Heaters types and characteristics application. Types of building insulation for the house and their characteristics. Foam sprayers and liquid insulators

Foundation thermal insulation – milestone in building a house. It is as important as wall insulation. Especially in harsh climatic conditions, characterized by freezing of the soil to a great depth.

An uninsulated foundation is the cause of serious heat loss, it is dangerous for freezing and, following this, the destruction of underground structures.

The thermal insulation of the foundation from the outside significantly reduces heat loss, and serves reliable protection foundations of the house from the influence of groundwater and negative temperatures.

Freezing is especially dangerous for building foundation structures, on which houses are usually built.

To avoid the negative impact on the foundation of the external environment, they resort to measures such as waterproofing the foundation and its insulation.

The largest volume of cold air enters the building through the foundation. And if the house has a basement used for any functional purposes (, billiard room, laundry), then it must be given Special attention.

An unheated basement does not need thermal insulation. But it is necessary to insulate the basement of the foundation, especially in houses built on piles, in order to reduce heat loss at the floor level of the residential floor. Insulation contributes to the preservation of heat in the house, cutting off the path to the house of cold air.

In addition, the foundation insulation layer plays a partial role in its waterproofing.

So, the thermal insulation of the foundation:

• reduces heat loss;
• reduces the cost of;
• reduces the impact of soil heaving on the foundation;
• stabilizes the temperature inside the building;
• prevents the formation of condensate on the internal planes of the walls;
• performs mechanical protection of waterproofing and foundation structure.

Which insulation is more effective

There are two ways to insulate the foundation - insulation at the pouring stage and subsequent insulation produced after the concrete casting has solidified. The first one is the most preferable.

The most correct approach to the insulation of the foundation during the construction process is fixed formwork. It is a structure into which a solution is poured. At the stage of its solidification, it plays the role of an ordinary formwork, but after that it is not removed, but remains as a layer of insulation.

Execution technology:

1. First of all, a pit is prepared from the outside of the perimeter.
2. At the bottom of the pit, they do: geotextiles are laid, covered with rubble, on which a perforated pipe is placed on top, and then again a layer of rubble. Pipes are tied and taken to the well.
3. clean and dry, and then perform it.
4. The prepared trench is covered with sand or rammed in layers.

Warming with mastics

A certain amount of insulation can be achieved during waterproofing work. For example, the vertical walls of the foundation are recommended to be covered with several layers of bituminous mastic. This isolates cracks and small holes at the joints of the plates through which heat escapes.

After that on side surfaces apply roll hydro insulating material. It will be an additional layer of thermal insulation.

Foundation insulation with mineral wool

This method is used extremely rarely, because for its implementation it is necessary to build a frame, provide good protection mats from getting wet, as well as build a protective wall from any finishing materials.

Execution technology:

1. The surface is cleaned and dried, defects are eliminated.
2. It carries out a frame for mineral mats from a metal profile.
3. Laid on the frame thermal insulation mats and are fixed. The surface of the insulation is covered from external moisture with a vapor-permeable wind-hydroprotective film.
4. Protective walls are erected from or a frame.

Insulation of the foundation with foam

Modern and very effective method, qualitatively heat-insulating foundation walls. Its advantage lies in the high thermal insulation characteristics of the material, ease of work, resistance of the material to mechanical damage and stress.

The disadvantage is the need for surface preparation, protection of the foam from rodents, as well as suitable waterproofing.

Execution technology:

1. The foundation is dug, cleaned and dried. Remains of bitumen, grease, oil are removed from its surface.
2. Produce .
3. The slabs are laid on an adhesive sold as a dry mix.
4. The surface of the foundation is protected with a reinforcing mesh from rodents, laying it on the same glue. Then the lower part of the foundation is backfilled with sand, and the upper part is fixed with the help of dowels intended for this.

Insulation with polyurethane foam

This modern material for thermal and waterproofing both outside and inside the room. For its use, it is necessary to have special equipment, which, under high pressure layer-by-layer sprays polyurethane foam on the required surface. The thickness of the polyurethane foam layer should be 5 cm. A similar insulation effect can be achieved using a 12 cm thick polystyrene foam layer.

The advantages of polyurethane foam insulation are:

• longevity;
• high adhesive properties;
• no need for additional vapor and waterproofing.
• low vapor permeability;
• seamless coverage;
• reliability;ne
• low thermal conductivity;

Among the shortcomings are the need to use special equipment and the gradual destruction from solar exposure.

Insulation with expanded polystyrene

Extruded boards almost do not absorb and do not let water through. Therefore, this material long term retains its thermal insulation characteristics.

Advantages of insulation with this material:

• long service life;
• strength;
• constancy of thermal insulation properties;
• "inedible" for rodents.

When insulating with polystyrene foam, remember that:

• the corners of the building need "reinforced" thermal insulation,
• to insulate the soil around the perimeter of the building, a layer of expanded polystyrene must be placed under,
• the width of the blind area should correspond to the depth of freezing of the soil in these climatic conditions.
• before insulating the foundation of the house, the surface of the walls must be leveled and waterproofed on it;
• the fixation of the plates is carried out by applying glue to them or by “melting” the waterproofing, to which the plate is then pressed and held for the time necessary for the plate to solidify.

How to insulate a shallow strip foundation

Mounting of plates should be started from the bottom, the rows should be joined end-to-end. The thickness of the plates must be the same. The vertical seams of adjacent rows should be staggered.

Seams between plates with a thickness of more than 0.5 cm must be filled with mounting foam.

Glue must be selected based on the waterproofing material. When using rolled and mastic materials based on bitumen, bituminous mastics are used as adhesives, which do not contain aggressive ingredients for expanded polystyrene.

Before insulating the foundation from the outside, be sure to wait for the bituminous waterproofing to dry completely.

Glue on the plates located below the soil level is applied pointwise, which allows the condensate between the insulation and the foundation wall to drain down.

The slabs located in the ground are attached only with glue and pressed against a layer of earth.

For slabs that are above ground level, it is imperative to use fixing dowels.

How to insulate a monolithic foundation slab

For the most effective thermal insulation of the floor and basement, you need to take care of the insulation of the base plate of the foundation.

To do this, the insulation is laid on top of the waterproofing layer. Then, when used to fill the power floor, knitted reinforcement is used, while it is enough to cover the heat insulator plastic wrap with an overlap of 10 - 15 cm and gluing with double-sided tape.

When using a welded reinforcement structure, on top of the film it will be necessary to make a protective screed from either cement-sand mortar, and already on top of this to perform welding work.

It should be noted that it is more correct to engage in laying and warming the foundation in the warm season, with a fairly high air temperature and not strong humidity.

It is better and more comfortable to engage in the construction and insulation of the foundation in the spring-summer-autumn period, when the air temperature is quite high and the humidity “does not go off scale” ... Let's figure out how to insulate the foundation from the outside correctly and efficiently!

Why is it necessary to insulate the foundation

Applying insulation for the foundation is just as important as insulating the walls of the house! Especially in areas that are characterized by a harsh climate and freezing of the soil to a great depth. The foundation of the building structure "gives" 10-20% of the total heat loss of the building to the environment.

A particular danger for building foundation structures is the freezing of so-called "heaving" soils. Such soils are capable of freezing during severe frosts and significantly increase in volume, which leads to a rise in the soil level.

Attention! At significant depths of soil freezing, it is possible to “move” its level by 35 cm. This value corresponds to 15% of the depth of soil freezing.

The rise in the ground level leads to deformation of the foundation of the building. If the foundation is laid above the freezing level and foundation slab is not insulated, then during the period of freezing under this plate, frost heaving forces arise, directed normally (perpendicularly) to the surface of the plate. Therefore, in the freezing zones, thermal insulation of the horizontal foundation slab is also carried out.

The quality of work in this heat-insulating direction will determine the operating conditions of the building as a whole and the comfort of living in it. The planning of insulation works of the foundation is carried out at the stage of its construction.

Since a large “amount” of cold enters the house through the foundation, when building a house, floor slabs raised above the ground are used. Cold air in large volumes it is at the level of the foundation and the floor, and the warm one rises and, if the roof is poorly insulated, goes outside, making room for a new "portion" of cold air.

And if the basement is used for any functional purposes (not a cellar), then special attention should be paid to its insulation. A game room, a gym, a billiard room, a laundry room - no matter what the purpose of the room is, the comfortable air temperature in it is important. And the presence of dampness without insulation of the foundation is guaranteed.

An unheated basement is "undemanding" to thermal insulation. But it is necessary to insulate the basement of the foundation. to reduce heat loss at the floor level of the first floor, which is heated.

Insulation of the basement of the foundation will allow you to save heat in the house, blocking the way to the house for cold air. Remember that high-quality insulation of the house, including the foundation, allows you to save from 30 to 50% Money allocated for heating.

In addition to thermal insulation functions, the foundation insulation layer plays an integral role in its waterproofing.

So, basement insulation:

• reduces heat loss;
• reduces "heating" expenses;
• reduces or completely eliminates the impact on the foundation of the forces of frost heaving of the soil;
• stabilizes the temperature inside the building;
• prevents the formation of condensate on the inner planes of the walls;
• plays the role of mechanical protection of waterproofing;
• favorably affects the longevity of waterproofing and the foundation structure as a whole.

What insulation for the foundation to choose?

Planning of works on warming includes the main step - the choice of heat-insulating material. So, what is the best way to insulate the foundation of the house?

Such materials for the insulation of the foundation should:

• not deform under ground pressure;
• do not absorb moisture.

Today it is easy to "get lost" in all the variety of heat-shielding materials. It is clear that common insulation material- mineral wool is not suitable here because of its “softness” when backfilled with soil and high water absorption, which reduces its thermal insulation qualities.

To insulate the foundation today, experts recommend two main methods:

• insulation with extruded polystyrene foam;
• spraying polyurethane foam.

These heaters differ in different values ​​of thermal insulation parameters and cost. For the optimal choice, it is necessary to study their advantages and disadvantages.

This is a modern heat-insulating material that combines the functions of heat, hydro and sound insulation. For its use, special equipment is required, with the help of which polyurethane foam is sprayed layer by layer on the surface to be insulated. The thickness of the insulation layer is 50 mm and this is with a density of polyurethane foam of 36 kg / m 3. A similar insulating effect can be achieved when using expanded polystyrene with a thickness of at least 120 mm.

There are no gaps and seams in the polyurethane foam coating, which are cold bridges and a “path” for moisture to penetrate into the foundation. When insulating with foam plastic, it is necessary to seal and seal the joints, as well as use additional mounting fasteners, which increases the time of installation work and their cost.

Benefits of using polyurethane foam:

• seamless coverage;
• high adhesive properties;
• low thermal conductivity;
• low vapor permeability;
• reliability;
• "longevity";
• no need for additional vapor and waterproofing.

The disadvantages of such a material include the need for special equipment and the "fear" of UV radiation.

In its defense, extruded polystyrene foam can only "present" a lower cost, the significance of which reduces the complexity of installation and lower thermal insulation properties.

Plates made of extruded polystyrene foam, due to their cellular-closed structure, practically do not absorb and, of course, do not let water through. And this means that the moisture in the plates will not destroy them when freezing. Therefore, extruded polystyrene foam is characterized by a long service life while maintaining its thermal insulation characteristics.

Note! To the question: “How to insulate the foundation with foam?”, We offer the following answer ...

The use of ordinary foam for insulation of the foundation can lead to the fact that after several cycles of seasonal “freezing - warming up” of the foundation, the insulation layer will crumble into a pile of balls. This will happen due to moisture, which is easily absorbed by ordinary polystyrene foam.

Vertical thermal insulation of foundations of civil and industrial facilities it is carried out with plates of extruded polystyrene foam with a strength (in compression) of 250 kPa or more, private buildings allow the use of expanded polystyrene with a strength of up to 200 kPa. For floor coverings, it is necessary to choose slabs with a strength of 500 kPa or more.

Such "strength" characteristics of extruded polystyrene foam favorably affect the integrity of the foundation waterproofing and are its integral element, ensuring the normal long-term existence of the foundation.

Among the heat-insulating materials made of extruded polystyrene foam, there are plates with milled grooves. In collaboration with geotextile fabric given material perfectly performs the function of wall drainage, insulating the foundation, protecting the waterproofing and diverting water from the foundation into the drainage system.

Advantages of insulation with extruded polystyrene foam:

• long service life (at least 40 years);
• high compressive strength;
• constancy of thermal insulation properties during operation;
• "inedible" for rodents.

Warming of the foundation with expanded clay

Until recently, this was the most popular way to insulate the foundation from the outside. It was supplanted by the relative "cheapness" and high efficiency, the methods discussed above how to insulate the foundation from the outside.

How to insulate the foundation of the house with polystyrene foam from the outside

Proper and effective insulation of the foundation from the outside in the areas of soil freezing involves the installation of heat-insulating plates to the freezing depth. Insulation of the foundation (walls) below the level of soil freezing is not so effective and is often not performed.

The corner zones of the building require "reinforced" thermal insulation. Therefore, at a distance of 1.5 m from the corner, the thickness of the expanded polystyrene plates or the polyurethane foam layer increases by 1.5 times.

It is also necessary to carry out soil insulation around the perimeter of the building. An insulating layer of extruded polystyrene foam is located under the blind area structure. Its main purpose is to reduce the depth and degree of soil freezing along the walls, as well as to keep the freezing boundary in a layer of non-rocky soil (sand, gravel, etc.)

The laying angle of extruded polystyrene foam boards should be at least 2%, and the width of the blind area should correspond to the depth of soil freezing in this region. Optimal Thickness slabs corresponds to the thickness of the vertical layer of foundation insulation.

Before insulating the foundation of the house from the outside, the surface of the walls must be leveled and waterproofed.

Plates of extruded polystyrene foam during installation create an airtight shell of the foundation. Therefore, the use of mechanical fasteners for their fixation is unacceptable due to point depressurization of the insulation layer.

The fixation of the heat insulator plates is carried out by applying an adhesive composition on them or by “melting” a layer of bituminous waterproofing at 5 or 6 points, to which the expanded polystyrene plate is then pressed and held for some time until it hardens.

Installation of plates begins from the bottom, the rows are joined end-to-end. The thickness of the plates must be the same. Vertical seams adjacent to each other should be offset relative to each other (checkerboard order).

Attention! The use of torn-off plates for re-assembly is not allowed, as well as the displacement of the plates after the bitumen or adhesive mortar has cured.

The joints between the plates with a thickness of more than 5 mm are filled with mounting foam, it is more convenient to use plates with a stepped edge. Its gluing will ensure the tightness of the heat-insulating layer and additional waterproofing of the foundation.

The adhesive is selected based on the material of the waterproofing layer. Use of rolled or mastic waterproofing materials bitumen-based defines use as an adhesive bituminous mastics, not containing aggressive ingredients for expanded polystyrene.

Attention! Before insulating the foundation from the outside, it is necessary to wait for the bituminous waterproofing to dry completely (5-7 days). Do not install extruded polystyrene foam boards on a dry bituminous waterproofing base, as the boards can “part” and break the waterproofing. Also, bituminous waterproofing may contain solvent particles, which, in a “dry” form, can harm expanded polystyrene boards.

Glue on the slabs located below ground level is applied with several points. This will allow moisture condensed between the surface of the insulation and the foundation wall to flow down unhindered.

The use of fixing dowels in conjunction with the adhesive composition of polymer cement adhesives is necessarily applicable to expanded polystyrene boards located above the ground level at the rate of at least 4 pcs. on one plate. The slabs in the ground are fixed only on adhesive composition and pressed into the ground.

Features of the installation of thermal insulation made of polyurethane foam

The insulation of the foundation with polyurethane foam is carried out in this way. Let's watch the video...

How to insulate the base plate?

Deciding how to insulate the foundation from the outside, for more effective insulation floor or basement, care should be taken to insulate the base plate of the foundation.

In this case, the insulation boards are laid on a waterproofing layer.

Further, in the case of using knitted reinforcement for pouring the power floor, it will be enough to cover the heat insulator layer with plastic wrap with an overlap of 100-150 mm and gluing with double-sided tape.

When using a welded reinforcement structure, a protective screed of concrete or cement-sand mortar must be made on top of the film, and welding should be performed on top of it.

Foundation insulation

Nowadays, the issue of insulation of residential buildings is becoming more and more relevant. Building code requirements are increasing in this regard, and the developers themselves want to reduce heat loss and heating costs. To create effective isolation that is safe for the health of residents, you should study different kinds heaters for the house and then apply them for their intended purpose.

• reduce the cooling of buildings in winter and their heating in summer;
• protect load-bearing structures from aggressive weather conditions;
• to minimize temperature deformations of power elements and extend their service life.

Properties of heaters of different types

High-quality material is selected after a comprehensive assessment of various parameters:

1. Low coefficient of thermal conductivity - the smaller it is, the thinner the insulation layer will be. For example, the following views provide the same level of isolation:

• mineral wool - 14;
• basalt wool, ecowool - 8.7;
• expanded polystyrene foam (polystyrene) - 8.3;
• extruded polystyrene foam (Penoplex) - 6.5 cm.

2. Moisture resistant. If the insulation does not absorb water, it is not prone to shrinkage and retains its insulating characteristics longer. The most moisture resistant is Penoplex, and the most hygroscopic is mineral wool. To make mineral wool insulation more water resistant, manufacturers impregnate them with special compounds.

3. Fire resistance. Absolutely non-combustible are inorganic fibrous heaters. Expanded polystyrenes, polyurethane foam are easily flammable, releasing toxic substances. Low-flammable penoizol (carbamide foam) at a temperature of 200 ° C only chars, while it is non-toxic. To prevent foam and ecowool from supporting fire, flame retardants are added to them, changing the combustibility group from G4 to G1 (from high to low).

4. Vapor permeability. With internal roof insulation, the material must remove wet vapors from the premises and building structures. Mineral, basalt and ecowool, penoizol (have a capillary structure) pass steam well. They are applicable for installation on all types of surfaces, do not allow them to rot. Expanded polystyrene plates do not differ in such qualities and are recommended for outdoor work.

Thermal insulation overview

According to the type of raw materials, three types of heaters are distinguished:

1. Inorganic (natural). This includes materials made from melted glass or quartz sand (glass wool); rocks (basalt). The first variety is light yellow, weighs somewhat less and is elastic. Stone wool is more fire resistant. The best brands of insulation have a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.032 W / m ° C (maximum - 0.045 W / m ° C). The price of mineral wool, depending on the thickness and density, ranges from 1,000 to 5,000 rubles / m3.

2. Organic (synthetic).

• Polyfoam and Penoplex. They are made of polystyrene and have low thermal conductivity (0.035-0.045 W/m°C). The average price of expanded polystyrene foam is from 1,000, extruded - from 3,500 rubles / m3.
• Polyurethane foam properties are better than expanded polystyrene and mineral wool. Spraying 1 m2 of a five-centimeter layer of foam costs 500 rubles.
• Penoizol - liquid foam produced directly at the construction site and pumped into the space between the structural elements of buildings. This type of thermal insulation outperforms traditional insulation in many ways: it is resistant to moisture and at the same time “breathes”, it is low-flammable and does not emit toxic smoke. Its thermal conductivity is 1.5 times lower than that of expanded polystyrenes. The average cost of a cubic meter of insulation is 1,500 rubles / m3.

3. Mixed.

• Ecowool. It consists of 80% waste paper, the remaining 20% ​​are flame retardants. The material is presented in the form of a loose fiber blown into insulated cavities. Thermal conductivity indicators are the same as those of expanded polystyrenes. The price of insulation together with work is from 1,500 (dry method) to 4,500 rubles / m3 (wet blowing).
• Foam glass is characterized by high hardness, incombustibility. It sticks well and cuts well. Its disadvantages are poor vapor permeability and cost - from 14,000 rubles / m3.

Sometimes exotic " ecological heaters» based on clay, straw, reeds. They, like inorganic backfills (expanded perlite, vermiculite and expanded clay), are characterized by high thermal conductivity and are ineffective.

Types of heaters depending on the purpose

For proper selection of insulation, its comprehensive assessment is needed. Applicability depends not only on the properties of insulating materials, but also on structural elements, the expected location of cold bridges (this is determined, among other things, by architectural features).

Different nodes of the same building are insulated in different ways.

• cellars, ground floors, balconies and loggias. For external insulation use Penoplex. It is stronger than polystyrene, withstands loads up to 0.5 MPa, and is not afraid of water. When in the ground, the probability of its ignition is small.
• External wall insulation. For wooden house blowing with penoizol is acceptable. The properties and characteristics of the insulation make it possible to fill all the cavities between the bars, and also enable the wood to "breathe". For insulation of brick, foam and gas-block houses, glass wool, Penoplex is used.
• Roof. If there are enough funds, polyurethane foam is sprayed on it. The traditional roof insulation is mineral wool, protected by a layer of waterproofing. Manufacturers produce it, varying not only the size, but also the density. are good roll options- they do not weigh down the structure.
• Walls, ceiling and floor. When choosing insulation for walls, they often prefer more environmentally friendly and low-combustible inorganic materials. Mineral wool insulation is placed in a frame on which drywall is attached. They do the same with the ceiling: the plates are covered with vapor barrier - this protects them from moisture, and the residents of the house - from the penetration of fibers into the respiratory system. If there are lags, you can blow out the overlap with ecowool. The floor in the house is insulated by filling expanded clay (at least 100 mm) or by laying Penoplex sheets on the base. It is then poured with a finishing screed, laying a reinforcing mesh. Concrete prevents the synthetic material from igniting.

Knowing the features of various thermal insulators and using the practical experience of professional builders make it possible to create optimal living conditions in the house.

This article discusses the main characteristics of heaters, which are most often used in individual construction. Information about heaters will be needed for planning any modern construction or major renovation.

The given data on heat insulators are taken from open sources, which are given by manufacturers, are indicative, averaged for each type of material. In practice, you can find heaters with slightly different qualities, which must be declared by the manufacturers.

List of characteristics of heaters

• Thermal conductivity coefficient - , W / (m K)
  The main characteristic of any heater. The smaller this number, the less energy passes through the insulation, the better it insulates. The less insulation layer will be needed. For most heaters, it is in the range = 0.025 - 0.18 W / (m K). As you can see, the spread is very large - 10 times. This means that the heaters themselves are very diverse.
• Volumetric weight - kg / m3. An important indicator in determining the loading of structures. It can fluctuate in very large aisles of 20 - 300 kg / m3. Foam concrete and expanded clay are sometimes referred to as heaters, with a bulk weight of 600 kg / m3.
• Combustibility - you can focus on the descriptive characteristic Flammability class - is determined by the assigned index G1-G4.
• Water absorption - is determined as a percentage of the mass or volume of dry insulation. An important indicator, since the absorption of water significantly reduces the thermal insulation properties of the insulation itself.
• Sorption humidity - determines the ability to absorb moisture from the air. An important indicator that determines how much the characteristics can change when the air is humidified.
• Vapor barrier properties are also an important indicator. Hydro-vapor insulators retain moisture in the room, but at the same time, they can isolate the room from the source of moisture.
• Soundproofing - more often given in a descriptive version - good soundproofing or mediocre.
• Environmental friendliness is a conditional indicator; a description is usually given about possible environmental threats.
• Durability - years. For many heaters, durability has not been precisely established, since the period of their use has not expired.
• Air permeability - plays a role only for cotton and bulk insulation. Convection heat leakage directly depends on it, when air moves through the insulation. Wool insulation with high air permeability (density up to 80 kg / m3) require the use of a windproof membrane under the ventilation gap.

Other characteristics can be used to describe heaters, depending on the physical characteristics of the material itself. Let us consider in more detail the characteristics of the most popular heaters, as well as the features of their application.

Styrofoam

• Thermal conductivity coefficient \u003d 0.036 - 0.04 W / (m K).
• Density - 15 - 35 kg / m3.
• Water absorption - low, 1% of the mass.
• Ultimate compressive strength - 0.07 - 0.23 MPa.
• Sorption humidity - 1.0% wt.
• Flammability - with flame retardant additives, it maintains combustion for no more than 3 seconds, emits deadly poisons.
• Durability - 5 - 15 years.
• Price - low

Styrofoam is the cheapest and most popular material for insulating houses and apartments. Most often, foam insulation is used to insulate walls from the outside according to technology. wet facade. But it can be used in other most different places e.g. for roof insulation. It cannot be directly in contact with water, as it gradually absorbs it and loses its properties. It is always preferable to use denser versions of foam plastic 25 -35 kg / m3, as they are more durable and more resistant to external influences.

Extruded polystyrene foam

• Thermal conductivity coefficient \u003d 0.03 - 0.035 W / (m K).
• Density - 35 - 52 kg / m3.
• Water absorption is the lowest, no more than 0.4% of the volume.
• Ultimate compressive strength - 0.15 - 0.20 and more MPa.
• Sorption humidity - 0.1 - 0.3% of the mass.
• Flammability - burns only when exposed to flame, releases deadly poisons.
• Vapor permeability coefficient - 0.005 mg / (mchPa).
• Soundproofing is average.
• Durability - 15 - 35 years.
• The price is average.

Minimum water absorption and vapor permeability, makes it possible to use the material in contact with water and soil, without changing its properties over time. Also, extruded polystyrene foam is characterized by increased strength for areal compression. That allows you to use it directly under screeds and other coatings, and denser versions and where it is possible to run over a car. It is used under screeds, in the underfloor heating system, for insulation of foundations, pipelines, cellars, roofs.

Sprayed polyurethane foam

• Thermal conductivity coefficient \u003d 0.02 - 0.032 W / (m K).
• Density - 20 - 200 kg/m3
• Water absorption is the lowest, 1.0 - 2.0% by volume.
• Vapor permeability coefficient - 0.05 mg / (mchPa).
• Ultimate compressive strength - 0.15 - 1.0 MPa.
• Flammability - with additives, it burns only when exposed to flame, emits deadly poisons.
• Soundproofing is mediocre.
• Environmental friendliness - in doubt, satisfactory.
• Durability - 15 - 50 years.
• The price is average.

Durability depends on isolation from ultraviolet rays (daylight). Water resistance qualities similar to expanded polystyrene make the area of ​​​​application similar. But polyurethane foam can also be used in places with difficult access, in closed spaces, for thermal insulation of structures of complex shape. The material is made from components at the place of work, perfectly binds to any surface. Variants with high density have greater mechanical strength.

Foam glass

• Thermal conductivity coefficient \u003d 0.048 - 0.059 W / (m K).
• Vapor permeability coefficient - - - mg / (mchPa).
• Density - 15 - 32 kg / m3.
• Ultimate compressive strength - 0.7 - 1.3 MPa.
• Sorption humidity - 0.2 - 0.5% of the mass.
• Water absorption is the lowest.
• Vapor capacity - the lowest, 0.001 - 0.006 mg / (mchPa)
• Soundproofing is good.
• Environmental friendliness - satisfactory, good.
• Durability - 30 years or more.
• The price is high.

The most resistant to any impact and durable material. It was originally developed for military purposes and for nuclear power. It can replace any vapor barrier insulation and be used in any conditions.

Mineral wool

• Thermal conductivity coefficient \u003d 0.040 - 0.048 W / (m K).
• Density - 50 - 300 kg / m3.
• Compressibility - 20 - 50%
• Water absorption is high, absolute. For high density mat -16-20%.
• Vapor permeability coefficient - 0.3-0.6 mg / (mchPa).
• The compressive strength of high-density mats is 0.1 MPa or more.
• Soundproofing is excellent.
• Environmental friendliness is questionable.
• Durability - 15 - 30 years.
• Price - average
• Air permeability is high at low insulation densities (up to 80 kg/m3). Requires protection against heat transfer by air in the form of a membrane.

The antipode of vapor barriers - perfectly absorbs water and passes steam, therefore, it is not permissible to use it in contact with water or at high humidity. The main area of ​​application is the internal insulation of floors on logs above concrete base. Wall insulation from the outside, according to the "ventilated facade" technology with mandatory full waterproofing. Roof insulation (“ventilated roof”) with the creation of a ventilation counter-lattice. Inside interior partitions, By floors as a sound insulator, but only on condition that it is reliably hermetically isolated from the living space, into which microparticles of mineral wool (glass wool) are not allowed to enter.

Fiberglass

• Thermal conductivity coefficient \u003d 0.04 - 0.1 W / (m K).
• Density - 10 - 30 kg / m3.
• Compressibility - up to 90%.
• Water absorption is high, absolute.
• Vapor capacity is high.
• Soundproofing is excellent.
• Environmental friendliness - it is not allowed to use outside the hermetic volume.
• Durability - up to 30 years.
• Breathability - great
• The price is low.

Pure fiberglass is highly compressible, so its performance will depend on how it is laid. Full waterproofing is required, as well as isolation of the fiber from environment, as harmful micro-dust comes from it.

Expanded clay

• Bulk density - 250 - 800 kg / m3
• Thermal conductivity coefficient \u003d 0.07 - 0.15 W / (m K).
• Ultimate compressive strength - 1.0 - 5.5 MPa.
• Combustibility - absolutely non-flammable, does not emit toxic gases.
• Water absorption is high.
• Vapor permeability coefficient - 0.3 mg / (mchPa).
• Soundproofing is good.
• Environmental friendliness is excellent.
• Durability - 30 or more.
• The price is low.

Expanded clay with a density of 350 - 600 with a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.1-0.14 is more often used. It is used for backfilling underground, attic space, pipelines in boxes, etc. layer 30 - 40 cm and for the manufacture of light warm screeds.

Cork sheet

• Thermal conductivity coefficient \u003d 0.04 - 0.06 W / (m K))
• Density - 200 kg/m3
• Deformation modulus of elasticity 2000 - 2500 kgf/cm2.
• Combustibility - combustible, does not emit toxic gases.
• Water absorption is high.
• Soundproofing is good.
• Durability - 30 or more.
• The price is high.

Cork can be used to insulate floors, or a floor covering is made from processed cork. The material withstands enormous compressive loads without permanent deformation. It can also be applied anywhere inside the building, without contact with water.

Cellulose wool

• Thermal conductivity coefficient \u003d 0.035 - 0.045 W / (m K).
• Compressibility - up to 90%.
• Water absorption is high.
• Vapor permeability coefficient - 0.5 mg / (mchPa).
• Soundproofing is good.
• Environmental friendliness is satisfactory.
• The price is low.

If cotton wool is made from wood (waste paper) without the addition of any binders, then it is also called eco-cotton wool. Usually, ceilings or underground floors are insulated with a layer of 15 - 20 cm with preliminary complete waterproofing.

straw bales

• Thermal conductivity coefficient \u003d 0.05 - 0.075 W / (m K).
• Density 100 - 150 kg/m3.
• Flammability - combustible, does not emit toxic gases, flame retardant treatment is desirable.
• Water absorption is high.
• Vapor capacity is high.
• Soundproofing is good.
• Environmental friendliness is satisfactory.
• The price is low.

Wheat, rye, barley, oats ... - you can make an excellent heater out of everything. Only treatment against decomposition and flame retardants is needed. A layer of similar insulation of 30 - 40 cm is a classic insulation that has been tested for centuries ... it will make the house very warm. Water ingress is not allowed. But plastering is possible.

Warm plaster, warm paint

• Thermal conductivity coefficient = 0.07 W / (m K) and more.
• Environmental friendliness - in doubt;
• The price is medium and high.

Most various formulations based on cement or resins, with the inclusion of particles of heat insulators, substances that reflect infrared radiation, or form a porous heat-insulating surface.
Designed - for a small under-insulation of a variety of surfaces.
They are superimposed in a thin layer - up to 3 cm, even with layer reinforcement.
Often, such compositions are credited with "miraculous" qualities, misleading consumers.

Specifications for specific products may differ from those listed above. Information for calculations must be taken from Specifications manufacturer of a particular material.

Characteristics of materials and heaters can change over time (usually change), more often this happens due to a change in the properties of the substance itself during the evaporation of components, a change in chemical formulas (decomposition of substances) ...

In order to prevent an early change in the properties of heat insulators under the influence of external factors, the materials in the structures must be protected in an appropriate way.

Provides protection from direct sunlight, exposure to steam and precipitation, mechanical stress, protected from rodents…

The issue of building insulation is especially relevant today. On the one side, big problems with the purchase of thermal insulation material is not - the construction market offers many options. On the other hand, it is this diversity that gives rise to the problem - which insulation to choose?

What it is?

The problem of thermal insulation of modern buildings (especially urban new buildings) is especially acute today. Thermal insulation are structural elements that reduce the heat transfer rates of materials and the structure (unit) as a whole.

Thermal insulation is also understood as a process that prevents the mixing of the thermal energy of the structure ( refrigeration equipment, heating mains, etc.) and buildings with the external environment. In other words, the heat-insulating layer has the effect of a thermos.

Thermal insulation provides a comfortable indoor climate, keeping it warm in the cold season and protecting it from excessive heating on hot days.

Using insulation, you can reduce electricity costs by up to 30-40%. In addition, modern heat-insulating materials for the most part have sound-proofing properties. A fairly common practice in the construction of a private house is the use of materials that are both an insulating and a structural element of walls and ceilings.

Depending on the thermal conductivity, the following classes of thermal insulation materials are distinguished:

• class A– materials with low thermal conductivity within 0.06 W/m kV. and below;
• class B- materials with an average thermal conductivity, the indicators of which are 0.06 - 0.115 W / m kV .;
• class C- materials with high thermal conductivity equal to 0.115 -0.175 W / m kV.

There are many ways to install insulation, but they all belong to one of these technologies:

• Monolithic wall- is a brick or wooden partition, the thickness of which for thermal efficiency must be at least 40 cm (depending on the region).
• Multi-layer "pie"- a method in which the insulation is located inside the wall, between the outer and outer partitions. The implementation of this method is possible only at the construction stage or when facing the facade with brickwork (if the strength of the foundation allows or if there is a separate foundation for laying).

• External insulation- one of the most popular methods due to its effectiveness, which involves covering the outer walls with insulation, after which they are closed facade materials. The organization of a ventilated facade allows to increase the thermal insulation performance, when between the wall with insulation and facade decoration air gap is maintained. The method necessarily involves the use of vapor-permeable and waterproof coatings and films.
• Internal insulation- one of the most difficult and less effective than the external method of insulation. Assumes the insulation of surfaces from the inside of the building.

Characteristics

All types of heaters are characterized by certain properties. The following are common:

• Low thermal conductivity. Thermal efficiency indicators are the main ones when choosing a heater. The lower the thermal conductivity coefficient (measured in W / (m × K) shows the amount of thermal energy passing through 1 m3 of dry insulation at a temperature difference of 10 ° C), the less heat loss the material has. The warmest is polyurethane foam, which has a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.03. The average values ​​are about 0.047 (thermal conductivity index of expanded polystyrene, mineral wool grade P-75).
• Hygroscopicity. That is, the ability of the insulation to absorb moisture. High-quality insulation does not absorb moisture or absorbs its minimum amount. Otherwise, wetting of the material cannot be avoided, which means the loss of the main property (thermal efficiency).
• Vapor barrier. The ability to pass water vapor, thereby ensuring the optimal level of humidity in the room and keeping walls or other work surfaces dry.

• Fire resistance. Another important characteristic of the heat-insulating material is resistance to fire. Some materials have a high fire hazard, their combustion temperature can reach 1000 degrees (for example, basalt wool), while others are extremely unstable. high temperatures(polystyrene foam). Modern heaters are mostly self-extinguishing materials. The appearance of an open fire on their surface is almost impossible, and if it does occur, the burning time does not exceed 10 seconds. During combustion, no toxins are released, the mass of the material during combustion is reduced by at least 50%.

When talking about fire resistance, combustion toxicity is usually mentioned. The optimal material is that, even when heated, does not emit dangerous toxic compounds.

• Environmental friendliness. Environmental Safety especially important for materials used indoors. The key to environmental friendliness is usually the naturalness of the composition. So, for example, basalt insulation, which is considered safe from the point of view of environmental friendliness, is made from recycled rocks, expanded clay is made from sintered clay.
• soundproof characteristics. Not all thermal insulation materials can be used for sound insulation. However, most of them have both of these properties, for example, mineral wool insulation, polyurethane foam. But the widely used polystyrene foam does not give the effect of sound insulation.
• Biostability. Another criterion that is important for the buyer is biostability, that is, the resistance of the material to the effects of mold, fungus, the appearance of other microorganisms, rodents. The strength and integrity of the material, and hence its durability, directly depend on biostability.

• Deformation resistance. The insulation must withstand loads, since it can be located on the surface of the floor, loaded structural elements, between partitions. All this dictates the requirements for its resistance to loads and deformations. Resistance largely depends on the density and thickness of the material.
• Durability. The duration of operation largely depends on the thermal efficiency, wet strength, vapor permeability and biostability of the material. For high-quality products (for example, polyurethane foam, basalt wool) a fairly long, up to 50 years, warranty is given. Another factor of durability is compliance with the installation technology and operating conditions.

• Ease of installation and installation. Most heaters have a convenient form of release - in mats, rolls, sheets. Some of them are easily fixed on the insulated surface without requiring special skills and equipment (foam sheets), while others require compliance with certain installation conditions (for example, when working with mineral wool insulation, it is necessary to protect the respiratory system, hands).

There are also types of heaters, the installation of which is possible only by specialists with special equipment (for example, polyurethane foam is sprayed with a special unit, the employee must use a protective suit, goggles and a respirator).

Types of jobs

Thermal insulation is understood as the process of reducing heat losses to the calculated values ​​(individual for each region and objects). This term is similar to the concept of "thermal insulation", which means the protection of an object from the negative exchange of thermal energy with the air. In other words, task thermal insulation works is the preservation of the specified temperature indicators of the object.

The object may mean residential and administrative buildings, industrial and engineering structures, medical and refrigeration equipment.

If we talk about the thermal insulation of residential and industrial premises, then it can be external (another name is facade insulation) and internal.

Thermal insulation of the outer walls of residential buildings is always preferable to thermal insulation of the internal parts. This is due to the fact that external thermal insulation it turns out to be more efficient, with an internal one there always remains 8-15% of heat loss.

In addition, the "dew point" during internal insulation is shifted inside the insulation, which is fraught with dampness, an increase in the level of humidity in the room, the appearance of mold on the walls, the destruction of the wall surface, finishing. In other words, the room is still cold (since damp insulation cannot prevent heat loss), but damp.

Finally, the installation of insulation from the inside takes up space, reducing the useful area of ​​​​the room.

At the same time, there are situations when internal thermal insulation remains the only possible way out normalize the temperature. To avoid the unpleasant consequences of thermal insulation allows strict adherence to installation technologies. Be sure to take care of the vapor and waterproofing of surfaces, as well as high-quality ventilation. A standard supply system is usually not enough, it is required to install a forced air circulation system or use windows with special valves providing air exchange.

To increase the efficiency of the external insulation, they resort to organizing a ventilated facade system or a three-layer system. In the first case, between the insulation and mounted on special frame facing material air gap is maintained. The three-layer system is wall coverings erected by the well method, between which insulation (expanded clay, perlite, ecowool) is poured.

As for the finish, the facade can be insulated both “wet” (construction mixtures are used) and “dry” facade (fasteners are used) facade.

Often the room requires not only insulation, but also soundproofing. In this case, it is more convenient to use materials that immediately have both heat and sound insulation properties.

Speaking about the insulation of a house inside or outside, it is important to understand that walls are far from the only source of heat loss. In this regard, it is necessary to isolate unheated attics and basements. When using an attic, you should consider a system of multi-layer insulated roofing.

When carrying out internal thermal insulation work, great attention should be paid to the joints between the floor and the wall, the wall and the ceiling, the wall and the partitions. It is in these places that “cold bridges” are most often formed.

In other words, regardless of the type of work performed, it is important to remember that thermal insulation requires an integrated approach.

Variety of materials

All heaters, depending on the raw materials used, are divided into:

• organic(have an environmentally friendly composition - waste from agricultural, woodworking industries, the presence of cement and some types of polymers is acceptable);
• inorganic.

There are also products of a mixed type.

Depending on the principle of operation, heaters are:

• reflective type- reduces heat consumption by directing thermal energy back into the room (for this, the insulation is equipped with a metallized or foil element);
• warning type- are characterized by low thermal conductivity, preventing the release of a large amount of thermal energy beyond the insulated surface.

Let us consider in more detail the most popular types of organic heaters:

Ecowool

Considered cellulose insulation, 80% consists of recycled cellulose. It is an environmentally friendly material with low thermal conductivity, good vapor permeability and sound insulation.

To reduce the combustibility of the material and increase its biostability, the addition of fire retardants and antiseptics to the raw materials allows.

The material is poured into the inter-wall spaces, it is possible to spray on flat surfaces dry or wet method.

Jute

A modern substitute for tow, traditionally used to reduce the heat loss of inter-crown cracks in buildings made of timber. It is produced in the form of tapes or ropes, in addition to high thermal efficiency, does not require replacement even after shrinkage of the walls.

Chipboard

Insulation, 80-90% consisting of small chips. The remaining components are resins, fire retardants, water repellents. It differs not only in good heat and sound insulation properties, it is environmentally friendly, durable.

Despite the treatment with water repellents, it still does not have high wet strength.

Cork

Heat insulator based on cork oak bark, produced in the form of rolls or sheets. It is used only as an internal insulation. It acts as a base for wallpaper, laminate and other floor coverings. Can be used as standalone finish coat thanks to an unusual but noble appearance. Often they are warmed panel houses from within.

In addition to thermal efficiency, it provides sound insulation and decorative effect. The material is hygroscopic, so it can only be mounted on dry surfaces.

Arbolit

Represents blocks from wood-shaving concrete. Thanks to the wood in the composition, it has heat and sound insulating abilities, while the presence of concrete provides moisture resistance, resistance to damage and strength of the material. It is used both as a heater and as independent building blocks. Widely used as a material for frame-panel structures.

The modern market of inorganic thermal insulation materials is somewhat wider:

Styrofoam

Two of its modifications are known - foamed (otherwise - foam plastic) and extruded. It is a set of combined bubbles filled with air. The extruded material is characterized by the fact that each air cavity is isolated from the next.

The foam is suitable for outdoor and internal insulation, characterized by high thermal insulation performance. It is not vapor permeable, therefore it requires a reliable vapor barrier. It is worth noting the low moisture resistance of the foam, which makes it mandatory to install hydroprotection.

In general, the material is affordable, lightweight, easy to cut and install (glue). For the needs of the buyer, the material plates are produced in various dimensions and thicknesses. The latter directly affects the thermal conductivity.

At first glance, foam is a worthy option for insulation. However, it should be remembered that during operation it releases toxic styrene. The most dangerous thing is that the material is subject to combustion. Moreover, the fire rapidly covers the foam, in the process of increasing temperatures, compounds dangerous to human health are released. This was the reason for the ban on the use of foam for residential decoration in some European countries.

Styrofoam is not durable. Already 5-7 years after its use, destructive changes in the structure are detected - cracks and cavities appear. Naturally, even small damages cause tangible heat loss.

Finally, mice love this material enough - they gnaw it, which also does not contribute to long-term operation.

Extruded polystyrene foam is an improved version of styrofoam. And, although its thermal conductivity is slightly higher, the material shows the best indicators of wet strength and fire resistance.

polyurethane foam

Heat insulating material sprayed on the surface. It has the best indicators of thermal efficiency, thanks to the installation method, it forms a uniform hermetic layer on the surface, fills all cracks and seams. This becomes a guarantee of the absence of "cold bridges".

During the spraying process, the material releases toxic components, therefore it is applied only in a protective suit and respirator. As it solidifies, the toxins evaporate, therefore, during operation, the material demonstrates complete environmental safety.

Another advantage is incombustibility, even under the influence of high temperatures, the material does not emit hazardous compounds.

Among the shortcomings, low vapor permeability values ​​can be distinguished, which is why the material is not even recommended to be applied to wooden substrates.

This method of application does not allow to achieve a perfectly even surface, so the use of a contact finish (painting, plastering) is almost always excluded. Leveling (as well as removing a layer of polyurethane foam) is a rather complicated and time-consuming process. The solution will be the use of hinged structures.

Penofol

Universal insulation based on foamed polyethylene. The air chambers from which the material is formed provide low thermal conductivity. The main difference between penofol is the presence of a foil layer on one side, which reflects up to 97% of thermal energy without heating up.

In addition to high thermal insulation values, it demonstrates soundproofing properties. Finally, it does not require the use of vapor barrier and waterproof coatings, it is easy to install.

Among the shortcomings is a higher cost, but it is offset by the impressive heat resistance of the product. Its use allows you to reduce heating costs by a third.

Despite the strength of the material, it is not intended for wallpapering or applying plaster over it. Penofol will not withstand the load and will collapse, so the walls treated with it are closed with drywall. Finishing is already done on it. It can act as a heater not only for walls, but also for the ceiling and floor.

Penofol is an excellent substrate for most floor coverings, as well as a floor heating system.

Fiberboard

It is a wood-based board bonded with a cement composition. Usually used for exterior decoration, they can act as an independent building material.

They are characterized by heat and noise insulation properties, however, they have considerable weight (it is necessary to strengthen the foundation and load-bearing structures), as well as low moisture resistance.

Liquid ceramic insulation

Relatively new insulating material. Outwardly, it resembles acrylic paint (it is applied, by the way, in the same way), which contains vacuumized bubbles. Thanks to them, a thermal insulation effect becomes possible (according to manufacturers, a layer of 1 mm replaces brickwork one and a half bricks thick).

Ceramic insulation does not require a subsequent layer of finishing and copes well with the function of a finishing material. It is mainly used indoors, since it does not take up usable space.

The wet-resistant layer prolongs the service life of the coating and makes it possible to wet clean it. The material is fire-resistant, non-combustible, moreover, it prevents the spread of flame.

Mineral wool insulation

This type of insulation is distinguished by a fibrous structure - the material is a randomly arranged fibers. Between the latter, air bubbles accumulate, the presence of which provides a heat-insulating effect.

Available in the form of mats, rolls, sheets. Due to the ability to easily restore and retain its shape, the material is easy to transport and store.- it is rolled up and packed in compact boxes, and then it easily takes on a given shape and size. sheet material usually thinner than other options.

As a facade coating, tiles are usually used, Wall panels, siding, corrugated board for outer cladding and lining or drywall (as cladding) for the interior.

When working, you must take care of the presence of a respirator. During installation, material particles rise into the air. Once in the lungs, they irritate the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.

Depending on the raw materials used, 3 types of mineral wool are distinguished - based on slag, glass and basalt fibers.

The first type of insulation has high thermal conductivity and the ability to absorb moisture, it is combustible and short-lived, and therefore is rarely used for insulation.

Fiberglass demonstrates the best thermal insulation characteristics, the combustion temperature is 500 degrees. The material does not burn, but shrinks when exposed to temperatures above those indicated.

Material according to the description of users of bioracks, has affordable price. Due to its elasticity, it is suitable for finishing buildings and structures of complex shapes and configurations. Among the disadvantages are low water resistance (high-quality waterproofing is required), the ability to release toxic compounds (because of this, it is used mainly for external insulation or requires reliable protection).

Thin and long fibers of glass wool dig into the skin, causing irritation. Finally, having an amorphous component (glass) in its composition, glass wool shrinks, gradually thinning during operation, which causes a decrease in thermal insulation properties.

Basalt wool is obtained during the melting of rocks (basalt, dolomite). Fibers are drawn from the semi-liquid raw material, which are then subjected to pressing and short-term heating. The result is a durable vapor-permeable insulation with low thermal conductivity.

Stone wool is treated with special impregnations, due to which it becomes resistant to moisture. It is an environmentally friendly, non-combustible material with a wide range of applications.

Warm plaster

Plaster and finishing mixture, which contains particles of such heat-insulating materials as perlite, vermiculite.

It has good adhesion, fills cracks and joints, takes the desired shape. Performs 2 functions at once - heat-insulating and decorative. Depending on the place of use, it can be on cement (for outdoor decoration) or gypsum (for interior decoration) basics.

Foam glass

The basis of the material is recycled glass, which is fired in high-temperature furnaces to the state of sintering. The result is a heat insulator characterized by moisture resistance, high fire safety and biostability.

Possessing record strength indicators among other heaters, the material is easily cut, mounted, and plastered. Release form - blocks.

Vermiculite

It is a loose insulation natural basis(processed rocks - mica). They are distinguished by fire resistance (melting point - at least 1000 degrees), vapor permeability and moisture resistance, do not deform and do not settle during operation. Even when wet up to 15%, it is able to maintain its thermal insulation properties.

Falls asleep in inter-wall spaces or on flat surfaces(e.g. attic) for thermal insulation. Given the high cost of vermiculite, such a method of insulation will not be cheap, so it can often be found as part of warm plasters. So it is possible to reduce the cost of raw materials for thermal insulation, but not to lose brilliant technical properties material.

Expanded clay

Loose insulation known since ancient times. It is based on a special clay, which is sintered in the process of high-temperature firing. The result is extremely light "pebbles" (as well as crushed stone and sand), which have high thermal insulation qualities. The material does not deform, is bioresistant, but extremely hygroscopic.

Expanded polystyrene in granules

The same air capsules that form the basis of polystyrene foam boards. True, here they are not fastened together and are delivered in bags. They have the same characteristics as polystyrene boards- low thermal conductivity, low weight, high fire hazard, lack of vapor permeability.

For insulation, the material should not be poured into voids, but sprayed with a compressor. This is the only way to increase the density of the material, and therefore, to increase its insulating ability.

Penoizol

Outwardly, it looks like small flakes (the material has a finer fraction compared to expanded polystyrene granules, softer). The basis is natural resins. The main advantages are low thermal conductivity, moisture resistance and vapor permeability, fire resistance. It is usually used for walls and ceilings, which are sprayed with special equipment.

Manufacturers

Present on the market today a large number of thermal insulation materials. Choosing the best products is not easy, especially if you are not at all familiar with the brands offered.

However, there are manufacturers whose products are a priori of high quality. Among them is the Danish manufacturer of stone wool Rockwool. The product line is quite wide - a lot of materials of different forms of release, dimensions and density. The most popular is 10 cm cotton wool for outdoor decoration.

Among the most famous lines:

• "Light Batts"- material for warming private houses made of wood;
• "Light Batts Scandik"- material for warming private houses made of stone, concrete, brick;
• "Acustik Batts"- material with improved soundproofing performance, used for insulation of office buildings, shopping and entertainment facilities, industrial facilities.

The rating of manufacturers of mineral wool materials is also invariably headed by the French company Isover. In the product line, you can find a fairly rigid material that is laid on flat horizontal surfaces and does not require fasteners, as well as two-layer facade counterparts. Universal heaters are in demand, options for pitched roof, as well as mats with improved sound insulation characteristics.

Most of products are supplied in 7 and 14 meter rolls, the thickness of which is 5-10 cm.

High-class heat and sound-proof materials are produced under the brand name Ursa. On sale you can find the following types of heaters:

• Ursa Geo a series of mats and rolls of various hardness for thermal insulation of all parts of the house, including basements and attics;
• "Ursa Tetra"- plates characterized by high strength and the presence of additional hydrophobic impregnation;
• "Ursa Pure One"- soft fiberglass, the connecting component of which is acrylic. Due to the environmental friendliness of the material, it is suitable for use in hospitals and childcare facilities;
• "Ursa XPS" represents expanded polystyrene plates of the increased rigidity.

The well-known German quality is demonstrated by German-made Knauf products. All the variety of manufactured products can be attributed to one of the series - "Knauf Insulation" (materials for professional insulation of multi-storey residential buildings, hospitals, administrative institutions) or "Heat Knauf" (materials for insulation of private houses).

Brand heaters are considered an excellent solution for organizing a ventilated facade. Izovol. The plates have sufficient rigidity to withstand loads, have moisture-resistant impregnation, and are additionally reinforced with fiberglass. The most popular are the following product lines:

• general technical thermal insulation (universal insulation for the attic and roof, walls, floor);
• technological cylinders and mats with a moisture-resistant foil layer for pipeline insulation;
• slab insulation for the manufacture of sandwich panels;
• heat-insulating mats with improved sound insulation performance.

The leading domestic manufacturer of heaters is the TekhnoNIKOL company. The main direction of production is the production of basalt wool and polystyrene foam insulation. The material is not deformed, withstands heavy loads, has increased soundproofing properties.

Depending on the type of products, the density and thermal conductivity of the material changes. The following types of TechnoNIKOL products are distinguished:

• "Rocklight"- plates with increased strength characteristics and intended for warming a private house;
• "Technoblock"– a material suitable for the installation of facades, simultaneously acts as structural element and a heater;

• "Teploroll"– mats of an elongated rectangular shape with a reduced content of phenol in the composition;
• "Technoacoustic"- a heat insulator with improved sound insulation performance (reduces noise up to 60 dB), used for soundproofing offices, entertainment facilities.

A worthy place in the ranking of manufacturers of materials for insulation is occupied by the Belarusian company Beltep. Products are only slightly inferior in quality to European counterparts, but have a more affordable cost. Among the advantages - a special hydrophobic impregnation, increased soundproofing qualities.

If you are looking for high-quality and relatively environmentally friendly expanded polystyrene, then you should pay attention to brand products "Europlex". The manufacturer's line includes both foamed and extruded polystyrene foam. The density of the material varies between 30 - 45 kg / m³, depending on the type of product.

There are several size options to choose from. So, the length of products can be 240, 180 and 120 cm, width - 50 or 60 cm, thickness - 3-5 cm.

Extruded polystyrene foam is also distinguished by high strength and increased wet strength. "Penoplex". The experiments carried out demonstrate the frost resistance of the material. Even after 1000 freeze/thaw cycles, the thermal efficiency of the material is reduced by no more than 5%.

As you know, expanded styrene is the cheapest insulation, and since both companies are domestic, we can talk about significant savings.

How to choose?

When choosing a heat-insulating material, it is important to focus on the material from which the walls or other surfaces to be insulated are made.

• For wooden walls a related cellulose insulation, fiberglass or stone wool. True, it is necessary to carefully consider the waterproofing system. Jute will help close the interventional gaps. For frame-panel buildings, fiber cement slabs or wood concrete blocks can be used, which will act as structural elements of the walls. You can fall asleep between them. bulk insulation(expanded clay, ecowool).
• For external insulation, foam styrene heaters, mineral wool are well suited. When facing such buildings with bricks, it is permissible to fill in expanded clay, perlite, ecowool formed between the facade and the main wall. Well proven polyurethane foam.

• For internal insulation of brick buildings, mineral wool insulation is traditionally used, which are sewn up with plasterboard sheets.
• Concrete surfaces with the worst thermal insulation performance are recommended to be insulated on both sides - external and internal. For external insulation, it is better to choose a ventilated facade system. Suitable as finishing materials warm plaster or hinged panels, siding. For interior decoration, you can use cork insulation, a thin layer of expanded polystyrene or mineral wool, decorated with drywall.

How to calculate?

Different heaters have different thicknesses, and it is very important to calculate the required insulation parameters before making a purchase. Too thin a layer of insulation will not cope with heat loss, and will also cause the “dew point” to shift inside the room.

An excess layer will not only lead to an unjustified load on the supporting structures and an inappropriate financial expense, but will also cause a violation of the humidity in the room, a temperature imbalance between different rooms.

To calculate required thickness material, it is necessary to establish the resistance coefficient of all materials used (insulation, waterproofing, facing layer, etc.).

Another important point is the determination of the material from which the wall is made, since this also directly affects the thickness of the insulation.

Given the type of wall material, conclusions can be drawn about its thermal conductivity and thermal properties. These characteristics can be found in SNiP 2-3-79.

The density of the heat-insulating material may be different, but most often products with a density in the range of 0.6-1000 kg / m 3 are used.

Most modern high-rise buildings are built of concrete blocks, which has the following (important for calculating the thickness of the insulation) indicators:

• GSOP (calculated in degrees-days during the heating season) - 6000.
• Heat transfer resistance - from 3.5 C / m kV. /W (walls), from 6 C/m kV. / W (ceiling).

To bring the heat transfer resistance values ​​for walls and ceilings to the appropriate parameters (3.5 and 6 S/m kV./W), formulas must be used:

• walls: R=3.5-R walls;
• ceiling: R=6-R ceiling.

After the difference is found, the required thickness of the insulation can be calculated. This will help the formula p \u003d R * k, in which p will be the desired thickness indicator, k is the thermal conductivity of the insulation used. If the result is not a round (integer) number, then it should be rounded up.

If self-calculations using formulas seem rather complicated to you, you can use special calculators. They take into account all important calculation criteria. The user only needs to fill in the required fields.

It is best to use those calculators that are created by reputable manufacturers of thermal insulation materials. So, one of the most accurate is the calculator, the developers of which were the Rockwool brand.

• Modern mineral wool insulation is supplied in rolls, mats and sheets. The last 2 delivery options are preferable, since they are easier to join without forming gaps and cracks.
• When installing slab insulation, make sure that their width is 1.5-2 cm greater than the distance between the subsystem profiles. Otherwise, there will be a gap between the heat insulator and the profile, which risks turning into a "cold bridge".
• Warming, which will be preceded by diagnostics, will be much more effective and efficient. To carry it out, use a thermal imager to determine the main areas of "leakage" of heat. This recommendation becomes relevant especially when insulating the internal parts of the building.

• Having identified the main points of heat loss (usually the corners of buildings, the floor or ceiling on the first and last floors, end walls), sometimes it is enough to insulate only them to achieve optimal temperature in room.
• Regardless of the method of insulation and the material used, the surface should be carefully prepared - it should be smooth and clean. All existing joints and cracks should be repaired cement mortar, beat off irregularities, remove elements of communication.
• The final stage of the preparatory work will be the application of a primer in 2-3 layers. It will provide an antiseptic effect, as well as improve the adhesion of surfaces.

• When using lathing from metal profiles, make sure that they have an anti-corrosion coating. Wooden logs for the frame are also subject to treatment with flame retardants and water repellents.
• Mineral wool and felt heaters are stacked in several layers. Coincidence of joints between layers of different layers is unacceptable.
• Most glued insulation (polystyrene foam, mineral wool) need additional fixation with dowels. The latter are attached in the center of the insulating sheet, as well as at 2-3 points along the edges.

• Despite the similarity of liquid ceramics with paint, it cannot be applied with an airbrush and similar devices. Thus, it is possible to damage the ceramic shell, which means depriving the composition of heat-insulating properties. It is better to apply the mixture with a brush or roller.
• If necessary, give the treated surface a certain shade ceramic insulation can be diluted acrylic paint. Apply the composition in 4-5 layers, waiting for each of the coatings to dry.
• Fixing the cork coating can only be carried out on perfectly flat surfaces, otherwise a "cold bridge" will form in the space between the coating and the wall, and condensate will begin to accumulate. If it is impossible to level the walls by plastering, a solid plasterboard frame is mounted, on which a “cork” is glued. For its fastening, special glue is required.

When using foam, it is important to thoroughly clean the surface of the walls from traces old paint, solvents. It is important to exclude contact of the insulation with gasoline and acetone, since they dissolve polystyrene foam.

Each part of the building needs its own insulation.

• For sloped roof high density basalt slabs are recommended. Expanded polystyrene plates can also be used, but in this case it is important to ensure high-quality ventilation. If installation speed is important, spray polyurethane foam, a cheaper option is ecowool. The layer thickness is usually 100 mm.
• For an unheated attic you can use expanded clay or others bulk materials. A more affordable option is dry sawdust mixed with slaked lime in a ratio of 8: 2. Perlite granules, ecowool or slab insulation are also suitable. The layer thickness when using bulk materials should be at least 200 mm, for plate heaters 100 mm is enough.

• Wall insulation more often produced by means of foam, mineral wool, polyurethane foam spraying or ecowool. You should choose them based on the features of the structure and your own financial capabilities. The most affordable will be polystyrene, more expensive options - mineral wool and polyurethane foam.
• Floor insulation- the question is multi-valued. In a house with a low subfloor, it is more logical to carry out thermal insulation on the ground using bulk materials. For concrete screed expanded polystyrene is suitable, if the height of the ceilings allows - you can fill in expanded clay (for insulation with expanded polystyrene, 50 mm of layer thickness is enough, while when using expanded clay - at least 200 mm). As a heater between the lags, any material is suitable. The technology is similar to attic insulation.
• For foundation and plinth polyurethane foam and polystyrene foam are applicable. Important nuance- both materials are destroyed under the action sun rays, which must be taken into account when insulating the basement.