Drilling artesian wells for water, as a rule, is produced in a rotary way, when the rock cutting tool (cone bit) rotates due to the torque transmitted by the drill rods from the rotator, which in turn is driven by the drilling rig engine. Recently, for these purposes, drilling rigs URB 2A-2 based on ZIL 131 and URAL have become most widespread. Both a sustainer engine and a separate deck engine can be used as a drilling rig engine.
Flush drilling
At flushed the destroyed rock is washed to the surface with the help of a liquid. The fluid is pumped through the drill pipes directly to the bottomhole by means of a pump. Having passed through the pipes down to the bit, this liquid washes out the destroyed rock and lifts it along the well to the surface, where this liquid flows by gravity into the sump. From the sump through the hose, this liquid is again pumped into the pipes and through the pipes to the bottom, thereby circulating this liquid.
When drilling into unstable rocks, mud is used as a drilling fluid. If the well section starts with clay layers, mud is naturally formed. If it is impossible to form a clay solution in a natural way, the clay solution is kneaded from special clay (bentonite), it is possible to add a small amount of cement. The clay solution also performs another important function - due to hydrostatic pressure, it keeps the walls of the well from collapsing. The clay solution holds the well walls well during the passage of clay and sand layers. When passing through hard rock, such as limestone, water is used as the flushing solution.
By the type of slurry being washed out, the drilling foreman sees which rocks are currently destroying the bit and records this in the drill log.
When the tool reaches the limestone, the well is cased with pipes and flushed. Limestone is a natural reservoir of water, which fills the pores, cavities and cracks, thus forming a huge system of cracks. Next, the limestone is drilled with a bit of a smaller diameter, using it as a drilling fluid. clean water. If clay layers or sand lenses are encountered, the driller decides to cover these sections of the wellbore with a casing pipe of a smaller diameter.
There are also solid limestones, sometimes silicified, in which, for obvious reasons, there are no cracks and, as a result, water. But sooner or later, the tool reaches the desired limestone layers.
When the absorption of the washing liquid begins, its quantity is replenished with the help of imported water, which is brought by water carriers. According to the degree of absorption of the drilling fluid, the drilling foreman determines the expected flow rate of the well, that is, its productivity. When this absorption reaches the required values, the drilling foreman beats the water level in the well and, if necessary, cases the limestone hole with a casing pipe of a smaller diameter.
When pumping a well, the dynamic water level in the well is determined and the debit of the well is calculated.
After all this, you have a hydraulic structure ready for operation on your site.
Now it remains to equip the well with a caisson, mount water supply equipment and enjoy your own water intake to the fullest.
Security country house water is a top priority. Without water, it is even impossible to carry out construction, not to mention a normal stay in the country. all year round or seasonally. There are several options: connect to centralized system, dig a well or drill a well for water. The easiest first option, but in its absence, it is easier to dig a shallow well. But the water quality will be low, so many people prefer to make their own water well with their own hands. We offer you to get acquainted with the drilling technologies that are available for home use.
Drilling methods
Drilling of wells for water is carried out different ways. In particular, there are such technologies:
- Percussion drilling.
- Rotary drilling.
- Screw drilling.
- Hydro drilling.
Consider all the features of do-it-yourself well drilling technologies.
Percussion wireline drilling
The rope technique involves the use of a special mechanism. The process of drilling water wells by this method is considered the most affordable for home use. However, the process is quite lengthy. If there is no mechanism, then the process of raising the impactor will also require serious labor costs.
Do-it-yourself drilling of a well for water using a shock-rope method can be performed in different types of soil. It is important to select the appropriate shells. Below we describe some of the devices that summer residents use for self-drilling a well on the site:
- Thick metal pipe. In its lower part there is a cut and a cutting edge. Such a structure is also known as a drill glass. Many craftsmen make a similar drill for drilling a well by hand on their own. The best option for a non-flowing layer of clay soil.
- If the soil is predominantly hard rocks such as crushed stone or sand, then a bailer is used. A valve is welded at the bottom of the drill. At the moment the drill hits the ground, the valve opens, the soil gets inside the glass. When lifted, the valve closes. Thanks to this, the rock does not spill out, but is taken out.
- In such soil, when manually drilling a well for water, you can use a drill spoon. It received this name due to its specific shape.
- If, when drilling a well by hand, you come across rock, then a drill bit is used. First, the rock must be crushed, and then removed from the source.
All these drills are based on a rope and special installation- tripod. To automate the process of removing the drill, an engine can be installed on a tripod. In this case, shock — the rotational method will significantly speed up the entire drilling process.
Important! The heavier the shell you have, the faster the well will be ready for water. Therefore, it is recommended to make an effort to make it.
Rotary drilling
In this case, special mobile equipment of MGBU with small installation. Drilling a well for water will be much faster. Important condition- provide free access for the entrance of equipment. The rotary method is effective in cases where a well in the country is needed in a short time.
Scheme of rotary drilling
Auger drilling
In this situation, drilling a well for water is carried out by means of an auger drill. By this is meant a steel pipe having welded blades in a helical direction. In the process of rotation of the auger, the projectile gradually deepens into the ground. In the process of its immersion, it should be regularly lifted out, the blades are cleaned and the tube is built up for greater immersion. It is important that the bottom of the pipe has a thread and a retaining ring. In this case, it will be possible to carry out manual drilling of a well for water with high quality.
But this method of drilling wells for water is effective only if the soil is soft. With loose soil, the wellbore will constantly crumble. And with rocky rock, the method is generally ineffective.
Hydro drilling
Water well drilling is also carried out using hydrodrilling technology. Based on the name, it becomes clear that water is used in the process of work. Its exit by gravity occurs directly through the drill, where there is a special hole. Additionally, a pump is used. The technology of drilling wells by hydrodrilling does not require a large volume of water, since its circulation is observed.
Choosing a location for drilling a well
Before drilling a well, it is necessary to determine a place for work. Most The best way use all kinds of schemes and maps of the terrain of your region. They can be more likely to find out whether a well for water with a good aquifer or not. For example, in some regions of the country only perched water is available. It lies at a depth of up to 10 meters. This water can be taken for food only if it is regularly submitted for analysis to the relevant authorities. In all other cases, you must install the system deep cleaning. But as a rule, it is not cost-effective to drill a well for water at such a depth; it is enough to make a small well.
A well under water is mainly made in a place where artesian water. This source will produce water of excellent quality. This aquifer is located at a depth of 55 m or more. However, it is forbidden to raise this water without appropriate permits. For domestic needs and without any permits, you can drill a hole in a free-flowing well. As a rule, such sources are called - a needle on the sand. Drilling wells for sand is often carried out independently without the involvement of special equipment. The aquifer located at a depth of 5 to 20 meters. But before you drink it, you should carefully pump the well in the area.
As for a specific place, there are many ways to determine the water on the site. For example, when planning to drill sand wells, an exploration well is prefabricated. There are also folk ways. But best of all, find maps and diagrams of the aquifer in your area.
Types of wells and their features
The type or type of well in the area determines the peculiarity of the geology of the area at a particular drilling point. Well, there are a number of factors involved:
- Depth.
- rock hardness.
- Feature of the geological section.
The well drilling technology also affects the specific type. Now we offer to compare 4 types of sources:
- Industrial.
- Exploration.
- On the sand.
- Abyssinian well.
Industrial
This is a limestone well with a diameter of 600 mm. As a rule, the depth is more than 500 m and has a large flow rate of up to 100 cubic meters per hour. It is effective to drill a well under the water of such a plan for large agricultural and technological buildings and industries. It is exploited for cottage settlements and so on. The well drilling method used is rotary.
Exploration
If hydrological or geological exploration work is carried out, then an exploration hole is drilled. In most cases, rotary technology is used. As a rule, the diameter is very small, and the well device is very simple. Plus, it's the cheapest investment. Thanks to this, there is a real opportunity to find out exactly where you can start large-scale work.
Well on the sand
Such a water well is made by hand using rotational technology. For this, a screw is used. In just two days, you can cope with all the work. It is classified as low-yield up to 1 cubic meter at one o'clock. For pumping apply vibration pumps. Subject to the technology of drilling a well for water, it will last up to 10 years. For everything to work properly, it is recommended to use it constantly.
Abyssinian well
The Abyssinian type building is a source that is easy to make with your own hands. It cannot even be fully called for drilling, because it uses a special rod that is driven into the soil. A special filter mesh is attached to its lower part, which allows you to lift water up. good quality. In the process, extension rods are used. The connection is made by means of a thread. Unlike other technologies for drilling wells under water, the pipe itself remains in the ground, since water will flow through it. The pipe diameter can reach up to 32 mm. It is extremely important that all connections are as tight as possible, since the needle is driven into the soil for a long time.
Water well drilling tools
If manual well drilling is planned, then the optimal technology is shock-rope, it is the most common and affordable. This will require the following tool and material:
- Shovel.
- A drill having a cutting part. To increase the weight of the drill, steel screws or other metal objects can be welded onto it.
- Wheelbarrow for transporting soil.
- Pump.
- Water container.
You will also need the following material:
- Wire.
- Pipe.
- Steel wire for the filter.
- Gravel or crushed stone.
Do-it-yourself drilling of water wells
The well in the country with the help of shock-rope technology is made by hand. The essence of the technology is to drill holes in the soil using a driving glass. A tool falls from a height that breaks the rock. After that, it is lifted and the soil is removed from the glass. For this, certain conditions must be created. Now we propose to consider in detail how to make a well with your own hands.
Before you drill a well in the country, you need to make a hole. This means digging a shallow hole to make it easier to drill a well in the area. First of all, due to this, the drilling depth is reduced and the probability of collapse of the upper soil layer is excluded. Its size can have the following dimensions: 1.5 by 2.5 meters. Along the edges of the walls of the pit are reinforced with plywood. Thanks to this, the soil will definitely not crumble.
Further, the technology of drilling a well for water includes the installation of a tripod. This is a special shock-rope mechanism that allows you to drill a well for water. The tripod serves support installation to hold the drill glass. It is made from wood or metal profile. The length of the beam / pipe should reach up to 5 meters. Be sure to mount the winch with a cable. A drill glass is attached to the cable.
Drilling on suburban area
The resulting installation has a compact size, does not require the use of a small-sized drilling rig for drilling wells and is done by hand. You can drill a well in this way for different time. Speed determines the nature of the soil. In one blow, the drill can go up to one meter. If the soil is stony, then up to 200 mm.
Advice! To speed up the process of making a well on the site, water can be poured into the hole. She will soften the breed. Moreover, the glass must be constantly cleaned.
As for the cable, it must have a sufficient margin so that the drill does not come off and remain at the very bottom of the hole. As you progress, you can immediately mount the casing or after drilling a well for water manually.
If the first method is chosen, then the water well drilling process technology will include a casing pipe having larger diameter than the drill itself. With this method, it is important to control the depth of the well for drinking water. Otherwise, you can skip the aquifer and close it with a pipe. Therefore, the moisture level of the soil raised outside should be clearly controlled.
You can determine this moment in the manufacture of a water well in a country house according to the following criteria:
- The knot began to sit down very quickly.
- In the flush, you found a water-bearing rock.
- In the storm after the clay, you found sand.
- There is a static pressure.
- Water began to drain from the pit.
- The drill starts to vibrate.
Therefore, when drilling a well in this way, it is important to be extremely careful.
As soon as you have reached the aquifer, a do-it-yourself well in the country is required for pumping and cleaning from dirty water. Thanks to this, you will be able to find out if this well in your summer cottage will meet all the needs of your family in terms of your debit.
If during the pumping process the water is cloudy for a long time, then you should deepen the well in the country with your own hands.
Casing
The design of the water well necessarily includes the casing. To do this, you can use plastic or metal pipes. It is not advised to use galvanized pipes, as they may adversely affect chemical composition water.
So, by installing a casing pipe, the following goals are achieved:
- The walls of the source do not crumble.
- The water intake is not silted.
- It excludes the possibility of hitting perched water, which is not the best in the category of wells.
- The source will remain clean.
As already mentioned, a water well can be equipped with a casing pipe during or after drilling. If the pipe enters the ground heavily, then it is necessary to exert physical effort and work with a sledgehammer.
Flushing the well for water after drilling
After drilling a well with your own hands and installing a casing pipe, flushing is carried out - a mandatory step. The essence of this process is that a pipe is lowered into the source, through which water is pumped under pressure. Due to the pressure, sand and clay will be completely removed from the hole. All this will be pumped out. As soon as clean water has gone, be sure to hand it over for analysis at the appropriate organization.
Advantages and disadvantages
This method of drilling a well for water has its pros and cons.
Advantages:
- The design of the well for water allows you to make a source with a high debit and a long service life.
- Well drilling equipment can be made by hand, which is a savings, as if you had to rent a small-sized installation to drill a well.
- The ability to control the water level and see the aquifer.
- The design of water wells allows you to create an inlet with a large diameter.
- These drilling methods allow you to work even in winter time of the year.
Flaws:
- There are other types of well drilling that allow you to work much faster.
- A large amount of water well drilling equipment will be required, especially for casing.
- These types of water wells require serious physical and labor resources.
- Before drilling a well for water, it is necessary to determine the nature of the soil; the shock-rope technology is not always relevant.
- Doing harm landscape design home territory. For this reason, before drilling a well with your own hands, you should not carry out landscaping work.
Conclusion
So, here we have considered all the features of how to make a water well with our own hands. Among other things, we learned about the varieties of this source, which under different circumstances receives different names, for example, absorption wells, thermometric wells, sand wells and others. To consolidate the whole theory and know how to do the job yourself, we suggest watching the prepared video material at the end of the article.
Drilling a well for water is a completely feasible task, and everything can be done with your own hands. The only thing is that it may not work to make an artesian well.
This work is quite labor intensive. The cost of drilling a well for water depends entirely on the depth of the source.
So how much it costs to drill a well for water will depend entirely on your site. In the video in this article, you can see the entire procedure for performing the work. And see the photo in more detail.
Criteria by which the quality of drinking water from a well is determined
The main goal pursued by drilling in the well section is the extraction of water for irrigation and drinking.
- Transparency at least 30 cm.
- Nitrates should not be more than 10 mg/l.
- One liter of water cannot contain more than 10 Escherichia coli.
- At least three points should be an assessment of smell and taste.
Tip: To make sure the quality of drinking water, its sample must be handed over to the sanitary and epidemiological service for examination.
Drilling methods
There are several ways to build wells for water, the depth of which is more than 20 meters.
It could be:
- Auger drilling.
- Core drilling.
- Shock rope method.
- Shock-rotational.
- Use of an ice ax.
Tools
Water well drilling technology includes correct selection the right tool and equipment.
To drill a well, the following tools and equipment are needed:
- You must have a drilling tower or make a fixture yourself;
- Gur, which will correspond to the diameter of the well;
- winch;
- Steel pipe, which is designed for fastening the walls, and rods.
Attention: If you have a large depth of the well, then you need a drilling rig, it is suitable for drilling a well to a greater depth. This design allows you to load and raise the drill with rods.
Determine the type of well
This issue is quite important and will completely affect not only the cost of work, but also the quality of water:
- Before starting drilling, the territory of the site must be examined for the depth at which ground water, since this parameter will determine the amount of work required to be performed, which will lead to the well becoming water-bearing.
Attention: The choice of the type of well is directly affected by the depth at which the water-bearing formation occurs.
- If the occurrence of the aquifer is shallow and can be found at a depth of 3 to 12 meters, you should choose a well of the "" type.
- A sand well is used at a depth of up to 50 meters.
- An artesian-type well will be used when water depth is up to 200 meters in the ground.
The first and second types of wells can be performed manually, but an artesian type well will require professional drillers and a drilling rig. Instructions for making other types will be below.
Sand hole execution by hand
This type provides for pumping out water from a depth not exceeding 50 meters. The well is called so because it gives water from the sandy soil layer containing it, usually located at a depth of fifty meters.
Such a depth at which the aquifer lies requires periodic checks of the water content in the sanitation station, since it does not guarantee its purity.
sand well organized according to the classical scheme using a pump. Purification of water from debris and suspensions is carried out using a filter installed at a depth that requires regular cleaning. This type has a service life of about 15 years.
Well device according to the "Abyssinian well" type
This one is the easiest to do. Since it is not deep, a careful approach is required when choosing a place for its device.
There should not be sewage and cesspools, septic tanks and garbage heaps near such a structure, since the shallow depth increases the risk of contamination of the source with harmful substances.
Attention: In the absence of pebbles or other hard rocks in the soil, a well can be drilled in the local area, or directly, in the basement of the house.
This design makes it easy to use sub-zero temperatures. In order to use water in the absence of electricity, in addition to the pump, the home well is also equipped with a manual column.
Drilling an artesian well
If artesian-type wells are available in neighboring areas, then the occurrence of water in this area most likely occurs in a limestone layer. In other cases, an experimental well performed by drillers is used to determine the depth at which water occurs.
Able to provide more than one site with water, therefore, in order to obtain the desired result and save money, drilling is often ordered in pool.
The choice of one or another type of well is determined by the type of soil and the amount of water planned for consumption. A sand well and an Abyssinian well will provide small water requirements.
If the flow rate exceeds 10 cubic meters per hour, then an artesian well is needed. In order to avoid problems with laying the water supply in the future, it is better to drill any type of well near the house.
Tools and equipment for drilling
The drilling of an artesian well by professionals is carried out using a drilling rig. For drilling shallower wells, a tripod with a winch is used, which will lower and raise the drilling tool - a drill, a drilling column, drill rods, a core barrel.
Manual drilling of a well is carried out with a metal auger, in the role of which an ice drill can be used for over-ice fishing. In this case, the drill must be made of high-strength steel.
This drilling option is the most economical. In addition, you will also need a pump for the well, filters, a caisson, valves, pipes of various diameters (casing, water) and hoses.
Stages of drilling
So:
- To begin with, a pit or pit breaks out one and a half meters by one and a half meters. To prevent shedding, the recess is lined with pieces of chipboard, boards or plywood.
For greater stability in the vertical position of the pipe, a conventional drill breaks through a trunk 1 meter deep and 15-20 centimeters in diameter. - A solid wooden or metal tripod, called a drilling rig, is installed above the recess and a winch is fixed on it. Very often towers are built from logs. Also, a drill column with rods 150 centimeters long is suspended on a tripod (subject to self-drilling).
- The bars are attached with threaded connection and secured with a clamp. This design used for lowering and lifting equipment.
- The pump is purchased in advance and determines the future diameter of the core barrel and well. For free passage of the pump into the pipe, the difference between the diameters of the pump and the pipe from the inside must be at least 5 millimeters.
- The lowering and retrieval of drilling equipment is considered to be drilling a well. During operation, the rod is rotated in the ground, and blows are simultaneously applied from above with a chisel.
Attention: It is much more convenient to do this work in pairs. One scrolls the rod with a gas wrench, and the other breaks through the rock, striking the rod from above.
The winch facilitates lowering and retrieval of equipment into the well, greatly simplifying the workflow. In order to determine the time to remove the rod for cleaning the drill, it is marked and cleaned every half a meter.
To facilitate the overcoming of various layers of soil for drilling, various drills are used:
- For clay soils, a spiral drill (serpentine) is used;
- For loosening hard soils, a drill bit is used;
- For sandy soil, a drill spoon is used;
- A bailer is used to bring soil to the surface.
Let's now see how the work is done directly:
- The drill-spoon is used to pass the sandy layer, with the addition of water during drilling. In the case of hard ground, chisel drills are used, which have a flat and cross shape.
These drills are designed for loosening hard soil. Overcoming quicksands occurs using the impact method. - The bailer, serpentine and drill-spoon are used on clay soils. Since spiral drills (serpentines) have a spiral-like design, they do an excellent job with clay soils. The pitch of the spiral in such drills will be equal to the diameter of the drill itself. The base of the drill has dimensions from 45 to 85 millimeters, and the blade is from 285 to 290 millimeters.
Gravel-bearing pebble formations are punched using casing pipes, while alternating between a bit and a bailer. In some cases, pouring water into the holes is indispensable, since this greatly simplifies drilling the well. with a pump also deserves attention. - The proximity of the aquifer will be evidenced by the wet rock extracted to the surface. Drilling will be noticeably easier, but you should not stop, because it is necessary to find a water-resistant layer with a drill.
The buildup and improvement of the well
When the desired depth is reached, you can proceed to the next stage of well improvement:
- A filter column consisting of a filter, a sump and a pipe is lowered into the finished well. The filter can be purchased at the store or made on their own from casing pipe, perforation and filter mesh.
- The pipe is strengthened by filling the space behind it with coarse sand or gravel with a fraction of up to 5 millimeters. Backfilling must be carried out above the level of the filter.
Since the function of the filter is to protect the well from large impurities and sand, it is the main element designs. In parallel with backfilling, water is pumped into a pipe with a sealed top end.
This operation flushes the filter and the annulus. With the help of this operation, a natural barrier is formed from large impurities. - Next, a gelling operation is carried out, which ensures that water is pumped out with a screw pump or a special bailer nozzle until clear and clean water appears from a fresh well. This is the swing stage. Most often, a centrifugal electric pump is used.
Attention: The advantage of this mechanism lies in its ability to pump liquid media with increased density. A conventional household-type pump is also acceptable, but, unfortunately, it will take more time and effort. In the event of a power outage, a hand pump can also be used.
- At the end of pumping, with the help of a safety cable, the pump is lowered to a depth, to which a hose or water pipe with a diameter of 25 to 50 millimeters is connected. The choice of the required diameter depends on how much water it will be possible to pump out of the well in a certain period of time.
- In the case of a steel pipe, it is not necessary to fix the pump, but a waterproof cable that feeds the pump is attached to its body.
Choosing a pump
The price of this mechanism will depend on its power and manufacturer. Of course, it is better to give preference to proven brands, because they have significantly better production quality.
When choosing, the following parameters should also be applied:
- The main indicator in this matter will be;
- The diameter of the casing pipe will also affect, it must be taken into account, otherwise the pump simply will not work;
- Power will also be needed, and this, in turn, will be affected by the remoteness of water delivery.
Attention: With a water depth of up to 9 meters, a self-priming surface pump is perfect. With a greater depth of occurrence, a submersible borehole pump should be used.
- First, the wellhead should be equipped with a caisson. There is a detailed article on this topic on our website;
- We remove the pipe and at the same time weld it to the head. Now we lower the pump there;
Attention: Do not forget that a valve must be fixed on the neck. With it, you can always turn off the water if necessary. This is needed in case of problems.
Now you have an idea how this work is done. The most important thing is not to rush and correctly determine the type of well. After that, when working, make high-quality sealing of the seams and everything will turn out to be of high quality and repairs will not often bother.
Do-it-yourself water well is real way provide water plot within a private house, thereby building a reliable water supply for the future suburban area where there is no centralized water supply.
Arrangement of such a water source requires significant financial and labor costs. Drilling will require special tools and equipment, but proper organization all work can be done independently and reliably.
In order to equip your own well for water, you need find the right body of water, determine the depth of its occurrence and drill a channel (wellbore) in the ground, which is included in this productive layer. The main drilling methods are discussed below.
screw method
For such drilling, drill (auger) in the form of a rod with a cutter at the end and blades located along a helical line. Garden or fishing drills can be considered elementary augers.
The essence of the technology is in screwing the tool into the ground by rotating it and extracting the earth as it rises. The process can be carried out manually or mechanically way. You can drill a well manually using auger up to a depth of 8-10 m.
This technique is considered the most simple and affordable, but it can only be used if there is a sufficiently soft or loose soil. You can not use it in the presence of quicksand and rocky outcrops. In the presence of harder soil or deeper drilling, it is necessary to tool rotation mechanization. As the hole deepens, the auger is screwed to the drill pipe (string) section.
Hydrodrilling (hydrodynamic drilling)
Technology based on the combination of traditional drill and hydraulic action.
At the same time, flushing fluid is constantly supplied to the drilling zone under pressure, which:
- helps destroy the earth;
- washes out the drilled soil, bringing it to the surface;
- cools the drilling tool;
- aligns the walls of the entire trunk as it moves.
It is water weighted with clay, and is fed into the well with a pump. Wells are usually made with the help of hydrodrilling. depth 30-50 m, but in principle, it is possible to drill a trunk even deeper than 200 m. To increase the drilling depth, a drill string is assembled from rods - pipes 1.3-2 m long, 45-75 mm in diameter.
Pneumatic drilling (pneumatic percussion drilling)
Refers to shock-rotational technologies. With this technique, the destruction of the rock occurs by impact with a pneumatic tool (pneumatic hammer), while the entire drill string is given a rotational motion.
For pneumatic drilling not afraid of hard rocks, and problems arise with clayey, viscous soils that quickly clog the tool. The depth of the drilled wells is small - up to 50 m (usually 15-25 m). Important advantage – high speed penetrations.
diamond tool
The most effective, but very expensive way to drill wells is considered to be core drilling using nozzles with diamond crowns . Such drilling rigs are capable of drilling at a very high speed in soil of any hardness. The main disadvantages are the small diameter of the trunk (up to 15-17 cm) and the cost of driving up to 500-700 rubles per 1 m.
Turbine technology
The method is based on the longitudinal advance of the drill bit, the rotational movement of which is provided by a turbodrill. All this is located on a submersible column, which is increased by rods as the wellbore deepens.
The main element - a turbodrill is an engine that plunges into the bottomhole zone, i.e. does not rotate the entire drill string. Drilling can be provided by low-speed (120-300 rpm) and high-speed (450-600 rpm) engines, while they are driven by the hydrodynamic force created by the fluid flow acting on the engine blades.
electric drill
This technology is not fundamentally different from turbine drilling. In this case, instead of a turbodrill with blades into the bottomhole zone immersed asynchronous type electric motor. The use of an electric drive makes it possible to abandon the drill string in the form of pipes and lower the electric drill on a cable-rope.
The main disadvantage is reduced performance cable in downhole conditions with frequent tripping operations.
Screw motors
These are modern, improved drives lowered into the bottomhole zone. They are voluminous rotary type hydraulic units. Their rotation is provided by the drilling fluid, and efficiency is increased by the use of low and high pressure chambers.
Important. The choice of drilling method depends on the depth of the productive, water reservoir, soil characteristics and the presence of difficult areas in the drilling zone, as well as the planned well flow rate and the availability of equipment and financial capabilities.
How are water wells drilled?
Any well designed to lift water from deep water to the surface. Its principle of operation is based on the arrangement of the wellbore in the form of a pipeline by installing a casing string (pipe) so that the bottom hole with a coarse filter is inside the water source, while the liquid is lifted by a submersible or surface type pump.
Thus, water enters through the holes in the bottom of the string and is forced up the wellbore to the surface.
Kinds
Taking into account design features and depth, the following types of water wells are distinguished:
- Abyssinian well(pipe well). It is constructed by driving a pipe into the ground, and therefore the depth is no more than 6-10 m. The water rises from the top layer (groundwater) and is heavily polluted. It can be used for technical purposes or for drinking, but only after boiling.
- Well on the sand. She drills deep 14-25 m, which allows you to use any method of drilling. Usually it is cased with a pipe with a diameter of 12-20 cm. The flow rate of such a well is small and it is intended for small farms. The work uses centrifugal pump surface mounted.
- Artesian well is drilled to the lower, productive water reservoir at a depth over 50 m. The water in it is absolutely clean and used for drinking. Lifting from it can only be carried out using a submersible pump.
Functional nodes
Any well, regardless of depth and variety, has the following functional areas and nodes:
- Downhole zone or water intake. This is the lower part of the well, which is located in the water reservoir. Here, through the perforation, water enters the casing string. Mandatory element - filter.
- Casing string (pipe) or suction line. Its task is to provide a sealed channel for water from the bottomhole zone to the pump inlet (pump intake), which must be equipped with check valve to prevent backflow.
- Pump. It provides the rise of water, for which it creates a certain pressure.
- Hydraulic accumulator or storage tank . This node is responsible for protecting the equipment from water hammer, ensuring the water reserve and creating desired pressure in the plumbing.
- Pressure switch and control equipment.
- Well head. This is the upper, ground part of the well, which protects it from contamination from above, freezing and distribution of raised water.
Equipment
To equip a well for water, you need the following inventory and equipment:
- Pump. It is selected taking into account the depth and productivity of the well, the size of the casing, the length of the water main. With a shaft depth of up to 10-12 m, a surface, centrifugal pump of the required power is most often used. For deep wells, a submersible type pump is used. It requires a carrier, safety cable and a submersible electrical cable.
- Pumping station with the system automatic control process. It must have monitoring devices and overload protection devices.
- Hydropneumatic tank. It is designed to maintain a stable pressure in the system and optimize pump performance. A constant water level in it is maintained by a level switch. The dimensions of the reservoir depend on the capacity of the equipment and the flow rate of the well. The volume can vary widely from 20-30 to 1000 liters. Containers with a volume of about 100-150 liters are considered optimal.
- Caisson. The wellhead can be equipped in different ways, but the most popular is the caisson, which is a metal box (tank) that seals the wellhead. It is mounted with a small depth (up to 1-1.2 m) and has dimensions sufficient to accommodate connecting equipment and a serving person.
- Communications. Cable, wire to ensure reliable power supply and water pipes from the caisson to the points of water consumption.
note
The upper part of the well and the water supply are in the zone of soil freezing, and therefore they must be reliably insulated.
Mounting sequence
The submersible pump is mounted in the following sequence:
- installation of a check valve (if it is not included in the pump kit);
- fastening on a cable and connecting a cable;
- immersion of the pump to the desired depth;
- installation and connection of a hydraulic accumulator (hydropneumatic tank);
- connection and adjustment of the control and monitoring system;
- installation and connection of fine filters;
- connection to consumption points (heating equipment, mixers, etc.).
Downhole device scheme
A standard deep well device with a submersible pump has such basic design:
- perforated water intake of the casing pipe with a sump;
- coarse water filter;
- submersible pump with check valve and water intake;
- conduit or pipe (hose) for lifting water connected to a pump;
- waterproof cable for pump power supply;
- borehole or expanded upper part of the wellbore;
- cap, caisson;
- shut-off equipment (ball type valve);
- control devices, pressure gauge (up to 8-10 bar);
- pumping mechanism with a ball valve.
The scheme of the well is quite standard:
- Water under the pressure of the formation seeps into the sump and accumulates in it.
- When the pump is turned on, water rises along the casing string, enters the pumping water intake and goes up the conduit.
- In the caisson, water is sent to a hydraulic accumulator, where a certain supply of it is created, after which it enters the water supply system.
How is a well set up?
When a productive reservoir, a water carrier, is reached in the process of drilling, the stage of arranging a well for water begins. First, the lower filter column is lowered into the shaft, which is a pipe with a perforated tip, a settling chamber and a filter of several meshes, which prevent the penetration of large fractions of impurities.
Next, the entire casing string is mounted, and the gap between it and the ground is filled with sand and fine gravel. Simultaneously with backfilling of the mixture, the well is pumped by supplying water with sealing of the wellhead.
After cleaning the bottomhole, a submersible pump is lowered on a cable with a connected conduit with a diameter of 25-50 mm, depending on the flow rate of the well. The casing string and wellhead protection are fixed on the head. A shut-off valve is installed in the outlet system. In the caisson, a water conduit and a water pipeline are connected.
Well is enough difficult hydraulic structure , but with its proper arrangement, a reliable own water supply appears. All operations, starting with drilling the well, can be done by hand, but for this you must follow all the recommendations of specialists and use standard equipment.
Useful videos
The cheapest and easiest to manufacture hydraulic drill and its test when drilling an aquifer:
How to drill with your own hands from sheet metal, look:
The same well, purpose and device:
Do-it-yourself methods and options for cleaning a household well from silting:
Before drilling, it is important to make sure that the water reservoir is sufficiently productive, for which professional geological surveys are required.
For normal life support in the house or in the country should be constantly running water. Most often, the sources are a well or a well. Preferably a well. Firstly, because, as a rule, rather deep-lying aquifers with cleaner water are achieved. Second, they last longer. Thirdly, their debit (replenishment rate) is much higher. It is also important that it is possible to drill water wells with your own hands. There are several technologies, you just have to choose.
Water near the house is always good
Methods for self-drilling water wells
Wells for water are drilled or clogged - different technologies suppose different ways. Do-it-yourself drilling of wells for water is not possible by all methods, but some can really be used.
Auger drilling
With this technology, a well is made using a special drill - auger. This is a steel pipe, with blades welded in a spiral. When rotating, the projectile plunges into the ground. After it goes to its entire depth, it is taken out, the soil remaining on the blades is poured out. The auger is lowered into the well again, having grown the pipe from above, excavation continues. So, over and over again, taking out the projectile and shaking off the soil, they drill a well. Pipes at the ends can be threaded or connected with studs.
The disadvantage of this method is that it is not suitable for all types of soils. Normally soft or medium hard rocks are drilled. If there is a rocky or rocky layer, the work will be inefficient - the auger is powerless here. Blockages will be observed in loose soils, which is also problematic.
Quite powerful installations work using this technology, but there are even manual auger drills. They work very hard, but possible. There is a simple device that makes auger drilling of water wells with your own hands easier - this is a tripod with a collar and a block fixed at the top. With the help of a cable, a winch and a block, it is easier to get a drilling tool, and this must be done often.
Motorized drilling rigs are more convenient, and not necessarily purchased ones. Eat interesting homemade. In any case, this is a frame with a movably fixed motor that drives the drill. An example of such a setup is in the next video. The auger drill is not used for water wells, but the essence of the installation itself and the principle of operation do not change from this.
With small sizes of the auger and rods, which increase the length (up to 1.5 m), this method of drilling water wells can also be used inside the house, cottage, bath. The main thing is that the soils are suitable.
Hydrodrilling (using a pump or a pump)
As the name implies, this method uses water to drill wells. When used independently, most often water is pumped into the pipe. It exits through special holes at the bottom of the drill, flows by gravity through the gap between the outer wall of the pipe and the walls of the well.
In addition to a drill and threaded pipes, this method also requires a pump. Before starting work, two pits are dug near the future well. In the first, the main amount of soil settles, in the second, water enters, devoid of most of the impurities. Little water is needed for the process - it constantly circulates. From the first pit, precipitation is usually removed periodically shovel. If necessary, if the water has become too dirty, it can be replaced. It is pumped out using the same pump, only it is not fed into the well, but is drained somewhere to the site. Bay a new batch of water can continue drilling.
After the well has reached the required depth, a casing pipe with a filter at the end is inserted into it. Recently, HDPE or PVC pipe is most often used. It is easier to work with HDPE - it bends well. The filter is holes drilled at the end of the casing. The length of such a filter is about a meter. Then you can wind a stainless steel wire on top, and a fine mesh of the same stainless steel on top.
Shock rope method
One of the easiest to implement ways to make a well on your own is shock-rope. But it is also the slowest, in the absence of mechanization, it requires significant physical effort. On the other hand, it can be considered as a simulator. Moreover, it is very effective - almost all the muscles of the body work.
Do-it-yourself shock-rope drilling of water wells is a universal method that can be used on any type of soil. Only the projectile changes, but the technology and installation remains the same:
The wireline drilling rig can be implemented in different ways. The most common type is a tripod, in the center of which a block is fixed. But the block can also be attached to an L-shaped structure; an electric motor with a gearbox can also be used to facilitate labor.
Tripod - the most common type of installation
The technology of shock-rope drilling itself is very simple: the projectile is lifted, released into free fall. This is repeated many times. With each blow, the well becomes a little deeper. When a section of 50 cm has been passed, the projectile is removed, freed from the ground. And everything repeats again.
To drill faster, you need a heavy projectile. If the pipe walls are thick, the mass can be significant anyway. If necessary, you can make it heavier - fill the upper part of the pipe with lead. Also, to speed up the passage, the lower edge can be sharpened, but this must be done so that the bevel is directed inward. One more thing: pay attention to the slots in the drilling shells. They make it easier to remove the rock. This is especially important when passing dense, viscous clay layers.
A cable for a percussion-rope drilling rig is needed with a diameter of 10-12 mm. If you work by hand, gloves are required. When passing upper layers it is easier to use a hand drill, and for easier passage of the upper layers in dry time, you can pour water into the drilled well.
Casing pipe and filter
All the technologies described above for self-drilling water wells have common features. After the well has reached the aquifer (water will appear in large quantities in the rock), they continue to drill for some time, going deep into the aquifer by 1-2 meters. Then the entire drill string is dismantled, and a casing pipe is installed inside the well.
The piping needs to be dealt with. Select the diameter depending on the size of the well you drilled and the type of pump you plan to use. We must carefully consider the choice of material. For some time, asbestos pipes were used for the casing. But they are very harmful - the strongest carcinogen. Do not use galvanized pipes either - zinc is not excreted from the body, it accumulates. And poisoning them has very bad consequences.
There is not so much choice left - pipes made of steel and stainless steel, as well as plastic pipes - HDPE and PVC. stainless steel - practically perfect option, except for the price and complexity of welding. In order for the seam not to rust, welding in an argon environment is necessary, and this is not easy. Although, to some extent, special stainless steels can help.
In recent years, plastic pipes have become increasingly popular. PVC and HDPE are cheap and cheerful, but for their installation, the well must be perfectly level. Another point - plastic does not tolerate loads very well. Therefore, they can be used at a shallow depth - up to 15 meters. In any case, it is not worth installing sewer pipes for a well, it is still better to find water pipes, although they are more expensive: the walls in them are of different thickness, so investments will be justified.
Steel pipes will definitely not collapse and stand for a long time, but they also have a significant drawback: they rust. Nevertheless, of the options described above, it is the metal that is optimal if there are no funds for stainless steel.
In order for water to enter the casing pipe, a filter is made in its lower part, which is immersed in the aquifer. Holes are made in the pipe. There are two options. First - drill large diameter, in four rows in a checkerboard pattern. The second - longitudinal slots are cut with a grinder (size 1.5-2.5 mm).
A wire (3-4 mm in diameter) is wound on top of the pipe, and a mesh with a very small cell is attached on top of it. It is best to use stainless steel. In this case, it will be possible to wash the sediment filter with washing solutions, and the wire and mesh can be welded to the pipe.
If you use any other metal, after a while the filter will fail. Ferrous metal rusts, the rest are destroyed due to electrolytic corrosion.
Abyssinian well or well-needle
It's kind manual drilling wells for water and drilling cannot be called - a special rod with a cast cone-shaped tip is driven into the ground, increasing as needed with pipes-rods (one 1-2 meters long), which are connected by thread. This type of wells is called differently, driven, Abyssinian, needle. All this about one method.
The difference from all other methods is that these pipes remain in the ground, it is through them that water will flow. That is, this is a well without casing. It is pierced with the help of these pipes, and then they are used. Therefore, as the rods with which the needle is built up, water pipes with a thick wall are used. Diameter from 25 -32 mm. Since the pipes are clogged forever, their connection must be airtight. Traditionally, to increase reliability, a winding (usually linen) is used, it can be coated with a sealant.
The first element of the Abyssinian well is called the needle. But the tip-peak is far from the only difference between this piece and others. Holes are drilled in almost the entire length of the pipe. This is a water filter. Water will flow through them. So that they are not clogged with rock, a wire is wound in a spiral over the pipe, and a fine mesh is attached to it. In order for the well to serve for a long time, not to clog, it was possible to flush, the wire and mesh must be made of stainless steel. Only in this embodiment, the filter will serve for a long time and without problems. The use of other metals, albeit stainless ones, greatly reduces the life of the well - metals are destroyed due to electrolytic corrosion. Because brass, copper or any other wire or mesh on steel pipe unsuitable.
The first element of the Abyssinian well is a needle with a spike tip and a filter
One more moment. So that when clogging the mesh and winding is not torn off, they are welded to the pipe. next moment: The diameter of the widest part of the cone must be wider than the diameter of the pipe. When clogging, the cone leaves a hole of a greater width than the winding pipe following them, therefore it will not be torn off.
The technical process of driving a well-needle is extremely simple: they hit the pipe, driving it into the ground. But if you knock something heavy on the top of the pipe, it will deform. Because they do special device- a headstock and a cone that is screwed onto the top of the pipe. Inside the headstock, the impact surface also has the shape of a cone. The existing cavities inside are filled with lead - to increase the weight. The more the projectile weighs, the faster the pipe will clog, but keep in mind that you need to lift it with your hands and a lot of times.
The woman herself is much larger in diameter than the pipe that will be hammered. So that during its movement there is no play at the bottom, a washer of a suitable diameter is installed (slightly larger than the outer diameter of the pipe). As a result, the headstock moves freely up / down, but without any backlash. The height of the projectile is determined by its size - it is necessary that it does not fly off the clogged pipe. Appearance headstock for driving the Abyssinian well and its drawing are located below.
This is not the only device with which wells are clogged. They make a powerful clamp on the pipe, which is fixed according to the clamp principle. Instead of a headstock, a heavy metal ring with two handles is used. How to work with them - see the video.
As you can see, it is possible to break a well for water inside the house or even at the bottom of an old well. Not much space is needed.
How to equip a punched well
Punching/drilling a well is not enough. We still need to raise the water, and this is a completely different story. If you want to make the water supply constant, with normal pressure, so that you can connect household appliances, you will need .
For seasonal water supply in the country, you can get by with a more modest set:
- vibration pump;
- check valve, which is installed in front of the pump;
- water container;
- watering hose;
- taps, etc.
Please note that the check valve is installed in front of the pump, and not at the end of the hose submerged into the well. Just like that, this very hose will not break during frosts. Another plus of such a device is that it is easier to dismantle for the winter.
Another tip: the well must be closed with something. In houses permanent residence make a caisson - a concrete or plastic bunker that is below the freezing depth. It contains all the equipment. When using water only periodically, the caisson is too expensive. But something needs to close the well. Firstly, some kind of living creature may fall into it, which will not please you in any way. Secondly, "good" neighbors can drop something. A more budgetary way out is to build. An even cheaper option is to dig a pit, beat it with a board, and make a wooden cover. Key moment: all this must be locked.
