

Chisels serve for selection of seams in a masonry, notches of decorative plaster, preparation of surfaces.

troyanka And cog are intended for the same purpose as chisels. The trojan has three teeth on the blade, and the teeth have several. Chisels, trojans and gears are made of steel.

Rules designed for leveling the primer and top layers of plaster, finishing husks, mustaches and checking the verticality of the surface to be finished.

Rules, depending on the purpose, are made:

1) straight - made of aluminum profile 1200, 1600, 1800 mm long, wood handle;

2) serrated - from special aluminum profiles with two stiffeners, handles - from wood;

3) forged (one-sided and two-sided) - slats made of coniferous wood and sheets of sheet steel attached to them with screws; length 1200 mm;

4) husk - made of aluminum profile; wooden handle, length 804 mm, truncated - aluminum profile leaf and stand, wooden handle, length 804 mm.

Steel brushes (wooden handles, into which steel wire is inserted) are intended for cleaning various surfaces, cleaning some types of decorative plaster.

cycles- steel plates up to 200 mm long with teeth of different heights and widths; serve for cycling decorative plasters, especially terrazitic ones.

Nail brush- a piece of a board or a grater with nails stuffed into the canvas, the ends of which protrude from the plane of the board by 3-10 mm, which depends on how large the texture needs to be obtained. Nails are stuffed at a distance of 5–10 mm in rows or in a checkerboard pattern.

Plaster ruler serves for cutting corners, raskrepovok, i.e. cutting off the solution applied above the level of thrust. Rulers are made from wood. Their length, thickness and width are different. A long ruler is more convenient for work, as it provides a more accurate cut of the solution. One or two ends of the ruler are cut at an angle of 45º and a steel cutter is nailed flush with the working plane of the ruler. The edge of the ruler can be flat - for cutting rectangular architectural breaks or rounded - for cutting curved breaks.

Rustovki designed for cutting rustication when finishing joints between floor slabs. Rustovki are made of steel or wooden long 250–300 mm. They have a cutout at the end and an attached steel strip in the form of a semicircle, which is a cutter and serves to cut the mortar between the floor slabs.

Surface Preparation and Inspection Tools. plaster hammer at one end it has a butt 25 × 25 mm in size, at the other end there are curved horns with slots for pulling out nails. The hammer is mounted on a handle 300 mm long. The mass of the hammer is 600 g and the handle is designed so that plaster nails can be hammered in two blows.

Cam hammer with a wide butt weighing up to 2 kg is used when working with a chisel, troyanka.

Plaster hammer with metal rubberized handle weighing 1 kg is used to strike when notching small concrete surfaces.

Knife for finishing work, it is used for making tool handles, splitting chips, trimming the edges of matting, cutting plasterboard sheets, cutting profile boards. The blade of the knife has a length of up to 150 mm and a narrow end. The handle should not be round, otherwise it will rotate in the hands.

Hand scissors for metal cutting is used for cutting steel profiles to templates, cutting mesh. Scissors with curved handles are more convenient and safer to use.

Construction plumb line used for hanging surfaces and checking their horizontalness. It consists of weight and cord. Plumb weight in the form of a cylinder with a pointed end weighing at least 200 g. The diameter of the weight is 10–20 mm, which allows hanging surfaces for plaster with a thickness of 5 mm or more. Cord length 20 m.

Building levels for checking vertical and horizontal surfaces, they come in different lengths, wooden and metal, with one or two sights.

Rail-plumb (spirit level)- the simplest wooden level of two rails set at right angles to each other. Short plumb slats have a length of 600–750, medium ones - 1000–1500 mm. Plumb slats are simple - only for checking vertical surfaces and combined - for checking vertical and horizontal surfaces.

Flexible level (water) used for hanging horizontal surfaces or drawing horizontal lines on walls. This level consists of a 10–15 mm thick rubber tube of the required length. Graded glass tubes 200–300 mm long are inserted at the end of the rubber tube. If the level is filled with water and the tubes are brought closer to each other at the same level, then the poured water should be on the same divisions.

squares there are wooden and metal ones, it is better with a movable bar (special), with which it is easier to measure the angles of dawn slopes. Their sizes are different. Squares are necessary for marking, checking raskrepovki, corners, making profile boards.

When plastering, they also use a saw, an ax, a meter, wire cutters, tongs, a file, bars, etc.

Devices and inventory.

steel grades- thick short steel nails 50-70 mm long, up to 10 mm thick with square or round caps with a diameter of at least 30 mm. They are used instead of mortar grades in the construction of beacons. Steel grades are easily hammered into the seams of brick and other masonry, as well as into slag concrete and other hard-to-nail surfaces.

lighthouses There are mortar, wood and metal. Mortar beacons are the most labor-intensive. Wooden beacons are rail-rules with a section from 40 × 40 to 50 × 50 mm.

Inventory metal beacons are made from steel, duralumin or other rigid corners with a section of 25 × 25, 30 × 30 and 35 × 35 mm. With their help, plaster is applied with a thickness of 18, 22 and 25 mm, respectively.

Malki used for leveling the mortar between wooden beacons on walls, ceilings, slopes, plugs. To level the mortar between wooden beacons, which are higher than the thickness of the plaster, use simple or sliding beacons with cuts of such a depth that corresponds to the thickness of the mortar. Sliding beacons make it possible to level the solution between beacons located at a distance of 1.2–2 mm.

clamps designed to attach rules to surfaces. Simple clips fasten the rules when pulling rods, finishing window and door slopes. They consist of a pin of square or rectangular section with a length of 150 to 200 mm and a foot with a hole in the shape of a pin, which is put on the pin. Complex clamps consist of a pin, a bracket and two screws. The pin is driven into the surface, a bracket is put on it, it is fastened to the pin with a screw, a rule or a wooden beacon is placed in the bracket and fixed with another screw.

Templates serve for pulling rods (cornices, belts, platbands). They come in different sizes and designs.

Mortar boxes are intended for preparation and storage of dry mixes and solutions. They are metal and wood. The small metal plaster box for storing mortar at the workplace has dimensions of 600 × 400 × 220 mm. To receive and store the solution on the floors, a metal container for the solution with a capacity of 0.35 cubic meters is intended. m.

The most convenient inventory metal carts with a container for the solution. They consist of a trolley with a handle, two legs and two wheels, on which removable boxes with a capacity of up to 0.09 cubic meters are mounted. m.

sita serve for screening bulk materials and filtering solutions. The sieves can be pulled onto a round clip (shell), or stuffed onto a rectangular wooden frame with handles, or simply tie the ends of the mesh, tie them with matting or cloth.