Two-pipe floor heating system in a wooden house. Heating schemes for a two-story house. Collector heating system - what is its advantage

Now, in the projects of private residential buildings, a heating scheme for a two-story house with forced circulation as more optimal and modern. Some homeowners still prefer natural circulation heating, seeing its advantages in it. To find out the advantages of each of their heating schemes, consider various options piping in two storey building.

The natural circulation of heated water through pipes is still relevant, but a thing of the past

Now in the projects of heating a private two-story house you will no longer find drawings of heating circuits that work without the inclusion of circulation pumps in the circuit. But not so long ago, the heating of private households with individual water heating was carried out solely due to the natural movement of water through pipes. In some houses built and equipped with everything necessary earlier, heating systems with gravity circulation of the coolant function to this day.

Due to what does the liquid move in such pipe circuits? The circulation here is provided by the difference in density of water with different temperatures. A hot liquid is lighter (less dense), therefore it tends to rise, a colder liquid tends to fall. The coolant heated by the boiler goes up the riser, it is replaced by cooled water from the return pipeline. This is called convection, which provides half the energy needed to carry out natural circulation.

The second half of the driving force is given to the fluid by gravity. In order for the force of attraction to act more efficiently, the horizontal pipes of the circuit (beds) are installed with a slope towards the movement of the coolant. The supply pipeline is inclined towards the heating radiators, the return bed - towards the boiler. In addition to the slope of the pipes in a gravity circuit, the following factors are of great importance for the successful implementation of circulation:

• the position of the boiler relative to the return pipe (the lower the unit is installed, the better);
• diameter of pipe communications (the wider the lumen of the pipeline, the lower the resistance);
• cross-section of internal holes in batteries (the same pattern as for pipes).

Compliance with these rules allows you to make an effective gravity circuit in the house with your own hands. However, the conditions that must be observed when installing a system with a natural movement of the coolant are the cause of such disadvantages:

• bulky pipes (usually steel) cannot be laid hidden, they are always in sight;
• for the boiler it is necessary to make an in-depth platform, which makes its maintenance inconvenient;
• it is necessary to maintain the difference between the hot and cooled coolant at least 25 degrees;
• optimal, having the largest internal clearance and less susceptibility to corrosion (with natural circulation in the coolant there is a lot of air), are cast iron (the choice is small);
• a large volume of coolant and the need to mount bulky;
• hard to get it right thermotechnical calculations for uniform heating of rooms.

In addition, a gravity circuit is not able to fully heat the overall buildings. Effective natural circulation is possible with sunbeds up to 45 m long and up to 180 m 2 in area (in a two-story house). These disadvantages make gravity circuits minimally in demand among homeowners. But still, adherents of heating gravitational systems remain, arguing their preferences with such advantages of gravity circuits:

• independence from uninterrupted supply of electricity;
• noiseless movement of fluid through pipes;
• the efficiency of the heating system during the operation of solid fuel boilers (high inertia partially eliminates frequent and significant temperature changes).

When installing gravity circuits, two piping schemes are used - one-pipe, when the coolant from the batteries is discharged through the same pipe as it is supplied, and two-pipe, when the liquid is supplied and discharged back to the boiler by two communications. For natural circulation, the same wiring diagrams apply. The coolant is supplied to the second floor through the riser leaving the boiler, the cooled liquid is discharged from above through the return vertical pipe. Sunbeds on both floors are connected to the risers according to the applied heating communications wiring diagram.

Forced Fluid Movement System – Optimal by Today's Standards

When developing a modern heating project for a two-story house, the authors of the document will most likely include a heating circuit with circulation pump. Systems with natural fluid movement through pipes do not fit into the concept modern interior, besides forced circulation provides the best operational characteristics of water heating, especially in private houses with a large area.

Forced circulation makes it much easier to relate to the location of the elements of the heating system relative to each other, but still there are general rules boiler piping devices, preferential connection of radiators, laying of pipe communications. Despite the presence of a circulation pump in the circuit, when installing the wiring, they try to minimize the resistance of pipes, their connections and transitions in order to reduce the load on the liquid-pumping device and avoid fluid turbulence in difficult places.

The use of forced circulation in the pipe circuit allows you to achieve the following operational advantages:

• the high speed of the liquid movement ensures uniform heating of all heat exchangers (batteries), due to which better heating of various rooms is achieved;
• forced injection of the coolant removes the restriction from the total heating area, allowing you to make communications of any length;
• circuit with a circulation pump works effectively at low liquid temperatures (less than 60 degrees), making it easier to maintain optimal temperature in the rooms of a private house;
• low liquid temperature and low pressure (within 3 bar) allows the use of inexpensive plastic pipes for the installation of a heating system;
• the diameter of thermal communications is much smaller than in a system with natural circulation, and their hidden laying is possible without observing natural slopes;
• the possibility of operating heating radiators of any type (preference is given to aluminum batteries);
• low heating inertia (from the start of the boiler to the set of radiators maximum temperature no more than half an hour).
• the ability to make the circuit closed using a membrane expansion tank (although the installation of an open system is also not excluded);
• thermoregulation can be carried out both in the whole system, and zonal or pointwise (to regulate the temperature on each heater separately).

Another advantage of the forced heating system of a two-story private house is the arbitrary choice of a place to install the boiler. Usually it is mounted on the ground floor or in the basement, if there is a basement, but the heat generator does not need to be specially deepened and the level of its location relative to the return pipe must be calculated. Allowed as floor installation boiler, and wall-mounted, which provides wide choose suitable model of equipment according to the personal preferences of the homeowner.

Despite the technical perfection of heating with forced fluid movement, such a system has disadvantages. Firstly, this is the noise that is formed during the rapid circulation of the coolant through the pipes, especially intensifying in places of narrowing, sharp turns in the pipeline. Often the noise of a moving liquid is a sign of excessive power (performance) of the circulation pump applicable to a given heating circuit.

Secondly, the operation of water heating depends on electricity, which is necessary for the constant pumping of the coolant by the circulation pump. The circuit layout usually does not contribute to the natural movement of the liquid, so during long power outages (if there is no uninterruptible power supply), the housing is left without heating.

Like a circuit with natural circulation, the heating of a two-story house with forced pumping of the coolant is done with one-pipe and two-pipe wiring. How these schemes look right will be discussed later.

Single-pipe circuit with a circulation pump - easy to do, but far from perfect

With a single-pipe wiring scheme with the inclusion of a circulation pump in the circuit (all heaters on the floor are connected to the same communication), a hot coolant is supplied through it and the cooled liquid is discharged into it. Due to the high circulation speed with a small length of the bed, the temperature difference between the first radiator from the riser and the last battery is insignificant. But with a large length of the contour, the difference becomes noticeable.

Often such a wiring diagram is the result of an improvement in a single-pipe heating circuit with natural circulation, when a circulation pump is inserted into the system, while heating has been carried out for a long time.

Single-pipe wiring can function as an open system, and using a membrane expansion tank. If it is an advanced system, an atmospheric expansion tank is usually left. When the contour is made from scratch, set closed tank membrane type.

The advantage of such a circuit is the possibility of its temporary operation without the participation of a circulation pump (during a power outage), although with less efficiency. In order for the heating to work in two modes, the pump is installed in a bypass - a special pipe bypass loop with a system of valves and stopcocks. The circulation pump is placed on a thinner pipe that goes around the main line. When the coolant pumping device is operating, the liquid moves in a bypass, while the valve on the central pipe is closed. If there is no electricity, the bypass valve is closed, but opened on the main line and the coolant begins to circulate naturally.

A 2-storey private house is effective only with a small floor area. In such situations, it makes sense to do the wiring with one pipeline - it turns out to be more economical in terms of the cost of materials (pipes, fittings) and much faster. If the quadrature of the floors is significant, you will have to spend money on pipes and make the most efficient wiring using two thermal communications.

Two-pipe heating wiring - options for a two-story house, schemes

All the advantages of a circuit with forced movement of the coolant are realized during the construction and operation of a two-story house. With such a wiring, which has several options for working schemes, the coolant is supplied and removed from the batteries through different communications. Radiators are connected to the system in parallel, that is, independently of each other.

The hot coolant from the boiler enters the riser, from which a supply branch departs on each floor and supplies each heater. From the batteries, the discharge pipes discharge the cooled liquid into the return communication. "Cold" sunbeds flow into the discharge riser, which passes into the return pipe on the ground floor. On the return before entering the boiler, the following are installed in series:

• membrane expansion tank;
• circulation pump in the bypass system with a set of shut-off valves;
• safety valve that relieves excess pressure in the heating pipe circuit.

Independent supply of coolant to each battery in a two-pipe heating circuit makes it possible to regulate (including automatically) the rate of fluid flow through the radiator and thereby change the temperature of the heater. This is done manually using a shut-off valve at the heating medium supply inlet or with a thermostatic valve that automatically adjusts the clearance of the inlet opening in accordance with the set room temperature. At the outlet of radiators are often installed balancing valves, with the help of which the pressure is equalized in each section of the system and in the entire circuit.

A two-pipe heating system can be implemented in several versions, and a different scheme can be applied on different floors. The simplest wiring with two pipes is called a dead end. It lies in the fact that both pipes (inlet and outlet) are laid in parallel, connecting in turn along the way to the batteries, and eventually close on the last heater. The cross section of the pipes (both) decreases as you approach the last radiator. Such wiring requires careful adjustment of pressure using balancing cocks (valves) in order to achieve a uniform flow of coolant to the batteries.

The next and pipe connections are called "Tichelmann's loop" or counter. Its essence is that the supply pipe and the return pipe, having the same diameter throughout, are brought to the radiators and connected from opposite sides. This wiring is more optimal and does not require system balancing.

The most perfect, but also the most material-intensive, is the collector heating system of a two-story house. The supply of each heater on the floor is made individually, separate supply and return pipes are connected from the collector to the radiators. In addition to batteries, floor convectors, underfloor heating, fan coil units can be connected to the collector. The advantage is that each heating device or system is supplied with a coolant with the necessary pressure, temperature and circulation rate. All these parameters are controlled by devices (servo drives, liquid mixers, thermostats, valve systems) installed on the distribution manifolds.

Installation of heating in a two-story house will require preliminary calculations, a preliminary selection of equipment and a wiring diagram.

The use of a particular scheme depends on the size of the house.

The project takes into account the living area and the layout of the interior.

Autonomous heating with natural water movement is a common scheme for a summer residence or a private house. The layout of pipes and the installation of appliances in a house with two floors is practically no different from the scheme of a one-story house.

Natural circulation system

When the temperature rises, liquids expand, but cannot be compressed under pressure like gases.

The heating system is provided with a device in which excess expanding liquid is placed - expansion tank.

It will allow you to control the pressure of the coolant, preventing a critical level at which equipment will be destroyed.

Differences between open and closed systems in expansion tanks. The scheme with natural circulation involves the installation of an open expander.

Feature is the installation location. The height of the second floor will create the necessary pressure of the liquid column. Therefore, it is not necessary to take the expander to the attic.

Natural circulation indicates the absence of a circulation pump for heating systems in the design.

Heaters are connected by upper wiring, which will ensure uniform distribution of the coolant over the radiators (read here how to properly install radiators under the windowsill).

The direction of water movement is provided by the slope of the pipes, which are mounted at an angle of 5 degrees. Direct running pipes are located under the ceiling or window sills.

The advantages of this scheme for a two-story house are:

• does not depend on electricity;
• reliable;
• simple operation;
• no noise.

Do you know what the slope of the sewer pipe should be by 1 meter? About calculation methods for outdoor and internal systems written in a useful article.

Precautions for handling propylene glycol antifreeze for heating systems are written on this page.

Such a system has disadvantages that negate the advantages:

• complex installation (multi-level arrangement of pipes with a mandatory slope);
• maximum heating area - 100 m2;
• low efficiency;
• the temperature difference between the direct and return pipes harms the boiler;
• corrosion ( constant inflow atmospheric oxygen oxidizes metals);
• maintaining a constant water level in the expander;
• other types of coolant cannot be used;
• heating wiring requires a lot of pipe products.

Some of the shortcomings are solved by installing a circulation pump with a bypass and a check valve (read here).

But it is more correct, when installing the heating of a two-story house, to choose a closed connection scheme.

Most often they use a single-pipe, two-pipe or collector version of the wiring. They can be self-assembled.

Single pipe connection

According to this connection scheme, a separate direct branch goes to each floor.

Shut-off valves are installed on each floor, which allows you to separately heat the floors.

After passing through the radiators, both branches are connected into one, which brings the cooled coolant to the boiler.

Each radiator is mounted with a bypass on the battery (written here) and shutoff valves.

This will allow you not to stop heating in cases requiring the replacement of individual radiators (read the rules for installing heating batteries in an apartment on this page).

The devices are equipped with Mayevsky cranes or valves for removing air pockets. Installation without outlet sections will lead to uneven heating of the premises.

In such cases, radiators of different capacities are installed. But installing a bypass is the most rational way.

The design of heating with a smaller number of shut-off valves will not allow separate heating of the floors.

The ability to block a branch or a separate device will allow you to effectively respond to malfunctions of heating devices.

IMPORTANT! Manufacturers indicate in the passports of devices the parameters obtained by calculation. This applies to internal volume and power. The water flow in the radiator, the power of which is 10 kW - 10 l / min.

Do you know how to drill a well for water yourself - a video shot during work is posted on the page hidden under the link. Watch and read this helpful article.

Which accumulator for water supply systems is better is written here.

On the page: https://ru-canalizator.com/vodosnabzhenie/avtonomnoe/zhelonka-chertezhi.html watch a video on how to make a bailer with your own hands.

Wiring with one pipe will save on materials, provide good heat transfer. According to this scheme, you can install the heating yourself (video on how to glue polypropylene pipes, see here).

Of the shortcomings note:

• uneven distribution of the coolant,
• the need for balancing.

Two-pipe circuit

Two-pipe connection will avoid the shortcomings of the bran system.

Heating built according to two-pipe scheme with forced circulation of the coolant, evenly distributes heat over the entire area of ​​​​the room.

Radiators are connected in parallel to each other. Each device is connected to the forward and reverse branches of the system.

An air vent and a shut-off valve (installation on a heating battery) are mounted on the radiators to supply the coolant, which will allow you to adjust the degree of heating of the device.

No check valves are installed on the return branch. The main drawback of the scheme is the consumption of materials. For installation, double the number of pipes is required.

Collector wiring

Heating with a collector is suitable for both a one-story house and a two-story house.

The installation of the collector circuit takes place under the condition that correct installation circulation pump to the heating system.

Natural circulation will not be able to move the coolant.

Water is first supplied to the collector, which will distribute it to the heating devices.

Shutoff valves are installed at each outlet from the collector.

ATTENTION! consumption of materials and hard work pay off with precise heat control and ease of use.

Such a heating system has a number of undeniable advantages:

• installation and dismantling of radiators during heating operation;
• contours are independent of each other. This makes it possible to heat each room differently;
• additional devices are connected to the heating, for example, underfloor heating;
• pipes are hidden under the floor or in the walls, the collector is placed in a separate cabinet;
• despite the complexity of installation, wiring can be done independently.

Horizontal two-pipe heating is based on the collector.

The comb is located in a special cabinet, the system elements are included.

During installation, pipes, fittings and fittings made of polypropylene are used.

Heating devices (polypropylene coils) are laid in the floor.

All links are connected independently. After installation in a private house, it is required to balance each circuit.

IMPORTANT! The machine must maintain the temperature of the coolant up to 55 degrees.

The considered heating schemes and connection options (how to calculate the volume of a hydraulic accumulator is written here) for a two-story house have been tested by many years of practice.

Each has advantages and disadvantages. In practice, mount with your own hands collector connection easier than the rest.

A high-quality microclimate and uninterrupted operation of heating will be ensured by the installation of the system by specialists.

Look in the proposed video for a collector wiring diagram for heating in a two-story, private house.

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en-canalizer.com

Heating in a two-story house: upper and lower wiring, one-pipe and two-pipe system, installation features

The arrangement of the heating system of a two-story private house requires a competent approach, since the main thing depends on this indicator, which any resident of a cottage requires - comfort. Today, air and electrical systems heating. But electric does not mean standard heaters or underfloor heating, but those that run on alternative energy sources such as solar panels.

Standard wiring diagram

Typically, such a scheme involves the use of pipes made of metal plastic - this is what they can tell in design and engineering bureaus. However, these pipes can be easily replaced with polypropylene or even copper pipes. Interestingly, today copper pipes have again become in demand.

The fact is that despite all their shortcomings, including high cost, they have a very significant advantage: the coolant circulating through copper pipes and radiators does not need to be replaced for many, many years. In fact, you can pour it once - and that's it, it's enough for a lifetime!

Standard wiring diagram for a heating system in a two-story house

Fittings, various shaped systems, connectors and other components are connected only depending on the angle of their inclination and relative position from each other. Such a wiring diagram usually requires the use of various valves: from ball valves to radiator valves (they are all straight).

After the calculation is made according to the scheme, the required number of radiators and their sections is also calculated. The latter are mounted on special brackets. Accordingly, the more sections there are, the more brackets (or other fittings that can replace them) will be needed.

You should not install more sections of radiators than necessary: ​​this will increase energy consumption, and the effect will be minimal.

Top and bottom wiring

In a house where there is both a basement and an attic, one of two types of wiring can be used: top or bottom. Of course, that in almost any 2-storey house there will be both an attic and a basement.

Features of wiring, depending on their type:

1. At the top, the coolant will be supplied from the attic, getting into the distributor, and then going down the pipes;
2. At the bottom, the coolant, respectively, will be supplied from the basement, flowing down.

Of course, it seems logical that it is easiest to use the upper wiring, because in this case the pump will be of the lowest power, and the coolant itself will circulate much faster.
Scheme of a two-pipe heating system with bottom wiring

However, it depends on which side you look at: the upper wiring will be irrelevant, for example, if an attic is installed in the house (living in the “embraces” of a heating boiler is another pleasure, it should be noted), and if a leak occurs, it will completely flood the whole house. Is it worth the risk?

It should be said right away that the coolant does not always mean water: now many owners of private houses also use antifreeze (this will not affect the choice of lower or upper wiring).

But in any case, there are 2 rules that apply regardless of the selected type:

Two-pipe and one-pipe heating system

The choice between a one-pipe and two-pipe heating system in the construction of houses was the most difficult decision for the owner. The systems differ significantly from each other, and each has one significant advantage and one of the same drawback.

For small houses, it is better to prefer a two-pipe heating system.

Scheme of the device of a single-pipe heating system

Brief description of the two types of heating systems:

Plastic pipes - the best option for a modern heating system

1. One-pipe, as you might guess, requires the use of only one centralized line (pipe), regardless of what type of heating is used: water boiler, stove, gas, steam, using an electric boiler or without it, and so on. But there is one problem: the already cooled coolant enters the same pipe with which it was supplied, op to the main riser. It turns out that the most lower radiators will be much colder than the first. Consequently, their heating area will also increase, which is good (this implies that such a heating system will require a much larger number of radiators, batteries);
2. Two-pipe requires complex technical conditions for its installation, but is more efficient. The cooled and hot water circulates through different highways, without touching in any way and without interfering with each other at all. It turns out that all batteries warm up evenly, and the heat does not just go away;
3. In general, single-pipe is cheap, but far from the most efficient; two-pipe - expensive and complex, but very effective. The dilemma will have to be solved directly by the owner of the building, there's nothing to be done about it.

Installation of the system when planning a warm floor

The main nuances that must be considered when planning the installation of a warm floor:

When installing a warm floor, it is necessary to take into account the type of subsequent finishing

• It is very important to choose the right flooring. Very! For example, if a screed is laid on top of a warm floor (and it is mandatory and will be in any case), and a 10-centimeter parquet is placed on top of the screed, then why is this warm floor needed at all if the efficiency of such a system is zero? All such points must be taken into account;
• The underfloor heating pipeline is always and under any circumstances mounted exclusively in the screed of the floor itself. Then usually people ask themselves: what should be its thickness? But experts will be able to answer this question only if they have information about all the initial parameters of the house itself and the required for heating scheme power;
• Even if it is planned to install a warm floor on the ground floor only in some parts, thermal insulation will have to be carried out over the entire surface of the floor, otherwise the heat will go to the basement, thereby wasting energy virtually nowhere and lowering the efficiency of the entire system. Of course, this is provided that basement no living quarters or any animals kept. For the second floor, this condition is optional;

By the way, any water supply scheme will work more efficiently if it has natural rather than forced circulation, which is extremely important. How different are heating systems?

For example, what will be the difference between the heating system of a one-story brick private house with polypropylene pipes (polypropylene pipes are now popular) and a two-story wooden house, which is heated by an electric boiler?

The difference will be significant, because here it will be necessary to determine how to properly connect the heating system (for each type of house - differently), is it possible to do it yourself, is it possible to connect devices that have very big power?

The general scheme of the underfloor heating device in the house

In any case, the heating system one-story house a priori, it will be easier from a technical point of view than in houses with two or more floors. And if we take huge houses, the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich starts from 500 m², then everything is so complicated and completely confusing that it seems that even a nuclear physicist will not immediately figure out where to insert this or that fitting and with the help of which pumps water or some kind of other coolant.

Video

You can watch a video where experts talk about how to install a heating system in a two-story house and organize collector heating.

fastbuildings.com

Heating scheme for a two-story house - consider the features using an example

Heating system design in modern houses must be made at the design stage of the house itself. So you can understand what materials and in what quantities you need. In addition, it will help to quickly find flaws and fix them. It is important to choose the best option for the heating system, evaluating your financial capabilities, as well as the availability of resources for maintaining the heating system (quantity and quality of fuel, climatic conditions, etc.). The most popular now is the option of water heating, it is suitable for multi-storey buildings the best way. Also read about the heating system - "Leningradka".

Heating scheme for a two-story house

Standard wiring of heating elements in a 2-storey house

Sample wiring of heating elements

Consider the scheme of water heating of a standard building with two floors. It provides for manual temperature control in each individual room of the house. The system is installed in a standard way: using the horizontal placement of two pipes, in which the heating radiators are connected to the side.

For the heating system, it is better to use metal-plastic pipes, due to their strength and durability. But you can use polypropylene pipes, which will also be quite effective solution. Metal-plastic pipes do not require special installation skills, moreover, there are almost no blockages or dirt sticking inside them. Polypropylene pipes can be assembled by yourself, they are light and reliable.

At the design stage of the system, the required number of corner, adjustable and connecting nodes of the system is calculated, the number and installation locations of taps and plugs are marked. The analysis of the required number of heating radiators and the number of sections in each of them is carried out, the amount of heat given off by the radiator will depend on this in the future. Mounting brackets are installed for each heating radiator, in the quantity determined by the dimensions of the radiator.

There is a designation on the diagram where it is necessary to install a heating boiler, an expansion tank, and a pump in the system. The heating boiler can work on various types fuels, but the most popular are gas, solid fuel or electricity. In new houses and cottages, solid fuel is almost never used due to its low environmental friendliness.

If the heating boiler is small, then you can install it directly in one of the rooms of the house, in a storage room, for example, or in the owner's workshop. In this case, the boiler is hung on the wall so as not to waste space. It is not recommended to place the boiler in bedrooms or rooms such as a library or office. This is due to the fact that the boiler during operation can emit noise, albeit not loud. Large boilers must be placed in a separate room or even in a separate building.

An example of placing a tank in a house

Tank placement: bottom or top.

If your house has a basement and an attic, then you can make a heating system with a lower piping or a lower one at your discretion.

• If the wiring is top, then the boiler is placed in the attic and from there hot water is supplied through the riser to all heating radiators.
• If you chose the lower wiring, then the tank is installed in the basement and from there, with the help of a pump, the heated water diverges through the pipes.

Whichever option you choose, the expansion tank is always installed in the high place at home, that is, in the attic. With the heating boiler at the bottom wiring, it is connected by a riser.

Heating system with one or two pipes

The heating system with one pipe is a ring. Water from the boiler goes first to one floor, then returns to the tank through another. As a result, the temperature is higher on one floor, lower on the other. To compensate for this phenomenon, radiators are installed on the lower floors (where the water is usually not so hot anymore). bigger size than on the top. In addition, in a single pipe system, there is no way to turn off one specific heater. It is necessary to turn off the entire system.

Heating system sample

A two-pipe system is more difficult to install, but it has almost no drawbacks. In such a system, two pipes are provided: hot and cold. Entering the radiator, hot water cools down and pours into cold pipe. In this case, you can block one of the radiators, this will not affect the operation of the others.

Video - heating a house with a boiler

Video - home heating scheme

Video - how to make a warm floor in the house

stroyvopros.net

Heating project for a two-story house: calculation and selection of materials

What can be the heating in a 2-storey house? How to dilute the coolant, what heating devices to use? How to calculate the thermal output of the boiler, and which boiler should be preferred? The article does not claim to be the ultimate truth: it will only state the author's point of view on these problems.

Construction does not end with the erection of walls. We have to think over the heating scheme.

Calculations

How is the water heating scheme of a private 2-storey house calculated?

• As a base value of thermal power, 60 watts of heat per cubic meter of volume are taken.
• 100 watts of heat is added to each window in the outer wall, 200 watts to each door.
• Depending on the climatic zone, a regional coefficient is selected:

So, the heating of a 2-storey house with a floor area of ​​70 meters, a ceiling height of 3 meters, 8 windows and 3 doors, located in Sevastopol, can be calculated as follows:

1. The volume of the room is (70*3)*2=420 m3.
2. The basic thermal power is 420*60=25200 watts.
3. Windows and doors will make their own adjustments: 25200+(8*100)+(3*200)=26600 watts.
4. The warm climate of the Crimea will reduce the power requirements: 26600 * 0.7 = 18620 watts.

Winter in Sevastopol is not severe.

Similarly, the power of radiators for individual rooms is calculated.

Nuance: do not forget about the area of ​​\u200b\u200bpremises without heaters. If the hallway is heated by batteries in the adjacent room, this battery should be selected according to the total volume of both rooms.

How to convert kilowatts to the number of battery sections? It is enough to divide the rated power of the device by the power of one section, which is always indicated in the accompanying documentation. In its absence, you can focus on the following values:

Wiring

What should be the heating scheme of a 2-storey building - distributing the coolant and connecting heating devices? Here are the two most simple and affordable solutions.

Stand-up with top filling

The coolant rises from the boiler to the supply outlet, located in the attic, and returns to the return pipeline through risers with heating devices. The scheme is attractive, among other things, in that it allows organizing heating of a 2-storey house with natural circulation: with a floor area of ​​up to 50 m2, it will work stably without a circulation pump.

Rack (vertical) scheme.

Double Leningradka

Even simpler and more fault-tolerant is Leningradka, or a barrack-type system. IN general case it is a ring between the supply and return pipes of the boiler, in parallel to which radiators of the heating system are connected.

In relation to our situation, the heating scheme of a 2-storey building will include two rings. Three extra meters of filling on the second floor will not change the temperature of the radiators in any significant way; however, if you wish, you can be puzzled by balancing the rings by setting the opening bottom ring throttle.

Modification of Leningrad for two floors.

Connecting radiators

Radiators of small length (up to 6-7 sections) are connected quite traditionally - both eyeliners are located on one side.

But with a longer length, one of two alternative schemes is used:

• Diagonal - when the supply and return are connected to the right and left, to the lower and upper threads.
• From bottom to bottom - when two lower threads are used for connection.

In both cases, it is more convenient to use non-through plugs, but Americans - quick-release connections with a union nut.

Diagonal connection made by American women.

materials

What is the best way to build heating with your own hands? Let's go through its main elements.

Boiler

If your home is gasified, the best option in terms of heating costs is a gas boiler. Desirable - condensation: the use of the full heat of combustion of gas (including the energy that is taken from the combustion products during their condensation) increases its efficiency by 9-11%.

Safety

In a closed system, the so-called safety group is responsible for it - an automatic air vent, a safety valve and a pressure gauge. In addition to them, the circuit is equipped with an expansion tank, which compensates for the increase in the volume of the coolant during expansion. Its volume is taken approximately equal to 1/10 of the total amount of coolant.

Useful: the volume of coolant in a balanced system is usually taken to be 15 liters per 1 kWh of boiler power.

In an open system (most often the gravity heating system of a 2-storey building is made open), the functions of all the devices listed above are assigned to an open expansion tank. It is mounted under the ceiling of the second floor or in the attic. Fillings are laid with a constant slope, so that the air from them is displaced by the coolant into the tank.

Open expansion tank.

Heating appliances

If you are using a heating scheme for a 2-storey house with a solid fuel boiler, cast-iron sectional radiators or registers are preferable. Their significant mass and large internal volume mean that after the fuel burns out, the circuit will cool rather slowly.

In all other cases, the best choice is aluminum sectional radiators.

What is the instructions for?

• They have excellent heat dissipation.
• Their appearance will fit into the most sophisticated design of the living room.
• Finally, the price - from 280 rubles per section - will not seem ruinous to the most economical homeowner.

Pipes

The typical temperature range for autonomous heating is 50-75C at a pressure of not more than 2.5 atmospheres.

• Reinforced polypropylene. Reinforcement will significantly reduce the thermal expansion of the material.

The wiring in the photo is made of polypropylene.

• Cross-linked polyethylene.
• Metal-plastic. Better - with press fittings: compression fittings are very sensitive to the quality of calibration and, with the slightest violation of technology, after a few months they begin to flow through the joints.

Conclusion

Page 2

A large part of residential and utility rooms heated centrally, despite the variety of other options. First of all, heating schemes multi-storey buildings relevant in the construction of entire microdistricts and small settlements. One boiler house is capable of providing heat to a large number of objects.

The photo shows an apartment building with central heating.

Benefits of Centralized Networks

A distinctive feature of such systems is the location of boiler equipment in a separate building. The coolant is delivered through pipelines that are laid directly along the street to each facility.

Such networks are not arranged with their own hands, since the amount of work being done is very large.

• Any heating scheme high-rise building well thought out by specialists, so serious failures rarely occur.
• The operation of such systems is usually carried out on fuel, the price of which is low.
• A centralized heating network, as a rule, is serviced by special services, which means that there is no need for performance monitoring.
• With this option, it is not necessary to place the boiler within the dwelling, which saves space.

An example of the location of the main elements.

Note! As for the minuses, they include the functioning of the system according to a certain schedule and the inability to carry out individual settings temperature regime.

Approximate system structure

Centralized heating in terms of device practically does not differ from autonomous systems. However, the cross section of pipelines in this case is much larger, and the equipment installed in the boiler room is much more complicated.

Demonstrated equipment in the boiler room.

• Large and small boiler houses, as well as special thermal power plants, act as a source of heating. In the first case, the coolant acquires a given temperature directly during the combustion of the fuel. In another embodiment, heat is provided by steam. In addition, thermal power plants are capable of generating electricity.
• With the help of a network of pipelines, the coolant is transported to the facilities. The diameter of the input and output elements usually reaches 1000 mm. As for laying, it can be done both on the ground and underground.
• Heating equipment provides an opportunity to transfer heat to the premises. The main appliances are radiators and heating convectors. They are installed in heated rooms.

The thermal track is above ground.

Reference! One thermal power plant (CHP) allows you to replace several small boilers, in connection with this, construction costs are reduced.

It also frees up a lot of space.

Basic classification methods

Any scheme of the heating system of a multi-storey building can belong to one category or another. Classification of centralized systems can be carried out according to several criteria. You can learn more about them by reading the information below.

Depending on the type of coolant

• Liquid networks are most widely used for heating multi-storey buildings. They allow you to deliver the coolant over long distances without a sharp deterioration in quality characteristics.
• Steam systems are used much less often, but still occur. They allow the laying of heating pipes with a smaller diameter. This option is mainly used where water vapor is required.

An example of a steam boiler for heating houses.

Based on connection method

• Independent networks involve heating the coolant in a special heat exchanger.
• Dependent systems involve providing heat directly through pipeline branches.

More about the device

To heat an apartment building centrally, it must be connected to a thermal route that runs from a CHP or boiler house. For this, inlet valves for thermal units are made in the main pipeline.

A simple diagram of an elevator station.

Immediately after the locking elements, mud collectors are installed, which are necessary for the precipitation of salts and metal oxides. Thanks to these devices, you can extend the operating period.

Directly in the house circuit, tie-ins for hot water are made. After them, the main unit should be located - the heating elevator.

System wiring

Usually, the heating scheme in an apartment building assumes the presence of one supply pipe with a lower or upper filling. It can diverge into a certain number of branches that are sent to the building from the basement or attic.

With the lower wiring, pairs of risers are combined using special jumpers located in the attic or top floor. An air vent must be installed at the top point.

A single pipe layout is shown.

The heating system with top filling implies the installation of an expansion tank with an air vent on the technical floor. The valves serve to cut off each riser from the common network.

The correct slope during the installation of pipelines makes it possible, when opening the air vents, to ensure the discharge of the coolant.

The branch with the top bottling has some features.

• The temperature of the heating devices decreases with the advancement of the coolant down, so it will be lower on the lower floors. compensate heat loss possible by installing additional sections of radiators.
• Starting the system is quite simple, because for normal operation you only need to open special valves, as well as air vents for a certain time.
• Draining the coolant from the risers is somewhat complicated, since it is necessary to first overlap on the technical floor. Only then does the reset open.

Important! The heating system of multi-storey buildings is adjusted by changing the diameter of the elevator nozzle.

That is, when its size changes, the heating level increases or decreases.

Optimization process

When the coolant is delivered from the source to the heating devices, rather large heat losses occur, so certain measures must be taken to maintain the temperature regime.

In fact, there are only two ways out of this situation.

This is how the thermal insulation of heating pipelines is arranged.

• Installing equipment with higher efficiency improves the performance of the system.
• Additional thermal insulation of pipelines can significantly reduce heat loss.

About the main cons

1. Any centralized system works according to a certain schedule, so during operation you have to adapt to it. In addition, it is impossible to independently adjust the temperature regime.
2. The cost of boiler equipment and pipelines is quite high, which means that with poor-quality work, huge amounts of money can be spent.
3. Work on the installation of centralized heating is very time-consuming, therefore, in the event of an emergency, it will take quite a bit of time to fully or partially restore the system.
4. Periodic pressure drops in the centralized network can reduce the heating efficiency to some extent.

As a conclusion

Above, an instruction was presented that considers the installation of heating systems in multi-storey buildings, so that apartment owners can evaluate the scale of the centralized network and its effectiveness. If necessary, an autonomous branch can always be created that will maintain the desired temperature in the living room. More information on this topic can be found by watching a special video.

Page 3

The heating of any private house must be done not only correctly, but also in full accordance with specifications object. In this article we will look at how a heating system can be organized. country house, and in which case it is best to apply one or another scheme.

Let's start with a key point.

Photo of the heating scheme

Which boiler to choose

Let's break down the features of each solution in the comparison table below.

Boiler type:	Variant features:
Gas	If a main line with this energy carrier is connected to the house, then there is nothing to think about - you need to buy and install a gas heater. If the house is small (up to 150 sq. Meters), then a wall-mounted device is suitable, and if it is a three-story cottage, then it is better to buy a floor version.
Electric	In principle, this is not a very profitable option financially. However, if there is no gas, then there is nowhere to go. Boilers of this type are heating elements and induction. The price of the first products is attractive, however, they do not last very long. Induction, although they are more expensive, they serve not 5-7 years, but about 20.
Solar and solid fuel appliances	They differ in autonomy and the ability to work on fuel like firewood, cones, sawdust, straw, etc. And liquid-fuel units operate either from diesel fuel or from waste oil. The option is pretty good if there is no gas, and there are power outages.

Note! The heating scheme in the house may provide for the joint operation of two boilers at the same time - electric and, for example, solid fuel.

A solid fuel device can be used as a safety net - that is, it turns on at the moment when electricity fails.

Example of a system with simultaneous operation of two different boilers

We figured out the boilers, now let's decide on the equally important elements of the system.

Which pipes and radiators to choose

Heating schemes for a country house usually provide for two pipe options:

1. Steel lines. They are good because they transfer heat around the entire perimeter of the house, and they are bad because they are hard to assemble with your own hands, since you need to use welding machine. In addition, products are afraid of corrosion.

Steel pipes

1. Plastic pipes. They are easy to install and have no problematic connections. When welding metal, the seams can rust, but the soldered plastic becomes in a sense monolithic, without any risk of leakage.

Main line made of plastic

Note! Plastic heating of a country house - it is quite possible to do it yourself, since no special skills are needed.

In addition, the installation of a plastic highway is quite inexpensive, despite the fact that the result is really durable.

So it turns out that plastic pipes and a gas boiler are the best options. Besides gas heater you can buy not an ordinary one, but a double-circuit one for hot water supply.

As for radiators, it is better to use such products for a private house:

Modern cast iron heaters

Tip: with natural circulation scheme home heating involves the use of steel or plastic pipes large diameter. When implementing the first option, the heat is distributed evenly around the perimeter of the premises, and in the second case, the coolant comes to the radiators as hot as possible.

1. Steel panel radiators. This is the optimal solution for forced heating. Batteries have good level heat exchange and contain a small amount of water, so that the boiler has to heat very little coolant.

Steel appliances

As for bimetallic batteries, then it is not advisable to use them for private houses, since the bimetal is designed to work in highways high pressure or where there is a strong pressure drop.

However, of course, if this is a heating scheme for a 3-storey building, and even with an underground level, then bimetal is probably worth using. If you plan a large power head.

So, now we will consider specific home heating schemes - we will analyze the options for organizing heating.

Overview of system build options

First of all, the heating scheme of a three-story house and any other is divided into two types:

1. With natural circulation. This is when the movement of water occurs naturally, without the use of electric pumps - due to a change in the density of the coolant.

The principle of the system with natural circulation

1. With forced circulation. Here, electric pumps are already used to move the liquid. As you understand, complete autonomy of work in this case is impossible.

forced circulation

Now with regard to the differences depending on the method of piping.

Single pipe system

In such a line, the coolant bypasses all the radiators in series, that is, in turn, and then returns to the boiler. It turns out that colder liquid enters each subsequent battery than each previous radiator.

It looks like a single-pipe heating line

In principle, it is believed that such a home heating scheme is the most feasible with your own hands, since you have to install a minimum of pipes and connections.

However, the disadvantages are obvious - each subsequent heater in the common chain will be less and less hot. The option is suitable for situations with a small initial budget.

Two-pipe line

The bottom line here is that two parallel pipes are connected to each battery - supply and return. That is, two lines are laid along the perimeter of the room - and lines depart from each of them to different sides of the radiator.

The principle of two-pipe circulation

The advantage of this approach is the ability to control the power flow into each individual battery. It is also possible to completely block each heater. In the previous case, it would have been impossible to do this, because the coolant supply to each subsequent device would have stopped.

This type of system is very good, but it will require more pipes and fittings (due to the installation of taps and the creation of additional "turns").

Collector line

The collector circuit of the heating system of a country house - with your own hands is more complicated than all the previous options.

The point is that a special “comb” adapter is installed at the outlet of the boiler, from which a separate pair of supply and return pipes is connected to each radiator.

Here, of course, there is a very large consumption of pipes, but a system of this type is quite convenient to use, since all adjustment is carried out in one place. The best option- is to install it in large houses, where there are many rooms and there are warm floors.

Collector

Important! For a uniform flow of fluid relative to each heater, such a system must be balanced before starting by adjusting the taps on the adapter.

In principle, this completes our review, and now we can summarize.

Conclusion

We have figured out what the heating and hot water supply scheme of a country house consists of, and also examined the principle by which this or that type of heating functions.

We hope that now you will be able to design a truly efficient and profitable heating for your home. If the information seemed not enough, then also watch the video at the end of this article.

Page 4

Water heating is the most efficient and economical system home heating. Various water heating schemes have been developed, and we want to consider their characteristics, advantages and features of operation in a private house.

Heating of the house with natural circulation of the coolant.

Heating with liquid heat carrier

General information

Pipes and radiator batteries are a sure sign of water heating.

The main indicator of the comfort of any housing is the air temperature in it, since a person can live only in a narrowly defined temperature range. However, in the continental latitudes of the northern hemisphere of our planet, the climate is far from this range, and people are forced to use artificial heat sources.

Previously, such a source was an open fire in a cave or a hut, then the fire moved to the furnace located in the house. However, with the growth of the population, the issue of a shortage of firewood and other types of fuel became more and more acute, and a person faced the problem of increasing the efficiency of heating.

The first types of heating were imperfect.

Important! This is how the idea of ​​using a coolant appeared - a substance that plays the role of an intermediary in the transfer of heat from the flame to the air in the house.

The problem is that gases do not conduct heat well, and if you have a large house, you will have to heat the stove for a very long time to warm up remote rooms, while it will be too hot near the firebox, and cold in remote rooms. Therefore, the main task was to supply heat with minimal losses to each room.

A red-hot furnace is not only dangerous, but also inefficient.

At this stage, it is possible to formulate the basic requirements for the coolant:

• High thermal conductivity. Necessary for the fastest heating of the coolant;
• High heat capacity. This parameter determines the ability of a substance to store thermal energy. It is obvious that the more heat is stored and transferred by the intermediary, the more efficiently the system works;
• High mobility. The substance must have such properties that it can be transported indoors without the use of complex technologies;
• Availability. The coolant should be inexpensive and available in different regions, since in the event of an accident it will need to be urgently replaced in order to avoid freezing at home;
• Safety. The agent substance should not pose a hazard to humans and environment, contain combustible, toxic, explosive or chemically aggressive compounds and substances.

The solution to the problem was in our hands.

Important! The most suitable substance for all the above parameters turned out to be ordinary water, which has the highest heat capacity among liquids, is able to move through pipes and channels under the influence of gravity or pressure, is safe and incredibly widespread.

Thus, the task was concretized: it is necessary to create a scheme in which water will move along a strictly defined route from the furnace furnace to the heating devices.

The principle of operation of the system with a liquid heat carrier.

Important! To put it simply, we need two heat exchangers and a pipe through which water will circulate between them. We install one heat exchanger in the furnace, where the liquid will heat up, and the second in the room, where the coolant will give off the stored energy to the air.

Heating boilers

A boiler is a device for generating heat from burning fuel.

If the source of thermal energy is fuel, then the means of obtaining it is the boiler. This is the heart of any heating system with coolant. The efficiency of all heating depends on the reliability of this device, and in the conditions of Russian winters this is one of the conditions for survival, so the first task is to choose a boiler.

Firewood is one of the most widely used types of fuel in Russia.

The most important criterion here is the availability and cost of the fuel on which the unit will operate.

There are such types of boilers depending on the fuel used:

• Solid fuel or wood boilers. Firewood, coal, coke, peat, pellets, briquettes and other types of combustible biomass are used;
• Gas. Use main, compressed or liquefied natural gas;
• Diesel heating boilers. Liquid petroleum products are used: diesel fuel, diesel fuel, various oils, gasoline, kerosene, etc.;
• Electrical. Water is heated using a heating element or by the electrode method.

Setting up a modern gas boiler.

If we talk about efficiency in terms of the cost of one kilowatt-hour of heat, as well as the availability and prevalence of fuel, then the undoubted favorites are gas and wood-burning units, the former being the most preferable.

Pictured is a diesel engine.

Important! If your house is connected to the GTS, then you should buy a gas boiler, if the mains are not connected, then you should choose a wood-burning option. Electricity and diesel are too expensive for the average consumer.

Types of systems

with natural circulation

The presence of an open expansion tank at the top indicates natural circulation.

The heating scheme with natural water circulation is the simplest and cheapest, but also the most inefficient system. At small sizes at home and heating areas, this is a completely working option, the construction of which does not require serious calculations and complex installation work.

The principle of operation of such a system is simple: the boiler is installed at the lowest point of the room, preferably in the basement. Water fills the pipeline, which consists of a supply pipe going up from the boiler, then the pipe gradually lowers and passes through all the rooms, and finally returns to the firebox heat exchanger.

Natural circulation system.

When the burner is turned on, the water begins to heat up, expands and rises up the pipe due to the density difference between the hot and cold liquid. Since the circuit is closed, the cold mass of the coolant is displaced into the heat exchanger, and the liquid begins to circulate in the system in a circle, transferring heat from the flame to the radiators.

Expansion tank open type.

To compensate for the expansion and increase in the total volume of water in the pipes, an expansion tank is installed at the top point. It can be open, since the pressure in the pipes does not matter.

Important! It is necessary to know and take into account the rules for selecting pipe diameters and angles from the slope. It is believed that a slope of 5 mm per one running meter pipes are enough, they make a clone in the direction of water movement.

Pipe angles and diameters.

For servicing small village houses, such a scheme is quite acceptable. It does not require calculations and is carried out according to the standard “like everyone else” scheme, since the sizes and architecture of houses do not have any special differences. Moreover, the design is relatively easy to assemble with your own hands and requires a minimum of materials.

With forced circulation

The presence of a pump tells us about forced circulation.

A more perfect and efficient heating system is a scheme with forced circulation of the coolant. This solution allows you to speed up the movement of water through the pipes and deliver the still hot liquid to remote areas. The forced movement of water is carried out by a pump built into the pipeline.

Heating device with forced circulation.

Thanks to precisely calculated driving speed, work efficiency is increased, fuel consumption is reduced and indoor comfort is increased. To create complex, branched and multi-circuit systems, forced circulation is necessary.

The construction of such a design will require more serious hydraulic calculations, the selection and installation of a circulation pump, the installation of protection, a closed hydraulic accumulator, pressure gauges and safety valves. At the same time, there are no special requirements for the slope of the pipes.

Pump piping.

Important! During operation, the circulation pump does not create all the pressure that is present in the system. The fact is that the circuit is closed, and the water in it rotates like a wheel, and the pump overcomes only hydraulic resistance and friction, so the energy it consumes does not affect the cost of heating.

Instructions for connecting the pump.

From the calculations it became known that the use of a circulation pump increases the efficiency of work by 25 - 30%. In addition, for the normal maintenance of multi-storey buildings, multi-circuit and collector circuits, the use of forced circulation is necessary. Almost all modern systems use this principle.

Radiator wiring

The type of piping is important.

Another important difference between water heating systems is the type of piping from the boiler to the radiators.

There are three main types of such wiring:

1. One-pipe scheme. This is the simplest and cheapest model when the heating batteries are connected in series to one pipe. Water enters the first radiator through the supply pipe, passes it and enters the same pipe from which it enters the next device, cooling down as it moves;
2. Double tube model. A more complex, but also more efficient design, in which the batteries are connected with the input to the supply pipe, and the output to the return pipe, and there is no other communication between these pipes. Parallel connection allows you to evenly warm up all appliances, which increases efficiency and comfort;
3. Collector-beam connection involves the supply of coolant to the supply distribution manifold, from where pipes diverge to the inlet of each radiator. From the outlets, the pipes return to the return manifold, and from there water enters the boiler. This approach allows you to organize multi-circuit systems of underfloor heating and large houses with many rooms.

Single pipe water supply.

A single-pipe supply organization is suitable for small houses with natural circulation, or for separate rooms - summer kitchens, workshops, saunas, etc.

The two-pipe scheme is considered more efficient due to the uniform heating of the devices, the ability to adjust the temperature in individual rooms, and more precise control of automation. It is suitable for any type of building and is used most often.

Two-pipe feed model.

Collector wiring is the most efficient and advanced, but its price is significantly higher due to a larger number of pipes, the need for additional equipment, fittings, as well as due to complex installation and calculation.

Collector-beam wiring.

Important! Today, the most common are two-pipe and mixed wiring, which can be combined with underfloor heating collectors.

Conclusion

Water heating is the only truly cost-effective heat supply system. At the same time, it must be understood that equipment and organization schemes are constantly being improved, and comparing fashionable alternative systems with old types water heating absurd and unconvincing. The video will help you better understand this issue.

In order for water heating of a two-story house to be efficient, reliable and convenient, it is necessary to choose the right type of system and piping layout, taking into account all the features of the building design. Very often, a two-pipe heating system of a two-story house is chosen, piping schemes and circulation methods in which they can be very different. Therefore, below we will consider the most common of them, their features, advantages and disadvantages.

Types of two-pipe systems of a two-story house

Before choosing one or another version of the two-pipe heating system of a two-story house, the piping layout and the type of circulation, you need to find out what they can be.

Firstly, depending on the spatial arrangement of the inlet and outlet lines, a two-pipe system, as well as a single-pipe system, can be made according to two schemes:

• With horizontal wiring- When main pipes on each floor they form separate conditionally horizontal (subject to the necessary slopes) contours or loops;
• With vertical- when the heated coolant is supplied to the radiators at different levels and the cooled one is removed from them using vertical risers.

Schemes with horizontal wiring can also be divided into:

• Simple- with serial connection of radiators to the supply pipe and the "return";
• Beam or collector- when each radiator is connected separately using two pipes to a special distributor (comb, manifold). It can be separate for each floor, placed in a niche or cabinet, or it can be common to the whole house, located in the boiler room.

Schemes with serial connection of radiators can be either with lower or upper wiring of the supply pipe. Collector or beam schemes, as a rule, involve the lower wiring of pipes, and, very often, they are laid hidden, under the floor.

In addition, schemes of two-pipe heating systems two-storey houses may differ in the way the coolant circulates. Such circulation can be:

• gravity or natural- when it is provided only by the difference in the specific gravity of the hot and cold coolant and the presence of slopes of the main pipelines;
• Forced- when a special circulation pump (or pumps) is used for this;
• Combined- when the system has the ability to work according to one or the other scheme, depending on the circumstances.

Depending on the type of expansion tank and the method of creating excess pressure in the system, it can be:

• open- when an open expansion tank is used, usually located under the ceiling on the second floor or in the attic, and the pressure in the system is determined only by the height of its placement. Often such a tank is also used as a central air collector (as in Fig. 1). This is possible if it is connected to the highest point of the supply pipe. If it is connected to the return pipe (for example, when installing a circulation pump on the “return”, then it is additionally necessary to install an air collector or an air valve on the supply pipe;
• Closed- when a sealed membrane tank is used as an expansion tank. Overpressure in such systems is calculated and is usually at the level of 1.5 bar (0.15 MPa). Such a tank can be located anywhere on the supply or return line, but most often it is located near the boiler. A mandatory attribute of a closed system is the presence of a so-called "safety block", including safety and air valves and a pressure gauge, since it becomes necessary to control the excess fluid pressure and automatically reset if it increases above the established safe level.

An example of a closed heating system for a two-story house

On the positive side, in closed systems closed access of air to the coolant during operation, which reduces the corrosion of their elements, especially from "black" steel.

Having become acquainted with the main types and features of two-pipe heating systems, we will consider some of the most common schemes that can be used for a private two-story house.

Schemes of a two-pipe heating system of a two-story house

Here we will look at a few simple, most common two-pipe water heating schemes for a two-story house, which you can do with your own hands:

• with passing connection of radiators, which in turn can be with horizontal or vertical, top or bottom wiring;
• beam or collector.

Each of them has its own characteristics, its pros and cons and can be both open and closed, both with natural circulation of the coolant and with forced circulation.

Open, with passing connection of radiators with horizontal top wiring and natural circulation

Such a scheme is simple and assumes the presence of two horizontal contours (loops) on each floor. At the same time, in order to maintain the conditions for natural (gravitational) circulation of the coolant, the main pipes of the circuits, both supply and discharge (return), must be mounted with a slope of 3-5. With the top wiring of the supply pipe, this is quite simple. The disadvantage is that the supply pipes somewhat spoil the interior.

In addition, the use of an open expansion tank contributes to the saturation of the coolant with oxygen. And if water is used as a coolant, which happens most often, then this leads to corrosion of elements made of ordinary (“black”) steel.

Fig. 1 Scheme of an open two-pipe heating system of a two-story house with horizontal wiring and natural circulation

This option will be most suitable for a non-volatile solid fuel boiler when they want to achieve maximum autonomy and independence from the availability of electricity. For wiring according to this scheme, both metal (preferably) and plastic or metal-plastic pipes can be used. In the last two cases, it is necessary that the supply line (in this case, the riser) at a distance of 1.5-2 m from the boiler be metal.

Open, with vertical wiring and combined circulation

In this scheme, radiators on different floors are connected using vertical risers. The system is made in such a way that it can work with natural circulation, but a bypass with a circulation pump and shutoff valves is cut into it, in front of the boiler. Thus, the system has the ability to work with both forced and natural circulation.

Rice. 2 Scheme of two-pipe heating of a two-story house with vertical wiring and combined circulation

Closed, with horizontal bottom wiring and forced circulation

This scheme involves the use as an expansion, sealed membrane tank and the presence of excess pressure in the system (usually, about 1.5 bar (atm.)). If an electric or gas boiler is used as a generator, which automatically turns off in the absence of electricity, then this option may be quite acceptable. The lower wiring of the supply pipe allows you to more aesthetically fit it into the interior of the room. In addition, with such a wiring, pipes can be laid in a hidden way, for example, under the floor.

Rice. 3 Scheme of a closed two-pipe heating system of a two-story house with forced circulation

Closed beam (collector) with bottom wiring

This is another two-pipe version, which differs in that in it each radiator is connected separately, using special distribution combs - collectors. Such distributors are usually mounted separately for each floor, in niches or other accessible but inconspicuous places. It is also possible to place the collector for the whole house in the boiler room or basement. But this will require the consumption of an additional number of pipes, which is already one of the main disadvantages of such schemes. But, on the other hand, they allow you to regulate the heat supply to each radiator as conveniently as possible and distribute the heat most evenly throughout the house. When using a collector wiring diagram for a heating system, most often, pipes are laid in a hidden way, under the floor or in niches.

Rice. 4 Scheme of the collector (beam) heating system of a two-story house

For owners of private houses and low-rise cottages, the problem of choosing between centralized and autonomous heating is not worth it - the advantage is clearly on the side of gas or solid fuel boilers that work only for heating private housing construction. This method is much more efficient, more frequent and economical, and its own heating system allows you to adjust the temperature in each individual room in accordance with your requirements. Therefore, the main task is the correctly chosen heating scheme for a two-story house, for example, this:

Calculation of heating of a 2-storey building

Calculation of energy efficiency, heat transfer and technical parameters heating determines its performance, the amount of heat loss in the house, the power of the heat generator, the number of radiators, their location, etc.

The performance of the boiler, which provides efficient heating two-story house, is calculated from the overall results of heat loss in the building. The initial data for calculations should include:

1. The area of ​​each of their heated rooms and the total area of ​​all rooms in the house.
2. Climatic and geographical features of the area.
3. Thermal insulation of the building and each room.
4. Building materials from which load-bearing walls are built, interior partitions, ceiling and other ceilings, as well as their thickness.
5. The constructive solution of the roofing system, the presence or absence of an attic, an attic, an over-ceiling technical place.
6. Dimensions of windows and doors, the quality of their insulation.

You can watch a video or download a video about different 2-pipe connection schemes here:

What is the heating system

Electric, solid fuel, liquid fuel, gas heat generator is the main node in the heating system and in the circuit with hot water supply. The average standard boiler output is 100 W/1 m 2 of area with ceilings ≤ 3 m high in an insulated room. The boiler must have a power reserve ≤ 20%. When organizing hot water supply, the power reserve should be increased to 45-50%.

The body of any heating boiler of a one-story house with natural circulation or forced circulation can be cast iron or metal. The heat generator itself can be mounted on the wall or stand on the floor. The floor unit is recommended to be mounted either in a separate building or in a separate isolated room. This room must be equipped with ventilation, a boiler for hot water supply, a chimney must be installed.

If a heating project for a two-story house with a wall-mounted gas unit is being developed, then a chimney channel is not needed. It is also not necessary to comply with the requirement to install the unit in a separate building or room. The boiler in a two-story house with one circuit works only for heating the building. If a do-it-yourself heat generator of a two-story private house is also designed to produce hot water (DHW), then a two-circuit unit is installed.

Energy from the heat generator is transferred to pipes and batteries in two ways: heating with natural circulation or heating with forced circulation of the coolant through the heating pipes of a two-story house. Modern models 2-circuit boilers have their own pump that circulates heated water or antifreeze, and are equipped with a closed expansion tank.

The radiator is a product made of bimetal or anodized, it can also be made of aluminum, steel, cast iron. The heat transfer coefficient and the degree of inertia of the radiator are directly dependent on the dimensions and materials from which the device is made. Dimensions are determined by the number of sections, their standard number is seven. Also, for the operation of the radiator, a Mayevsky crane, shut-off valves (valve) and a thermostat must be installed on it.

Where it is recommended to install the battery is usually indicated in the passport to it. These are window openings (under window sills), about entrance doors and calculated places around the perimeter of the room. Radiators are connected to risers and heating pipes in a two-sided or one-sided way diagonally, from above or below. The type of connection determines the performance of the battery.

Any heating schemes for a two-story house with natural circulation or with forced water movement are calculated for a certain number of batteries (I), and their number is determined by the following formula:

I \u003d S x k 1 x k 2 x k 3 x k 4 x 100 / P (units), where

• S is the area of ​​the heated room in square meters;
• P is the performance of one section of the battery (W);
• K I - coefficient applied to double-glazed windows;
• K II - heat loss coefficient applied to external walls;
• K II - coefficient, the value of which depends on the roofing system - its method of insulation and design;
• k iv - coefficient, the value of which depends on the height of the ceiling (k iv \u003d 1 if the ceiling height is ≤ 2.5 m).

Heating pipes ensure the movement, distribution and return of hot water to the heat generator. The value of the flow resistance is determined by the smoothness of the inner surface of the main and the chosen method of water movement - a heating scheme for a two-story house with forced circulation or a heating system for a two-story private house with natural circulation. Each heating scheme of a 2-storey private house must be airtight, which is ensured by the quality of the piping.

An expansion tank, which is equipped with a two-pipe heating system of a two-story house of a closed or open type, is needed to maintain the required volume of water circulating in the pipes. A sharp heating of the coolant is an increase in its volume, and excess liquid is squeezed out into the expansion tank.

The tank has an air chamber and a chamber for the coolant, which are separated by a membrane. Closed circuits are mounted so that the tank is mounted on the return line, in front of the pump suction. But such a design should provide for mounting the tank at a height of ≥ 1 m.

An open-type expansion tank is mounted at the highest point of the heating system. The volume of the tank must have a 10% volume margin. The starting point of the volume is the total volume of coolant in the pipes. The disadvantage of this design is the rapid evaporation of water from the tank.

Shut-off valves help to mount heating circuits in such a way that they can be repaired or serviced without turning off the heating completely. Taps or valves may cut before or after any appliance or component requiring further maintenance, as well as at the inlet of the system.

Safety and check valves, auto air vent, shutoff valves for pressure balancing are called safety. These devices protect the heating route from water hammer and sudden jumps in the speed and pressure of the coolant. The shut-off valve shuts off the gas (electricity, supply of another type of fuel) as soon as any of the sensors, such as a gas analyzer, or the pump stops working.

Electromechanical or electronic valves, thermostat is a control valve, which is designed to stabilize the operating parameters of the heating circuit.

Hydraulic, thermodynamic arrow, collector - for branching hydraulic circuits, reducing heat loss, increasing water permeability and distributing heat throughout the radiator network. Control devices and equipment are usually mounted next to the collector.

The pump in the heating system of a private house is necessary to move water along the heating main, its presence is an opportunity not to comply with the slopes and geometry of the line, which is required by a heating system with natural circulation.

Calculation of pump performance: Q \u003d P / ΔT x 1.16 (m / s, l / s, m 3 / hour).

Symbol	What does	Unit
Q	Maximum flow through the pump	l / s, m 3 / hour
P	Maximum performance of the heat generator	kW
∆T	Heat dissipation from batteries, base value 20 0 C	0C
1,16	Specific gravity of the coolant (water)	W/h
H	Closed circuit pressure	Pa
R	Hydrolosses in the main (if you do heating in a two-story private house with your own hands), 150	Pa/m
L	Total length of all contours	m
Z ƒ	Roughness coefficient	1.3 - for fittings and ball valves; 1.7 - for thermal valves, 2- or 3-way valves

Various heating solutions

How the single-pipe heating system of a two-story house is arranged, the diagram is shown below. The principle is to sequentially turn on heating devices. Fluid flow will be stable if pipes Ø ≥ 32 mm are used. With such a diameter of the pipe line, the gravitational heating system of a two-story house will also work well, that is, without a pump.

Due to the difference in temperature and pressure at the beginning and at the end of the pipeline, the movement of water will be slow but constant. The disadvantage of such a scheme is that each subsequent battery will be colder than the previous one. Therefore, before you make heating according to a 1-pipe scheme, calculate the total length of the pipes. The longer the line, the less efficiently it will heat the house.

Also, the first option is better known as the Leningrad heating system (scheme for a two-story house or a one-story building). To increase the efficiency of the circuit, you can embed a pump, stop valves with thermostatic valves, install a bypass.

Do-it-yourself two-pipe heating in a two-story private house is arranged according to the principle of dividing the supply and return fluid flows. The circuit of such a circuit requires parallel connection of the input and output of heating batteries. The water temperature in the sections will always be the same, and the stable operation of the heat generator does not depend on the distance and length of the pipeline.

If you make heating according to a 2-pipe scheme, then inserting taps and thermostatic valves will help maintain and repair units and individual sections without completely shutting down. If, however, in such a scheme to include hydraulic arrow with a coplanar collector, then all additional circuits can be separated.

Collector wiring connection

Beam wiring (star) is a collector heating system for a two-story house, which provides for the radial laying of pipeline pipes and the connection of autonomous circuits to them. If you observe the same length of wiring in the house, then the hydrobalance will be stable, heat transfer will increase, and the resistance in the pipes will decrease. The correct flow calculation will be observed when installing control valves and a pump in each of the connected circuits. The disadvantage of the scheme is the high consumption of building materials, high labor costs. Advantages - precise adjustment of each radiator, high efficiency, easy maintenance.

How to correctly and evenly distribute the coolant in height

The supply of water from the bottom up in the heating circuit in a private house on two floors is, first of all, connecting the risers on the ground floor or in the basement. A 2-pipe circuit is a made parallel supply and return route. Water moves up and, passing through the batteries, begins to move down to the boiler. The supply pipes must end above the batteries of the second floor. The entire supply line must have a common air bleed valve. Each radiator has its own Mayevsky crane.

The wiring with the top heating connection is the movement of water from top to bottom. Through the main supply pipe, water enters the looped wiring or dead ends of the circuit. Supply to the radiators is carried out from the attic insulated room. Further, along vertically mounted pipes, water enters the common return line and through it into the heat generator jacket. At the design stage of such wiring, it is necessary to take into account the location of the pump - it must be included in the return pipe in the immediate vicinity of the boiler. It is necessary to use a circulation pump in this connection option, otherwise there will be no movement of the coolant, except for the first radiators.

Two-pipe heating of a private house in a vertical design with any supply connection option requires constant monitoring of the balance of pressure and temperature. But if the conditions of control and adjustment possibilities are provided, the system will work stably both in terms of maintaining the required pressure and in terms of observing the temperature regime.

It is quite simple to study and understand how the heating of a private house works. It is more difficult to do all the work yourself and for free, so the help of professionals here will not hurt.

The optimal heating scheme for a 2-storey private house is selected taking into account many factors: efficiency, cost and complexity of installation, the availability of reliable power supply and frequency of use. In addition, projects of water heating systems must take into account a number of personal requirements of the customer for the interior design of rooms, which not every type of piping and heating devices can satisfy.

Possible options

In order to choose the right wiring method, it makes sense to take existing heating schemes suitable for houses with two floors and analyze the pros and cons of each of them. The most commonly considered and implemented options are:

• single-pipe horizontal scheme ("Leningradka");
• single-pipe heating system of a two-story house with vertical risers and natural movement of the coolant;
• two-pipe dead-end circuit with branches of equal length or an annular associated system with a circulation pump;
• collector scheme for heating a two-story house with forced water circulation;
• water heated floors;
• plinth heating, also two-pipe.

Wiring options that provide for the installation of radiators can be either open type (communicating with the atmosphere) or closed type (operating with excess pressure). Homeowners who wish to provide for water heating for household needs should be aware that the heating scheme for a two-story house with a two-circuit heat generator does not differ from the wiring connected to a conventional boiler with 1 circuit. The difference lies in the operation: any heating system of a two-story house with a double-circuit boiler heats water for radiators and hot water in turn. When the hot water tap is opened, the heating of the coolant stops, the unit switches completely to DHW.

One highway: pros and cons

The single-pipe heating system of a two-story house - the Leningradka scheme - consists of one line laid horizontally along the perimeter of the building, above the floor of each floor. Heating appliances are connected to the line with 2 ends, alternately. This type of heating network is well suited for houses where two floors are occupied small area(up to 80 m² each). There are reasons for this:

1. The coolant entering each subsequent radiator has an increasingly lower temperature due to the admixture of chilled water from previous batteries. Therefore, the length of the ring is limited to 4-5 heaters.
2. In order to heat the second floor and the rooms where the last batteries stand, their heat transfer should be increased by adding sections.
3. The horizontal network of a two-story house with natural circulation should be carried out with a large slope (up to 1 cm per 1 m running pipe). The boiler is placed in a recess, and in the attic there is an expansion tank that communicates with the atmosphere.

The Leningrad heating distribution of a two-story house with forced supply of a coolant works much more stable and more efficiently than by gravity. For natural circulation in a private house, it is better to make vertical risers that penetrate the floors and distribute heat to radiators near the windows. The water supply to the risers is carried out from a horizontal collector laid in the attic, the return to the boiler is via the same line running above the floor of the 1st floor.

As in the first case, an open expansion tank is placed in the attic of a 2-storey cottage, and the lines are laid with a slope. If the heating system is closed, then the minimum slopes are required (3 mm per linear meter of pipe), and the membrane tank is placed in the boiler room.

Single-pipe wiring for heating a two-story house, although inexpensive to install, is difficult to calculate and execute.

And not every owner will like it when large-diameter pipelines pass through part of the premises, they have to be hidden under the boxes.

The optimal solution is 2 highways

The two-pipe heating system of a two-story house is good because the coolant is sent to the heaters through one pipe, and returns through the other. In private housing construction, 3 types of such systems are used:

• dead-end, in it the coolant reaches last battery and flows backwards, the streams move towards each other;
• associated, where the supply and return flow flows in 1 direction, and the circuit is a closed ring;
• collector, characterized by an individual supply of heated water to each radiator from the distribution manifold.

All two-pipe water heating schemes for a 2-storey private house are easy to do with your own hands, this is their advantage. If the architecture of the building is not too complex, and the area does not exceed 300 m², then the pipeline network can be assembled without preliminary calculations. The supply from the boiler is done with a 25-32 mm pipe, branches - 20-25 mm, and eyeliners - 16 mm. It is understood that the coolant is induced to move by the pump. Gravity heating of a two-story house, when two large pipes pass through all the rooms, will not please anyone.

The dead-end and associated schemes are similar in installation, and when installing a collector system, pipelines will have to be laid directly to the batteries in the floor. This is an option for developers who have high requirements for the interiors of the premises, since pipes will not be visible on the walls of the rooms. It can also be implemented in a private house with your own hands, although equipment and materials will cost more than with a dead-end scheme.

When constructing a dead-end system, it is important that all radiators installed in a two-story house be equally divided into groups in order to stretch branches of the same length to them. It is customary to do this: 2 branches on the 1st floor, two more - on the second, the coolant supply upwards - directly from the boiler along the riser. The associated scheme is implemented differently: the supply pipeline is laid horizontally from the first to the last device, and the return pipeline starts from the first and goes to the boiler, collecting cooled water from all batteries. So, a ring is formed around the perimeter of the house, serving all the radiators.

Two-pipe systems are united by common advantages:

• supplying coolant with the same temperature to all heating devices;
• reliability in work;
• ease of balancing, especially the associated scheme;
• the ability to effectively manage the operation of heating using various automation;
• ease of installation, done by hand.

Heating floor and plinth

Pipes with hot water, laid in the floor with a calculated step, allow you to evenly heat the premises with the entire surface of the floor covering. From each heating circuit, whose length does not exceed 100 m, the connections converge to a manifold with a mixing unit that provides the required heat carrier flow and its temperature within + 35 ° ... + 45 ° С (maximum + 55 ° С). The collector is powered directly from the boiler by one branch and controls the heating on 2 floors at the same time. The positive side of the warm floor:

• uniform heating of the space of rooms;
• heating is comfortable for people, since heating comes from below;
• low water temperature saves up to 15% on energy;
• any level of system automation is possible - operation from temperature controllers, weather sensors or according to a program embedded in the controller;
• the system with the controller can be controlled from a distance - via GSM-connection or the Internet.

Similar automatic control systems are being introduced into the collector circuit. two-storey cottage. The disadvantage of underfloor heating is the high cost of materials and installation work, which are difficult to perform on your own.

Heating skirting boards suitable option for any private house, not just a two-story one. These heaters in the form of large plinths are copper or aluminum convectors connected in a two-pipe scheme. They encircle the premises around the perimeter, heating the air from all sides. Baseboard heating easy to assemble and meets any interior design requirement.