Many people dream big beautiful garden. After all, fruits grown and collected with your own hands cannot be compared with anything. And how beautiful the garden is when the trees are in bloom! Alas, sometimes you have to fight for the health of your garden.
Pear diseases and the fight against them are something that almost every gardener has to deal with. If the disease is not detected and treated in time, the garden may die. Therefore, we will take a closer look at what pear diseases are and their treatment.
It is worth noting that the diseases of apple and pear trees are similar in many ways, so the information provided in the article is also suitable for treating apple trees.
Fungal diseases
Let's look at the most common fungal diseases.
Scab
The pathogenic fungus spreads through trees incredibly quickly. Scab affects the leaves of pears and their petioles. The disease is most dangerous in warm, humid weather. Symptoms of the disease appear in the spring after buds open. Yellow spots appear on the fruits, through which the pulp is slightly visible. Over time, they acquire a brown tint and a velvety texture. The leaves turn red, turn black, and eventually fall off.
If scab has affected the fruits early stage development, they grow with deviations and do not reach normal sizes. Sometimes, at an early stage, the sepals suffer from the disease, and from them the fruits and leaves. This often happens if the garden is densely planted and there is no normal air movement between the trees.
The fungus overwinters in fallen leaves. In the spring, you can see tubercles on them, where spores are ripening. During budding and flowering of pears, spores are released and the trees become infected. The higher the humidity, the faster the disease develops. If spring is delayed, the buds bloom slowly, and the risk of scab increases.
Treatment
What to do to protect your garden from disease? Fallen leaves must be removed and burned. Tree crowns should be thinned out by pruning and tree trunk circles- dig up. In the fall (after leaf fall), it is important to treat the trees with a 5% urea solution, and the trunk circles with a 7% solution. Before bud break and at the beginning of it - in the green cone phase, it is recommended to carry out “blue spraying” with 3% Bordeaux mixture
If you were unable to prevent the disease, you will have to treat it with the same Bordeaux mixture, but at a concentration of 1%. Or use another mixture: azophos (30g), copper oxychloride (40g), Skor (2ml), Bayleton (6g) per 10 liters of water. AND For environmental reasons, it is better to treat scab with drugs such as Alirin-B, Gamair, Fitosporin. Alirin-B and Gamair successfully cope with the disease, you just need to add liquid soap, a special adhesive (Liposam) or a product containing an adhesive, for example Aquadon-micro, Narcissus.
When the pears have bloomed, you need to spray again. During the wet season, the tree can be processed up to 6 times, with breaks of 2-3 weeks.
Fruit rot (moniliosis)
No less dangerous disease. Moniliosis causes enormous damage. It is also a fungal disease. The fungus persists in last year's fruits, which take on a mummified appearance. In the spring, infected pears become covered with white spots due to the growth of mycelium inside. The fruits become rough and may fall off. Many of them remain on the branches. The mycelium quickly takes over the tree.
The disease is most pronounced in the second half of summer, especially in humid, hot weather. Small brown spots appear on the fruit, which become larger and may even spread to the entire fruit. White pads form on top. Spores form there and will infect other parts of the tree.
The fungus appears especially quickly in areas where the skin is damaged.
Treatment and prevention
Prevention of the disease begins with collecting fallen fruits, leaves, and branches that need to be burned.
In summer, you need to collect the fruits in a timely manner with special care so as not to damage them.
The treatment is the same as in the case of scab.
Phyllosticosis (brown leaf spot)
Another disease is phyllostictosis. Its manifestation can be noticed as early as July. The first manifestations of the disease are small brown dots on the leaves. Over time, they turn black and become covered with spore spots. The color of the spots is brown, the edges are clearly defined. Sometimes the leaves turn black completely.
The fungus overwinters in fallen leaves. High air humidity contributes to its rapid spread. Trees that have been treated with too strong chemicals in the past, resulting in chemical scorch of the leaves, are especially at risk.
Black leaf spot can easily be distinguished from other diseases. But its treatment is almost the same as for scab. The same means and spraying scheme will be effective.
Powdery mildew
The defeat begins with young shoots, sometimes inflorescences and fruits suffer. The leaves stop developing and fall off. A young developing shoot affected by the disease also stops developing, becomes deformed, and often dies. Appears on inflorescences during illness white coating, the flowers fall off, and those that remain on the branches no longer produce ovaries.
Powdery mildew likes low humidity and warm weather.
If the above description matches the situation in your garden, you must immediately begin the fight against the disease. But how to deal with powdery mildew?
It is necessary to immediately get rid of infected shoots; in the protruding phase, the buds must be treated with fungicides. And after two weeks, it is necessary to repeat the treatment. Fungicides are used: Topaz, Topsin-M, Bayleton, Sulfarid, as well as a solution of colloidal sulfur.
Pear septoria, white spot
Pears often suffer from white spot (septoria). This manifests itself in the appearance of rounded light spots with a dark border on the leaves. You can notice the signs after flowering. In the middle of such a spot there are pycnidia with spores. The pathogen easily survives the winter and infects leaves in the spring.
Prevention is important. It is necessary to promptly remove fallen leaves, fruits and twigs, as well as dig up tree trunk circles. If you grow pears in a region with high humidity, it is better to choose varieties that are resistant to white spot. In spring and autumn it is worth thinning the crown.
If the disease has already taken over the plantings, you need to treat the trees with fungicides. The first time the pears are sprayed is before the buds open, the second time is when they bloom, and the third time is after flowering. In advanced cases, it is necessary to repeat the treatment during the summer.
Pear is crying
What to do if the pear starts to cry? Perhaps this is due to gommosis (gum formation). The disease usually attacks a tree that was damaged during wintering or was already infected with a fungus, as well as those pears that grow on acidic, too wet soils, or are oversaturated with fertilizers.
The disease is characterized by the release of gum on branches and trunks. This phenomenon has a bad effect on the general condition of the pear; it greatly weakens the tree and can lead to its death.
In order to save a tree, the main thing is to heal its damage.
The “weeping” area must be cleaned and wiped with a solution of 1% copper sulfate, and then rubbed with sorrel leaves several times (every 10 minutes). Afterwards, apply garden varnish to the wounds.
Black cancer
Black pear cancer develops over several years. The tree bark is affected. It all starts with small cracks that become larger, after which the bark bursts and the cambium begins to show through (photo below). The edges of the cracks are covered with brown spots.
Treatment for black cancer is quite simple. The affected bark is cut off. After this, you need to process the pear copper sulfate and cover the wounds with a mixture of clay and mullein.
Varieties resistant to the disease: August dew, Samaritan. To ensure that your pear orchard is protected from black cancer in advance, you should plant these varieties.
Pear dies
Most often, seedlings die due to improper planting. A tree simply cannot take root if normal conditions for this are not created.
To make it easier for winter-hardy pears to take root, they should be planted in the fall, until mid-October. The distance between trees depends on the variety (usually 3-5 m). Planting pits dig with a diameter of 1 m and a depth of half a meter. Take care of the quality of the soil with which you fill the hole. Make sure that when planting the root neck of the seedling does not go deep. The tree trunk circle needs to be mulched.
It is also bad to plant trees in areas where groundwater lies close to the surface. Timely pruning of the seedling is also important; if it is not done, the branches will grow incorrectly. The tree may break in the future.
It is also necessary proper care. Young pear trees are watered more abundantly than other trees. It is also important to consider that pear seedlings are difficult to transplant. They freeze easily and can get sick.
The pear is broken
It is not always possible to protect the pear from wind and snow, which can harm the tree. If a young pear tree on your site breaks, it can be saved. You need to cut the seedling 3 cm below the break point, thoroughly clean the cut, disinfect it and cover it with garden varnish.
If a pear breaks in the fall or winter, then in the summer new shoots will begin to grow on it. They need to be cut off, leaving the most powerful of them at the top. It needs to be given a vertical position by tying it to a peg. This will be the new pear trunk.
The pear is drying up
If the pear suddenly begins to dry out, perhaps the reason is improper care. The most obvious violation with such symptoms is insufficient watering during dry weather. The opposite situation is also true - waterlogging of the roots. This is due to too frequent watering or close proximity. groundwater.
It’s also worth asking yourself if you have a mole on your property? In this case, you need to water the pear thoroughly and start fighting it. Noisemakers, digging nets, and special traps will help here.
The pear may dry out due to infection with fungal spores. For example, unsanitized tools were used when pruning branches. In this case, you should fight the disease itself and avoid making such a mistake in the future.
For the same reason it occurs bacterial burn, which has similar symptoms. The pear leaves begin to dry from the tips, and then the entire plate curls and dries out. In this case, at the beginning of the growing season, multiple treatments with Bordeaux mixture are carried out, but before treating the pear, sanitary pruning is carried out.
Also check to see if there are any pests in the tree. They can cause the pear to dry out and must be dealt with accordingly. If all else fails and the pear still dries out, it is considered too weak to grow normally.
Pear grows poorly
It happens that a planted pear does not grow for some reason. The problem may be damping off of the root collar. For the same reason, pear trees often do not grow, and the leaves turn yellow prematurely. Young plants are most susceptible to this phenomenon, especially when they have been fed too much fertilizer.
A lot of snow accumulates under the trees and falls on the thawed soil. The neck is leaking. It is almost impossible to combat damping off, but you can pay utmost attention to choosing a planting site.
The problem may also be in the label, which some gardeners forget to remove from the seedling when planting. A rope with a label on a growing tree pinched the trunk and stopped the flow of sap.
The next reason why a pear does not grow may be damage to the seedling by the larva of the cockchafer. It is important to thoroughly inspect the plant and the soil underneath it and, if a pest is detected, take measures to destroy it.
How to treat wood against diseases
In order for the pear to grow and develop normally, treatment of diseases and their prevention must be carried out in a timely manner.
The first time the treatment is carried out in the spring, when the temperature has reached +5ᵒС. You need to spray both the trunk, the crown, and the tree trunk circle. All damage should be inspected; pests and fungi often overwinter in them. Before spraying, you need to mechanically clear the trunk of lichen.
It is better to spray in 3 stages: in March, in April before flowering, in May after flowering.
It is also important to do pruning on time.
In spring, treatment is most often carried out with copper sulfate. Also, depending on the situation, you can use appropriate fungicides, urea or biological products.
In the fall, before the leaves begin to fall, preventive spraying is carried out with a 5-7% urea solution. Fallen leaves are removed and the tree trunks are dug up. Whitewashing is also carried out with special paint.
Bordeaux mixture for pears
Bordeaux mixture is very popular when treating pears against diseases and pests. It contains lime, copper sulfate and water. To treat fruit trees, including pears, before bud break, it is proposed to use a 3% Bordeaux mixture (liquid); during the growing season, only 1% Bordeaux mixture can be used.
Prepare Bordeaux mixture in plastic or enamel containers. For a 1% solution in 1 l warm water dissolve 100 g of copper sulfate. Separately from it, 100-150 g of lime are dissolved in 5 liters of water. The solutions are filtered, and after that the solution of copper sulfate is brought to a volume of 5 liters and poured into the lime mixture, stirring.
Tested by scientific agronomist Alexander Zharavin
The most dangerous diseases of apple and pear trees include scab, fruit rot, cytosporosis and milky shine. Reliable protection Fruit trees can only be protected from these viruses and infections by comprehensive preventive measures, including both advanced chemical and traditional agrotechnical measures. Before treating pears and apple trees with chemicals against diseases, take into account the time of fruiting - two weeks before the final ripening of the crop, such treatment completely stops.
How to deal with diseases of apple and pear trees
Apple and pear scab. Round olive-colored spots, covered with a slightly velvety coating, form on the leaves of trees. The size of the spots and their number depend on the susceptibility of the variety, weather conditions and the age of the leaf. On fruits, the disease manifests itself in the form of dark, almost black, sharply defined spots.
By affecting fruits and leaves, scab not only sharply reduces the yield, but also affects its quality. The fruits, especially with early infection, are ugly and sometimes crack. Sick fruits are stored worse and rot more easily. When describing this disease of apple and pear trees, it is worth noting that severe damage to leaves leads to premature leaf fall, and this affects the general condition of the tree - growth decreases, plants go into winter unprepared, and their winter hardiness decreases.
The source of primary infection is overwintered infected leaves. Cool temperatures favor the development of the disease rainy weather in the spring.
Control measures. Reliable protection of an apple tree from scab is provided only by a set of preventive measures, including chemical and agrotechnical measures.
Planting of resistant varieties is necessary. To avoid introducing infection into the garden, sniff and burn the leaves of seedlings before planting. To treat this disease, apple and pear trees are sprayed with one of the following preparations: Bordeaux mixture (100 g of copper sulfate and 100-150 g of lime), polychome (40 g), copper oxychloride (30 g), urea (50 g) at the following times: on budding leaves, after flowering and after 10-14 days.
To prepare Bordeaux mixture, take 100 g of copper sulfate and the same amount of quicklime per 10 liters of water. If the lime is bad, then take 150 g. Copper sulfate is first dissolved in a small amount of water (5 l). In another vessel, quench the lime and add water to 5 liters. The copper sulfate solution is poured into the milk of lime in a thin stream with constant stirring. The resulting liquid blue color must have a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction. When there is an excess of copper sulfate, copper particles (a reddish tint) settle on a metal object lowered into the liquid. Therefore, to treat apple and pear trees against this disease, you need to add a solution of lime. When stored, Bordeaux mixture loses its fungicidal properties, so it is used on the day of preparation. It is prepared in wooden, clay or enamel dishes, but not in metal.
Raking and burning fallen leaves, spraying the soil and trees with nitrafen (300 g) are effective. To combat this disease, apple and pear trees can also be treated with ammonium nitrate (1 kg) after leaf fall, before the onset of persistent cold weather (at a temperature not lower than +5 ° C), then digging up the soil.
Look at the photo of treating apple and pear trees for scab disease:
Fruit rot. In terms of harmfulness, it is superior to scab, since diseased fruits are completely unsuitable for consumption. Rot on the fruit begins with a small brown spot, which, growing, covers the entire surface. The fruit pulp becomes brown, softens and completely loses taste qualities. Then, spore-bearing yellowish-brown fungal pads form on the surface of the fruit.
Over time, the affected fruits wrinkle, dry out and remain hanging on the tree. Many of them acquire a bluish-black color. The following spring, with the onset of warm and humid weather, the mummified fruits become covered with sporulation of the fungus and become a source of primary infection.
The disease appears on the fruit with the first wormy drop. The disease spreads especially quickly in humid, warm weather. Penetration of infection into the fetus occurs in the presence of damage by codling moths, goose, birds and hail. The infection also gets into the cracks that form when affected by scab.
Control measures. In the fight against fruit rot, sanitary and preventive measures are important, including the collection and destruction of mummified fruits in the fall. Before treating apple and pear trees for this disease, remove the diseased fruit from the tree. This should be done throughout the summer, as they appear.
Measures of primary importance include periodic collection of carrion, from which infection and spread of infection begin.
Steaming livestock with carrion unsuitable for consumption or burying it in the soil to a depth of 50 cm. Spraying against codling moths, goose and other insects that damage fruits.
To treat this disease, apple and pear trees are sprayed with Bordeaux mixture (100 g of copper sulfate and 100-150 g of lime) or copper oxychloride (30 g) when the first worm drop appears and after 10 - 12 days.
These photos show diseases of apple and pear trees and measures to combat them:
How to treat apple and pear trees against diseases
Cytosporosis. When the disease occurs, the bark of the skeletal branches changes its color. A small depression forms on the affected area; at the border of healthy and affected tissue, the bark cracks, becomes covered with many pycnidia protruding from under the skin and becomes rough. The dead bark retains a reddish-brown appearance and becomes wet when trying to separate it from the wood.
As shown in the photo, this disease of apple and pear trees leads to drying out of the branches and complete death of the tree:
The release of spores from pycnidia occurs at high humidity throughout the growing season. Required for infection mechanical damage bark and sharp weakening of the tree. The disease is a consequence of sunburn, frost damage and severe freezing of shoots or tree branches.
Control measures. Proper tree care is important: timely pruning, fertilizing, loosening the soil, watering, etc. Protection from sunburn and frost damage (whitewashing). Cutting out and burning heavily affected branches. To combat this disease of apple and pear trees, wounds on trunks and skeletal branches are disinfected with copper sulfate (100-300 g per 10 l) and covered with garden pitch or oil paint.
When planting, it is necessary to use healthy planting material of the best regionalized varieties, the most resistant to adverse conditions, diseases and less damaged by pests. To avoid introducing infection into the garden (scab, coccomycosis, anthracnose, etc.), it is necessary to scrub the leaves before planting.
Tree heights of no more than 3-4 m create optimal conditions for growth and allows for better spraying.
Milky shine. When describing this disease of apple and pear trees, a characteristic symptom of milky shine is a silvery or milky tint of the leaves. Subsequently, necrotic areas appear on such leaves, located along the edges of the leaf blade or between the veins. The leaves become brittle, dry out and die. First, damage to individual branches or skeletal branches is observed. Then the tree may be completely damaged. Getting into plants through various mechanical damage and settling in the wood of branches, skeletal branches, trunks, the fungus interferes with the normal flow of water and nutrients to the leaves. Most often, young trees with immature wood are affected. Infection is facilitated by sunburn and damage by low temperatures, infertile soil and shading. In low-lying areas, the disease manifests itself more often, as the degree of freezing of wood increases and moist air stagnates.
Control measures. It is extremely important to timely cut and burn the affected branches 50 - 70 cm below the place where the whitened leaves with necrosis are located. It is unacceptable to use removed branches as stakes and chatals. When treating apple and pear trees for this disease, treatment is necessary. open wounds and other damage, increasing the winter hardiness of trees.
If the entire tree is affected, there is no need to rush to remove it. It is necessary to take all measures to cure the fruit crop by increasing fertilizing and watering. If treatment of this disease of apple and pear trees is not successful, the tree or individual branches are removed if necrosis of the leaves has begun.
Below is a selection of photos of diseases of apple and pear trees, as well as measures to combat them:
Diseases of chlorosis, rosette and drying out of apple trees: photos, description and treatment
Apple tree diseases such as calcareous chlorosis, rosette and shoot drying are widespread in middle lane, which is due to the characteristics of the soil cover. The connection between functional diseases of apple trees and soil conditions has been established by numerous researchers.
The degree of manifestation of functional diseases is greatly influenced by the methods of soil maintenance and its water-physical properties.
A common cause of chlorosis, rosette and drying out of apple tree shoots is a malnutrition of microelements. They affect the intensity and direction of biochemical processes, and consequently, plant productivity and product quality.
With a lack of iron, for example, plants develop calcareous or carbonate chlorosis.
As can be seen in the photo, signs of this disease of apple trees are yellowing of the leaf tissue between the veins, which subsequently spreads to the entire leaf blade:
Then the leaves turn white, become thin and dry.
Rosette is a consequence of malnutrition of apple plants with zinc.
The most characteristic external signs diseases include shredding of leaves and the formation of rosettes at the ends of shoots. This is accompanied by a specific form of zinc chlorosis. With mild damage, chlorotic color appears only in the form of slight mottling along the edge of the leaf blade. In case of severe damage most of The leaf blade acquires a pale yellow color with a whitish tint, and the green color remains only along the main and large lateral veins of the leaf.
Productivity decreases until fruiting ceases completely. The acute form of the disease gradually leads to drying out of the branches. The ends of the branches die off, and over time, all the older parts die off. Progressive drying ends with the death of the tree.
The cause of drying out of tree shoots with this disease of apple trees is a violation of the apple tree's nutrition with copper. Symptoms of the disease develop with the onset of dry and hot weather with an average daily air temperature above 19 - 20 ° C.
In the spring, at the beginning of growth, young shoots develop normally, and several healthy leaves grow on them. Then, with the development of the disease, the growth of the youngest apical leaves on strongly growing shoots of the upper part of the crown slows down sharply, the leaf blades are deformed, their edges are raised, as a result of which the leaves acquire a specific boat shape.
In years with heavy rainfall and moderate air temperatures, the intensity of the disease decreases.
The establishment of industrial gardens is currently preceded by a thorough assessment of the soil for horticultural suitability, as a result of which areas of carbonate chernozem are excluded. In this regard, chlorosis here practically occurs only in separate small foci in combination with garden-friendly soil.
At the same time, the possibility of rosette formation caused by soil alkalinity is greatly limited.
In amateur gardens, carbonate chlorosis, rosette and drying of shoots are widespread.
Here you can see photos of apple tree diseases, the descriptions of which are presented above:
In the fight against these diseases, it is necessary to use a set of measures: improvement of physical and chemical properties soils and the development of a rational fertilizer system, including foliar feeding with solutions of microelements.
On soils with an unfavorable salt regime, we can recommend sowing legume-grass grass mixtures, the so-called soil watering.
In addition to sowing grasses, to influence the soil, it is advisable to install carbon-free centers of nutrition from a mixture of sand and humus enriched with iron. For 10 kg of wet humus take 15-20 g iron sulfate, mixed and kept for 1-2 months before application in a moistened state. In the fall, before application, river sand is added to the prepared mixture in a ratio of 1:2 (construction sand is not suitable). The importance of sand in this case is that it loosens the soil, makes it more breathable and promotes better absorption of nutrients, including microelements.
On carbonate soil, the addition of microelements in their pure form is ineffective, since they turn into poorly soluble compounds. For the same reason, superphosphate should be added only in mixtures with humus. This mixture is also prepared in advance and separately from the mixture of humus and microfertilizers. It is advisable to alternate the application of these two mixtures over the years - in one year add humus with superphosphate, in another - humus with microfertilizers. Of the nitrogen fertilizers on carbonate soil, it is best to apply potassium nitrate.
On carbonate soils, the application of nitrogen and phosphorus should be limited. mineral fertilizers and give preference to potassium (50-80 g/m2).
Acidification gives good results in reducing soil alkalinity. For this purpose, technical sulfuric acid is used, as well as acidic waste. industrial enterprises. Sulfuric acid is greatly diluted (up to 1% concentration) and iron sulfate is added at 100 - 150 g per 10 liters. From 2 to 5 liters of solution are consumed per tree, introducing it into holes along the periphery of the crown to a depth of 40-60 cm.
In the case where the cause of rosette and drying of shoots is high content phosphorus in the soil, the ratio between phosphorus and potassium should be balanced by applying potassium fertilizers (based on agrochemical analysis data).
To measures for improvement physical properties soils include: installation of drainage in waterlogged areas, lowering the groundwater level, introducing organic fertilizers, .
To treat the disease of apple trees, chlorosis, spraying of trees in the spring before swelling of the buds with a 5% solution of iron sulfate and 0.5-0.7% on vegetative leaves immediately after flowering is used; this treatment is repeated after 10-12 days.
It is advisable to add 0.3-0.4% carbamide to a 0.5-0.7% solution of ferrous sulfate. A useful trick is burying various iron objects under diseased trees: rusty nails, sawdust, shavings, etc. Regular watering with an infusion prepared from various plant wastes (carrion of apples, plums, spoiled berries, tomatoes, cucumbers, etc.) has a positive effect on the health of plants. scrap iron and with the addition (if possible) of slurry, mullein, bird droppings. All components are placed in a barrel (1/4 part waste and 1/4 organic fertilizer), filled with water and left for 5-6 days.
Against rosetteness good results in the improvement of apple tree plants, they were obtained by adding zinc sulfate to the soil in doses of 140-160 kg a.i./ha (64 - 73 g/m2) and by foliar spraying on dormant buds with an 8-12% solution. The positive effect of this foliar treatment on plants is felt over several years. In the case when signs of chlorosis and rosette appear simultaneously, spray with a solution of iron sulfate 0.4-0.5% with the addition of zinc sulfate 0.2-0.3% and carbs and 0.3%.
The use of copper preparations is effective against the apple tree disease of shoot drying. On light soil, good results are obtained by applying copper sulfate (copper sulfate) under planting at a dose of 150-200 kg a.i./ha (60-80 g/m2).
In order to quickly improve severely affected gardens, trees should be treated with a 3-4% suspension of Bordeaux mixture before buds open in early spring and 1% twice during the growing season: during the period of early growth and during the period of intensive shoot growth.
Carrying out a set of measures to combat these diseases makes it possible to significantly improve the health of plants and obtain good harvests. The best effect from using all these techniques is achieved when there are initial signs of a particular disease in the garden.
These photos show how apple tree diseases are treated:
If the leaves and fruits of the pear have darkened or become stained, this may be a sign of bacterial or fungal infection of the tree. Today we will look at the most common pear diseases- description with photographs and methods of treatment. Love your garden - and it will give you an abundance of delicious fruits!
Pear diseases - description, treatment, photographs
If you notice signs of disease on neighboring trees, carry out preventive treatment of the rest. This is the unshakable rule of the gardener. Tell your garden neighbor to do the same. This way you will protect yourself from loss of harvest. When treating a pear with chemicals, take into account the period of removal of its components from the plant, so as not to feed your family with poisonous fruits.
Most pear diseases are fungal in nature. Mushrooms love dampness and warmth. To prevent them from thriving on pear or other trees, thin out the crown well. Don't plant a tree in a poorly ventilated garden dream. To stop the spread of spores, burn cut diseased areas, keep the area around the tree clean, loosen the root zone of the soil and carry out preventive treatment annually. Also, constantly control pests, as they can also cause disease.
Pear scab
Description. The disease is the result of fungal growth. It is characterized by the formation of olive spots with a velvety surface on the lower part of the leaves. The fruits crack, become deformed, and become covered with putrefactive spots.
The photo shows leaves affected by scab. Treatment. If you notice signs of pear scab, spray the tree with Bordeaux mixture. The following drugs will help you save a tree in case of severe infection: “Skor”, “Dnok”, “Nitrafen”. Thin out the crown of the pear so that it is well ventilated. This will prevent the growth of fungus. Regularly collect carrion and fallen leaves, loosen the soil around the tree.
Fruit rot
Description. The scientific name of the disease is moniliosis. Also caused by fungi, but of a different type. A sign of tree infection will be the formation of brown spots on the fruit followed by the formation of growths. Some infected fruits fall off, others dry out on the branches. The peak of the disease occurs in the second part of summer.
Photo of pear fruit rot Treatment. The crown of the affected tree should be thinned, all fruits remaining on the branches should be removed, and the area around should be thoroughly cleaned. Moniliosis is fought with the help of Bordeaux mixture and the drug “Hom”. The following cocktail is effective: “Healthy Garden” + “Baikal” + “Ecoberin”. At the beginning and end of the season, the wood is treated with lime milk.
Sooty fungus
Description. The fruits and leaves of the pear are covered with a black coating similar to soot. A favorable environment for the development of fungus is created in the second half of summer, on a tree that is weakened and affected by pests.
Sooty fungus Treatment. Destroys fungi that cause the appearance of black plaque using the drug "Calypso". A more gentle option is “Fitoverm”.
Powdery mildew
Description. Another fungal disease. The pear leaves look like they have been sprinkled with flour. Over time, the coating takes on a rusty appearance, and leaves and flowers fall off.
In the photo you see powdery mildew on pear leaves Treatment. From powdery mildew“Fundazol” and “Sulfite” help. From folk ways: Solution of potassium permanganate or soda ash with soap. All dried leaves and shoots must be collected and burned.
Leaf rust
Description. At first, the leaves become covered with yellow spots, which over time change color to red. The fungus that causes the disease originates on coniferous trees.
Red spots, as in the photo, indicate the development of leaf rust Treatment. We need to start the fight against rust in early spring. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture and infusion of ash brings a good effect. In difficult cases, repeated spraying with a solution of the drug “Baleiton” helps. In the fall, the use of “Urea” is indicated.
Black cancer
Description. The disease develops gradually over several years. Pears appear on the trunk and branches small cracks, which over time become wider, deeper and covered with brown spots. Such deep wounds on the tree become a gateway for various infections.
Photo of the initial stage of black pear cancer Treatment. Removing the wounded part of the tree will help correct the situation. The cut site should be treated with copper sulfate, and then with a mixture of clay and mullein. Complete cleaning of autumn leaves is very important.
Cytosporosis
Description. Based on its external manifestation, the disease was nicknamed stem rot. The sign is localized brown spots on the tree bark. Stem rot can be caused by sunburn or frostbite.
Cytosporosis Treatment. The methods of struggle are similar to the previous case. It is also necessary to remove dried parts of the plant in time and whiten the trunk for the winter.
Bacterial burn
Description. Dangerous damage to the pear tree, the main manifestation of which is curling and blackening of the leaves. However, they remain on the tree. Following this, the trunk and shoots die off. The reason for this condition of the tree is bacteria, which are easily carried by insects, wind and precipitation.
The photo shows a bacterial burn of a pear Treatment. Most the right way control - complete removal of the affected branches with deep involvement of healthy tissue. The amputated part must be burned and the used instruments must be disinfected. The cuts are treated with an antibiotic solution and the entire tree is sprayed. During the growing season, the pear is sprayed with Bordeaux mixture many times.
» Pears
Pear can be classified as fruit crops, which are found on almost every garden plot. But the positive emotions associated with growing this crop and collecting delicious fruits can overshadow numerous diseases. They can not only worsen the decorative appearance of the plant, but also lead to a significant reduction in yield and even the death of the tree. In this article we will look at why pear diseases occur and methods of treating various diseases.
Pear diseases are numerous and can affect different parts of the plant. Many of them can affect not only pears, but also other pome-bearing crops, such as apple, quince, medlar, and hawthorn. What to do in case of tree disease and how to treat it? With regular inspection of trees, it is easy to notice signs of the disease, even in the early stages. Therefore, even a novice gardener needs to know the main diseases of pears.
The most common symptoms that appear are:
- Change in the shape of leaves and fruits;
- Appearance of spots different colors and shapes;
- Damage to young shoots and bark of old branches;
- Lignification of fruits and changes in taste;
- Falling of leaves, ovaries and fruits;
- Drying of branches and wood.
Tree proliferation, methods of combating the disease
Pear proliferation is a viral disease, also called sprouting. Prematurely developed shoots move away from the plant under acute angle . Numerous thin side shoots, dormant buds wake up, and strong branching of lateral fattening shoots leads to the formation of witches' brooms.
The leaves of diseased shoots, as a rule, have large, well-developed stipules with a serrated edge. Flowers on infected plants do not fall off, and reblooming may occur in late summer. The fruits are deformed, and the stalks become greatly elongated.
Most often, the disease is transmitted through vaccination.
It is impossible to cure the disease, therefore, when it comes to industrial plantings, it is better to create a new one with a previously tested healthy planting material. In individual gardening, you can observe the condition of the tree. Often the disease can go into a latent form and practically not manifest itself, but the plant will develop and bear fruit normally.
Scab - fruits and leaves turn black, how to treat?
Pear scab is one of the most common diseases. With severe damage, not only the quality and quantity of fruits decreases, but also the trees dry out and freeze. Rapid development of the disease occurs if frequent precipitation and heat contribute to constant hydration of the plant.
Scab is a fungal disease. The first sign is the appearance of round yellowish spots on all above-ground organs of the plant: branches, fruits, pedicels, leaves and petioles. Gradually, the spots become necrotic and acquire a black color with a dark olive tinge. On the petioles and shoots in the affected areas, tubercles form, which later transform into ulcers, cracks and dents. The fruits are formed dark spots with a light rim. The pulp underneath becomes woody, cracks appear, the fruits become deformed, and their quality and quantity noticeably decrease.
The fight against the disease must be carried out comprehensively. In autumn, affected leaves must be raked and burned, and the soil under the trees must be dug up. Thickened crowns should be thinned out, removing dry and damaged branches. Damaged young shoots must be removed immediately. During leaf fall, it is recommended to treat with ammonium sulfate (10-20%), silitol (0.1%) or urea (8%).
In spring it is necessary to spray three times with protective fungicides.: Bordeaux mixture (1%), copper oxychloride. The trees should be sprayed the first time before the buds open, the second time after flowering, and after another 2 weeks the treatment should be carried out a third time.
Planting resistant varieties helps reduce the risk of scab: Bere Bosk, Vrodliva, Tavricheskaya, Vystavochnaya, Kucheryanka, etc.
Fruit rot or moniliosis
It affects pear and apple trees, and less commonly other pomaceous trees. Sometimes found on stone fruit crops.
Signs of the disease can be detected no earlier than the middle of the growing season when the fruits begin to ripen. Small brown spots appear on the surface of the fruit, which quickly increase in size and can cover the entire fruit within a week. Yellow-white or ash-gray pads appear on the surface, arranged in concentric circles. The pulp becomes loose and tasteless.
Black cancer: signs and methods of treatment
The disease affects the bark of skeletal branches and trunk. Numerous small depressed necrotic spots appear on the bark near the lentils.. On thin branches, lentils begin to grow, and on thick branches, abundant gum production appears. The resulting wounds gradually increase in size, and the surrounding bark becomes brown. Reddish spots may appear on leaves and fruits. Several types of fungi can cause similar symptoms, and the disease affects not only pome crops, but also stone fruits. If the infection is severe, the tree dies.
There are no chemical methods to combat this disease. Therefore, the main focus should be on prevention.
To do this, it is better to remove diseased plants, and at the initial stage of infection, cut off all damaged branches to healthy wood. The wounds on the trunk must be cleaned down to healthy wood, treated with a solution of copper sulfate and covered with clay with the addition of mullein.
Cytosporosis - the bark bursts and the branches dry out
Cytosporosis is considered a disease of old weakened gardens, which are in poor physiological condition and constantly freeze. Numerous black tubercles appear on annual shoots and the branches die. Cankers appear on thick branches and continually grow until they completely cover the entire branch. The bark turns red-brown and dries out. Gum formation may occur.
Chemicals are not used to combat the disease. To avoid cytosporosis, it is necessary to remove affected branches and trees, which are the main source of infection. When creating gardens, it is necessary to give preference to zoned varieties that will not freeze, and also to maintain a high agricultural background.
Fire blight - pear leaves turn brown
Fire blight is considered one of the most dangerous diseases that affects more than 100 plant species. In infected plants, flowers turn brown and fall off, branch tips turn black, and leaves and shoots become covered with watery black spots. The tree quickly takes on the appearance of being scorched by fire.
Bacteria, causing disease, are able to spread very quickly through the trees and cause tissue death. The rapid course of the disease cannot be overcome. You can only prevent infection of other plants, so the diseased tree must be removed and burned, and the roots uprooted. How to deal with this disease?
If the disease was noticed at an early stage, it is necessary to cut out the affected branches, and treat the cut site and tools with a solution of iron (0.7%) or copper (1%) sulfate. Spraying plants with antibiotics will be effective:
- Streptomycin (50 µg/ml);
- Chloramphenicol (50 mcg/ml);
- Rifampicin (50 mcg/ml);
- Gentamicin (50 µg/ml);
- Kanamycin (20 μg/ml).
You can also treat the plants with Bordeaux mixture and spray with copper-containing preparations 7-8 times per season.
There are no varieties resistant to this disease, but the susceptibility is different. The most susceptible varieties are: General Leclerc, Triumph Pakgama, Durandu, Santa Maria, .
Bacteriosis: methods of pest control
The first signs of the disease appear with the blossoming of young leaves. Dark areas appear at the ends of the leaf blades, gradually spreading to the entire blade and petiole, which subsequently begin to dry out and may turn black. The disease affects the vascular system, which is easily visible on a cross section of a branch in the form of black dots or circles.
The degree of damage may vary, but trees of all ages are susceptible to the disease. To combat bacteriosis, pruning is necessary., capturing 30-40 cm of healthy wood, treat the sections with copper sulfate (3%), and also spray with Bordeaux mixture.
Grooving is a wood disease
The causative agent of the disease is a virus that is transmitted from tree to tree mechanically, during pruning or grafting. The branches of affected plants are flattened, and dead areas appear inside. Furrows, necrotic lines and spots are clearly visible. The leaves are chlorotic, acquire autumn color early and fall off.
Sooner or later the plant dies, so it is better to remove such trees and use healthy material when planting.
Septoria, or white spotting on leaves
A disease of abandoned and aging gardens. Small spots of light brown color appear on the leaves, gradually turning gray, but with a dark rim. Such leaves dry out and fall off earlier than usual, and the viability and productivity of trees decreases. Plants weakened by septoria do not withstand low temperatures well and often freeze slightly..
Special treatments for septoria, as a rule, they are not treated, since the preventive measures used for scab also effectively prevent white spotting.
Prevention of pear diseases
Avoiding diseases is not easy, especially in summer cottages, where the pathogen can appear thanks to careless neighbors or abandoned wild gardens. However, most pear diseases can be prevented.
It is necessary to realize that prevention includes a set of agrotechnical measures that are recommended to be carried out regularly. It is worth highlighting the following preventive measures:
- Growing Healthy planting material;
- Tool processing after pruning diseased trees;
- Cleaning leaves and carrion;
- Deep loosening of the soil under the trees;
- Regular crown lightening, removal of weak, diseased and withered branches;
- Cleaning and whitewashing of trunks, treatment of frost holes and damage;
- Early spring and autumn spraying Bordeaux mixture, or other drugs according to the treatment calendar; Whitewashing trunks
Growing a pear and getting a decent harvest requires attention and certain knowledge. It is necessary not only to properly care for the tree, but also to learn to see the first signs of damage, distinguish diseases characteristic of a given crop, and take the necessary measures in a timely manner. And in order to avoid encountering or minimize the number of diseases, it is always useful to pay attention to simple prevention techniques.
Like any others fruit trees, pears (Pirns) need treatment from insect pests and diseases: without timely measures to protect trees, you not only risk losing the harvest, but also completely losing your fruit plantings. When carrying out agricultural measures against pears, do not forget to remove dried leaves and cut out affected branches.
Pear diseases cancer and cytosporosis: description and control measures
Bacterial cancer, or bacterial necrosis of pear bark
The causative agent is a bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. Since spring, browning of the buds and bark of branches, blackening and drying out of young shoots with leaves have been observed. The spots on the leaves are black, cracking along the edges of the blades. Swellings in the form of blisters appear on the bark, and depressed spots with a purple-cherry border often form. The wood rots, a pungent odor appears, and the trees die. Bacteriosis usually begins with linear necrosis of the cortex and develops into wide longitudinal stripes. Control measures. Trim affected branches, remove dried trees, disinfect cuts with 1% copper sulfate and cover with oil paint. An effective measure to combat this disease of pears is to spray trees with copper-containing preparations.
Cytosporosis, or infectious drying of pear bark
The causative agent is a fungus Cytospora microspora. The bark of the branches dries out without changing its color, and convex fruiting bodies form on the surface gray. In the spring, when the buds open, branches and entire trees affected by cytosporosis dry out. The infection persists in the bark of the branches. Control measures. Comply with everything agrotechnical requirements growing this crop, take measures to protect trees. Remove and burn affected branches. To treat this disease of pears, spray the trees in the spring before the leaves bloom with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes.How to treat pears for other diseases
Monilial burn of pear
The causative agent is a fungus Monilia cinerea. In spring, flowers, ovaries, and fruit branches turn brown and dry out. Young leaves also turn brown and do not fall off for a long time. A grayish coating of mycelium develops on the affected bark and leaves. The disease is most dangerous in wet, cold spring. The infection persists in the bark of the affected branches. Control measures. Remove dried, affected branches, disinfect the cuts with 1% copper sulfate, and cover with oil paint. To treat pears against this disease, in case of severe spread of monilial burn, spray the trees three times with 1% Bordeaux mixture or its substitutes according to the following scheme: the first - in the bud release phase, the second - immediately after flowering and the third - 10-14 days after the second.
Fruit rot of pear
The causative agent is a fungus Monilia fructigena. The disease appears in places where the pear moth is damaged and quickly spreads by spores to neighboring fruits. The skin of the fruit turns brown, and grayish sporulation pads of the fungus form in concentric circles on its surface. Spores are spread by wind, insects, and water flows. The infection persists in dried fruits that overwinter on tree branches.
Stoneiness of pear fruits
The causative agent is apple wood pitting virus ( Pear stony pit). Cracks form on the bark of the branches, chlorosis and yellowing of the veins are observed in the leaves, the fruits become smaller and take on an ugly shape. At the same time, accumulations of hard cells form in the fruit pulp, and the fruits become tasteless. The infection persists in the affected wood. Control measures. Promptly remove trees heavily affected by rockiness from the site and burn them.In these photographs you can see the symptoms of pear diseases, the description of which is presented on this page:
How to treat pears against pests: photos and control measures
Multiflora pear
Multiflora pear ( Vanessa polychloros) is a large butterfly. The wings are brick-red, with numerous dark spots, brown on the underside, and have a characteristic white dot. The caterpillars are bluish-black, with longitudinal stripes and yellow spines throughout the body, and completely eat the leaves.
Pear Tube Gun
Large pear pipe gun ( Rhynchites giganteus) – a large (7-11 mm) copper-red, shiny weevil, with wrinkled stripes on the elytra and covered with light hairs. Beetles and larvae overwinter in the soil, before flowering they come to the surface and feed on buds, flowers, leaves, young shoots, and later on fruits. In June and July, females lay one egg per fruit and gnaw the stalk. The yellowish larva feeds on seeds.
Pear codling moth
Pear codling moth ( Carpocapsa pyrivora) - dark gray butterfly. After the trees bloom, butterflies fly for a month in the evening. The females lay eggs on the fruits, the caterpillars bite into the fruit and feed on the seeds.The development of the caterpillar lasts up to 30 days, and one fruit is enough for it to feed. Having finished feeding, the caterpillars go into the soil and overwinter in cocoons. Fruit rot develops on damaged fruits.Control measures. Before treating pears for these pests, collect and remove the carrion. Spray the trees 3-4 weeks after the end of flowering with one of the preparations: Decis, Karbofos, Fufanon, Inta-Vir.
Ermine fruit moth
Ermine fruit moth ( Yponomeuta padellus) - small white butterfly. As shown in the photo, the caterpillars of these pear pests are dark gray or yellow-white in color, with two longitudinal rows of black dots along the back:
In early spring, the caterpillars bite into the buds, when the leaves grow, they gnaw and skeletonize leaf blades, create cobweb nests and live in large colonies. Having finished feeding, they pupate one at a time in transparent cocoons on the branches.In June, butterflies emerge and feed on nectar; females lay eggs in clusters in the form of scutes on branches. The hatched caterpillars gnaw the bark under the shield and enter diapause until the spring of next year.
Control measures. To protect pears from these pests, spray the trees when buds open with one of the following preparations: Decis, Karbofos, Fufanon, Inta-Vir. Collect and destroy spider nests with older caterpillars.
