Many of us imagine the heating circuit of a one-story building quite clearly.
If there is a second floor, the task of organizing heating system becomes somewhat more difficult.
Let's try to figure out what the heating scheme of a 2-storey private or public house should be. How to implement it with your own hands?
First of all, consider all the components of the system.
Boiler
The purpose of this unit is to generate thermal energy, which will be transferred to the working environment of the heating circuit.
According to the type of fuel used, boilers are divided into the following types:
- gas;
- electrical;
- solid fuel;
- liquid fuel;
- combined (for example, capable of running on electricity and diesel fuel).
The most convenient to use, and therefore the most popular, is a gas boiler. When choosing this unit, the determining parameters are the power and material of the heat exchanger.
Power
There is an opinion that the power of the heating boiler should be chosen at the rate of 100 W per square meter of heated area. However, these data are too average. As experience shows, for small buildings with an area of \u200b\u200babout 100 square meters. m, the required power is approximately 130 W / kV. m, while for larger houses, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich reaches 500 sq. m, this figure is reduced to 80 W / kV. m. Why is it so?
Floor heating boiler in the house
The fact is that with an increase in the heated area, say, by 4 times, the area of \u200b\u200benclosing structures, through which heat “disappears”, increases only 2.5 times. Thus, the volume of heat loss per 1 sq. m of heated area, decreases, respectively, the need for thermal energy for the same kV becomes less. m.
Heat exchanger material
There are two options:
- steel;
- cast iron.
Cast iron is stronger than steel, and it resists corrosion better.
Pipes and radiators
In individual heating systems, steel pipes are increasingly being replaced with metal-plastic or polypropylene pipes.
These materials lose strength when high temperature, but in a private home where the setting works heating circuit the homeowner himself is engaged, jumps in the temperature of the coolant to critical values are excluded.
Cast iron is considered the traditional material for radiators, but if necessary, copper or aluminum appliances are used for increased heat transfer. In the presence of high pressure in the system, instead of them, install bimetal radiators. In them, the most critical elements are made of durable steel, and the heat-releasing surfaces are made of soft copper or aluminum.
fittings
Three types of fittings are used in heating systems:
- Shut-off: currently most often used Ball Valves, the disadvantages of which with the development of technology have been minimized. If frequent use of the locking element is expected, it is better to install a traditional valve.
- Regulating: allows you to smoothly change the volume of the passed coolant. Theoretically, for this purpose it is possible to use stop valves, but it will become unusable very quickly, since it is not designed for such a hard mode of operation. Today, instead of manual control valves, automatic valves connected to temperature sensors are actively used. Such regulators independently control the flow of coolant, maintaining a given temperature regime.
- Mayevsky crane: this element is used to remove air congestion.
- Expansion tank: this container receives the excess working medium resulting from its thermal expansion.
- Circulation pump (not always used).
In some models of the Mayevsky crane, the stem can be completely unscrewed. If you do this by negligence at the moment when the system is in working condition, the coolant will rush into the room and will flood everything around until you turn off the nearest shut-off valve. To avoid emergencies it is better not to install such Mayevsky cranes.
Methods for supplying coolant to the heating system
Choosing the most suitable option heating systems, the homeowner will have to make a decision on the main issue: how to make the coolant move along the heating circuit. This problem is solved in one of two ways:
- naturally;
- forcibly.
Heating scheme of a private house with natural circulation
As you know, a heated gas or liquid is pushed upward by a colder medium due to its lower density. This phenomenon is called convection. With the correct design of the heating system, it can play the role of an engine that will make the coolant circulate in a closed circuit of pipes and radiators.
The most important element of such a scheme is the accelerating collector - a vertical section of the pipeline that goes immediately after the boiler. The powerful upward flow formed here pushes the coolant well through the circuit. This system uses an expansion tank. open type, which is a conventional container connected to the upper point of the heating circuit.
Heating of a two-storey house with natural circulation
The presence of the second floor makes it possible to make the accelerating collector long enough, which, when good insulation This section provides quite decent circulation of the coolant. However, despite this, even in two-story houses, a scheme with a natural movement of the working environment is less and less common. The reason lies in its characteristic shortcomings:
- pipes required large diameter;
- on horizontal sections of the pipeline, a significant slope must be observed - 5 - 7 cm per 1 m of length;
- after bypassing the circuit, the temperature of the coolant drops by more than 25 degrees (a prerequisite for good natural circulation), so the boiler has to be operated in the mode high performance which shortens its service life.
- the maximum length of the pipeline is limited to 30 meters.
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forced way
In two-story houses, a scheme with forced circulation it is used much more often, if only because the length of the heating circuit in such buildings is, as a rule, more than 30 meters. Here, the working medium is pumped by a special pump, which is called a circulation pump. It is installed at the entrance to the boiler, where the coolant is the coldest. Since the heating system is closed, the pressure developed by such a pump does not depend on the number of storeys of the building and is determined only by the resistance of the circuit (hydraulic).
Heating scheme with forced circulation
With this scheme, the speed of the coolant increases, so it does not have time to cool down much. This causes a more uniform distribution of heat throughout the circuit, as well as the possibility of operating the boiler in a gentle mode. In addition, the forced circulation system is more practical: in spring and autumn, when it is not very cold outside, it can be operated in a low-temperature mode, which could not be achieved with natural circulation of the environment. Horizontal sections pipelines are installed with a slope of 0.5 - 1 cm per 1 m.
Due to the high pressure developed by the pump, it is necessary to complicate the design expansion tank. Here it is closed and consists of two cavities separated by a flexible membrane. An expanding coolant enters one cavity, the other contains compressed air, the pressure of which equalizes the pressure in the system. closed tank it is not necessary to place it at the highest point of the circuit, it is usually mounted next to the boiler.
Prudent designers leave an accelerating manifold even in systems with forced circulation. In this case, if the power supply is turned off and the pump is subsequently stopped, the system will continue to operate in convection mode.
Types of heating schemes
Heating a two-story house can be arranged according to one of the following schemes.
Single-pipe, two-pipe and beam heating schemes for a private house
In a small private house, you can apply a serial connection scheme for heating radiators. In this case, the circuit will be formed by one pipe, so such a system is called a single-pipe system. It is the most inexpensive, but also the least practical option: the coolant enters the radiators farthest from the boiler relatively cold, which is why the number of sections in these devices has to be increased.
Two-pipe heating scheme with top and bottom wiring
More evenly thermal energy distributed in a two-pipe system. It consists of two pipelines - supply and return, between which radiators are connected in parallel. For a two-story private house with a large number of rooms, such a heating system scheme is optimal.
The most expensive, but also the most convenient in terms of control, is the beam scheme. According to it, each radiator has its own supply and discharge pipelines, which converge in one collector. If, due to incorrect hydraulic calculation, in certain sections of a conventional two-pipe system, weak circulation of the coolant or its absence can be observed, then with a ray scheme, such phenomena are completely excluded.
Horizontal and vertical schemes with bottom and top feed
In two-story private houses with a small area, a do-it-yourself heating system is often built horizontally.
According to it, all radiators within one floor are combined into a horizontal circuit, and to power each of these circuits, one well-insulated riser is laid through all floors.
With a large floor area, the horizontal contours would be too long, so it would be impossible to maintain the required slope during their installation.
In this case, they resort to organizing heating according to a vertical scheme. In accordance with this principle, not those radiators that are located on the same floor are combined, but mounted one above the other on different floors. For this, several risers are laid.
They can be connected in series:
- the coolant from the boiler rises in one riser;
- then, along a jumper located on the second floor or in the attic, it enters the second riser, along which it moves in the opposite direction.
But they practice parallel connection risers. To do this, two ring pipelines are laid, one of which plays the role of a distribution comb (all risers are powered from it), and the second performs the function of a “return” (the cooled coolant enters here).
If the house has an insulated attic or technical floor, the first of the pipelines can be placed here. In this case, the system is said to be top-wired. In the absence of such a room, both pipelines must be located in the basement or ground floor(bottom wiring).
When designing heating in a private house, many owners are wondering which system to choose: one-pipe or two-pipe? The first is simpler, the second is more practical. : her strengths and weak sides, as well as classification and hydraulic calculation.
You will find detailed information about a single-pipe heating system in the material.
Related video
Two-story houses and houses with an attic are popular. Heating schemes for such houses have been developed by specialists for a long time, tested many times, their main points migrate from project to project.
Guided by the project, heating in two-story house it's not hard to create. But what if there is no project?
Heating a two-story house is so simple that the "artisans" make it, designing it literally "on the go". Applying typical schemes, techniques, methods that allow you to create the right heating.
There are no particular obstacles to making heating in a two-story house with your own hands. Or manage the work of "foreign hands" on their own. All work performed on the installation of heating is not complicated.
First of all, it is important to prevent cardinal "blunders and blunders". Then the system in a two-story house will work correctly and stably. What is the first thing to consider...
What should not be done when installing heating in a two-story house
First of all, it is worth being guided by modern ideas.
- Heating circuits should be conventional two-pipe.
Consistent, One-pipe, Gravity-flowing, “every Leningradka there” - they fly into the wastebasket. All this archaism has very significant drawbacks, first of all, it will require more money to create, and at the same time it will not work normally. - You must not trust the "radiator dealers" who are trying to complicate things, talk about problems and draw intricate schemes-patterns. In heating, everything is very simple. As a rule, a hydraulic gun is not needed.
The wiring will be the simplest if there is a usual set for a two-story house - one boiler (including one backup), and 3 consumers - an indirect heating boiler, underfloor heating, a radiator system.
Boiler placement and boiler room equipment
The gas boiler is installed in accordance with the gasification project. Solid fuel - to conveniently remove a high chimney. In any case, the equipment is noisy. It is placed in a separate room - a furnace.
The gas boiler is automated, it can also control an indirect heating boiler.
The usual scheme for connecting to an automated gas boiler for 4 outlets (there may be 3 outlets or 2 outlets - you must use the manufacturer's diagrams).
Scheme of connections to a floor gas boiler with an external pump
A solid fuel boiler requires the installation of a pump, a safety group, a mixing unit. All this forms the binding of a solid fuel boiler -
What pump and pipe diameters are needed
A common question when creating heating in a house on your own (including a two-story one), which circulation pump is needed for radiator system. The choice is simple - either a pump 25-40 (0.4 atm.), Or 25-60 (0.6 atm.).
For areas heated by radiators up to 170 sq. m. 25-40 is good. If the area is within 170 - 260 sq. m. - 25-60. If more than 260 m - 25-80. You should not take the pump with a margin, this only leads to unjustified cost overruns and can lead to noise in the heating system.
Automated boilers are equipped with a built-in pump
Pipeline diameters (internal) for a private house are indicated in the diagram.
From the boiler to the first branch - 25 mm. In the branches on the floor - 20 mm, separate connections, radiators (up to 2 pcs.) - 16 mm.
Foam propylene is characterized by an outer diameter, taking into account the wall thickness, - 32, 25, 20 (mm).
Generalized heating scheme for a two-story house
Within one floor, the layout of the heating pipeline can be chosen as you like:
- dead-end, two arms up to 5 radiators in each,
- associated, usually with more than 10 radiators,
- radial, at the whim of the creator (customer), if it is impossible to lay pipes along the walls, but the possibility of laying under the floor ...
For example, the diagram shows 3 floors and two-pipe heating schemes:
- 1st floor - dead end,
- 2nd floor - passing;
- 3rd floor - beam.
System balancing
It is important to install balancing valves:
- on the return line of the second floor to adjust it relative to the first (the second floor, as a rule, requires less energy);
- on each shoulder of the dead-end scheme;
- on each branch of the beam (collector) scheme;
- on each radiator on the return line (on the supply - a thermal head with an automated boiler or a shut-off valve).
Also, all equipment is connected through ball valves (or balancing), for the possibility of dismantling.
Ventilation, drain, slopes
When creating heating in a two-story house, it is important to make the required pipe slopes.
An air vent is installed at the highest point of each riser (the riser is also an excellent air bubble separator).
Also, all radiators are supplied with air vents (Maevsky taps), which are installed horizontally or with a slight elevation to the Mayevsky tap (reverse slope is not allowed).
At the lowest point of the entire pipe system, on the return pipe near the boiler, drain tap and the possibility of discharging water into the sewer or a container in the basement ...
The slopes of all pipes are made to the riser and can be minimal.
The last radiator in the dead-end circuit is higher than the others. In the ring passing circuit, the highest point in the ring is chosen arbitrarily - a decrease (drain) to the riser.
Reverse slopes, U-shaped bypasses, for example, for a door, etc. are not allowed. If there are problems with providing one slope due to obstacles, room configurations, then, as a rule, a different scheme for connecting radiators is chosen.
Type of pipeline and radiators
It is known that the pressure in individual heating houses or apartments does not exceed 4 atm. (works safety valve at 3.5 atm.).
Liquid, mainly water, in the amount of 50-150 liters is poured into the heating system once, which minimizes the presence of abrasives and salts. As a rule, for a two-story private house the best choice for the price-quality are aluminum sectional radiators.
In the photo - connecting an aluminum radiator with a polypropylene pipeline with the installation of throttle valves in a dead-end wiring diagram.
Their characteristics are sufficient for long-term trouble-free operation in these conditions. But it is also possible to install and panel steel.
The so-called programs for calculating heat loss at home, calculators, cannot be more accurate than approximate calculations of heat loss over the area of \u200b\u200bthe house.
The fact is that the consumer cannot accurately set the data - how much energy is spent with ventilation (the main heat loss) and how much comes with sunlight through windows (a very significant inflow), etc. It cannot accurately indicate the characteristics of the layers in the structures. Therefore, all "heat calculators" are unsuitable for accurate objective calculations.
But special accuracy when selecting the power of radiators is not required. So for low-temperature heating (recommended), you need to take the number of sections with a large margin as a plus.
Pipes for heating
Many craftsmen recommend polypropylene pipes for heating, including for a two-story house. But assembly offices that value their reputation will not take on polypropylene. The reason is the inability to control the quality of the joints, as well as to make this joint according to the standard. What will be the section at the end of the pipe, how many influxes will be inside when the welding place will flow ... - all the will of the trembling hand of the installer ...
A pipeline made of metal-plastic, for example, is delivered with a guarantee. The pipes themselves are thinner, connections, configurations are even, aesthetic.
Is it worth it to take on metal-plastic, putting aside cheap polypropylene - customers decide, in accordance with the vision of the prospects and measuring the thickness of the bag of money.
Do-it-yourself installation
If you really don’t know how to “hold a hammer in your hands”, then you should not take on the creation of heating a two-story house with your own hands. Processes to be followed:
- set the level of the location of radiators, pipelines, find attachment points;
- drill many holes, incl. and large diameter pipes;
- unite threaded connections with lubricated linen tow,
- mark the position of fittings, cut pipes along the length, join (weld) pipelines
- carry out concrete and plaster work.
- design, draw a wiring diagram, calculate ...
A properly equipped heating system guarantees the comfort of any home. Particularly careful planning is required for the heating scheme of a two-story house, because it needs to raise the water in the pipes to an additional height.
A water (CO) residential building with two floors is understood as a complex of elements, including pipelines, a boiler, fittings, temperature control sensors and other components. If they are properly selected and installed, the operating costs of heating a home can be significantly reduced and at the same time enjoy a truly comfortable microclimate.
Water heating system of a 2-storey residential building
The modern heating system of a two-story house can be of different types:
- two- and one-pipe;
- with top and bottom wiring;
- with natural circulation and with forced;
- with horizontal and vertical risers;
- with a main option for moving the coolant and with a dead end.
Heating with the main option for moving the coolant
In each specific case, the owner of the cottage selects the most efficient CO, which maintains the desired temperature in the dwelling for a certain time, has a simple, functional and convenient control, and makes it possible to equip the "warm floor" system.
The optimal heating option is recognized when all the equipment that makes up the heating system of a two-story house operates in automatic mode.
Let's talk about which CO is best to put in a cottage with two floors.
The simplest is considered to be the SO called "Leningradka". It was very popular in Soviet times due to the fact that it made the owner of a country cottage completely independent of the central heating system. "Leningradka" is an economical single-pipe heating scheme that is easy to do with your own hands. Such a CO works with and with electric, with brick ovens, where peat briquettes, firewood, coal are loaded.
SO "Leningradka" for a private house
"Leningradka" makes it possible to halve the number of pipes needed to organize housing heating, compared with a two-pipe system. Its other advantages include:
- low labor intensity of installation (as it was said, everything can be done with your own hands) and its “budget”;
- the possibility of simple repair during operation;
- preservation elegant interior in the house (the fewer pipes, the more inconspicuous they are in the room);
- the possibility of installing the "warm floor" system (subject to certain conditions) and installation under doorways"main" pipe (supplying coolant for steam heating).
"Leningradka" can be "hidden" under the floor, it is easy to carry out above it, the installation of pipes for water heating can be done both vertically and horizontally. It would seem - better system can not found. Unfortunately, everything is not so rosy. Firstly, "Leningradka" is more suitable for one-story buildings. Heating a two-story house with its help is associated with a number of serious difficulties, which, however, if desired, can be solved with your own hands at a relatively low cost. Secondly, "Leningradka" with horizontal mounting does not allow to make a "warm floor".
Installation of pipes for water heating
The described single-pipe CO also requires the use of welding equipment and a mandatory check (very complicated and lengthy) of the tightness of the obtained welded joints, increasing the pressure inside the system. Many consider its main drawback to be that heat transfer from radiators standing in different rooms, is uneven. For these reasons, the two-pipe CO is many times better than Leningradka.
Such a heating scheme for a two-story house is devoid of most of the "cons" that a single-pipe design has. True, its installation requires more pipes and other materials. But organization quality heating a private building is undoubtedly more important.
The two-pipe system operates according to the following scheme: the coolant goes up along one line, and returns along the other. To perform such a scheme with your own hands, it is allowed to use any pipes and types of heating batteries. Radiators are connected in different ways. If the pipeline is “hidden” under the floor or both pipes of the line are located under the battery, the return line and the coolant itself are connected to the lower radiator pipes.
Radiator connection diagram
The heat transfer efficiency of the heating elements in this case may not be very high, since the upper section of the battery does not always warm up. It is not recommended to use such a scheme for connecting water heating pipes if cast iron radiators are installed. It is better in this situation to use more modern panel batteries.
The second way - the return is connected from below, and the coolant - from above (on one side). With this method of connection, two-pipe wiring functions much more efficiently. But it is not suitable for batteries with a large number (over 15) of sections - heat loss in the presence of 16 or more sections becomes critical.
2-pipe connections
The most popular are projects for heating a private dwelling on two floors, which use a cross (diagonal) method of connecting pipes with your own hands:
- on one side (top), a coolant is suitable for the radiator;
- the return is connected on the other side from below.
Two-pipe wiring in a private house allows you to overlap CO in one of its sections at any time. At the same time, the remaining rooms in the cottage continue to be heated in the same volume. It is desirable that the two-pipe system be made with forced rather than natural circulation (EC) of hot water. We will discuss the differences between the types of circulation further.
The difference between these two types of circulation lies in the way water moves through the CO. To implement a forced circuit, it is necessary to install special equipment, in particular a circulation pump, there is no such need for a natural one.
EC is characterized by a number of advantages:
- absence of noise and vibration during operation of the system;
- elementary installation and maintenance;
- long service life.
Installation of a natural circulation system
At the same time, CO with natural circulation are started rather slowly, the water in the pipes of such systems can freeze when sub-zero temperatures on the street. Another disadvantage is the need to install large pipes (they are more expensive and more difficult to install).
Now such systems are rarely used. Users prefer a more modern and efficient heating scheme. It is a forced circulation CO with the following important advantages:
- the possibility of building a wiring of any length in a private house;
- independence of the quality of heating from the indicators of the temperature of the coolant;
- simple adjustment of operating modes.
CO with forced circulation
Versions with forced circulation hot water goes through the pipes due to the operation of pumping equipment. The water is coming from the boiler in which it is heated, under the action of a special pump (it is called a circulation pump).
On each radiator with such a heating scheme, Mayevsky valves and taps are installed. The first ones make it possible to choose the heating temperature of a particular battery. Valves can be automatic or manual. And the Mayevsky crane allows you to remove unnecessary air from the system.
Experts advise to mount in two-storey cottages CO with double-circuit boiler and forced circulation. Then it will be very easy for you to make a “warm floor” in the house, install heated towel rails and always control the work of CO, setting for yourself the most comfortable temperature.
The growing popularity of such a heating scheme for private buildings is due to the convenience of its management and operation. A collector one- or two-pipe CO is characterized by an independent coolant supply to each radiator installed in the cottage. Due to this, you can, if necessary, completely turn off any battery or lower (increase) the temperature of the water in it. At the same time, in other rooms, the radiators will work in the same modes.
Collector independent supply
The collector system has the following scheme:
- on the risers of the first and second floors of a residential building, return and supply manifolds are installed;
- the return and supply pipelines are connected to the batteries on the floors (they are placed in the wall or “hidden” under the floor);
- collectors and radiators must be equipped with automatic air vents or Mayevsky taps.
Air vent to manifold
This layout is ideal for creating a "warm floor" system. In some cases (relative to small area cottage) collector steam heating is mounted without radiators. In fact, the "warm floor" replaces the pile of batteries. This reduces the cost of installing a home heating system.
Air heating in residential buildings is a prerequisite for comfort. It is important to know how the heating scheme of a two-story house with forced circulation of the coolant works already at the design stage. This will help save cash and supervise the construction team. Small builder skills will allow you to implement the heating system yourself.
Construction principles
Two-pipe heating system
Heating schemes in two-story houses are built on the basis of common structural elements.
The composition must contain:
- boiler-heat generator: electric, gas, solid or liquid fuel;
- heat exchangers-radiators;
- piping system from the boiler to the batteries;
- scheme of automation and protection;
- expansion tank;
- coolant;
- control equipment.
In modern gas and electric heaters, automation and an expansion tank are built into the design. For solid-state heaters, a protective harness is made.
Structural elements
Elements of the heating system
There are boilers on sale that can operate on two types of fuel - in this case, electric tubular heaters (heaters) are built into the circuits of a gas or wood heater.
Automatic heaters allow you to restart the heating after a shutdown without user intervention or in manual mode. Protection circuits promptly turn off the energy supply in case of emergency operation (heat carrier overheating, excess pressure in the system). These devices are required gas boilers. When disconnected, the valve closes and when the supply is restored, the gas will not enter the premises.
Pipelines are made of steel, copper, metal-plastic or polypropylene products. The latter option is preferable for the cost of money, saves installation time. For welding, inexpensive soldering irons are used, costing from 800 rubles. Fittings, adapters from plastic to metal thread are affordable.
The expansion tank is an essential element of the heating system. When heated, the water expands and the excess flows into the reserve tank.
If inner part the device communicates with air, the circuit is called open. If the expansion tank's rubber diaphragm is not connected to air, the circuits will be closed.
There are no high requirements for the strength of heat exchangers in a private house. The maximum pressure in the pipes does not exceed 2 - 3 Atm. Such pressure can withstand even clean aluminum radiators, which can collapse in centralized heating systems, where the pressure reaches 14 - 15 atm.
The choice of coolant
Antifreeze in the heating system protects inner surface radiators
Water or a special antifreeze is chosen as a coolant. The first option is less expensive. Filling pipes and radiators occurs through a tap from the water supply. Water as a heat carrier is justified in settlements with a constant supply of energy (gas, electricity). If interruptions are frequent and prolonged, they refuse water. In the event of a shutdown long term in cold weather it will freeze. Ice will destroy pipelines, radiators.
Do not pour water into the heating system of cottages, which are visited infrequently. In addition to stopping the supply of energy carriers, the boiler may stop heating water for other reasons. If the heating is not restarted in a timely manner, accidents are inevitable.
You can independently install the heating system not only in a one-story private house, but also in a two-story one with a planning area of up to 200 square meters. m. Self-assembly the heating system of a two-story private house will significantly save finances, but before carrying out work, it is important to familiarize yourself with some features of the arrangement of the heating network.
Heating system and its types
Gained great popularity water system heating, which is actively used not only in private houses, but also in apartments. The principle of such a system is that the coolant is water, which is transported from the boiler to the radiators. Radiators give off heat to the room, after which the chilled water is again supplied to the boiler for heating.
There are 5 types of heating schemes that can be used when installing the heating system of a two-story private house. These types include:
- Gravity or natural circulation
- Single pipe system
- Two-pipe
- Collector or beam
- Floor heating system
All types of heating methods can be combined with each other, which will allow you to build the most efficient scheme. To learn about the features of each species, you need to analyze them.
Gravity type scheme
The natural circulation heating system is one of the very first schemes that were used when installing a water heating network in private homes. Such a scheme can be applied to both one-story and two-story private houses. The principle of gravity type is implemented in the features of the wiring: the supply and return of the coolant is carried out through two lines horizontal type, which are combined with single-pipe vertical risers and radiators.
The scheme of the heating system with natural circulation for a two-story house functions as follows:
- When the water in the boiler is heated, its specific gravity. Heated water begins to be displaced from the heat exchanger by cold water.
- The vertical collector is the path where hot water enters. Getting into the vertical collector, the coolant is distributed along horizontal lines, which have a slope towards the radiators. The gravity heating method has a low coolant velocity, which does not exceed 0.1-0.2 m/s.
- From the risers, hot water is directed to radiators, where heat is released and cooled.
- The cooled water is returned to the boiler by gravity.
- When heated, the volume of water increases, so an expansion tank is used to compensate for its volume. In systems with natural circulation, the installation expansion tank carried out at the highest point of the heating circuit (often an attic is used for this).
An expansion tank installed in the attic requires insulation. If the water in the tank freezes, then when the heating is turned on, the increased volume of water will have nowhere to go, which can lead to a rupture of the heating pipe.
The disadvantage of such a heating system is the low rate of coolant supply to the radiators, so the heating of the premises is slow. Very often, such options are upgraded by installing circulation pumps. The main advantage of a gravity heating system is the ability to heat a room even in the absence of electricity.
Heating in a two-story house with a gravity system makes sense only when there are frequent power outages in a residential area. Although such a scheme has a significant advantage, it is extremely rarely used in modern buildings.
Single pipe type of heating
The scheme with a single-pipe heating system of a two-story house is able to function normally only with the use of circulation pumps.
The connection diagram for heating elements for a single-pipe type is as follows:
- One highway runs along the perimeter of the house.
- All radiators are connected to this line.
- Such a highway simultaneously plays the role of both supply and return.
Schematically, the wiring of pipelines of a single-pipe type of heating is as follows:
Such systems are also called "Leningrad", since their installation was first used in the former city of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). The main advantage of this option is significant savings in the installation of pipelines. Despite the simplicity of the design, the installation of such a circuit has some difficulties:
- Only with the correct calculation of the circuit will water be supplied to each radiator in the same amount.
- After passing through the radiator, the coolant will return to the collector, reducing the flow temperature by several degrees.
- Chilled water a few degrees goes to the next radiator. The principle of heat transfer is repeated. The more radiators connected to the system, the faster water cool down.
- After passing the last radiator, which is located on the lower floor, the coolant returns back to the boiler.
One of the main conditions for the functioning of a single-pipe heating system is the choice correct diameter pipes depending on the number of radiators. The diameter of the main line should be enough to ensure that the coolant is supplied to all radiators. Typically, pipes with a diameter of 25 to 32 mm are used for this.
Heating using a two-pipe scheme
The scheme of a two-pipe heating system for a two-story house is very simple. Its principle is to use two highways: supply and return. Through the supply line, the coolant flows from the boiler to the radiators, and chilled water enters the return line, which is returned to
boiler. Initially, both lines are mounted, after which radiators are connected to them in any quantity.
The two-pipe version is the most efficient, since each radiator will receive a coolant with the same temperature.
Such a heating system is divided into two types:
- Dead end. The principle of a dead-end system is that the supply and return lines end at the last radiator. In this case, the direction of movement of the coolant changes, as it begins to flow back to the boiler. The diagram above shows a diagram of a dead-end type of heating.
- Passing. The supply line ends at the last radiator, and the return line starts from the first battery. With a passing heating scheme, the direction of water movement does not change.
Both heating systems of a two-story house operate using forced circulation. Polypropylene pipes can be used as a material for mounting highways.
Heating in a private house can be built from polypropylene pipes, except for the gravity type system. The use of polypropylene simplifies the installation process, and also reduces its cost.
Collector type of coolant distribution
The collector system for distributing the coolant is also called ray, as it has the form of rays and is a type of two-pipe wiring. This is a modernized circuit that meets the requirements of efficiency, economy, as well as individual design. Features of the heating method are due to the following factors:
- From the boiler, the coolant is not supplied to the main, but to the main distribution unit, which is called the collector.
- Each radiator is a separate beam, to which a supply pipe and a return pipe are connected.
- Supply pipes and return pipes are usually hidden in the walls, behind flooring or for stretch ceiling. To reduce heat loss, supply pipes are recommended to be insulated.
- Collectors are also called rotameters, through which manual adjustment of the coolant supply is performed. Rotameters can be equipped with servo drives connected to a temperature controller, which will allow automatic control of the coolant.
System installation floor heating mounted directly in the process of repair or construction works. For mounting floor system use two options:
- Hiding coils from pipes in a cement screed.
- Laying pipes in heat-distributing metal plates. The floor screed is not performed.
The ends of the floor-type pipes are connected to the collector. The coolant is supplied to the circuit with maximum temperature heating 50 degrees. This is made possible by mounting RTL thermal heads on the manifold.
Underfloor heating is very popular, since when using such a heating system, the entire room is evenly heated. As practice shows, when installing such a system, it is not necessary to additionally install radiators in the room.
Advantages and disadvantages of each system
Knowing the types of heating systems that can be used to heat a two-story house, attention should be paid to considering their advantages and disadvantages.
Natural circulation system
This system has the following advantages:
- The ability to use heating even when there is no electricity.
- No need to install a circulation pump that consumes electricity.
The disadvantages of this scheme include:
- Low flow rate of the coolant, which slows down the heating of the premises;
- The need to calculate slopes when installing such a scheme;
- Corruption appearance premises, since the pipes are mounted at a slope;
- The impossibility of using polypropylene pipes;
- The impossibility of installing a warm floor, as this will require the installation of a circulation pump;
- Increased fuel costs for slow heating of the room;
- The high cost of work, since the help of a welder will be needed to install steel pipes;
- The high cost of steel pipelines. Steel pipes more expensive than polypropylene.
Despite the fact that many experts appreciate such a system, its installation in private homes, where uninterrupted power supply is provided, is irrelevant.
Single pipe option
The advantages of a one-pipe scheme include:
- Low cost of materials, since polypropylene pipes can be used for its construction.
- low cost installation work. Installing one line will cost much less than arranging two pipes.
- It is much easier to hide one branch into the wall than two.
Of the shortcomings, it should be noted:
- The high cost of materials if fittings are used to build the structure. It will take a lot of fittings, the price of which will exceed the cost of building a two-pipe system.
- The need to increase the number of sections so that the coolant reaches the far rooms.
- The need to calculate the cooling of water.
- Difficulties in the construction of a looped highway, since doorways, etc., interfere with its implementation.
- The negative influence of heating devices on each other, which greatly complicates the process of automatic control.
Two-pipe scheme
The two-pipe scheme is characterized by the following advantages:
- Reliability.
- Stability.
- Ability to automatically control the temperature in the house.
- Possibility of complex functioning with a heat-insulated floor.
However, such a system also has disadvantages:
- The need for deep balancing when extending branches with a large number of radiators.
- The need to bend pipelines to bypass doorways.
- The cost of building such a scheme will be more expensive than for a single-pipe system.
Collector system
The main disadvantage of this type of system is the high cost of its construction. However, this high cost is justified by the operation of the device. In addition, another disadvantage is the difficulty of building a system in inhabited houses, since this will require major repairs.
The rest of the system has some advantages, which is why it is very popular. It can be built both with individual heating radiators, and in combination with underfloor heating.
Floor type of heating
The advantages of this type of heating include:
- Saving energy.
- Uniform space heating.
- Hiddenness of the system.
It is also important to note the negative aspects of this system, which include:
- The high cost of this type of structure, especially when you consider the need to heat a two-story house.
- The speed of cooling of the coolant in the absence of its heating.
- The need for dismantling concrete screed when a water leak occurs.
Choosing the Right Option
When all the advantages and disadvantages of each type of heating system for a two-story house are known, an appropriate conclusion can be drawn.
- If there are frequent power outages, then best option- This is a gravity heating option. If possible, you can build a fireplace that would maintain the temperature in the house. You can also combine heating with circulation pump and a fireplace that would be used in the absence of electricity.
- If you find it difficult to accept correct solution, then the best option is a two-pipe dead-end system. This option is easily adapted to various conditions and equipment.
- If you do not want to spoil the interior of the premises, then the best option is a building collector system heating.
- To ensure maximum comfort in the house, you can give preference to the construction of underfloor heating or a complex option: underfloor heating and radiators.
When choosing suitable system heating it is important to pay attention to the heat source. After all, not all systems are able to work with gas wall-mounted boilers such as natural circulation. In order to save money, many install several heat sources in private homes. At night, an electric boiler is turned on, which operates at a reduced electricity rate, and during the day a solid fuel or gas boiler is used, depending on the availability of a gas main.
