The use of asbestos-cement sheets in construction. Asbestos-cement sheet: advantages and disadvantages, scope. Composition and types of asbestos-cement sheets

General construction Finishing work: A practical guide for the builder Kostenko E. M.

14. Facing with asbestos-cement tiles and sheets

Asbestos cement tiles and sheets gray color, except for those used as roofing material, are not always pleasing to the eye and sometimes give the impression of a temporary finish. As an external cladding, they are mainly used to protect walls in areas where strong winds and frequent rains moisten the walls, as a result of which they lose their thermal insulation properties. These sheets increase the frost resistance of structures in winter, and in summer - resistance to high temperatures and sunlight. Their thermal insulation capacity is further enhanced by the air cavity between inside cladding and the surface of the lined wall.

Asbestos-cement sheets and tiles are made from a mixture of asbestos and cement, sometimes mixed with fused basalt fibers. They have a smooth surface, are weather resistant and can be cut with a saw. Square sheets can be of the following sizes: 300 × 300 and 400 × 400 mm and up to 4 mm thick, respectively. For cladding, large even slabs with dimensions of 1200x2500, 1200x1250 and 1200x1220 mm and a thickness of 4-10 mm are also used.

Sheets with a wavy surface are produced with a width of 930 mm and a length of 620, 900, 1250, 1600 and 2500 mm. The most commonly used sheets are 1250 and 2500 mm long, 6 mm thick, and 57 mm high. Facing corrugated sheets for finishing large surfaces have dimensions of 2500x1500 mm, a thickness of 4 mm, a wave height of 21 mm and a wave width of 75 mm.

Facing with asbestos-cement tiles. Asbestos tiles small sizes are used primarily for facing the gables of buildings, especially those exposed to atmospheric influences. In appearance, they resemble a roof rather than a cladding. They are produced in light gray, red and less often green colors. Asbestos-cement slabs of a small format are nailed to a frame of 30 × 50 mm bars; their distance from one another is due to the size of the plates (Fig. 138). Facing is simple, double and diagonal. best foundation is a frame made of dry boards 80-160 mm wide and 20-26 mm thick. In some cases, roofing felt, roofing felt are nailed to the frame, which increase the moisture resistance of the cladding.

Profiled sheets, in turn, are produced in wavy, ordinary (VO) or reinforced (VU) profiles. VO sheets have dimensions of 1200 × 686 × 5.5 mm, and VU - 2800 × 1000 × 8 mm.

They also produce corrugated sheets of a unified profile (UV) with an increased height of waves with dimensions of 1750–2500 × 1125 × 6 and 7.5 mm.

Each square tile is nailed to the base with two nails, and the butt and edge plates with three. Holes and cuts in tiles are made with a hammer with a sharp tip or drilled with a drill through metal. Can also be drilled along the intended contour big hole a row of small ones, and then cut a hole with a sharp chisel. To prevent the wind from tearing the tiles off the wall, they have a hole or slot for connection with special fasteners. Such tiles are nailed with galvanized nails, and the nails should not be driven deep into the tile until it stops. It is necessary to leave a gap for volumetric changes in the plates and wooden structure bases caused by fluctuations in temperature and humidity. If the plates are firmly nailed to wooden base, they may subsequently crack.

Tiling works are carried out from the bottom up. The nails with which the tiles are nailed must be covered with the following tiles. If the tiles are laid on the frame, then, first of all, the extreme tiles-overlays are nailed, and in such a way that the seams between them are closed by the upper tiles. The seams of the top layer of tiles should be located in the middle of the bottom tiles. The first row of tiles should be slightly raised, so a 10 mm thick rail is placed under it.

If the cladding is simple, then after a series of edge plates, butt plates are laid, which are nailed one near the other so that with their longitudinal side they overlap the lower edge plates by 70 mm. Then, along the stretched cord, rows of facing tiles are successively nailed one after the other. In tiles that have a hole at the top of the bottom corner, a pin or rivet is inserted with the rod up between two butt plates nailed one next to the other. Then the tile is put on with a hole on the rivet rod and installed in correct position so that the edges of the bevelled corners coincide with the corners of the butt plates. After that, the edges are nailed with two nails threaded through specially prepared holes, and the protruding part of the rivet is bent down. Tiles should be laid in such a way that the tops of the corners of the top row extend beyond the edge of the tile by at least 10 mm; then the water from the top row will drain to the middle of the underlying tile.

If there is a cutout in the tile, then a special pin is inserted into it, and in such a way that its bend covers the tile. Then the tile is installed on the frame or on the crate and nailed on the right side. The bottom top of the tile will rest against the stop bar of the stud inserted into the bottom tile. After pressing the lower left side, the tile will adhere to the stud bar itself. The bar must be bent over the edge of the tile, lightly hitting with a hammer. Only after that the tile is nailed with another nail on the left side. The upper part of the cladding ends with butt plates turned down. The end of the cladding may be different. If the upper side of the butt plates is horizontal, then the row ends with a covering horizontal bar, which is nailed or screwed to the base batten or to the formwork.

Facing with asbestos-cement large-sized sheets.

The advantage of large-sized sheets is the ease of installation by the "dry" method, relatively low cost and durability. It is advisable to use such sheets for the exterior cladding of individual residential buildings (Fig. 139).

Slabs that have been stored for a long time are stronger, and therefore it will not be easy to cut them into pieces. It is easier to cut into pieces plates freshly made at the factory. If their thickness does not exceed 7 mm, it is possible to apply risks on both sides of the sheet with a sharp metal cutter or the angle of a sharpened chisel, if possible exactly one opposite the other, and then break the plate at this point on the sharp edge of a wooden block or table (Fig. 140). If you need to break off a narrow strip, then first you need to gradually break off large pieces of material to a mark, from which then pieces with an even edge will break off. In this case, you need to move from the edge of the sheet to the center.

The uneven edges of the cut edge are cleaned with a file or rasp. Sheets with a thickness of more than 7 mm are recommended to be cut using an electric circular saw With fine teeth or carborundum disk. Cut hand saw tiring, and the cut is uneven.

Holes are drilled twist drill for steel. Sawdust and debris accumulating around the drill should be removed immediately, otherwise the plate may crack. Holes for threaded connection drilled 1 mm larger diameter bolt shaft, i.e., taking into account the volumetric expansion of the metal. For countersunk screws, a conical recess is made in the surface of the plate with a large-diameter drill. If you need to make a hole of large diameter in the slab, drill around the perimeter of the circle required amount small holes at a distance of about 5 mm from one another, then the middle is removed, and the irregularities are cleaned with a file or rasp. Asbestos-cement boards can be fastened, for example, to evenly plastered and non-plastered walls using dowels on the sides and in the corners of the board. Holes are drilled at a distance of about 50 mm from the edge. If the plate has a width at the top, an additional hole is drilled.

Holes at the top edge of the plate are made at a distance of 400–600 mm. Mounting the plate in the middle of its surface is unaesthetic. At the bottom of the floor, the gap is closed with a plinth, at the top - with a figured flashing, and the vertical seams between the individual plates are covered with rectangular flashings. If the base is uneven or it is necessary to cover the surface to be lined with thermal insulation, the plates are mounted on wooden frame. If the wall masonry is wet, it is necessary to impregnate the frame bars with antiseptics and place strips of rolled waterproofing under them (Fig. 141).

To fasten the plates to the rails, screws with a countersunk or semi-countersunk head are used. The plates are fixed with screws at a distance of 20–25 mm from the edge of the plate. The distance between the screws should be approximately 600 mm.

Slabs for wall cladding located near heating equipment that heats up to high temperatures must have a thickness of at least 8 mm, and they should not be installed on wooden blocks, but on linings made of pieces of asbestos-cement slab or on porcelain mugs, and in such a way that an air gap remains between the non-front side of the slab and the base.

When using boards for interior cladding applied to ordinary gray asbestos-cement slabs decorative trim. You can also use ready-made decorative facing tiles with colored face. These plates are produced in dimensions of 320 × 200 cm and a thickness of 5.5 mm. Tiles are attached to a wooden or metal frame attached to pre-drilled wooden plugs, or with dowels. The seams are closed with simple flashings (Fig. 142).

Cladding with corrugated boards. Corrugated slabs are used for facing temporary structures and for various building utility rooms. Usually they are attached to more massive bars with large galvanized screws with a seal (Fig. 143).

Cladding with plasterboard sheets. Gypsum plasterboards are most often used when modernizing interiors in old houses, where the plastered surface is uneven, has many cracks and lagging places. Instead of chipping off the old plaster and applying a new one, it is easier, and sometimes more expedient, to use large sheets, the surface of which is pasted over with wallpaper. best material for linings of this type are drywall sheets.

Plasterboard sheets of large sizes with fibrous fillers of organic and inorganic origin with a thickness of 8-12 mm are attached to the base of the rails with screws or mounted on mortar cakes (Fig. 144).

These sheets are suitable not only for facing main walls, but also for partitions. They are fastened in a dry way to a frame made of thin steel profiles or to a frame made of wooden blocks. Soundproof drywall partitions have excellent soundproofing and fire resistance. The mass of 1 m 2 of such a partition is approximately 1/5 less than a brick one.

Plasterboard sheets are also suitable for ceiling cladding. Brackets are driven into the ceiling structure, to which adjustable suspension brackets are then hung, allowing them to be trimmed to a horizontal position.

Plasterboard sheets are also fastened to a metal frame made of thin-sheet galvanized steel using self-drilling, self-tapping screws.

A sharp knife is required to cut drywall sheets. The sheet must be placed on a flat and smooth surface, such as a table. On the front side, the upper part (cardboard) is cut with a knife, and the gypsum core is broken, placing the cut on the sharp edge of the table. Then the plate is turned over, and the cardboard is cut on the non-front side (Fig. 145).

Cladding with large-sized sheets and plates of colored glass. The procedure for tiling with glass tiles is described in the respective chapter. Compared with ceramic tiles, the decorative qualities of glass tiles are lower. If the glass is not threatened with mechanical damage and cracks due to thermal volumetric expansion, such a cladding is durable. When using large-sized sheets and plates, the complexity of facing works is reduced. Large sheets of colored glass, which are usually mounted on metal frame attached to the wall, used for interior and exterior finish. When attaching sheets to the frame, putties, elastic polymer-based mastics or special springs are used as a gasket.

Facing with heat-insulating materials. Sufficiently reliable thermal insulation that prevents heat loss is currently becoming one of the main requirements for the design of buildings. Due to poor thermal insulation, up to 40% of the heat generated by heating devices is lost.

In individual houses, the causes of heat loss, in most cases, can be: cold walls in the above-ground floors, cold and damp walls in the basements, and possibly on the first floor, insufficient thermal insulation of the installation sites of window sills, the ceiling of the last floor or basement, the floor of the first floor, under which there is no basement, etc.

You can gradually insulate living quarters. First of all, it is enough to increase the thermal insulation of the ceilings of the last floor and the outer walls facing north, then windows and balcony doors. If radiators are installed in recessed niches without thermal insulation, this omission must be corrected.

The thermal performance of a residential building as a whole or a separate apartment depends on the location of the building and orientation relative to the prevailing direction of snow and wind, as well as on the thickness and material of the walls, the dimensions and design of windows and doors, and, finally, on the quality of workmanship construction works. The low thermal conductivity of the vast majority of thermal insulation materials is due to the presence of air enclosed in small voids. thermal insulation material. In fibrous materials, such voids are formed by crossing fibers.

The heat-insulating layer should, as a rule, be located on the outside of the wall structure (Fig. 146). If this is not possible and the thermal insulation is located on the inner surface of the wall, a vapor barrier must be installed in front of it.

If it is necessary to remove moisture from a structure with a vapor barrier on the outside, it is best to proceed as follows. Simultaneously with the installation of the vapor barrier on the outer side, a vapor barrier is provided on the inner side; in addition, a ventilated air gap is also left in front of the outer vapor barrier.

If you decide to arrange additional thermal insulation of the enclosing structures from the inside, perform the work in the following sequence: remove the plinth; if the plaster has electrical sockets or switches, please note that they will be located higher by the thickness of the thermal insulation layer; thermal insulation can be glued to the base or individual boards can be attached to the battens and covered with plaster or treated in some other way. Thermal insulation can also be laid between the slats, to which wooden cladding, plasterboard sheets, etc. will then be attached (Fig. 147). The distance between the rails must correspond to the width of the thermal insulation boards.

A large amount of heat escapes through the flat roof, as well as through the attic. The lack of thermal insulation of the roof can be easily identified by the snow that has fallen: it melts quickly. On a roof with good thermal insulation, snow lies for a long time, because it does not receive heat from the inside. If above the last floor there is attic floor, which will not be equipped for housing, it is necessary to put mats from mineral wool 50-100 mm thick or heat-insulating plates made of various materials (Fig. 148).

Additional thermal insulation of a horizontal surface is not as difficult as the insulation of inclined surfaces under the roof, which is necessary in cases where the attic room is equipped for habitation. Heat-insulating plates or mats in the attic are most often placed between the rafters (Fig. 149). Two dangers threaten such thermal insulation: moisture coming from the inside, and water flowing through the roof from above. For processing internal surfaces it is also advisable to use plasterboard sheets nailed to the rafters, wood, particle boards.

Used for thermal insulation various materials, which are fixed in a way depending on the nature of the base, specific features structure and premises. When driving nails into soft and semi-hard boards, backing pads must be used, because otherwise the nail head may pierce the board and break the fastening.

Expanded polystyrene is a synthetic material, 6–8 times lighter than cork wood, characterized by good heat and sound insulation properties. Able to withstand temperatures up to +70 °C. It is used primarily as a heat-insulating material. Produced in the form of plates or blocks. Expanded polystyrene is easily cut with any saw. It can also be cut with a sharp knife or a metal string through which electricity heating metal up to +150 °C. For gluing polystyrene foam, polyvinyl acetate emulsion and other adhesives are used.

If you need to stick Styrofoam on a wall with lime whitewash or adhesive paint, then the latter must be completely removed. It is not recommended to reinforce whitewashing or painting with diluted wallpaper glue, because as a result of internal stresses, the connection of the material with the base is broken and the glued polystyrene foam is separated from the wall.

Surface finishing should not be based on materials containing organic solvents as they destroy the styrofoam. The surface of expanded polystyrene can be covered with latex, tempera or adhesive paint, or rubbed with liquid gypsum.

Building fiberboard plates with dimensions of 2000 × 500 mm and a thickness of 25, 35, 50, 75 mm have a coarse-fiber structure, due to which, after strengthening the surface with a metal mesh, they can be plastered. These plates are used for thermal insulation of walls and ceilings, flat roofs, as well as for the installation of light partitions. In terms of fire safety, they are considered flammable. The density of the plates depends on their thickness. The greater the thickness, the lower the density: 25 mm thick boards have a density of 460 kg/m2, and 75 mm thick boards have a density of 375 kg/m2.

Mineral wool boards are mineral fibers bonded with formaldehyde resin. They are the most common, most effective and at the same time one of the cheapest thermal insulation materials. They are produced in the form of plates with a density of 80-100 kg/m 2 or in the form of strips with a density of 60-80 kg/m 2 . Due to the low density, the strips are compressible. Mats made from mineral felt are sewn on corrugated or smooth cardboard (paper), and they can also be inserted between two sheets of smooth paper. They are suitable for insulating steam and water pipelines and water heating pipelines, floor insulation (against footstep noise). If such mats are to be used at temperatures above +80 °C, a protective layer of gypsum, cement, aluminum or zinc must be applied to their surface. sheet metal etc.

Heat and sound insulating plaster mixtures. To improve heat and sound insulation properties and at the same time to increase fire resistance, mineral fiber (glass or asbestos) is added to the mortar mixture, as well as light aggregates - expanded perlite, pumice. Expanded perlite grains are not very stable, therefore, it is necessary that the mixture in the mortar mixer be stirred for no more than 2-3 minutes.

The advantage of plaster mixtures on expanded perlite is also a reduction in the consumption of necessary building materials. Compared to traditional materials, 10 mm perlite plaster has approximately the same thermal insulation capacity as 40 mm concrete with chips and pumice, 50 mm brick or 150 mm masonry.

Window insulation. Insufficient thermal insulation manifests itself in the form of heat leaks, which increase the operating costs of heating and reduce the comfort of the home. The method of performing thermal insulation depends on the size of the glazed surface, as well as on the design of the frames, which are single or double (sometimes there are also triple frames that have the best thermal insulation properties). An important factor is the density of adjoining the window frame to the walls and window glass to the frame.

At low outside temperatures warm air from inside the room tends to the outside, and penetrates inside cold air. The intensity of such natural ventilation increases with the increase in the difference between the internal and external temperatures and depends on the direction of the wind. Heat loss caused by leaky windows can reach 80% of total heat loss.

Single glazing is not always sufficient. With double glazing, the optimum distance between the panes is approximately 40 mm. However, if this value is reduced by 10 mm or increased by 10 mm, the difference will be negligible.

If you need to further strengthen the thermal insulation of a window with a single frame, you can replace the second glass with a double-glazed window or supplement the single sash with a second single sash. Double-glazed windows have a total thickness of 20 mm or more, while a quarter of the window frame has a width of 16-18 mm, so fixing the double-glazed window presents certain difficulties. They are made standard, their cost is quite high. A more affordable solution is to add another sash, which can be made of bars with a thickness of about 35 mm. Window hinges are attached to the old sash so that the newly added sash can be easily opened. Such an additional sash in windows opening inwards is located on the outside, however, it is necessary to arrange a tin gutter on top to prevent water from flowing into the window. In windows that open outward, an additional sash is placed on the inside. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the gap is tight and warm and moist does not penetrate into the space between the wings. room air, otherwise the window will fog up and ice up.

Sun protection devices in the apartment. In the summer months, fabrics - curtains and curtains - most often serve as a means of protection from overheating and too bright sunlight. On double-glazed windows, blinds (metal, plastic, or paper-filled laminate) can replace the blinds between the panes. Such blinds are produced by the industry and are commercially available.

Curtains are placed on the inside. During the day, it is enough to hang windows with rare mesh curtains, which simultaneously perform decorative functions. They are hung on metal or wooden rods or in closed cases on metal threads, preferably with a large number of folds. When bright sunshine, as well as in evening and night lighting, the windows are closed with thicker and more opaque curtain fabrics.

Wooden blinds are made from narrow oak, spruce or pine slats connected to each other by wire connecting links. They are used for shading. Blinds are relatively expensive. natural ventilation is provided by raising the lower edge of the blinds, as well as using the holes provided in the blinds rails. author

From book Proper repair Floor to Ceiling: A Handbook author Onishchenko Vladimir

author Kazakov Yury Nikolaevich

Timber cladding Boards for cladding must be at least 14 mm thick and not more than 240 mm wide. It is recommended to use boards with section sizes of 14x140, 16x190 and 18x240 mm. Timber cladding should not let water through at the joints of the boards. Connections

From the book Universal Handbook foreman. Modern construction in Russia from A to Z author Kazakov Yury Nikolaevich

Plywood Cladding Exterior wall cladding shall be made of water-resistant hardwood or softwood plywood of various species meeting the relevant standards or standards. specifications manufacturer. Sheets of plywood in outer cladding,

author Kostenko E. M.

1. Facing of internal surfaces with glazed ceramic tiles Among modern facing materials ceramic tiles are the most common due to their qualities, which compare favorably with other facing materials. They

From the book General Construction Finishing Work: A Practical Guide for the Builder author Kostenko E. M.

2. Facing the exterior surfaces of the house with facade ceramic tiles Facade ceramic facing tiles are made from clay by firing. These tiles are unglazed and glazed. The non-facial surface of the tiles has longitudinal corrugations with

From the book General Construction Finishing Work: A Practical Guide for the Builder author Kostenko E. M.

4. Facing with glass tiles Facing glass tiles are used for interior cladding. Their front side is smooth, and the non-facial side is corrugated for better adhesion to the mortar.

From the book General Construction Finishing Work: A Practical Guide for the Builder author Kostenko E. M.

5. Facing with tiles and sheets made of polymeric materials Facing with tiles made of polymeric materials is cheaper than ceramic facings. Its implementation does not present any particular difficulties, and the tiles themselves are light in weight, resilient, do not break from a light blow, as

From the book General Construction Finishing Work: A Practical Guide for the Builder author Kostenko E. M.

15. Cladding with acoustic tiles As the level of environmental noise increases, the requirements for soundproofing rooms also increase. The acoustic characteristics of a room or a building as a whole depend on the location of the rooms in the buildings. In some cases, it is enough

For the most part, and this is more than 51%, individual houses, summer cottages and garages are covered with slate sheets. In the agricultural building, the use of this material reaches 80%. Such popularity was achieved due to the acceptable cost of asbestos-cement roofing, performance and easy installation. Of course, many consumers will say about the harmfulness of slate, what damage it does to human health. However, not everyone can specifically justify the negativity of the material. The article will discuss in detail everything related to asbestos-cement roofing.

Are asbestos-cement sheets so destructive?

The classic recipe includes the following components: Portland cement, water and asbestos. So, speaking of danger, the last element is implied.

Asbestos-cement roof photo

Basically, asbestos is found in two types, differing in mineral groups:

chrysotiles, the microscopic form of which is the thinnest tubes. The mineral is resistant to caustic chemical compounds (alkalis), but unstable to acids. The half-life of fibers occurs in a couple of weeks, then it is excreted from the human body. A dose hazardous to health does not accumulate even at enterprises engaged in the production of asbestos-cement sheets, should we talk about harmfulness roofing on open air?
Amphiboles with brittle needle-like fibers. This group of heavy metal minerals is endowed with high resistance to neutral and acidic environments, but is soluble in alkali. Inhalation of particles produces a carcinogenic effect. The half-life is 1.5 years.

So where did the prejudice about the harmfulness of asbestos-cement roofing come from, and the fact is that chrysotile asbestos is practically not found in Europe, and production was built on amphibole. Accordingly, when scientists revealed the harm caused by amphibole asbestos, all asbestos-containing building materials were banned. In addition, there is another significant factor - banal competition, because Russia occupies more than 50% of the world market for the production and supply of this product.

Despite the fact that asbestos-cement sheets are harmless to health, safety precautions should not be neglected when working with them. So, when drilling or sawing material, goggles and a respirator are used.

Types of roofing from asbestos-cement sheets

This artificial material It is produced mainly by casting the mixture with further hardening. Asbestos fibers perform a reinforcing role, increasing the strength of the finished product. In this way, flat and wavy sheets are formed.

Roofs from asbestos-cement corrugated sheets used in the arrangement of industrial, residential and agricultural buildings. They have the following modification:

IN(wave ordinary) is made in the correct rectangular shape with 7 or 8 waves. Standard sizes according to GOST are 1 750x1 130x5.8 mm, pitch - 150 mm, wave height - 40 mm, average weight- 26 kg. Sheet 1 200x680x5.5 mm weighing 8.5 kg is especially popular among consumers.
WU(wave reinforced) used for roofing industrial buildings. Distinctive features are the dimensions of the sheet - the length can be 2,300-2,800 mm, width - 994 mm, thickness - 8 mm, pitch - 167 mm, wave height - 50 mm and weight 36-44 kg.

HC(unified wave) has, as a rule, a 6-wave profile. Product width 1125 mm, length - 1750-2500 mm, thickness 6-7.5 mm. The characteristics determine the purpose of the sheets, for example, for residential and public buildings, UV-6-1 750 is used, for industrial buildings - UV-7.5-2 000.

Application area flat sheets pretty wide. They are used for device internal partitions, as a cladding of buildings (internal and external), as well as for roofing.

Release of sheets is carried out in the pressed and not pressed form. Press molding implies a greater weight of the product, higher strength properties. So, for example, the flexural strength is 23 MPa, against 18 MPa for non-pressed products. The last sheets are used mainly for interior work.

In addition to sheets, manufacturers offer elements designed to cover valleys, ridges and for intersections of vertical parts with a roof, such as pipes, parapets, exhaust systems.

Advantages and disadvantages

The wide distribution of asbestos-cement sheets is due to many positive qualities:

the price of an asbestos-cement roof for many consumers is a fundamental factor when choosing a material for a roof;
long service life of 50 years or more;
the strength of slate, since a dry sheet is able to withstand the weight of a person;
does not heat up and does not fade under the influence of direct sunlight;

fire resistance is the main advantage of the material, besides it has good electrical insulating properties;
not afraid of corrosion;
it has high soundproofing properties, so the sound from rain or hail is minimal;
amenable to repair or replacement of individual damaged sheets;
it is not worth mentioning a low decorative look; today a wide range of slate is produced.

However, like any building material, slate has its drawbacks:

the presence of asbestos in the composition, although not fatal, still affects human health;
treatment with primers or similar solutions is necessary; in the absence of protection, moss appears on the sheets;
low impact resistance requires careful handling during transportation, storage, installation;
does not allow to equip roofs of complex shapes, for example, domed ones.

How and how to cut slate sheets

At the stages of construction, it becomes necessary to cut the material to a certain size. Work can be carried out with various tools and methods.

An even cut will be obtained when using a grinder and a cutting disc for diamond-coated stone. With this method, a large accumulation of dust and small particles is formed, so the use of personal protective equipment is mandatory.

A hacksaw for wood, but you need to keep in mind that you will have to change the files often. In addition, for large volumes, this tool is not advisable to use. To facilitate the work, the cut line should be moistened with plenty of water and left for a while.
You can perforate along the intended line with a nail or sharp chisel, and then break. The only drawback is the rough edge of the material.
On both sides of the wave, a grinder or a hacksaw is filed, after which the sheet is broken.

Key points

The slope of the roof should be in the range of 25°-45°. It should be remembered that the steeper the slope, the higher its water resistance, since snow and melt water do not accumulate on the roof surface. However, the device will need more material.
In addition to sheets, you will need additional elements: outer and inner corners (trays), ridge part. They will close all corner joints, thereby providing protection from moisture.
As fasteners, nails with a large hat or dowel-nails are used, equipped with a washer and a rubber gasket that prevents the penetration of moisture at the fixation points. Special wire nails for asbestos-cement roofing are also popular.

To prevent splitting of the slate, it is necessary to pre-drill holes, the diameter of which should slightly exceed the diameter of the nail.
The length of the hardware is calculated as follows: wave height + thickness of the board or crate bar.
Fasteners should not be driven in close to the roofing material, but it is not recommended to leave a large gap. It is necessary to choose the golden mean, where the nail head will only come into contact with asbestos-cement sheets.
All cut edges are treated with acrylic paint.

Slate protection

I would like to note right away that painting the sheets is necessary not so much to improve the aesthetic perception as to increase the service life of this roofing material.

Like any painting, work begins with a primer on the surface. When selecting a mixture, attention is paid to its alkali resistance. Also on the packaging it is indicated for which materials the product is intended, in this case there should be an item - “for slate”.
If the choice is limited, then you can take a deep penetration acrylate primer. Perfectly serve as a base and paint purchased for painting the roof. Only it needs to be diluted approximately 1:10.
After the primer layer has dried, you can proceed to the painting itself. Paintwork material can be both foreign and domestic production. In principle, there are no special differences in properties, but there is a significant difference in cost.

Suitable for these purposes acrylic paint, the seller should clarify whether it is intended for slate. You can also use special rubber paint. Its main differences are heat resistance, high resistance to any weather conditions. When applied, it forms an elastic film that provides protection to the roofing material.
The coating is carried out in two stages: the first layer, made on a clean surface, is easily absorbed, in connection with this, the roof seems to be non-uniformly colored. The second application is called finishing. It should be carried out more carefully and carefully.
For work, a brush, roller or spray gun is used. The latter tool will undoubtedly increase performance, but at the same time increase paint consumption.
Coloring is done in clear warm weather. Do not work on damp or hot (hot) sunbeams) surfaces. In these cases, the paint will soon begin to peel off.
Improvement appearance old slate is carried out in the same way, only before this the material is cleaned of moss, dust and other foreign particles. Used for cleaning metal brush However, this process is quite laborious and will take a fairly large amount of time. Here you can use an electric drill with an appropriate nozzle. Another effective tool is a washing machine, which almost any car owner has.
If necessary, local repairs or complete replacement of some sheets are carried out.

If the roofing material does not have significant defects, but the smallest cracks are present, then they can be repaired with the following mixture:
- cement is diluted with water to the state of liquid sour cream, with the addition of 1 cup of PVA glue per bucket of the mixture.
- Asbestos-cement sheets are covered with the resulting solution. Then you can paint to give a decorative look.

Roofing from asbestos-cement sheets

The weight of asbestos-cement sheets determines the presence of a solid roofing device using an increased thickness of lumber. For example, diagonal rafter legs(beams 100x150 mm) of great length must be reinforced with braces.
The rafters are laid on the upper wall trim or Mauerlat (beam with a section of 100-150 mm) with an overhang of at least 300 mm. The beams are fixed in pre-made sockets-notches. On this stage a drainage system is installed.

Asbestos-cement roof knots

If used as waterproofing roll materials, then solid wood flooring is needed. Ruberoid, film, roofing felt or membrane are attached in accordance with the instructions. The material should be placed vertically, cutting off the length with a margin of at least 50-60 cm, half of which will go to another roof slope, the other - to attach to the eaves with a kind of inversion.
The following strips overlap 50-60 mm. The ridge is protected by a tape of waterproofing material.
The crate is made of unedged boards 50x100 mm, the distance between them should be such that the asbestos-cement sheet rests on them in three places. So, for a VO sheet (GOST), the pitch will be 540 mm, respectively, for a sheet 1,200 mm long - 600 mm.

A continuous crate must be made along the cornice, ridge, at dormer windows or pipes.

Laying

Sheets are laid from right to left and from bottom to top, thus preventing moisture from entering the butt joints. Wave material of this kind is fixed only in the crest of the wave.

There are two main types of mounting.

Classical

This method involves overlapping sheets and is suitable for long spans with a small distance between the ridge and the eaves. Work begins from the bottom of the front overhang. The sheet is fixed at 5-6 points, the next one is mounted with a shift of one wave of the previous slate strip. Similarly, the laying of the 1st row is completed.

The top sheets are also mounted with an overlap on the bottom row by about 10-15 cm.
During work, the horizontal and vertical sheets are observed. Otherwise, all subsequent material will be skewed. Trimming and fitting of slate is carried out in advance on the ground. This will greatly simplify the lifting of sheets on the roof and their installation.
This method has one drawback - a joint of 4 sheets is formed, through which thawed and rain water. You can avoid such consequences if you cut the corner diagonally on all the extreme sheets, “looking” inward. In subsequent rows, two opposite corners are cut off from the sheets.

Off the beaten path

This method is advisable to apply on wide slopes of small length. For this, it is better to use slate with 8 waves, since its use will reduce waste and, accordingly, costs.
A number of sheets need to be cut in half (lengthwise). The halves are stacked alternately with whole strips. So, for example, if the first row began with a fragmentary element, then a whole sheet is mounted above it. The third - again from half of the slate.

Material calculation

A correctly calculated number of asbestos-cement sheets will save time and, of course, nerves, since you won’t have to quit roofing and go headlong to the construction market for a single sheet.

The calculation is done as follows:

the number of sheets per 1 row = the length of the roof is divided by the width of the sheet, a spare 10% is added to the result;
number of rows = distance from the roof crest to the eaves, including the overhang, divided by the length of the sheet, plus 13%;
total number of slates = number of rows multiplied by the number of strips for the 1st row.

If the roof is gable and forms an isosceles triangle from the side of the pediment, then the result is increased by 2 times. If the roof has an asymmetric shape, then each element is calculated separately. In calculations, all fractional results are rounded up.

For example, it looks like this:

suppose that the slope has the following dimensions - 6,000x3,100 mm (the calculation is performed for asbestos-cement sheets made in accordance with GOST 1,750x1, 130x5.8 mm);
it means that solid sheets for 1 row will be needed - 6,000/1,130 = 5 pieces, a margin for overlap of 10% is added - 0.5. A total of 6 sheets are obtained;
then the number of rows is found: 3 100/1 750 + 0.2 (13%) = 2 sheets, respectively 2 rows;
total amount of material - (6+2)ˣ2=16 sheets.

As for flat sheets, the installation principle does not differ from traditional slate. The only difference is the step of the crate, here it should not exceed 40-50 cm. You can also create a continuous crate, in which case the strength characteristics increase, and the price of work increases.

As you can see, new technologies make it possible to arrange roofs for various purposes at an affordable cost and with good decorative look material. After all, unpresentable, gray and dull color remained in the distant past. Asbestos-cement sheets for a whole century have been able to prove their excellent operational properties, in contrast to the new, thoroughly unexplored and time-tested modern roofing.

asbestos cement- a building material made from an aqueous mixture of cement and asbestos. Thin fibers of asbestos in asbestos cement act as a reinforcement, and cement, mixed with water, is an adhesive. Asbestos cement can be considered as a thinly reinforced cement stone, in which the asbestos fibers, which have high tensile strength, perceive tensile stresses, and the cement stone perceives compressive ones.

Asbestos is the collective name for fibrous minerals, white, yellow, greenish or gray colors, which, due to the optimal combination of quality and price, has been used in construction for more than 100 years. Asbestos is not affected by heat, therefore it is used for the manufacture of fireproof fabrics, paper, gaskets, cords, it is used for the manufacture of refractory paints, etc. Also, asbestos fibers have exceptionally high strength, tensile elasticity, chemical and physical resistance. various shapes. It should be noted the unique property of asbestos - its radiation comfort. Houses built with asbestos building structures, have radiation protection.

Advantages

Accordingly, asbestos cement products have a number of advantages: high reliability and resistance to aggressive environments, their service life is several times higher than metal products. They are not subject to electrochemical corrosion, are fireproof, durable in the ground, and are also easy to install. The disadvantages of asbestos cement include susceptibility to brittle fracture and deformability with changes in humidity. But the disadvantages can be reduced by additional reinforcement and hydrophobization - the addition of special additives. Any asbestos-cement product is nothing more than a strong stone in which asbestos fibers are monolithically connected with cement.

Products

Asbestos-cement pipes are a promising type of multi-purpose product with a set of unique properties:

not subject to corrosion and decay
not prone to "overgrowth"
have high strength and low thermal conductivity
durable, cold hardy
several times cheaper than similar products made from other materials

Asbestos-cement pipes are still in great demand by builders. Non-pressure pipes are used: for laying communication cables and electrical cables, for constructing free-flow sewage pipelines, for drainage collectors, for chimneys and air ducts, for drainage through roads and crossings, instead of metal and wooden posts for fences, for replacing bricks when constructing cellars, for covering the roofs of garages and industrial buildings, for building foundations. Non-pressure pipes are completed with polyethylene and asbestos-cement couplings. This allows you to exclude the weakest sections of the heat pipe. Pressure pipes are used: for laying pressure water supply, reclamation and irrigation systems, when laying pressure networks of drinking and industrial water, for pressure sewerage, heating mains, ventilation, for thermal insulation in thermal units, for drainage collectors, chimneys, air ducts, gas ducts, for foundations in wetlands, for draining through roads and crossings, for fence posts, as casing pipes for wells, for manufacturing durable livestock feeders, trays, for the manufacture of garage floors, gutters. For example, asbestos-cement pipes have proven themselves well when used in heating systems. In countries such as Germany, Belgium, Austria, gas pipeline networks made of asbestos-cement pipes have been in operation for over 30 years. IN Russian Federation The experimental 40 km section has been in operation for 18 years.

The low coefficient of thermal conductivity of asbestos cement allows you to minimize the cost of thermal insulation. The pipeline from it does not require protection from the effects of stray currents and groundwater.

Asbestos cord general purpose consists of chrysotile asbestos fibers mixed with cotton and other chemical fibers. According to the structure, it is divided into two groups: without a core and with a core. Coreless cords are produced, ranging in size from 0.7 to 8 mm in diameter, which are a cylindrical body consisting of several additions of single-strand yarn twisted together. In this case, the direction of twist is opposite to the direction of twist of the single-filament yarn. Cords with a core are produced with a diameter of 10-25 mm. As the core, asbestos threads, yarn, roving in several additions or asbestos downy cord of the ShAP brand, entwined on the outside with asbestos thread, or yarn in several additions, are used. Are issued in reels or bays. It is used for thermal insulation of hot pipelines, as a seal in various thermal units. Working environment: gas, steam, water, working environment temperature up to + 400 gr.С, vibration-resistant.

Asbestos and non-asbestos stuffing box packings are used to fill stuffing box chambers in order to seal movable joints of various machines and devices. These materials are used in the chemical and petrochemical industries, mechanical engineering, metallurgy and metalworking, electrical engineering and power industry.

Sheets include profiled, flat and special purpose. Flat cladding sheets are produced: pressed (high strength) and non-pressed natural gray, painted or textured. Apply to interior decoration auxiliary premises residential and public buildings, panel cladding, installation of sanitary cabins, as fences for balconies, stairs, etc. Products are distinguished by durability, high strength properties, fire resistance, biostability. They belong to the group of non-toxic and non-combustible materials. Not so long ago, facade slabs appeared, the basis of which are high-strength pressed asbestos-cement sheets. They are intended for facade cladding and interior cladding of residential, public and industrial buildings and structures, for the manufacture of wall panels, partitions, suspended ceilings and other structures for construction, except for ventilation shafts. A protective primer layer and a colored acrylic-polyurethane coating, resistant to atmospheric and mechanical influences, are applied to the base of the facade slabs. It can be additionally sprinkled with decorative chips, for example from natural stone. The unique application technology allows obtaining coatings with high performance.

Asbestos cement roofing slate is inexpensive, easy to install and one of the best known roofing materials. Asbestos-cement slate sheets are produced on sheet-forming machines by molding a mixture consisting of Portland cement (a hydraulic binder most commonly used in modern construction), asbestos and water, followed by hardening. Fine asbestos fibers, evenly distributed in the cement, form a reinforcing mesh that significantly increases the tensile strength of the slate and impact strength. A slate roof is several times cheaper than tiles and tin, and the simplicity of its construction makes it easy to equip the roof of your home. Solutions to a number of environmental, architectural and economic problems are the use of special water-dispersion paints applied to the front surface of the sheet. In the production of painted slate, persistent dyes are used, they have high hiding power, weather and light resistance, they are used for industrial and domestic coloring of slate and other asbestos-cement products, which are not only weatherproof, significantly extended in service life, but also aesthetically attractive. Asbestos-cement roofing is traditionally widely used in Russia. It is adapted for all climatic zones. Among other advantages - the comparative cheapness of materials (several times cheaper than tiles, metal, polymers), low maintenance costs. In addition, building materials made from substitutes are far from always environmentally friendly.

Asbestos fabrics - a fabric of interwoven asbestos threads containing from 5 to 18% of the binder fiber (viscose, cotton, lavsan) are used as a heat-resistant heat-insulating and cushioning material. They are used in the manufacture of industrial equipment, asbestos-textolites, for sewing heat-resistant clothing, as well as for the manufacture of rubberized fabrics. Supplied in rolls.

Asbestos cardboard for general purposes - is used as a fire-retardant heat-insulating material, as well as for sealing connections of devices, equipment and communications. There are brands - for thermal insulation at a temperature of the insulated surface up to 500 ° C; and there are cardboard grades for sealing connections of devices, equipment and communications operating at a maximum pressure of the medium of 0.6 MPa and a maximum temperature of the medium, ° C: gases - 500; alkalis - 200; inorganic acids, except for fluorosilicic acid 120; solutions and melts of salts 400

Asbestos paper BT (heat-insulating) is made on the basis of chrysotile asbestos (asbestos chips). Asbestos content 98-99%. It is used for thermal insulation of hot surfaces (boilers, pipelines, heating elements), in the production and heat treatment of metals, sheets, etc. Temperature of insulated surfaces: up to + 500 degrees. Fire and explosion proof. Resistant to aging, decay and other biological influences. Asbestos electrical insulating paper is made from asbestos fiber processed as an aqueous suspension with a small amount of binder.

Special purpose products

Special-purpose products include ventilation ducts of rectangular or round cross-section, semi-cylinders for protection against mechanical damage thermal insulation layer of pipes, sheets of double curvature for conveyor galleries, vaulted elements for the construction of summer pavilions of tourist bases, camps, etc. Waterproof umbrellas used in underground metro structures to ensure the watertightness of the supporting structures of the vaults. Arc-resistant asbestos-cement electrical products (ATSEID) are a good electrical material for a wide range of applications with increased arc resistance and electrical strength. They are used for the manufacture of electrical panels, parts and bases of electrical machines, bodies of arc chutes, gaskets and plates, induction furnaces, fencing of electric furnaces, etc., where protection and operation at high voltages are necessary. Also, ACEID is widely used as a building material (ceilings, window sills), its difference is extremely high strength and fire safety. Irrigation canals are often covered with these boards. In addition to the above examples of the use of asbestos, there are a number of products that include this natural material. Asbestos-cement products are among those types of building materials, the development of which affects the scale of construction, its economy and technical level. Over the past twenty years, Russia has occupied a leading position in the world in terms of asbestos mining.

The construction market is constantly expanding the range of roofing material, both new options appear and old ones are modified. But there is one that has remained unchanged for many years - slate, also known as asbestos-cement sheet.

The most common option is corrugated slate, but flat sheets of asbestos cement should not be discounted. This article will focus on flat slate, let's look at its advantages, characteristics, scope, etc.

Types of flat slate

Flat asbestos-cement sheets are divided into two groups:

pressed;
without pressing.

Pressed - more popular in private housing construction. It is produced by pressing on it with a press. Thus, improved density characteristics are obtained - up to 1.8 g / cm³, and impact strength - up to 2.5 kJ / m².

The porosity of the material has a low level, so the service life is longer. It also withstands more freeze and thaw cycles - up to 50, after which the strength of the sheet decreases by 10%.

Slate produced without pressing is inferior to the previous one in many respects. It withstands only 25 cycles of freezing and thawing, its density is 1.6 g/cm³, and its resistance to mechanical stress is 2 kJ/m². Also, the indicators and bending strength are weaker - 18 MPa, against 23 MPa for the pressed one.

Video: Asbestos (asbestos cement) sheet / Flat slate

Scope of application

The main area where flat asbestos-cement sheets are used:

roof;
cladding of the facade of the house;
fence making.

In fact, the scope of use is much wider. Alternatively, sheets flat slate can be used to create flower beds or high beds on garden plot. Flat sheets can sheathe a balcony, households. building, etc.

Also, flat slate trimmings are used as formwork for the foundation of a small building. Sheets of high density and thickness are suitable for creating a garden path.

Flat slate roof

As a roofing material, an asbestos-cement sheet 8–10 mm thick is used. You can use thicker products, but then you have to strengthen truss system, since it will be subjected to a large load.

For rafters, a board with a section of 10 × 15 cm is taken, they are strong enough and able to withstand the weight of slate. The distance between them should not exceed 1 m. Then, a vapor barrier is laid on the rafters and a crate is mounted. As a crate, it is better to use a beam 5 × 5 cm.

Advice! Treat all wooden parts in advance with an antiseptic and fire-fighting agents (flame retardants).

Flat slate is nailed to the crate, this is done in a checkerboard pattern. Each next row overlaps the previous one. Fixation is not performed like with wave nails, but special galvanized or stainless steel roofing screws are used.

Before screwing in a self-tapping screw, a hole is drilled in the sheet at a distance of at least 7 cm from the edge of the sheet. A rubber washer is placed under the screws, which closes the hole.

After installation, in order to protect the slate and extend its service life, it is desirable to additionally paint it with a special paint. Priming is done before painting.

Characteristics of asbestos-cement sheets

Below is a table with the technical characteristics of flat asbestos-cement sheets.

Indicators			Meaning
			Structural		Small size
			Pressed	Unpressed	Pressed	Unpressed
Density, not less than specified, g/cm³			1,8	1,6	1,75; 1,8	1,7
Bending strength MPa (kgf/cm²)			23 (230)	18 (180)	22 (220);	20 (200)
Impact strength, kJ/m²			2,5	2	2,2	2
Frost resistance		freeze and thaw cycles	50	25	50	25
		Residual strength, %	90	90	90	90
Size, mm	length		3000; 3600		1200
	width		1200; 1500		1500
	thickness		8; 10		6; 7

Advantages and disadvantages

Flat slate has a number of undeniable advantages. Its advantages include:

solid - withstands heavy loads;
high temperature resistant;
durable;
ease of processing;
resistant to chemical and biological influences;

Conclusion

Of course, asbestos-cement sheets are not an attractive enough material from the point of view of designers. But they can ennoble the roof or facade of any outbuildings. In this case, the cost of material will not be large. That is why the demand for flat slate is still on top.

Watch the video: How to sheathe a house CHEAPLY. The practice of using flat slate.

Reading time ≈ 3 minutes

Asbestos cement sheet is one of the most traditional materials used for roofing. Such sheets are easy to mount, they have others interesting properties. The scope of the asbestos-cement sheet depends on its variety.

Varieties of asbestos-cement sheets

This material has two varieties:

flat;
wavy.

Flat sheets are produced in accordance with GOST 18124-95, they can be pressed/non-pressed. They have no external differences, the types of asbestos-cement sheets differ solely in technical characteristics (density, strength). For pressed, these figures are higher.

Wavy sheets must comply with GOST 30340-95. They also have several subspecies, which are distinguished depending on the nature of the profile:

ordinary;
reinforced;
unified;
average;
Central European.

Sheets are mainly produced in gray (unpainted), there are also colored options, in their manufacture the initial mass is dyed with pigments.

Application

The wavy profile is mainly used for the arrangement of roofs of residential buildings, public buildings, industrial and agricultural buildings. It is possible to create wall protections of industrial constructions from reinforced profile sheets. Corrugated asbestos-cement sheets of the Central European profile are also suitable for roofs and walls. The photo and video clearly show that wavy profile sheets look more attractive than flat ones, so it is better to take this variety for roofing.

A flat asbestos-cement sheet is also sometimes taken for roofing works, however, it can only be used for small buildings. The main scope of the non-pressed variety is simple structures, for example, earlier such material was often used for cladding balconies. Now they are facing the premises, sanitary cabins, flooring in cage blocks for laying hens are made from this material.

Technical characteristics of asbestos-cement sheets

Specifications of flat asbestos cement sheets:

Technical characteristics of corrugated asbestos-cement sheets:

Advantages

According to numerous reviews, all the advantages and disadvantages of this material are known. The undeniable "pluses" include the following properties of the asbestos-cement sheet:

hardness, it withstands loads quite well;
resistance to high temperatures (in the sun it keeps the temperature normal);
durability (everyone has seen houses covered with sheets that have stood for 50 years or more);
fire resistance, fire resistance (it does not perceive fire at all);
ease of processing (can be cut with the most common tools);
complete immunity to corrosion (this is its main advantage over metal roofs);
low cost (significantly cheaper than other blood materials);
decent sound insulation (hail and rain will not bother);
resistance to alkalis;
ease of maintenance.

Flaws

The disadvantages of asbestos-cement sheet are much less. Firstly, in the absence of treatment with special means, the sheets are overgrown with an impressive layer of moss. Secondly, it is difficult to lift it up, because the weight of this material is considerable. Thirdly, it breaks easily under mechanical stress. You can walk on a roof with such a coating without fear, but you can’t drop and hit these sheets. In case of inaccurate transportation, the goods can be decently damaged. So when buying, loading and transporting these sheets, you must be careful, then it will fully meet your expectations.