The main types of building board. Types of lumber and their classification

Wood is a versatile material used in capital construction, manufacturing decorative coatings and furniture manufacturing. There are various forms of wood, differing in structure and method of obtaining. The most durable and aesthetic material, which was used long before the advent of glued and pressed wood masses, are the sawn products of a solid tree trunk.

By longitudinal unraveling of the log into long component parts having at least one flat side (face). Most lumber has two flat edges that are parallel to each other.

Two methods of sawing logs are used - radial and tangential. With a radial approach, the cutting directions are oriented towards the center of the growth rings. The resulting boards or bars have different sizes, and their width is limited by the diameter of the blossomed tree.

Tangential sawing is designed to obtain long boards and is directed tangentially to the growth rings. Thus it turns out a large number of fragments having the same size and sectional shape.

Further processing and giving the appearance depends on. The more work will be carried out to improve the surface and protect it from external influences, the higher the cost of the final product will be.

It is very important to choose high-quality lumber, which you should not buy, you can see on the video:

What are

There are several approaches to the classification of lumber. Allocate directions according to the method of obtaining (preparation), the degree of processing and purpose.

By way of preparation

This approach takes into account the final moisture content of the material. The most common concept is absolute humidity, which is the ratio of the mass of moisture to the mass of dry wood (per unit volume).

According to the magnitude of the absolute water content, there are:

• dry lumber(air dry or natural humidity) - contain no more than 20% water and are widely used in the construction and construction of structures. Obtaining the air-dry state of the tree is preceded by its long stay in the air;
• kiln-dried wood- obtained by drying in a closed box at elevated temperature. The moisture content of the material can be 10-14% or less, depending on the requirements of the consumer. Absolutely dry wood must be processed protective compounds to prevent moisture absorption.

When stored for a long time in a humid environment, the wood becomes wet (contains 100% or more moisture). Boards made from freshly cut wood have a moisture content of about 50-100%.

By appointment

The following types of lumber are distinguished by size and shape, as well as mechanical properties:

• timber- characterized by a thickness and width of more than 100 mm, is the main load-bearing element of many building structures and is used in the assembly of the base;
• boards– have a thickness of less than 100 mm and their width is more than twice the thickness. Along with beams, boards are the most common lumber and are widely used for industrial, domestic and other purposes. Boards are made by longitudinal sawing of logs and beams;
• bar- it is made of boards, which is the reason for its small size. The thickness of the bar should be no more than 100 mm, and the width should be less than twice the thickness;
• sleepers- short bars used for railway purposes as supports for rails. The sleepers are usually treated with a strong mixture of petroleum or coke-chemical antiseptic, which is highly toxic. The use of impregnated sleepers in everyday life is highly discouraged;
• lagging- is an "unfinished" version of the board, in which only one face is flat. The width of both fields can vary along its length, due to which the longitudinal cut along the sawn plate has a pronounced irregular shape;
• croaker- refers to an intermediate variant between the board and the floor, which has one even surface. The raw surface on the opposite side has a regular cylindrical shape (truncated), therefore, in a longitudinal section, the slab is a rectangle.

Photo of various types of lumber

Beam Boards Bar Sleepers Obapol Slab

According to the degree of processing

The simplest version of lumber has two parallel faces and two raw wane (side faces) of a semicircular shape (external roundness of the tree). Two layers are often not enough to implement a number of construction and design tasks. Wane processing increases the aesthetics of wood and increases its cost.

According to the degree of processing, the following types of lumber are distinguished:

• unedged- have untreated wane, freed from bark and coarse knots;
• edged– wane sawn parallel to each other, giving the transverse profile a rectangular shape;
• planed– the surface of at least one of the faces (plast or wane) is planed to reduce roughness. Such boards or beams are used to create floor and wall surfaces, seats and other outdoor structures.

What trees are lumber made from?

Coniferous wood is used for the production of sawn timber. hardwood, including their valuable varieties.

The most common species, the trunks of which are used to obtain boards and beams, are:

• larch– resistant to water and practically not damaged by insects and fungi. Even without the additional processing that is required for most other woods, hardwood is resistant to rot and is widely used in wet areas;
• beech- used in the manufacture of furniture, stairs and wooden floors. Due to its high wear resistance, seating for benches in public places is often made from beech lumber;
• pine– differs in the high environmental friendliness supported by the pitches which are its part. Pine wood is less durable than hardwood and is more prone to catching fire and emitting acrid tar smoke. They try not to make benches from pine lumber, so as not to spoil clothes with protruding resins;
• oak- is one of the most popular trees for the construction of houses and structures, has high strength and beautiful texture. Oak products swell slightly with increasing humidity, but are less common due to their high cost;
• ash– has mechanical properties close to oak. The shades of its wood are not always attractive, which is caused by a violation of the integrity of the cellulose fibers as a result of diseases. A high bending tendency and impact resistance are among the main advantages of ash;
• cedar- it is used much less often than other pine species due to the high cost, however, it is distinguished by aesthetics, resistance to decay and the ability to disinfect the air of the room in which it is located. In terms of mechanical properties, cedar is close to pine and has a more pronounced and rich texture;
• deadwood– used to get the least quality material from naturally dried wood. Dead wood lumber is usually broken down into small bars and used as ancillary material;
• Linden- has become widespread in the manufacture of quiet and warm floors, as well as walls of warehouse and industrial utility rooms(not damaged by rodents). The relative softness of linden lumber simplifies its processing when assembling composite structures;
• aspen- Most often, aspen lumber is used for the construction of baths and saunas. Low performance reduces the value of solid aspen, a significant part of which is sent to the production of plywood or chipboard;
• birch- It is used to obtain light and durable lumber. Birch wood is almost free of resin, and its sawn timber has found the greatest use in furniture production due to its beautiful texture and ease of processing.

The video will tell about the varieties of larch lumber:

Let's evaluate lumber, comparing them with stronger and more durable stone materials for construction:

• price - 5. A wide range of wood allows you to choose lumber for any financial opportunity. In addition to expensive wood species, there are their cheaper counterparts. They are inferior in terms of texture, but not performance;
• practicality - 4. Wood is easier to damage than stone building material, therefore wooden coverings require care and additional processing;
• appearance - 5. The wood surface is considered the most aesthetic. Even artificial surfaces are often disguised as wood to give the room more flavor;
• ease of manufacture - 3. Although the tree is not very difficult to process, its finishing is quite difficult;
• laboriousness when using - 4. It is better to work with wood in pairs to hold structural elements when marking, trimming or fixing;
• environmental friendliness - 5. Wood is one of the most environmentally friendly materials. To increase the safety and durability of wood, treatment with special antiseptic compounds is used.

Lumber is produced by sawing wood into separate parts - plates, quarters, bars and beams, boards, slabs. Types of lumber are very diverse.

The thickness of boards made under production conditions can be no more than 100 mm, the width has a value greater than the thickness value multiplied by two. For beams, the thickness is not more than 100 mm, the width must be less than twice the thickness.

How lumber is classified according to processing

According to the method chosen for the processing of raw materials, lumber is divided into unedged and edged. The latter are characterized by processing on four sides, on the faces and edges, while the wane values ​​​​should be allowed only those determined in accordance with the grade of the product. The wane is the part of the log surface that is preserved on the part after mechanical trimming. It turns out a piece of board that has not been processed along the edges, which can be used in architectural structures or in carpentry finishing of buildings.

Uncut lumber has edges that are partially sawn or not sawn at all. One-sided products have one edge and sawn layers, while a sawn lump is not allowed to have a wane that is larger in magnitude than the parameters allowed for a particular product. This type is used in construction somewhat less frequently. It can be used for sheathing various parts of the structure, laying, and other options are possible.

Depending on the processing method, materials can be called unmilled or milled, that is, planed. The latter are a material in which at least one of the cavities is planed. In order to produce planed timber, wood is taken only with a certain diameter, so that the blanks for the timber are formed in compliance with right size. The blanks must be dried - this is done using steam chambers or in natural conditions. Products are obtained by processing raw materials on machine tools.

Classification of lumber by size, shape

When processing wood using modern technologies perform different types products. The assortment includes bars and sleepers, boards and slats, quarters, slabs, plates and other products. Types of lumber may vary depending on how the raw materials are processed. You can learn more about them.

Types of lumber

The timber, depending on the number of sides to be processed, will be called two-edged, three-edged, four-edged. The thickness and width of products is usually more than 100 mm. The main scope of their use is the construction of load-bearing structures, cottages or summer cottages, since these products can perfectly withstand significant loads.

The bar is similar to the bar, but has different dimensions. It is carried out with a thickness of up to 100 mm, the width is less than double the thickness. It is used in the furniture and carpentry industry, for finishing buildings, for example, door frames and crossbeams are made from them.

Table of shrinkage coefficients and mechanical strength of lumber.

Boards are made of logs or beams of sufficient thickness. Boards are uncut or cut. The thickness is possible no more than 100 mm, the width is more than double the thickness. Application - wall decoration, flooring, furniture production.

The sleeper is a product with a short length, but wide and thick. This is in some way a kind of timber, in which the size of the cross section differs in size. Most frequent use- for the implementation of railroad tracks.

A croaker is a piece of log, drank off the side. In the process of sawing logs into various boards, waste is obtained, which is called slab. It is convenient to make temporary buildings like sheds from it, they are also suitable for constructing a crate under the roof.

Quarters (obapol) are also obtained from the side parts of the logs. One of the surfaces of the product is propylene, the other is not. It is convenient to use for the manufacture of small joinery.

The plate is half a log, which is obtained by sawing it in the center. The plates have only one straight side. The length depends on the log used as raw material. They are mainly used for the production of the above products - sleepers, beams, sometimes - for the manufacture of massive boards.

How lumber is classified by type of wood

For lumber, the grade will also depend on the tree species - they can belong to a deciduous or coniferous array.

Coniferous arrays include larch, spruce, pine, cedar, fir. Deciduous arrays - oak, birch, beech, aspen, poplar, maple. For the construction of buildings, coniferous trees are more often chosen, since they are little affected by moisture, are more convenient to process, have good hardness and are quite durable. They can be used to create load-bearing structures. But it should be borne in mind that conifers in their composition have a lot of resinous substances, which means that any kind of lumber created from them is faster and easier to ignite.

Spruce wood is especially popular. It also contains the smallest amount of resins, therefore, the susceptibility to fire is reduced. Among hardwoods, oak is widely used - it is very strong and durable. Lumber can be divided into four grades. Thus, the selected grade is used in the manufacture of parts in shipbuilding, in the lathing of car sides, and in other significant areas.

Lumber types and purpose, as well as raw materials for production, varieties of lumber, varieties and derivatives of wood.

Lumber is a material obtained by longitudinal sawing of logs, followed by longitudinal and transverse (if necessary) division of the resulting parts. In the end, products of a certain shape and size are obtained, having at least two (front and back) parallel sides. This type of materials is produced at special enterprises equipped with band saws, circular saws and other equipment.

Raw materials for production

As a primary raw material for the manufacture of lumber, trunks of almost any tree, previously cleared of branches and bark, are used. Coniferous wood is usually used for the construction of load-bearing structures. Hardwoods are most often used for all kinds of finishing works. It should be noted that the waste obtained in the process of lumber production is used both in industry and in everyday life.

Poplar and birch are considered the most affordable wood for lumber production. Quite often, pine, spruce, linden, larch, ash and maple wood is used for these purposes. The wood of hornbeam, oak, and cedar is of great importance for industry.

The lightness of birch does not make the wood less durable, but the beautiful structure and affordable price gave her even more popularity. Larch is considered to be very moisture resistant, resistant to fungus and mold. Ash wood boasts good elasticity and impact resistance.

Beech is indispensable for the manufacture of floors, stairs and furniture. Incredibly strong and unusually beautiful oak wood, despite the rather high price, is very much in demand. Pine contains a large amount of resins, so it is most prone to rapid ignition. Although spruce wood is less durable, it is quite flexible and soft, so it can be easily worked.

Varieties of lumber

The characteristics of finished lumber depend on the type of wood, the equipment used, compliance with the production and drying technology, as well as the sawing method. It is the latter factor that affects the texture of the board.

Sawing wood is carried out in several ways, differing in the direction of sawing:

• transverse (across the fibers);
• rustic (under acute angle to fibers)
• radial (radius to the center of the log);
• tangential (tangential).

Cross cutting is used to produce artistic parquet, the rustic method is used to make flooring. Lumber obtained by radial sawing has a very attractive appearance, is durable, resistant to deformation and external influences. A tangential cut forms a beautiful pattern on the surface of the board in the form of interesting arches and rings.

However, on the surface of some boards, delaminations may form over time. The most popular and expensive are radial lumber, as their surface has a uniform texture, unchanged dimensions, good mechanical characteristics, and degree of shrinkage.

Drying of lumber is carried out as outdoors, and with the help of special chambers, which are tightly closed spaces. The first type of product contains up to 20% moisture, the second can be additionally treated with protective agents, and the moisture content is up to 14%. Slices of lumber can be trimmed (cut along the entire length) and non-trimmed.

Depending on the degree of processing, sawn timber is:

• unedged (although there are no knots, there are unprocessed sections of logs);
• edged (the profile of the materials has a rectangular shape due to sawing off the defective side parts of the log);
• planed (there is no roughness of one or more faces).

Classification

The shape, size and mechanical characteristics determine the division of lumber into several types.

bar- This is a log, hewn on all sides, used in the construction of houses, as well as for the manufacture of individual large elements of windows, stairs and others. The thickness of the timber is 100 mm.

bars- this is a “bar in miniature”, less than 100 mm thick, they are raw, planed (at least one side is processed) and calibrated (fitted to a certain size). The scope of application is the production of furniture, the manufacture of lathing, decking, frames, arbors and other objects.

Boards made from logs or beams. They are unedged, edged (having a smooth edge) and edged on one side only. In addition, the boards are calibrated, that is, they have a given size.

Sleepers- a material with increased strength and minimal sensitivity to temperature fluctuations.

croaker- these are boards obtained by sawing logs, having a flat and semicircular surface.

Lagging- lumber made from the side of a log, having only one flat side.

Advantages and disadvantages

Man has always been surrounded by objects and wood products. This material was used for the construction of houses and churches, baths and all kinds of outbuildings. The man was surrounded wooden windows, doors, tables, chairs and other furniture. Wood has not lost its popularity even today. On the contrary, thanks to positive qualities wood, building and finishing materials made of wood are becoming even more in demand.

Advantages of lumber:

• have a high bearing capacity with a relatively small weight;
• despite sufficient strength, the material is characterized by simplicity and ease of processing (yielding to drilling, easy to saw, allows you to produce figures various shapes and difficulty)
• ease and speed of installation;
• due to its natural origin and environmental friendliness, the material is considered completely safe for human health and environment, does not cause allergies;
• processing does not require expensive and long work;
• external attractiveness;
• the pleasant smell of wood creates a favorable microclimate in the room;
• variety of shapes and sizes of products;
• affordable price.

Minuses:

• the ability to quickly ignite, maintain combustion;
• are destroyed under the influence of fungus, mold, various insects;
• prolonged exposure to water and a humid environment often causes the wood to rot.

To protect lumber, to make them more wear-resistant and durable, they are treated with special protective substances that can significantly reduce the above disadvantages.

Lumber grades

The division into grades is carried out by evaluating the state of the worst side of the face, edge, and section.

Selected lumber should not have rot, mold, cancerous and fungal stains, overgrowth and other foreign inclusions, as well as shrinkage cracks on the surface. Admissibility of intergrown healthy knots - two per one meter of length, shallow edge and formation cracks - 16%, deep - no more than 10%. The scope of products is mainly shipbuilding and automotive industry.

The scope of first grade sawn timber is the wood manufacturing industry. This grade of materials should not have dry loose knots, healthy knots larger than 1 cm, through cracks and cracks larger than 1 cm, wounds overgrown with bark on wood, young active layers of wood, mold, mechanical damage, various foreign inclusions, rottenness.

The scope of materials of the fourth grade is the construction of change houses, outbuildings, gazebos, the manufacture of boxes, loess, pallets and construction formwork.

wood derivatives

A wonderful material for building a house is rounded log. Thanks to a well-thought-out system of locks, a completely even rounded shape of the material, quite strong and reliable structures are obtained. This material is considered the most expensive today, and buildings made of logs do not require additional finishing.

Another popular material is profiled timber. There are two ways to produce it: milling and planing. During the construction of houses, the elements are connected very firmly, providing a high degree of reliability of the building. In addition, such structures do not require powerful foundations. Structures made of this lumber do not require additional finishing work.

Glued laminated timber made from solid boards or individual pieces. The material consists of lamellas firmly fastened together. It is strong, durable and resistant to external influences.

Plywood- This is a material consisting of several thin layers of wood, tightly glued together. Due to its strength and good flexibility, given material in demand in the manufacture of furniture, decorative elements and many other products.

fiberboard obtained by pressing waste wood at a very high temperatures ah with the addition of a special binder. Sufficiently solid wood fiber boards are called hardboard. The sides of such sheets can be either smooth, or one of them is corrugated, the second is smooth.

Chipboard is a combination of small wood particles and synthetic resins. MDF is produced from waste products from the woodworking industry, purified from all kinds of impurities. In the manufacture of this type of plates do not use adhesives. In this case, the binding element is lignin, which is released from wood under the influence of high temperatures. The scope of such lumber is construction and the furniture industry.

Block house represents the material received from the rounded log by sawing by the principle "square in a circle". Due to good noise and heat insulation, strength and attractiveness, this lumber is highly valued in the exterior decoration of houses.

clapboard- lumber used for all kinds of finishing work. Although the material has a small thickness, it is very durable, resistant to deformation, cracks and cracks. The external attractiveness of the lining, simplicity and ease of installation made it even more popular.

Lumber is a unique product of wood processing, which is indispensable in construction, furniture and other industries.

For construction, lumber made from natural wood is often used. They can be classified according to the type of wood, forms of workpiece and other parameters. The characteristic of lumber depends on a number of properties of a particular type of tree.

Timber classification

Each type of wood has its own properties. That is why it is customary to observe a convenient and understandable classification. All natural wood materials can be divided into several groups:

1. The bars are mostly rectangular in shape. The characteristic of such materials implies that the division in the group is carried out according to the form, method of manufacture, and the size of the section. The cross section is usually made from 100 mm or more.
2. Boards can be divided into edged / unedged, sawn. The last group is divided into clean-edged, with a blunt wane (blunt and sharp).
3. Staves are used for barrels. The group is limited, includes rivets with a cylindrical or blunt section.
4. Planks and planks, sleepers are materials that are small in size, rectangular in cross section. Their thickness and shape may vary slightly.
5. Reiki is an unedged board, the edges of which are processed. Three sides of the board are unsawn and one side is sawn.

Timber classification and characteristics:

1. By type of surface treatment. Lumber can have wide surfaces (plasti), narrow (edges), end (ends). In turn, wide can be divided into external and internal.
2. Like sawing wood. Regarding annual rings, lumber is classified into radial, tangential, mixed.
3. By type of wood. All lumber can be made from different types of wood, each of which is best suited for specific purposes. Pine is the leading one in this area, it can be used to make different kinds products, including wall and roof cladding. Spruce, larch, cedar, fir are used in construction. All of them are great for boards. But ash, oak, mahogany are applicable for the manufacture finishing materials, as joinery, where they fully reveal their qualities. Aspen is great for finishing internal walls saunas or steam rooms, it perfectly resists negative influence moisture, sudden changes in temperature. For parquet board and natural parquet, experts recommend using birch. Here she fully reveals her potential.

Before purchasing one or another type of lumber, it is necessary to study their characteristics, areas of use. In this case, the selection will be correct, and the wood itself will last a long time.

Wood options

Lumber that is used for construction can be made from various types of wood. The most popular material is needles, most of the bars and boards are made from pine and spruce, but there are other options. Pine, unlike other types of wood, is light in weight; during construction, minimal loads are placed on the foundation. For example, aspen or birch have a very large weight, but their strength characteristics are not so good. Planks are usually made from pine, a material that is very durable, easy to work with, and has many advantages.

Pine in the composition contains natural resin, which acts as an excellent antiseptic. This ensures the absence of traces of rot, mold for a long time. Pine has a soft and delicate structure, which makes processing simple, pleasant and fast. The smell and color of pine add to the attractiveness of the material not only as a standard building material, but also as an option for decorative wall cladding, construction of log cabins.

The characteristics of lumber are not complete without such a parameter as the number and presence of branches. Here it is necessary to pay attention to spruce. This softwood It has many positive characteristics, but its processing is complicated. The problem is that the trunk contains a lot of branches, and this is an obstacle to processing. Spruce is not as resistant to decay as pine, but its price is much lower..

For boards, wood such as cedar can also be used. This option is rare, but still used.

Cedar wood is durable, reliable, like spruce, but easier and more convenient to process. Fir can also be used for the manufacture of lumber. It is resistant to decay, perfectly processed, has numerous advantages.

Types of lumber

Timber is produced various, it is possible to choose suitable option. Products differ in shape, size, their characteristics, areas of use. Among the common materials are edged and unedged boards, which are acceptable for almost any job, but there are other options that act as auxiliary materials.

Most often for construction works edged and unedged boards are used, they differ in a number of parameters. These lumber are very popular, they are used for the construction of house frames, for the installation of strips, walls, partitions, for installation truss systems, formwork and other works.

Edged board is a material obtained by sawing a log. At the same time, all its edges are smooth, but a small amount of bark may remain, that is, a wane. Indicators of moisture resistance, strength, mechanical stability are very different, as well as the cost.

This makes it possible to choose exactly the material that is more suitable for the work than others, without overpaying. For the manufacture of edged board are used more often pine or spruce. The cost of such boards is not so great, but the strength and durability correspond to all parameters. From such boards, you can safely build not only outbuildings, but also perform interior decoration. lumber has standard size in 6 m, but the thickness and width are different. The width of the boards can be equal to 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm, for thickness - 25 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm.

The scope of the edged board is quite wide:

• for the manufacture of frames, walls, partitions;
• for flooring of draft, finishing floors;
• for the manufacture of various load-bearing structures;
• for the manufacture of formwork;
• in the manufacture of furniture;
• in the manufacture of carved furniture;
• at construction of arbors, garages, canopies, protections.

Unedged board has edges with bark, it is used quite often in construction. The appearance of these lumber is attractive, as close as possible to natural, which makes them great option for wall cladding. Unedged board has a not so high density, so it can be easily processed in any way. Finishing such boards does not take much time. But if there are many cracks on the surface, then this will significantly reduce the life of the lumber.

Four-edged and clean-edged timber

Lumber can vary in price and quality. The cheapest can be attributed to the four-edged timber, which is manufactured in large quantities, without requiring large costly capacities. The production of a bar is carried out by sawing or hewing an array of wood, but the surface quality will differ significantly. For example, when hewing, the sides turn out to be torn, which is not always acceptable. When sawing, the edges and ends are more accurate, such a beam is already suitable for work where the appearance of materials is important.

A clean-cut timber is a square-section material, planed on all sides. Its length is usually 4 m, thickness - from 100 mm, depending on the purpose. Such a bar is made, as a rule, from pine. It is processed from all sides, including the end parts. It is used most often for the construction of the walls of the house, beams, ceilings, subfloor. Differs in high strength properties.

Semi-edged board and slab

The semi-edged board has uneven planes, traces of bark may remain on the ends. This board is used for technical work. Bridges are made from it, it can be used for technical and subfloors, as a basis for other products.

Slab is a fairly cheap lumber, which, when properly processed, perfectly replaces other wood products.

By appearance the slab is very similar to the sidewall of a log, part of it is propylene on one side, and not on the other. Such lumber is considered lump type waste, they remain after cutting the base material. But the dimensions of the slab are normalized, it has the same width from the ends and along the entire length. Today, two types of slab are used - wood and business material. It is used for various purposes, as blanks for other products and building elements.

Lumber is made from natural wood. All of them differ in shape, individual characteristics, size, appearance, degree of processing. Lumber used for construction and repair work various types, are often used in the assembly of furniture, fences, and in the construction of subfloors. When choosing, you should focus on those properties that are necessary for specific conditions.

lumber types

Lumber can be divided by geometric parameters, quality and scope. They are made from several basic coniferous and hardwood species. Also House master can select material according to the following criteria.

By the nature of the processing of the edges, lumber is:

• edged- with edges, sawn perpendicular to the layers, and wane;
• one-sided edged
• with one sawn edge and wane;
• unedged- with partially sawn or unsawn edges and wane;
• planed- having processing by planing of one layer or both edges;
• calibrated- dried and processed in accordance with the specified dimensions.

Explanation: the wane is the part of the bark of the tree that remains on the lumber after sawing it.

Assortment of lumber

Most often, buyers subdivide lumber according to the assortment or type of homogeneous products.

plates obtained by sawing a log lengthwise into two parts. The plates are sawn on only one side. They are used for the manufacture of sleepers, joinery, boards, bars.

quarter- a log sawn lengthwise into A parts. It is used for the manufacture of joinery, moldings and other small products. The dimensions depend on the dimensions of the logs or plates.

croaker- the side part of the log, this is a waste when sawing the log into boards. The slab has only one side sawn, on the other, the oval surface of the log is preserved. It is used for the device of the lathing under the roof, for the construction of temporary and ancillary buildings, for the manufacture of pickets.

Boards- a type of lumber, in which the width exceeds the thickness by two or more times. Board thickness - from 13 to 100 mm, width - from 50 to 260 mm. Boards with a thickness of 13 to 35 mm are called thin, the rest are thick. The wide sides of the boards are called layers, the narrow sides are called edges.

According to the processing of the side edges, the boards are divided into edged, in which the edges are sawn, and unedged, the edges of which are partially sawn off or not sawn at all.

Batten- lumber cut from above and below, on the sides of which there is a groove and a spike. It is thanks to this that the installation of floorboards does not require special construction skills and tools.

Bar- lumber, the width of which is not more than twice the thickness, and the thickness itself does not exceed 100 mm. Available in the same thickness, length and types as the boards. They are used for wall lathing, the manufacture of joinery, furniture, clean floors.

bars- lumber, the width and thickness of which exceed 100 mm. More often, coniferous and hard hardwoods are used for their production: pine, spruce, cedar, fir, larch, oak, hornbeam. The thickness of the beams is from 110 to 2D0 mm, the width is from 110 to 280 mm, the length is from 1 to 9.5 m. The frames of wooden buildings are erected from the beams.

Lining, or sheathing board, - widely used material for internal and exterior finish. The thickness of the lining according to GOST is set from 12 to 25 mm, width - up to 150 mm, length - up to 6 m. outer skin lining is used from coniferous species and aspen, for internal - from coniferous and deciduous species. Eurolining has standard thickness 13, 16 and 19 mm with a width of 80,100,110 and 120 mm, length up to 6 m. inside boards.

Block house- a kind of eurolining with imitation of the surface of a rounded log. When sheathing this board flat walls it turns out the surface is like a chopped wooden wall.

WOOD SPECIES

Tree species are divided into coniferous and deciduous. For construction it is better to use coniferous species, for decoration - deciduous.

The main tree species used in construction

Pine(Photo 1) - the most popular wood for construction, it lends itself well to processing, is quite durable and flexible at the same time. It is used in the construction of load-bearing structures and for the manufacture of joinery.

Larch(Photo 2) - this wood resembles pine in appearance, but has greater density and strength. Due to its high resin content, it has an increased resistance to decay in conditions of variable humidity. Good for building a bath or gazebo in the open air.

This is interesting: almost 400 thousand piles of Ural larch from the early Middle Ages and still are a reliable support for the buildings of Venice. When larch piles were examined, it was said in the conclusion about their strength that they seemed to be petrified.

Spruce(Photo 3) - a common coniferous species, the wood of which is characterized by low resin content. However, when used in damp places, spruce quickly rots. Made from spruce building construction operated in dry conditions.

The main wood species used for decoration

Oak (Photo 4)- the most common wood for interior decoration and furniture production. Its wood is distinguished by high strength and hardness, resistance to decay, and flexibility. It has a noble beautiful texture and color, it is quite easy to process. Over time, the oak darkens a little, which gives the products a touch of noble antiquity. The strength and durability of oak makes it an excellent material for the manufacture of furniture, parquet, stairs, doors.

Beech (Photo 5) has a dense and durable wood, not inferior to oak, slightly pinkish in color with a reddish tint and characteristic strokes. It is relatively easy to machine, but quickly reacts to changes in humidity, for which experts attribute it to capricious breeds. Beech became popular in last years as an alternative to the more expensive oak.

Ash has a heavy, hard and durable wood, reminiscent of oak wood in appearance and structure. In terms of hardness, ash even surpasses oak, has high flexibility, and is well polished. Ideal for making stairs.

Walnut (Photo 6) somewhat inferior to oak in strength, but has a beautiful color, due to which it is widely used for interior decoration, for example, for making door architraves, arches or wall panels.

Cherry (Photo 7) not used as often, but because of the beautiful pinkish-brown color, it is used to make classic kitchen fronts.

exotic woods

wenge- durable hardwood unusually rich color, from light brown to dark coffee with a purple tint. It is used for the manufacture of interior and decor items.

mahogany(Photo 11) (mahogany) has even more durable wood, from which ships were made in the 18th-19th centuries. Now it is a material for expensive furniture. Produced in the form of boards and a quarter cut. Works great under varnish.

rosewood(Photo 9) - the most expressive type of wood. For the original pattern and high strength, designers all over the world fell in love with him. It lacquers well, but mirror polishing can be problematic due to the oils it contains. Holds screws and nails well, but requires pre-drilling of mounting holes.

Bubingo (Photo 10)- African breed of reddish-pink color with dark streaks. Well polished and painted. Dislikes water-based materials. Raw wood turns blue upon contact with metal. It is used for the production of furniture, panels, parquet and musical instruments.

Lacewood has wood of a pinkish or reddish-brown color. clear sign rocks - large core rays that form a clearly visible silky pattern resembling snake skin. Wood hardly gives up moisture, so it takes a long time to dry. Lacewood is good for furniture, decorative items, knife handles and musical instruments.

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