If you do not know what half-timbered architecture is, then you should remember the characteristic german houses, which appeared in the Middle Ages, but are still popular today. This style is characterized by facades with a characteristic jointing of dark timber and light wall fillings. Because of the beauty and organic nature of this style, half-timbered construction technology is still popular in Germany and in the countries of Northern Europe.
Properties of a modern fachwerk
Construction of houses using fachwerk technology can be safely attributed to frame housing construction. In fact, this is one of its varieties. In this case, the functions of the supporting structures are performed by a frame made of wooden beams. Glued laminated timber is ideal for the frame, as it can easily withstand various deformations. To connect the frame elements in the corners and among themselves, special methods are used that give additional rigidity to the entire structure.
Important: the main feature of this style is that metal fasteners are not used to connect the frame elements. Beams and beams are connected using dowels, wooden dowels and other wood products.
Fachwerk frame house can be built from different wall materials. In the Middle Ages, adobe was used to make walls. Today, brick, OSB, and sometimes glass are used to fill the structure of the walls between the beams. In principle, any material can be used, since the wall itself does not function as a load-bearing structure. The entire load falls on the frame. Characteristic style - the frame is not hidden in the wall structure, but on the contrary is put on display, being an architectural element. Most often, frame beams are made of contrast dark color against the backdrop of light, sometimes white walls.
The half-timbered house is very warm. This is achieved through the use thermal insulation materials in wall construction. An additional advantage of such buildings is the almost unlimited planning possibilities. Since the wall does not perform the function of load-bearing structures, partitions and walls can be easily removed, moved, changing the layout.
Half-timbered construction technology frame house rather complicated due to the peculiarities of mounting the frame. However, if you have certain woodworking skills, you can easily build such houses yourself. In addition, it will not be superfluous to have spatial thinking and knowledge of spatial geometry.
Tip: half-timbered houses are best built from a finished house kit. If you want to get a high-quality, strong and durable structure, then it is better to entrust the work of assembling a house to professionals.
Advantages and disadvantages
A frame house in the half-timbered style has the following advantages:
- The main advantage of such buildings is their aesthetic appeal and dissimilarity to other frame structures. Such houses should be chosen by those who want their home to stand out against the background of the general development with its originality and unusual beauty.
- For the construction of any frame house, including a half-timbered one, powerful foundation structures are not needed. It will be quite enough to have a shallow-depth strip base or another structure (columnar or pile-screw), depending on the geological features of the area.
- Since glued laminated timber or other wood material that has undergone chamber drying is usually used to mount the frame, the structure practically does not shrink. For this reason, the installation of windows and doors, as well as home decoration, can be carried out immediately after the construction of the box. Thanks to this, the settlement in the house will occur much faster than in other wooden buildings.
- Despite the fact that the frame structures are on display, utilities, on the contrary, can be very easily hidden inside the wall or floor structure.
Fachwerk houses have some disadvantages, which are also worth mentioning:
- open wooden structures frame must be periodically processed protective compounds so as not to reduce their bearing capacity. So, you will need flame retardants to protect against burning, antiseptic compounds will help protect wood from rot and damage by insects, and you will also need solutions to protect against moisture.
- When building such a house in a harsh climate, it is necessary to perform thorough wall insulation. As a result, the thickness of the wall structure increases, which entails the need to use more massive beams for the frame.
- Ordinary frame houses will cost less than buildings built using half-timbered technology.
Mounting technology
When mounting the frame, a special technology for connecting wooden elements is used, which only professionals can correctly design. So, the following types of connections are used:
- mann;
- half-mann;
- corner mann;
- wildman;
- "St. Andrew's Cross", etc.
Foundation and frame
The pouring of the foundation on the site is carried out independently. In parallel with it, a frame can be manufactured at the factory. It will be much faster if these two operations are performed simultaneously.
After pouring the base and delivering lumber for the frame to the construction site, work is carried out in the following order:
- On the foundation, horizontal waterproofing is required.
- After that, the top strapping is done. For this, a support beam is mounted. It must be firmly attached to the base. Anchor bolts are used for fixing.
- Logs are attached to the strapping beam. On the cranial bars, fixed to the lags, roll-up boards are laid. At this stage, it is worth performing floor insulation. To do this, waterproofing is laid on the floor structure, and heat-insulating material is placed on top of it in the gaps between the lags.
- From above, the floor is covered with a layer of vapor barrier, a rough coating is laid.
Next is the installation of vertical beams. For joining inclined, vertical, horizontal and spacer beams, a connection option with a spike, called "warm", is used. Used for rigid fixation wooden dowels. The most common options for warm connections:
- dovetail;
- secret spike.
Further installation of structures is carried out in accordance with the project, subject to the sequence of stages. Simultaneously with the arrangement of the supporting frame, partitions are made, which are also mounted using frame-frame technology.
Wall fillers
After the process of erecting the frame is completed, you can begin to seal the gaps between the frame elements of the walls. It is easier to say that the sieve of walls is being filled.
As fillers, you can use stone, brick, cellular concrete elements (aerated concrete, foam blocks, etc.). IN modern houses in most cases, sheet wood and board materials, namely OSB, moisture-resistant plywood, cement-bonded particle boards, lining, gypsum-fiber sheets, etc. When choosing a material for walls, it should be borne in mind that products must meet the following requirements:
- high moisture resistance;
- excellent strength;
- small specific gravity;
- ecological cleanliness;
- little thermal conductivity.
Important: if you use heavy materials (stone, brick) as a wall filler, then this should be taken into account at the design stage, because under such a house you need to lay powerful deep foundations. Foundation calculations must be made taking into account the material of the walls.
When filling the frame, it is worth remembering that the frame beams must be visible from the outside of the walls, that is, the filling material should not completely cover the entire outer surface walls. From the inside of the house can be used different variants, it all depends on the style decision of the interior.
If you want to build an extraordinary house, then double-glazed windows can be used as a wall filler. As a result, you will get maximum natural lighting of the premises and a panoramic view of the landscape around the house. However, the abundance of glazing does not contribute to the preservation of heat in the house. Even if you put energy-saving double-glazed windows, in areas with harsh winters it won't help keep warm.
As finishing walls, you can use any materials:
- facing tiles imitating brickwork;
- plaster with decorative compositions;
- clapboard lining.
The roof of a half-timbered house
Most often, in a half-timbered house, the usual gable roof. It harmonizes perfectly with the overall architectural style of the house. A characteristic feature of such buildings is the absence attic floor and attic. In addition, half-timbered houses are characterized by wide roof overhangs. They well protect the walls of the house from precipitation, and the rooms from abundance. sunlight in summer.
Cast roofing may perform:
- euroslate;
- soft roll roofing;
- metal tile;
- corrugated board.
Important: due to the significant specific gravity it is not recommended to use natural tiles as roofing.
Home interior
Many people who have never been inside a half-timbered house believe that it looks the same inside as it does outside. Sometimes the interior of the house is really designed in the same style as the exterior. In this case, the decoration of the room is dominated by white tones, the style is characterized by a lot of free space and some asceticism.
But besides this, you can use other styles in the design of the premises of such a house. For example, high-tech style with its abundance of metallic sheen and minimalism is ideal for a half-timbered house. Any metal parts, and especially forged products, look quite organic in the interior.
Tip: it should be borne in mind that the beams in the interior can be used not only as decorative element, but also as a basis for hanging shelves, hanging cabinets, lighting installation and other interesting solutions.
Fachwerk is a technology for building houses, in which the capital load of the building is carried by vertical supports - racks made of timber in the walls of the building. Unlike traditional frame walls, the space between the supports is occupied by a dense heavy material - brick, wood, concrete, adobe, clay. At the same time, the bearing racks made of timber are not masked in the wall, but remain visible, creating characteristic appearance buildings, a special "European" flavor.
Half-timbered buildings have proven their durability. The first peak of their popularity came in the Middle Ages. Built several centuries ago, these buildings still perform their functions. Today, technology is experiencing the peak of fashion for the second time. Wide design possibilities and reliability of houses make them popular among customers. frame construction.
History of occurrence
The history of half-timbered buildings began in the 11th century. Fachwerk became widespread in the 14th and 15th centuries in the northern coastal regions, where timber was available and shipbuilding was developed. The ability to carpentry and build ships allowed the craftsmen to easily build strong wooden frames for future buildings.
German style.
In the 15th century, half-timbered buildings spread throughout Europe - the northern countries, Holland, England, France, Switzerland. The following factors served as the reason for the popularization:
- The buildings made it possible to save expensive wood, use it only for the construction of the frame, and not the entire wall array.
- The level of carpentry skill increased, which ensured the reliability of the frames and the strength of future walls.
The peak of the popularity of technology falls on the period - from the 15th to the 18th century. During this period, hundreds of thousands of buildings were built in Europe. Half-timbered houses in Germany were called Fachwerk, which in Russian means “wall of cells” (Fach is a section, cell, panel, “Werk” is a structure).
Modern style. In England, wooden-framed buildings were called “half-timber”, and in France the technology was called “columbage”. In one of the modern versions, the half-timbered house received another name - Post & Beam or the technology of racks and beams. Its main feature is the use of hand-cut logs.
On a note
According to the conclusions of psychologists, an open demonstration of the supporting frame in the walls instills a sense of confidence in a person.
Fachwerk buildings with a frame visible from the outside have become the hallmark of northern Europe. Today, the technology is experiencing a second wave of popularity. With some modifications, it spreads beyond Western Europe, to Canada, America and Russia.
Fachwerk and frame technology
At its core, half-timbered houses are a frame structure with wooden frame from load-bearing racks and floor beams that hold the main load of the walls and roof. Unlike traditional modern frame houses, the gaps between the beams are filled not with synthetic insulation, but wall material- brick, stone, concrete, clay, which can be found at the link. The wall filling material "half-timbered" and "framework" determines the differences in construction technology and in the characteristics of finished buildings.
| comparison factors. | Fachwerk. | Frame. |
| Service life of the building. | Long service life - several hundred years. This is confirmed by hundreds of houses built in the 15th-16th centuries in Europe. | - several decades. |
| Energy efficiency. | Average. | High. |
| Construction speed. | Average. | Minimum terms - the building can be erected in a few months. |
| The lightness of the walls and the cost of the foundation. | The walls are heavy, a strong deep foundation or a columnar base is required. | The walls are light, you can get by with a small foundation of shallow depth. |
| Construction cost. | The price of a half-timbered house is minimal, the walls are based on the cheapest building material - clay. | Medium - requires purchase good insulation and quality wall cladding. |
| Environmental friendliness. | High - built from natural materials. | Low - built from artificial insulation. |
| Fire safety. | The walls are 80% non-flammable and do not emit smoke. Can only burn wooden poles and roofing. | All materials are combustible, in the process of burning they emit acrid poisonous smoke. |
| The complexity of self-construction. | Fachwerk is simpler than frame technology, especially if you use ready-made half-timbered houses. | More difficult to implement, but also available as a ready-made frame building house kit. |
| The possibility of restoring the walls. | Without removing the roof and disassembling the frame, the wall material can be replaced with another, new one. | |
| Interior design. | Any layout is possible internal walls do not carry capital loads. It is possible to equip large spacious rooms. | |
Comparative characteristics of half-timbered and frame buildings clearly show the main differences between the two technologies. The technology of half-timbered houses is a structure made of natural materials, environmentally friendly and durable. Frame construction - new prefabricated building partly made of synthetic materials. At the same time, their construction is equally accessible. Erect half-timbered house with your own hands it is possible, as well as from a house kit.
Fachwerk in the forest. In modern technologies, half-timbered houses are acquiring more and more features of traditional frame buildings. Supports are often masked with panels, the walls themselves are sheathed with insulation for better energy efficiency or replaced with a layer of heat insulator. Which leads to a mixture of styles, the creation of a new construction option using the features of a half-timbered house and a frame house at the same time. This is how it is being done.
Construction of half-timbered houses
The design features of half-timbered houses determine their differences from frame buildings. Here are the projects and prices for half-timbered houses, what elements and features are their features:
- Each subsequent floor protrudes above the previous one. This is due to the need to protect wooden beams lower floors from getting wet. The ledges of the floors are provided only from the front side. The side walls are deaf and even. This is due to the history of construction. The density of buildings in the Middle Ages was so high that only the facades of buildings remained open. The ends fit snugly against each other, without passages and the ability to build protruding floors or suspended structures.
- Visible beams in the walls of the building.
- Inexpensive affordable wall filler - clay, lightweight concrete.
On a note
today outdoor frame elements often used as decoration. They are traditionally used in construction, but do not always carry a semantic load, more often they are a sign of style. Such a structure turns into a traditional frame building.
Sometimes style elements are used as external design for brick walls. Bars are attached on top of the brick, which imitate the frame of the structure. At first glance, houses with such decor differ little from how half-timbered houses look in the photo. They have the same appearance, but a different construction technology.
Projects and prices
Projects of half-timbered houses are very diverse interior design. Since walls and piers do not carry load-bearing loads, their location is subject to design requirements, and not technological necessity.
Building frame. The design of half-timbered houses often involves large spacious rooms and huge windows. Glazing often takes up most of the exterior walls. The use of glued beams makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of its cross section without compromising strength. Due to the small massiveness of the load-bearing elements and the sufficient glazing area of half-timbered houses, the walls became panoramic. In such buildings, a unique decor is born, in which the outdoor garden is part of the design of the premises of the house.
The price of a turnkey half-timbered house does not exceed the cost of frame construction. Therefore, elite panoramic walls have become available to the majority. Thanks to the technology of half-timbered houses, exclusive buildings have become the property of the middle class. A real design that transforms half-timbered houses, the video allows you to see all the intricacies of construction.
Fachwerk house technology
Today, the technology of building half-timbered houses is experiencing a second peak in popularity. Based on this technology, one-, two- and three-story houses are being built. At the same time, the technology itself is used in a modified and improved form.
Instead of solid wooden logs, glued and profiled timber is used. They are additionally impregnated with antiseptics and flame retardants - to prevent decay and increase resistance to fire.
Panoramic glazing of the house. The gaps between the vertical supports are filled with insulation, multi-chamber double-glazed windows are installed. Energy-efficient glazing of half-timbered houses, along with insulation, ensures their heat capacity and reduces energy costs during the heating season.
In order for the outside walls of the house not to be completely transparent, they use surface spraying on the glass - lamination. From the inside and outside, such a house looks like a spacious, fabulous palace.
Step-by-step technology of half-timbered houses
- Foundation: UWB + its surface waterproofing.
- Frame:, vertical columns, top trim, rafters. One-story half-timbered house - the rafters are placed on top of the strapping of the first floor. In a two- or three-story building, a second floor piping is constructed, supports are attached, and after that - the second upper piping, rafters. The overhang of the roof is provided for quite large - up to 1.5 m. This protects the walls and the wooden frame from getting wet.
- Roof: traditional choice for frame houses, light metal profiled sheets, flexible roofing.
- Filling cells: double glazing, brick, wood concrete blocks(lightweight concrete with wood shavings, chips), foam concrete, clay concrete, multilayer cake with insulation and wall cladding.
Frame Features
The frame of a modern half-timbered house is not only a supporting structure, but also a decorative element. It divides the wall into segments and gives appearance structures clarity and expressiveness.
Double decker frame house. The frame of a half-timbered house consists of vertical, horizontal, inclined elements. Vertical supports withstand the main bearing loads. Horizontal - distribute the pressure of vertical load-bearing elements, make it uniform over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe walls of the house. Inclined - create additional strength, strengthen the structure, make it stable for lateral loads.
Frame elements are connected to each other using metal studs. One of the options for half-timbered construction uses studs along with a notch at the joints - the so-called groove.
This system was called Herrenbald. It differs from the traditional frame in the absence of jibs. The stability of the frame is ensured by an accurate selection of wood at the junctions, as a result of which adjacent elements fit snugly together and are additionally fastened with through metal studs.
Building from flat roof. The technology of half-timbered houses does not require time for shrinkage. However, it is necessary to make allowances for the mentality. If the timber is solid and dry, no shrinkage is needed. It is also not needed for glued beams. If the beam is solid and fresh, damp, it is necessary to firmly fasten the frame (on metal studs, nails, with grooves cut at the joints) and hold it for at least several months. Turnkey half-timbered houses can be completed when the frame walls are insulated and finishing work remains.
The frame is laid on an insulated foundation. The ideal combination is an insulated Swedish slab or UWB, which provides both strength, rigidity and heat loss insulation of the base of the house.
Interior of half-timbered houses
The construction of half-timbered houses ends with the creation of an internal design, which can be anything. Traditional classic, medieval Provence or modern minimalism- any style will have a place in a real European home.
Often used as a modern direction - minimalism, hi-tech, brick style- non-plastered walls. On the territory of Russia, natural wood has retained its popularity.
The space between the beams and crossbars, which are usually left visible from the outside, is filled various materials, this is frame houses, it doesn’t matter if it’s a board or a half-timbered house.
In ancient times in Germany, the Germans used used clay mixed with. There is even a house built in the 13th century, which was built by a German builder in 1347.
Beams from a bar for such a time did not rot, and the wood became strong, like a stone. This house will stand for more than one century. Europeans have long realized the reliability of these houses, gradually they begin to appear in Russia. And all this was done by hand, without the use of power tools.
It is amazing that a half-timbered house can stand for more than 500 years, this proves the reliability of this type of construction.
Today, technological solutions can be very diverse; in half-timbered construction, panoramic double-glazed windows, brick, wood, a natural stone and etc.
Feature of German frame houses in Germany
A characteristic feature of the half-timbered house is the protrusion of each upper floor above the previous one. This historical feature is by no means connected with the desire to increase the area of the upper floor. This was done in order to protect the facade of the house, which is also the supporting frame of the entire building, from precipitation and excess moisture. Thanks to such indents, water flowing down the walls of the upper floors flows directly to the ground, and the facade of the lower floor remains dry.
Half-timbered houses
Despite the fact that the widespread use of half-timbered houses was associated to some extent with the desire to save wood, this technology has shown itself to be excellent and has whole line benefits.
This is a fairly inexpensive and environmentally friendly type of construction that you can afford to build yourself. Half-timbered houses are unusual and beautiful.
In modern construction, glued laminated timber is more often used. conifers, which provides buildings with strength and durability, but can also be used ordinary timber, the main thing is to choose a dry timber of good quality.
Modern half-timbered houses
Thanks to the use of modern, a modern half-timbered house will not only be aesthetically attractive, but also warm and cozy.
When choosing a material to fill the space between the beams, you can show imagination and use, along with traditional building materials, glass, carved wood, clay mixtures, etc. It will be beneficial to play and protect from moisture the coloring of beams or filler with modern paints and varnishes.
Having all these advantages, half-timbered houses are being built today, many are ready to build such structures with their own hands. In addition, quite light in nature, half-timbered houses do not require construction. Perfect for them, which will allow you to put such a house even on a slope and on the purchase of land.
Video about modern glass frame half-timbered houses
Half-timbered houses are a kind of symbol of the Middle Ages, which found its second birth in the 20th century. Their architecture invariably amazes with the uniqueness of the image, economy and thoughtfulness of the design scheme. Feature facades - not hidden behind the cladding, but, on the contrary, a wooden frame exposed for display. Such ancient streets are very romantic, and modern buildings are a reflection of the elite lifestyle, the desire for freedom and originality.
The current trend in luxury housing today is a combination openwork wooden elements And large glazed surfaces:
History of half-timbered construction
Thousands of years ago, ancient architects noticed that the most efficient and economical use of wood is to use it not for building solid walls, but for building spatial frame of vertical, horizontal and inclined elements, which will serve as a support for the roof. Such a scheme has gained particular popularity in areas characterized by a shortage of wood. It was known in antiquity to the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Chinese. In particular, most of the population of Pakistan and India currently lives in such houses.
Interesting! The most ancient frame building made of wood that has survived to this day is a temple in Japan, built from cedar over 1300 years ago.
Fachwerk in European countries
The improvement of carpentry skills, the accumulation of building experience, the desire for cheap housing led in the 15th century to the emergence of half-timbered building construction technology in Germany. Such houses have become widespread throughout Europe, in particular in its northern regions, from Poland to Brittany. The name of the structural scheme fully reflects its essence and comes from the German "Fach" (panel) and "Werk" (structure).
Medieval buildings on Römberg square in Frankfurt am Main, Germany:
In Europe in the Middle Ages, structures were made of solid wood, and the free space of wall planes was filled with a mixture of clay with straw, branches and other debris. The combination of uprights, beams and braces, left in their original form, and plastered surfaces gave a special originality to the narrow facades. Wealthy citizens could afford to use expensive wooden panels decorated with carvings. At the moment, such houses have been preserved, whose age exceeds 500 years.
Since 1995, the historical part of the German city of Quedlinburg, where more than 1300 objects of colorful architecture have been preserved, has been protected by UNESCO:
Interesting! A characteristic feature of old buildings is the overhang of the upper floors over the lower ones. This is due to the abundance of precipitation and strong winds in Germany, as well as the narrowness of the streets at the birth of half-timbered houses. As a result, the upper floors protect the lower tiers from getting wet, which prolongs the life of the buildings.
The revival of the half-timbered popularity
Traditional fachwerk designs made of modern materials look no less impressive than the medieval ones.
The era of mass individual construction in the 1970s gave a new birth to technology, but in a rethought, futuristic form, in which the famous German school Bauhaus played a significant role. Instead of wood at this time, architects began to use reinforced concrete and steel. Large glass planes, which replaced blank walls, gained popularity. The invention of laminated wood a few decades later made it possible to re-implement ancient technology construction. This material is more durable and perfect compared to traditional timber. At the moment, such renovated houses are very prestigious and popular in Sweden, Switzerland, Germany and many other countries, and the USA and Canada are no exception.
Thanks to the development of technology and changing architectural tastes, the style has now acquired new variations:
- frame without diagonal elements;
- large panoramic windows , providing excellent lighting and having good thermal insulation qualities;
- fachwerk imitation, performed using overhead wooden elements mounted on pre-plastered walls - this option is purely decorative.
Advice! Panoramic glazing is recommended by cottage owners to be installed on facades facing the courtyard and garden, or in the case of a significant recession of the building relative to the street - this way you get a magnificent view outside the window, a feeling of unity with nature and good lighting. Otherwise, there may be some discomfort caused by the need to constantly keep the curtains down to protect yourself from prying eyes.
The Kager house has a beautiful view of the surroundings with its display windows.
Features of the structural scheme of the house
The main characteristic of half-timbered houses is the performance of load-bearing functions by the frame, while the walls serve exclusively to enclose the premises. The use of frame-frame technology allows you to simultaneously save building materials and reduce the weight of the building, which makes it possible to build lightweight, ensure the stability and rigidity of the structure, and minimize construction time.
Frame construction
The load-bearing elements of the walls and roof are made of, mainly pine. Racks and horizontal runs form the frame of the walls. Diagonal braces provide frame rigidity and seismic resistance of the structure. bar bottom strapping fastened to the foundation, covered with a layer of waterproofing, by means of anchor bolts. The floor is insulated with expanded polystyrene.
Internal partitions are frame structure and are made from a bar fixed to load-bearing elements using frame dowels and filled with soundproofing material.
The installation of load-bearing parts is traditionally carried out by means of fairly complex and precise connections - cuts, dovetails, countersunk spikes, and the like. At the moment, it is allowed to use metal corners, plates, brackets in especially critical fasteners. It is desirable to arrange them in places inaccessible to the eye.
Important! All wooden elements must be impregnated with special oils to increase strength and protect against rot and insects. Treatment with flame retardants significantly reduces the flammability of the material.
External cladding
The filling of the frame cells is carried out after the installation of window and door blocks. For this purpose, almost any plate materials are used:
- antiseptic pine wood;
- polymer panels - the most common and budget option;
- cement-bonded particle boards (DSP);
- lining;
- gypsum fiber boards (GVL);
- waterproof plywood.
A variety of finishing options allows you to create both strict and elegant facades, for which the blanks are pre-painted with moisture-resistant compounds or colored cladding is chosen. Then the material is attached to the frame of the structure with the help of screws. The house is insulated with mineral wool made of basalt or quartz fiber.
Exterior finishing options:
A popular solution at the moment is stained-glass glazing from heat-saving low-emission double-glazed windows based on argon fillers. They reduce heat loss and therefore heating costs. Most of the glazing is deaf, packages with opening transoms are mounted in separate cells. Windows are inserted directly into the frame with a pre-selected quarter.
Interesting! Since ancient times, the facades of half-timbered houses were decorated with amulets:
- imitation of the letter "S" on the corners - lightning protection;
- rosettes, symbolizing the sun, attract abundance and prosperity;
- creepy masks on the corners ward off evil spirits;
- a symbol resembling "Ж" protects from fire.
Facade decorated with rosettes
Engineering Communication
The wiring of electrical cables and water supply is carried out inside the floor pie. All communications are laid in corrugated hoses. Polyethylene pipelines are used for plumbing. In houses, especially stained glass type, a practical solution is the installation of underfloor heating. Wiring to sockets, switches, lighting devices is carried out inside the partitions. Often arranged a complex system forced ventilation.
Roof construction and covering
The roof of the house is traditionally trussed with two or four slopes, but there are also modern ones. architectural solutions With flat roof. A characteristic feature is the absence of an attic and an attic, the presence of wide overhangs that protect the walls from precipitation.
As a roof covering, metal tiles, ondulin, various types can be used. soft roof. The use of natural tiles or slates with significant weight is undesirable - they increase the load on the supporting structures. The concept of stained glass can be extended to part of the roof. Modern technologies offer for this purpose electrochromic translucent fillings that provide automatic shading and high coating strength.
At the moment, the roof can have quite bizarre configurations with the preservation of the traditional overhanging levels and a large overhang.
Features of interior design
The most common styles of forming the internal space of the house correspond to its external appearance - these are country, provence, eco-style, Scandinavian, minimalism, which are characterized by an abundance of light, free layouts, some asceticism and light shades. Less often you can find classics or postmodernism. The high-tech interior with its minimalism and abundance of metal looks perfect.
Advice! When decorating a room, you should not consider frame elements solely as a decoration - beams can be used for installation lighting fixtures, devices hanging shelves and cabinets, realization of other original ideas.
Structural elements in the interior:
The minimalist bedroom interior is shaped by dark ceiling beams contrasting with light shades of finishes:
Ultra-modern high-tech interior, built on the contrast:
Forest view:
Option living room with a panorama of the river: 
The tree in the interior sets its style:
Pros and cons of fachwerk technology
Buildings delight the eye with accuracy and airiness, and from a practical point of view, they are characterized by the convenience of the construction process - it is similar to assembling a designer and is completed in a short time with minimal labor costs. At the same time, the buildings differ long term operation and durability - the three-hundred-year-old buildings are still preserved in excellent condition.
The advantages of houses include:
- the possibility of designing premises of any size without the construction of internal bearing walls;
- aesthetic appeal;
- high construction speed relative to brick, stone and timber houses;
- environmental friendliness;
- lack of shrinkage and ease of construction, allowing the use of lightweight foundations;
- wide opportunities to implement design ideas;
- resistance to deformation and seismic activity;
- possibility of application panoramic glazing due to the fact that there is practically no shrinkage;
- ease of disguise engineering communications;
- the possibility of overlapping beams of large spans.
The style allows you to implement the most daring architectural ideas, creating spectacular exteriors - light outdoor stairs are perfectly combined on facades with structural elements and a roof of an unusual configuration:
Unfortunately, mankind has not invented the ideal style of construction, but most of the problems have been solved over several centuries of building half-timbered houses. Walls made of adobe significantly lost brick buildings in the ability to retain heat, but at the moment the situation has changed with the emergence of new innovative heaters.
Attention! Most thermal insulation materials need to be replaced approximately every 25-30 years.
The disadvantages of technology include:
- high construction cost:
- low fire safety, which is typical for all wooden houses;
- the need for regular processing by special means to protect wood from damage by insects, fungi, mold.
Impressions of people living in half-timbered houses
From cozy country house with stained-glass windows on the ground floor overlooking the lawn and the surrounding forest, which makes it possible to feel unity with nature.
Reviews of cottage owners are varied, but mostly they are positive or neutral. The owners emphasize that it is desirable to build them, especially projects involving panoramic glazing, outside the city. Such houses are distinguished by increased comfort, excellent natural light, sound insulation and heat-saving qualities. But when choosing the option with large glazed planes, even in middle lane In Russia, heating costs are 30% higher than in the operation of ordinary buildings.
The reviews separately emphasize the spaciousness of the rooms and the fact that all communications are hidden in the floor and do not spoil the look of the interior. The versatility of architecture is noted - you can decorate the interior space in any actual modern style. The most popular at the moment is country music, minimalism, hi-tech.
Some who want to become the owner of a half-timbered cottage are scared away by the high cost of its construction. Then people resort to tricks - they build an imitation of the style, which is much cheaper.
The reviews also note such inconveniences of buildings that are inherent in all wooden houses. This is the need for strict adherence fire safety and regular treatment of structures to protect against mold and insects.
Project options
Buildings can be erected according to ready-made drawings or individual projects. The main difficulty in their development is the required maximum detail of all structural elements. For example, if 1000 of them are needed for their construction, then each of them must be separately calculated and drawn. The same applies to all nodes, connections, and so on.
The project of the house "Davinci-haus" with an area of 579 m 2 on the slope and on the river bank from the company Leadwood House LLC is original and harmoniously fits into the surrounding landscape:
Building interior: 
The interior of the pool overlooking the river: 
Lower tier layout with pool, bar and gym: 
The second tier with a spacious living room: 
Upper tier: 
"Copenhagen" with an area of 381 m2 with panoramic glazing from the company "freeDomHaus" in the village of Liikola Club, located in the Leningrad region:
Plan of the 1st floor with an office and a SPA area:
Plan of the 2nd floor with 4 bedrooms and a spacious dressing room: 
Project "Accord 162" with an area of 241 m 2, developed by the Finnish company "Lumi Polar":
1st level with two terraces, a veranda and a flowing space of the common area:
2nd level with second living room light and internal balcony:
A mansion with an area of 224 m 2 with a partial panoramic filling of the planes with double-glazed windows from the ASPDOM studio:
Level 1 Plan:
Four-Bedroom Attic Floor Plan:
The project of the Good Wood company with an area of 184 m 2
Layout of the 1st floor:
Attic floor plan:
A variant of an unusual cottage with an area of 244 m 2 with a flat roof from the Fachwerk studio:
Living room - wooden beams create comfort in the room:
Plan of the 1st floor with spacious terraces and free connection of zones:
Plan of the 2nd floor with the second light of the living room and gallery:
The Euro-House project with an area of 259.47 m 2 is the development of the Drevgrad studio. dark wood and panoramic glazing harmoniously fit into the forest landscape:
Layout of the 1st floor with a garage, two terraces, a common area and an office: 
Layout of the 2nd floor with two bedrooms and a second light above the living room:
One-storey cottage from the company "Modern wooden houses» - painted in White color wood is combined with large glass planes:
Plan of a cottage with a free flow of the common area, 4 bedrooms and a sauna:
Mansion "Hannover" with an area of 234 m2 from the company "INTEK" with a roof of cement-sand tiles:
1st floor plan with common area, garage and guest room:
3 bedroom attic floor plan: 
The project of a cottage with an area of 118 m 2 with walls filled with ceramic blocks and a tiled roof from the Z500 company:
1st level with common areas, office and terrace:
Attic level with 3 bedrooms: 
Modern half-timbered houses
Historically, such houses in different countries differed depending on the actual time of construction. architectural style and national traits. Currently, the most elite option is the presence of panoramic glazing that fills the frame. A comfortable microclimate in the premises is created through the use of modern technical equipment of the dwelling. Traditional bricks can also be used to fill the walls, concrete blocks, sandwich panels.
Fachwerk architecture - non-standard approach:
The originality of "village romance" in a modern version:
Cottage-castle from a childhood fairy tale:
Terraced half-timbered structure - the best solution for the southern regions:
Examples of German half-timbered houses
In modern Germany, there are close to 2 million buildings of this type. There are several styles of German buildings, but their general trend is the desire for original decor facades.
Modern application of structures for the bridge in Berlin:
Another interpretation of half-timbered architecture in high-rise architecture in Germany:
Option to preserve historical buildings in Kramerburg:
Half-timbered buildings with stained-glass windows
Glazing can reach 60% of area external walls , which today is a sign of luxury construction. Such a decision "blurs" the boundaries of the house, contributing to the unity of man and the surrounding landscape.
Panoramic glazing in the modern variation of the house is, first of all, the possibility of merging the interior and the surrounding landscape, an opportunity for a person to feel oneself with the world, without delimiting oneself with it:
For example, while in the house, stay on the shore:
The forest is also not bad, despite the radically modern approach to architecture:
Notice! Outside, the landscape can also be reflected, but your personal life remains hidden from prying eyes:
And this is an office - a half-timbered structure filled with innovative double-glazed windows:
One-story half-timbered houses
This is the most affordable option cottages of this type, despite the use of modern materials and technologies. The height of one floor, without an attic, provides an extremely light construction, which saves on the construction of the foundation and the entire building. The area of such houses, not exceeding 100 m 2, makes it easy to place them in small areas and provide comfortable conditions for a family of 3 people.
Cottage "Kova Fahverk" designed in a traditional style with the addition of a spacious terrace and large windows on the facade, illuminating the living room:
compact house unusual shape with sun protection details ideal for privacy:
The cottage with an area of 122 m 2 provides comfortable conditions for a family:
An unusual implementation of technology from a "wild" log:
Price and turnkey construction time
Due to the specifics of design solutions, the cost of designing and erecting a half-timbered building is significantly higher than that of a conventional frame house. The final amount depends on the complexity of the architectural, structural, engineering parts of the project, the materials used. The construction of the supporting frame of the house costs an average of about $ 300. The rest of the funds - filling wall structures, erecting partitions, roofing, finishing work, laying engineering communications.
Important! Construction price square meter cottage "turnkey" domestic production is about 500-1000 dollars, imported - 1400-2000 dollars.
The choice of a project depends only on your needs, taste preferences and financial capabilities: 
The full construction period, which can be carried out at any time of the year, is from 3 to 6 months. When the project is completely ready, the manufacture of the frame at the factory takes up to 2 weeks, the same amount - its assembly on the site. The rest of the work can be completed in 2 months.
Important points of DIY construction
Fachwerk is one of the most complex frame technologies, therefore, the construction of such a building is most reliably trusted by specialists. Self erection a cottage requires serious skills and experience with wooden structures, thorough knowledge of calculating the rigidity of spatial schemes. A negative example exists now near St. Petersburg - a large number of half-timbered buildings were soon destroyed due to a violation of technology, although in Europe they have been standing for centuries.
Not the most technologically difficult option for do-it-yourself construction:
Important! If you have certain building skills, you can still build such a structure yourself - in this case, it is advisable to use a factory-made kit made according to the project, where all the elements are carefully calculated and made in strict accordance with the drawings. As a result installation work reminiscent of the assembly of the designer according to the instructions.
The manufacturer delivers to the construction site finished wooden structures, pre-treated with insect and rot repellents and with grooves for connecting parts. When assembling a house with your own hands, you need to consider technological sequence works:
- the first stage is the construction of the foundation, as a rule, of a lightweight type, up to 0.5 m wide;
- waterproofing device and laying the strapping with fixing the timber with anchors;
- assembling the frame from glued laminated timber exactly according to the schemes provided by the manufacturer;
- building internal partitions from a beam of a smaller section with fixing them to the floor with frame dowels;
- installation of roof rafters;
- installation of wall panels in such a way that the frame elements remain outside;
- implementation of thermal insulation;
- laying wiring of engineering communications in the floor and frame;
- when using panoramic glazing - installation of underfloor heating systems;
- roof covering flooring;
- exterior and interior decoration.
Even such, at first glance, a complex project can be realized with your own hands:
The choice of half-timbered style - great option demonstrating their own originality and at the same time a certain commitment to the classics. It is especially relevant at the present time, when people, thanks to modern technologies practically independent of climatic conditions. Today, there are ample opportunities to replace the simple copying of style with the introduction of new extraordinary elements into it.
The process of assembling a half-timbered house
In the video below, the order of assembly of a half-timbered house is simulated in dynamics, which allows you to understand the essence and features of the construction of a building in a few minutes.
1. Fachwerk filled with cork glued laminated timber
Structurally, it is 100% true half-timbered with composite timber filling (laminated wood 120 mm with cork agglomerate 80 mm). The direction and section of the beams can be changed at the request of the customer. It is also possible to make a composite beam in the form of a log. The proposed option, today, is the most technologically advanced product in the field of wooden housing construction!
2. Fachwerk filled with wooden CLT boards
Structurally, 100% true half-timbered with CLT slabs. Facades and interiors, if desired, can be made of plaster or wood or their combinations. outdoor plate five-layer 5S 95 mm (category B). Internal three-layer 3S 99 mm or 3S 120 mm (category A), depending on the design of the project. Any type of insulation - at the request of the customer (cork, linen, jute, wood-fiber), in the Rockwool base.
3. Fachwerk with frame filling
Structurally, it is 100% true fachwerk. Filling - insulated wooden glued frame frames, sheathed with wood imitating timber (vertical or horizontal orientation) or plaster - facade, painted according to GVL - interior.
4. Combined half-timbered house with walls made of wooden CLT slabs
Externally and internally, it looks 100% like a true half-timbered house. Structural: 25% true fachwerk, 75 insulated CLT slab (category A, B) with overhead wooden elements imitating true fachwerk. On request, plaster or wooden facades and interiors, or a combination of both, is possible. Wooden facades and interiors of your choice, may differ in direction and shape.
5. Combined half-timbered house with frame walls
Externally and internally, 100% looks like a true half-timbered house, Structural: 25% true half-timbered, 75% insulated glued wood frame walls with an imitation of a true fachwerk. On request, it is possible to perform plaster or wooden facades and interiors, or their combinations. Wooden facades and interiors, by choice, may differ in the direction and shape of the profiles.
Fachwerk construction technologies
- half-timbered panel. The half-timbered panel of the house is produced on hydraulic assembly tables at the Promstroyles plant to set high-definition geometric dimensions of the panel and select mounting gaps with increased junction accuracy.
- Fachwerk frame. Installation of a house using this technology involves the manual erection of a frame, where filling, together with a set for the construction of internal load-bearing walls and a frame, takes place at the construction site.
Fachwerk wall filling
Elite half-timbered houses in the Italian style "Pagano"
Options for building half-timbered cottages in Italian style"Pagano": fachwerk, CLT, frame-panel.
Half-timbered houses in the German style
Options for building half-timbered houses in german style: fachwerk, CLT, frame-panel.
