How to attach thresholds to wooden stairs. Staircase on bowstrings: features of installation of the structure (fastening and installation of the bowstring). Steps for outdoor entrance staircase

When choosing a design option for a staircase in a private house, you should pay attention to staircases with bowstrings. This is perhaps the most classic way of execution. In addition, such a staircase can be made without risers, which will reduce material costs and make the design easier. Of course, everyone knows what the steps look like. But how to properly cut the string to attach them? We will talk about this below.

What is a bowstring

The bowstring consists of supporting load-bearing beams located on the sides, with grooves cut on the inside. The grooves are designed for mounting steps. There are usually two such load-bearing beams. But if the staircase on one side is adjacent to the wall, then in this case only one will be needed on the opposite side. From the wall side, fastening is carried out using bolts.

There are bow-string stairs with and without risers (open). At the same time, their absence will make the design lighter and less expensive, but in terms of reliability it will be inferior.

Material

As building material Wood or metal is most often used for the string of stairs. Reinforced concrete will also work, but it will be difficult to make such a bowstring at home.

Most best option, perhaps wood. Such a staircase looks great, and there is no need to work with welding, which can spoil the appearance due to the presence of seams.

When choosing wood, you should pay attention to the following species:

Conifers. The disadvantage of spruce, pine, fir and cedar is the release of resin. This can affect how smoothly the paint lays down. Although such breeds look great in natural colors. In addition, they have good technical characteristics.
Deciduous. This type of wood is most often chosen due to its ease of processing and painting. Among them are oak, maple, cherry and beech.

When choosing lumber for a future bowstring, it is necessary to calculate its dimensions so that the beam turns out to be solid, without splices. The length and width should be in accordance with the design guidelines.

Bowstring calculation

To calculate, use a formula that depends on the step length. There are several rules for proper calculation:

The human step is 63 centimeters long. Based on this, the optimal ratio will be in the calculation formula: 2 step heights + step depth = 63 ± 3 centimeters.
The most comfortable slope of the stairs is considered to be 30-40 degrees.
The optimal step depth is 28-30 centimeters. In the case when the bowstring is unable to provide the required depth, the step is made wider, compensating for the deficiency with a protrusion.
The optimal step height is 15-20 centimeters.

As for the dimensions of the bowstring, they will depend on the length of the future one. At the same time there is standard sizes. A wooden support beam 90 centimeters wide must be at least 4 centimeters thick and 30 centimeters wide. A suitable level for cutting grooves is 2-3 centimeters.

It is necessary to understand that the distance between the grooves and their width on the inner plane of the string will determine the characteristics of the span - the width and height of the step. In addition, these parameters also affect the slope of the stairs.

The minimum width of the beam will be 27.5 centimeters. This value is due to the need to leave a strip of string above and below the steps at least 5 centimeters wide.

When applying markings to the string, take into account that the number of steps will actually be less than the calculated one. This happens because the last step of the stairs is the floor of the second floor. You can use a ruler or a corner to mark the string. But in this case there is a risk of error formation. It is best to prepare a special template.

The steps can be positioned relative to the bowstring in the following ways:

There is no reference line. For such a bowstring, the grooves are made open.
With a reference line. In this case, the inserts are made closed.
With a reference line, but without inserts, but using support fastenings, overlays, corners.

The reference line is a line drawn along the entire length of the beam edge. It is placed at a certain level, but not less than 50 mm. from the edge.

After all the parts of the staircase are ready, it is necessary to treat them with antiseptics and impregnate them with a primer.

Manufacturing instructions

Before starting work, it is necessary to make calculations and prepare the required material. Next, markings are made. After which you can begin production.

The work will be done using the following tools:

rulers, building level;
jigsaw;
manual milling machine;
drills;
hammer with a rubber tip.

The grooves are cut after marking using a manual milling machine. This work will prepare the string of the stairs for installing the steps.

After this, the structure is installed. The string of the staircase will be adjacent to two surfaces - the landing of the first floor and the ceiling or half of the second floor.

The maximum load in the staircase structure falls on the lower support. There is a load at the top support point vertical type, if there is a horizontal support on the platform.

The bowstring can be attached to the wall. In this case, it is necessary to carefully measure the beam and saw off the top and bottom, where the support for the floor and the cross beam of the opening passes.

Most often, a design with mortise is used. Grooves in support board make two centimeters. At the same time, it is important that they are all the same and even - this will help to avoid “walking” the steps. It is best to use a template to evenly mark the distance. To make it, plywood is suitable, to which planks are nailed with an indentation of 5 cm from each corner.

Grooving can be done by hand, but it is better to cut holes using a router manual machine using a stencil.

Making a stencil:

A pair of bars are nailed so that they are parallel to the edge of the bowstring. It is necessary to maintain a distance between them equal to the width of the bowstring.
Place a stencil in order to draw a reference line that coincides with the beam.
The stencil for the steps is placed on the template for milling.
Combine support lines.
Draw lines corresponding to the sides of the tread.
The stencil for the step is moved to the tread line, tracing the resulting marking with a marker.

After this, they move on to cutting holes. A jigsaw or drill is suitable for this. With their help, you need to make holes slightly larger than necessary. After this, the bowstrings are placed on the sawhorses, and markings are applied using a stencil. Hole with a diameter of 15 or 20 mm. cut out using a milling machine. Go into the corners with a chisel.

Installation is carried out in the following order:

A march is assembled and laid on its side so that the wall string is placed at the bottom. After this, draw a line with inside riser and top step.
Next, draw a line connecting the rear edge of the frieze tread to the level of the plinth. Often this line is 7.5 cm long.
Now you need to remove the top riser. The string is sawed off along the guides.
The lower part of the beam is sawed off parallel to the floor line.
Before installation, a recess is made, placed on the upper support post. This notch is used to fit the rack onto the upper floor. The notch is made when installing the finished march.

March position calculation

The string is attached to both support posts using tongues in special pre-made grooves.
To increase the reliability of fastening the stairs, it is necessary to secure the march to the beams. This is done using screws through the support posts. Fastening to the wall is done through a bowstring.

Attaching the bowstring to the floor can be done in two ways:

The support post is installed in a pre-prepared hole in the floor screed.
Installation of the support post is carried out using steel anchors. This option is the easiest to implement.

Stairs between floors in country houses equipped with load-bearing beams, which are kosour or bowstring. Both designs are quite reliable, but differ in the way the steps are attached to the beams. A staircase with a bowstring, in which the steps need to be attached to the internal grooves, adapts best to the surrounding interior.

The outer part hides the joining points, which does not spoil the appearance of the structure. The appearance of the staircase is flat and inclined, the steps are located with their ends between the boards. You can buy a ready-made wooden or metal stringer with a jagged edge, and the fastening is carried out on the teeth for the boards.

The size of a ladder with a stringer is more compact, but less reliable. Owners of multi-storey housing choose different ways, how to attach steps to the string of a wooden staircase, making them open or closed, with the organization of a riser. You can always buy finished project, but if desired, all work can be done with your own hands.

Ladder with a bowstring

The staircase will be more reliable and convenient during active use if the fence is secured to it with balusters. Each support column is attached vertically to the handrail, connecting at the bottom with the beam in increments of no more than 15 centimeters. Such fastening is necessary for the safe placement of the fence and a minimum margin of safety.

Installation of a wooden staircase can be done independently in a short time, but it is necessary to carefully select the wood for the structure to prevent cracking and release of resin over time. Reliable material and competent calculations make it possible to install the staircase for a long time, while none of the parts will let the owner down in terms of service life. Railings and platforms, flights of stairs to any floor must be secured with balusters, so the installation of this element is especially important.

You can fasten balusters on stairs that have a bowstring at their base anywhere, since the fastening is done not on a step, but on a beam. Typically, the installation of racks is done from the outside in the sidewall of the supporting beam. In this case, screws are used, which are screwed into the grooves and covered with decorative dowels. A baluster is attached to the lamella over the edge through a board the size of which is larger than the bowstring. Such a baluster has a groove at the bottom that fits onto the bowstring. The racks are screwed on top of this structure using self-tapping screws.

Experts recommend fastening the structure when attaching it to the bowstring with wood glue (joining them), and fastening it with clamps. Balusters are placed on the beam using dowels and round tenons for fastening. It is necessary to first make a hole in the rack for them, avoiding any backlash. The dowels are inserted tightly into the racks and fixed with an adhesive solution. The string and the railing are connected by the lower parts of the dowels.

How to attach the stands to the bowstring?

The racks must be secured to the surface of the support beam with studs. This will require regular drill and a miter saw. The materials you will need are the bowstring itself, fencing posts, galvanized studs with a thread of at least M6, and PVA glue in a tube. Typical work sequence:

It is necessary to mark the places for attaching the railings in the form of racks. If selected complex design, it is recommended that the project be checked by professionals;
It is recommended to securely fasten the stand and cut off its lower corners, maintaining the angle of the inclined beam;
Make holes with a diameter of 12 mm for a length of 80 mm;
Drown the pins in the adhesive and insert them into the holes, leaving 7 centimeters out;
Make holes in the bowstring; to do this, the drill bit needs to be secured to 14 mm. Work depth – 10cm;
The balusters are inserted with pins, and the fixation process starts from the outer pillars.

The step is attached to the string of the staircase by insertion or mounting on supporting parts. These include special bars that are attached to the beam using screws on the tread. The tread itself is attached to the supports with the same screws.

Some experts recommend merging the step. In this case, short bars are used for gluing, which makes the surface not solid, but with longitudinal and transverse seams. You can join them in a checkerboard pattern, which is reminiscent of parquet joining.

The option of arranging a staircase with steps embedded in the bowstring with grooves 2 cm deep is allowed. It is necessary to first mark them, retreating from the edge of the edge, and then insert a tread with a riser inside. The most in a simple way is screwing the board from the end with a screw.

The staircase and its string will be reliable and safe if the strings are joined on the balusters. In this case, the beam has several sections, the fastening of which is made in the baluster grooves.

The entire incoming load from the top of the stairs is transferred to the fence posts, so during operation the entire structure becomes a single system. The balusters, step and string will be interconnected. The choice of step type does not affect the strength of the structure, but if the steps are joined together, the surface characteristics will be significantly improved.

Methods for attaching steps to a string ladder

Mortise mount

You can make a mortise-type fastening yourself using a drill and manual frezer, chisel and jigsaw, screwdriver. It is also worth preparing screws, plywood, wood slats, risers and treads.

The string needs to be marked with a plywood template, in which the tread is cut with or without a riser to the size of the march;
Draw a reference line indented from the edge of the edge by 50mm;
Make a fastening for guide rails that slide along the top of the board. The template is moved along the material so that the tops of the zigzag steps are located along the reference line;
Grooves are made in the bowstring, with the obligatory observance of the angle to the location of the fibers of the material. A reliable way to make the correct groove is to use a stencil with a hole in the plywood. In this case, you can do it with a jigsaw and drill right size holes;
The beam is placed on the trestles, a stencil is placed on top of it so that the tread matches, and a fastening is made;
Using a router in a clockwise direction, cut a groove 20 cm deep, after which the corners are processed with a chisel;
Having made the required number of grooves, the staircase is assembled, each step in the groove is coated with glue;
The risers and treads must be secured with a screw, each step from the outside is attached with screws to the string. A decorative plug is installed on top of the fastener.

Fastening with supports

Fastening steps using metal supports does not require milling. The only tools you will need are a hammer and a drill, nails, screws and metal corners. You need to mark the tread according to a plywood template, then fasten the support block with nails. The metal corners are secured with screws using prepared holes. Each step is connected to the supporting element with a screw.

A staircase with a one-sided string, when the function of the second is performed by the wall, is made as a fastening for steps and balusters. To do this, you need to make a bowstring in which to cut mortise grooves with a router. Treads and risers are assembled into steps. The bottom of the step is attached to a groove on the support beam on one side, and to the baluster on the other.

The lower racks are secured to the floor with bolts, connecting the base of the lower step to them with screws. The second stage is installed, fixed to the fence post (handrail). The back of the bottom step is needed to support the front of the next step, and the middle is fixed to the posts. This principle works for all steps in the ladder.

There are two ways to purchase a wooden staircase - buy ready-made or order individual project, you can also make the product yourself. Many people, having spent a fairly large amount on a staircase, save on its assembly and try to mount the structure with their own hands.

Serious staircase manufacturers, who care about their reputation and the convenience of the client, adjust all the details at the rough assembly stage. Later, the staircase is disassembled, covered with various protective impregnations, painted, if provided, and reassembled. Therefore, self-assembly of such structures does not cause any particular difficulties, of course, if you have minimal skills and necessary tools.

Since staircase structures are different types, then the installation methods also differ. But there are rules that apply to all options:

Number the parts if the manufacturer did not do so;
Location of doorways in relation to the interfloor area;
According to the numbering, determine the assembly sequence;
If the walls and floor are not too smooth, then level the surfaces;
Put first those elements that will be difficult to get to later;
If the accuracy of the design is in doubt, then it is better to start installation from the top, then it is easier to adjust the length of the flight.

They, in turn, are divided according to the type of fastening of the steps:

Console.

How to attach steps to wooden stairs this design:

Using a profile, which is then covered with plasterboard or other material.
They cut into the wall 20-40 cm;
With the help of a cable, it also replaces the handrails;
On the bolts, which are attached to the wall with pins, steps are pulled together on the other edge;
Attached to welded metal stringers.

On the bowstrings

These are boards or beams that cover the ends of the steps. From an aesthetic point of view, such stairs look attractive. And in this case, it’s immediately clear how to install balusters on a wooden staircase.

On the stringers

A very reliable, but labor-intensive fastening, also involves several types (embedded steps, on fillies). Stringers are load-bearing beams on which the steps rest.

Before attaching the balusters, their number and frequency of placement are determined. You can install:

At every stage;
Having missed one;
Having missed two;
Missing three.

However, for safety, it is recommended to make the distance between the elements about 20 cm. If the balusters are very thin and the tread is wide, then you can install two parts per step. Such elements serve as decoration and do not carry a load. The pillars are installed at the beginning and end of the march, if it is long, then in the middle.

Before attaching balusters to a wooden staircase, make markings. All elements must be on the same line, therefore, with different diameters of balusters and posts, mark their centers at the attachment point. An equal distance of 5-10 cm is set aside from the end of the steps; this point will be the center of the hole for the baluster. The thicker it is, the more you need to step back from the edge so that ultimately the part is at a distance of 2-5 cm from it.

6 cm:2 5 cm = 8 cm - this is the desired value by which you need to retreat from the edge, which is also the center of the hole.

Types of fastening balusters:

On self-tapping screws;
On the thorns;
Dowels;
Hairpins.

How to secure a wooden ladder

First, the tools are prepared. Mainly:

hacksaw;
roulette;
level;
brushes;
plane;
pencil and other tools depending on the design (for example, a screwdriver).

Before starting the installation of the stairs, it is necessary to make a drawing and make an estimate, where the height and width are calculated, the shape of the steps and the method of their fastening are designed. But the design takes into account the space that the staircase should allow, the configuration of the structure and the lifting height, as well as the aesthetic appearance.

Screw structures are rarely used even if the area of the room in a wooden house is very small. The small demand for this type of ladder is due to the fact that it is inconvenient to use, for example, for lifting or lowering massive things. It performs a single function - descent or ascent.

Marching stairs are installed quite often. Its appearance in a wooden house consists of marches consisting of steps and platforms. In turn, they are single-flight and multi-flight. Using this type of model, using all your imagination, you can create stairs to suit any design.

Flight stairs can be straight, they can be made with either one flight or two, which are separated by platforms. The disadvantage of these stairs is that they are very massive and small room their use is unwise.

They mainly use rotating double-flight staircases, since this design saves space. You can install marches with a curved design, which has a convenient approach angle, where the steps are rotary. When making multi-flight stairs, you can not use platforms, but make turning steps.

To choose a suitable design, firstly, you need to select a space into which the staircase will fit and will not create inconvenience during use. Secondly, you need to make measurements, calculations and draw a drawing with the location of all elements.

There are a lot of requirements and you need to take into account all of them, which ultimately, when made with your own hands, will give an exemplary staircase.

Let's look at them in detail:

The most important requirement is the choice of the appropriate ratio “width-height of steps/step depth”. The average, widely used figure ranges from 16 to 25 cm. If you reduce the step width, then raise the board higher than expected, the stairs will become steeper;
Dimensions: width between 80 and 100 cm, width from 35 to 50 cm, riser height - 15-20 cm;
The steps should be either solid wood or laminated wood slats;
The thickness of the riser is usually between 15 and 20 mm;
Speaking about the winder, consider the recommended dimensions: length from 80 to 120 cm, width from 18 to 20 cm, thickness - 2 cm;
The board must be perfectly dried and coated with an antiseptic, have hydrophobic protection, otherwise it will creak as soon as it is saturated with water;
Varnishing – Right way to the fall. You can stick a special anti-slip tape, which will look unpresentable. To prevent falls, it is better to cover the board with: carpet, non-slip linoleum, polyurethane, rubber/caoutchouc.

Console.

On the stringers

Balusters are supports for railings that combine a decorative function with a practical one. For a wooden staircase structure, the balusters can be made of a different material:

Glass;
Metal;
Polymer;
Stone;
Combined (wood metal, glass metal).

According to the manufacturing method, wooden balusters are:

With carved elements;
Milling;
Chiseled.

Flat;
Cylindrical;
Square.

Solid wood is used to make balusters different breeds, both luxury expensive and inexpensive: beech and oak, cherry and walnut, mahogany and bamboo, as well as birch, pine, ash, larch and birch. The main condition is not to overdry it, since wood that is too dry is brittle and can split during the assembly process. Wood that is too wet also cannot be used to make balusters; they may crack when shrinking.

Metal balusters are made from:

Stainless steel;
Copper;
Cast iron;
Bronze;
Various alloys.

By manufacturing method:

Cast;
Forged;
Thick;
Welded.

What elements does the baluster consist of:

In the middle there is a central part, which is the main decoration;
On top there is a support for the handrail;
Below is the base.

The size of the balusters depends on the installation methods and varies from 70 cm to 1 m.

Forged and other types of metal balusters are mounted to the steps using fasteners supplied by the manufacturer. They also come with decorative overlays that mask the fasteners. At the base of the balusters there are holes through which they are fixed to wooden elements with screws or self-tapping screws.

Spiral, marching, half-turn or extension staircases are often cast from concrete. High-quality steel reinforcement and high grades of concrete ensure the strength characteristics of the product. Thanks to reinforced concrete, the structure is not affected by moisture content in the air or various atmospheric influences.

Many people believe that pouring concrete is the most expensive process when arranging a flight of stairs. However, using wood trim is even more expensive. Flaws in cladding masonry technology can increase costs. To avoid this, you should familiarize yourself with the main mistakes made when arranging cladding materials on concrete stairs:

Wood should not be laid directly on stair steps. as this will shorten the service life of the cladding.
Minimum thickness wooden shields- 3 cm. It’s not worth saving - it will reduce strength.
Before finishing cladding the surface must be leveled and plywooded.
In order not to lose aesthetics in the appearance of the staircase, the wood does not need to be painted.
Before covering the stairs with wood, it must be cleaned of dust and debris. This will increase the adhesion of the adhesive layer between the concrete and the finish.
To hold the plywood more firmly, it is recommended to use not only glue, but also fastening dowels.
You should not skimp on varnish. It must be moisture resistant. You need at least three layers of varnish with drying between each ball.

Concrete spiral staircase finished in oak - a favorite finish.

Wooden stairs on a concrete base must be durable and have an aesthetic appearance. The choice of wood material can be made according to grade, shade and economic considerations. Today, common and exotic species are offered. The most common are four varieties. But others also use:

Oak is considered a favorite. Features of the material: strength, interesting texture, pleasant shade and pattern, accessibility. Oak is chosen to provide a respectable appearance. Oak stairs will last long term without loss of appearance.
Beech is distinguished by its uniform structure, high quality, pleasant shade and more affordable price than the first position.
Larch is the most affordable and popular material. At the same time, the quality and reliability of products made from this wood are as high as those of oak.
Ash has the highest strength among the listed varieties. He has a beautiful drawing wide choose shades from dark to light.
Elite wood species are distinguished by higher cost, but also good strength characteristics. These include wenge, badi, dussie, yaroko, jatobo.
It is possible to finish the concrete staircase with a cheaper material, such as linden or pine. These varieties are different light colors, which can visually reduce the bulkiness of the structure. However, they are significantly inferior in strength indicators, so this finish will last less and will quickly lose its attractive appearance.

To determine the amount of material required for arranging a concrete-based staircase, it is necessary to carry out a calculation. To do this you will need the following parameters:

dimensions of one step: thickness, width, depth;
dimensions of risers;
number of steps and risers.

To design step overlays, you need to use wood material up to 1.5 cm thick. Protrusions can be compensated for by roundings and overhangs. To construct risers, thinner plywood is used, since the load in this area is minimal.

It is convenient to walk on the steps if the step width is 60-65 cm. The step can be increased by overhanging the material in the finishing. The overall width of the stairs must be sufficient for stable movement. Due to reinforcement, it becomes possible to expand the flight of stairs without loss of stability.

Wood is excellent option for finishing the most various designs due to a number of positive properties and attractive appearance. In this article we will look at how to decorate a concrete staircase with wood with your own hands so that the result is durable and reliable.

It is necessary to comply with all the requirements of the technological process; each stage is very important and has a direct impact on the final result.

In the photo: cladding a concrete staircase with wood literally transforms it

All wooden elements

If you do the work yourself, then necessary materials you'll have to look for it. The easiest way is to invite specialists to take all the necessary measurements and give their recommendations, because in addition to wood for the stairs you will need railings and balusters, as well as other elements that you may not even know about

Components of the structure

A stringer is a load-bearing structure that performs the supporting function of steps and risers, and also bears all the loads.

The bowstring also performs a supporting function. It is a beam with recesses into which the end sides of the steps are installed. Due to the fact that the bowstring cannot withstand heavy loads, it is rarely used.

Steps. The design of these elements consists of horizontal (treads) and vertical (risers) beams. If desired, the stairs can be built without risers, and the gap between the steps will not be closed. In this case, the ladder is considered fragile.

The shape of the steps is made rectangular, rotary, and to give the design originality - radius.

Railings are wooden trim elements such as balusters and handrails. They come in different shapes. Usually the shape depends on the customer's wishes, since they can be made to order.

With a multi-flight structure, a support pillar or several pillars are additionally installed at turns.

Installation is carried out in the following sequence:

First, the load-bearing elements are attached;
Then the steps;
At the very end there is a fence.

How to fasten a wooden staircase on the second floor using bowstrings

There are two types of staircases on bowstrings - when the load-bearing element is on one side, and on the other the steps are attached directly to the wall. And the second option - the bowstrings are on both sides and cover the ends of the steps. Each type has options:

Straight;
Rotary;
In several flights;
With intermediate platform;
WITH winder steps.

A staircase structure with two bowstrings is first assembled on the floor. If you purchased a ready-made structure that just needs to be assembled, the strings already have special slots for the steps. If the staircase is made at home, then all stages are done independently.

Slots are made in the load-bearing beams (50 mm board) corresponding in size to the thickness, width and configuration of the steps. After the cuts are made, you can prepare the bowstring in advance for attaching to the wall. To do this, they do it through holes under special anchors at a distance of 30-50 cm from each other along the entire length. Then, placing the string against the wall at the installation site, points for fastenings are marked on it through the holes.

To avoid misalignment or mismatch, a template is made from plywood, with which markings are made on both strings. The marking is done in mirror image. The depth of the slots cannot be less than half the thickness of the board (25 mm). It happens that the slots are made right through and then the ends protrude beyond the string.

If the staircase begins with winder steps, then the slots in each string are made according to their size. On the one hand - for the wide part, on the other - for the narrow part.

As a rule, such stairs are made open, that is, without risers. If there are risers, then slots are made in the bowstrings for them too. Before assembling the structure, all elements are impregnated with fire retardants and antiseptics.

Traditionally metal staircase considered the most reliable and durable

Among the various staircase structures, metal ones are particularly durable and stable. At the same time, there are many ways to attach the steps of such a staircase. Installation can be carried out using the following methods:

for stringers;
for fillies;
on the central support plates;
on Bolza.

The best way to install the steps depends on what type of metal frame is used in a particular application.

Particular attention should be paid to screw models. These stairs differ in almost every aspect. The central axial beam serves as a support for them. If we talk specifically about the metal variation, it is best made from a pipe.

Screw design implies a special type of fastening of steps

Thus, the frame is represented by a central support, to which platforms for future steps are attached. Their installation is most often carried out either using bolts and brackets, or by welding. That is, there is no attachment of the steps to the string as such; they are placed on the prepared platform.

Wooden elements are fixed in several places. So as not to spoil the appearance front side steps they are screwed with reverse side. If the platform is represented by a frame welded from corner profiles, a board of the required size is selected for each element and laid with a small gap so that its structure does not collapse when the volume changes.

Another way to install stair steps is to fasten them with bolts. This approach is most often used in modern designs, in particular, in modular ones.

The peculiarity of this method is that the frame as such may be absent altogether. In this case, the steps are fixed to each other using bolts, and the emphasis is on the wall and support columns.

In order to fix the steps in this way, it is necessary first of all to ensure reliable fastening of the staircase parts to the wall. This design can only be used if it is adjacent to the carrier concrete wall, since flimsy partitions will not withstand the load placed on them.

The position of the steps is determined in a standard way at the design stage. Then brackets are driven into the wall and with their help all elements are fixed. The steps are connected to each other using bolts along the outer edge. A small indentation is made on the side, and then a suitable hole is drilled. The bolts are placed on the prepared area and secured with screws.

Bolza - spectacular structural element stairs

Since high stairs place a greater load on the lower parts, it is necessary to provide additional supporting elements for every 4-5 steps, depending on the total weight of the elements and the angle of inclination.

Common mistakes when working

Most often, the steps differ in height, but you need to bring them to a single standard, and the easiest way to do this is with a self-leveler. If the differences are insignificant, then you can level the surface using liquid cement mortar. Sometimes it is easier to reduce the height of one step than to raise all the others, in this case a power tool with a special grinding bit for concrete is required

With its help, the surface of the stairs is sheathed in order to protect the steps from moisture and minimize the likelihood of their deformation. You will need material 10-15 mm thick

Both plywood and wooden elements are mounted on special mastics or two-component solutions; they provide the most reliable fastening and create an additional barrier to moisture

Important! In addition, you will need fasteners: dowels, screws, bolts or studs. All this is selected depending on the design features and is calculated individually.

IN modern versions There is even impact-resistant glass as an enclosing structure

Fastening stair steps

Installation of a wooden staircase can be done independently in a short time, but it is necessary to carefully select the wood for the structure to prevent cracking and release of resin over time. Reliable material and proper design make it possible to install the ladder for a long time, while none of the parts will let the owner down in terms of service life. Railings and platforms, flights of stairs to any floor must be secured with balusters, so the installation of this element is especially important.

The racks must be secured to the surface of the support beam with studs. To do this, you will need a regular drill and a miter saw. The materials you will need are the bowstring itself, fencing posts, galvanized studs with a thread of at least M6, and PVA glue in a tube. Typical work sequence:

It is necessary to mark the places for attaching the railings in the form of racks. If a complex design is chosen, it is recommended that the project be checked by professionals;
It is recommended to securely fasten the stand and cut off its lower corners, maintaining the angle of the inclined beam;
Make holes with a diameter of 12 mm for a length of 80 mm;
Drown the pins in the adhesive and insert them into the holes, leaving 7 centimeters out;
Make holes in the bowstring; to do this, the drill bit needs to be secured to 14 mm. Work depth – 10cm;
The balusters are inserted with pins, and the fixation process starts from the outer pillars.

Some experts recommend merging the step. In this case, short bars are used for gluing, which makes the surface not solid, but with longitudinal and transverse seams. You can join them in a checkerboard pattern, which is reminiscent of parquet joining.

The option of arranging a staircase with steps embedded in the bowstring with grooves 2 cm deep is allowed. It is necessary to first mark them, retreating from the edge of the edge, and then insert a tread with a riser inside. The easiest way is to screw the board in from the end with a screw.

The staircase and its string will be reliable and safe if the strings are joined on the balusters. In this case, the beam has several sections, the fastening of which is made in the baluster grooves.

Mortise mount

You can make a mortise-type fastening yourself using a drill and a hand router, a chisel and a jigsaw, and a screwdriver. It is also worth preparing screws, plywood, wood slats, risers and treads.

The string needs to be marked with a plywood template, in which the tread is cut with or without a riser to the size of the march;
Draw a reference line indented from the edge of the edge by 50mm;
Make a fastening for guide rails that slide along the top of the board. The template is moved along the material so that the tops of the zigzag steps are located along the reference line;
Grooves are made in the bowstring, with the obligatory observance of the angle to the location of the fibers of the material. A reliable way to make the correct groove is to use a stencil with a hole in the plywood. In this case, you can use a jigsaw and a drill to make the desired hole size;
The beam is placed on the trestles, a stencil is placed on top of it so that the tread matches, and a fastening is made;
Using a router in a clockwise direction, cut a groove 20 cm deep, after which the corners are processed with a chisel;
Having made the required number of grooves, the staircase is assembled, each step in the groove is coated with glue;
The risers and treads must be secured with a screw, each step from the outside is attached with screws to the string. A decorative plug is installed on top of the fastener.

Fastening with supports

You can choose any method of attaching the steps to the string of the staircase, the main thing is that it suits its design and stylistic design. For the reliability and durability of the product, it must be installed in strict sequence for each type. After this, the structure will serve for a long time without the need for repair or replacement.

The ends of the steps are impregnated with glue and coated with it inner surface slots on one string. The step is inserted into the groove and pressed. This is done with all steps, then the same action is performed with another string. After the glue has dried, the connection is duplicated with screws for more reliable fixation.

The caps are deepened by 5-7 mm and then decorated with either plugs or putty. Another option for attaching steps is on metal corners, overlays or on curved supports. Then recesses on the bowstrings are made for them and fixed with self-tapping screws. Then, on metal fastenings wooden steps are laid, which are also secured with dowels on the bottom side so that they are not visible.

The supporting beam of a staircase structure, that is, the stringer, is the element on which the steps are mounted. Basic fastening methods:

The simplest one is with self-tapping screws. The steps are drilled through and self-tapping screws are screwed into the holes; this type of fastening is called a hidden fastening. To prevent a hole from remaining, it is expanded slightly with a large drill and a plug is inserted. There are fasteners with decorative heads. They are not hidden, since the heads are decoration.
Using cotter pins. Holes with a diameter matching the size of the cotter pin are drilled in the stringer and steps. The step is coated with glue and placed on the stringer. The mount itself is not visible.
On metal bars or corners.
Embedded steps. For them, undercuts are made in the stringer, where the tread is inserted and fixed with wood glue for reliability.
Using dowels (dowels). In this way, the tread is attached to the riser from above, and the riser is connected to the bottom step. At the same time, for steps made of hardwood, the pins are made of soft wood, and for treads from soft wood For dowels, use hard wood.
Metallic ones are used for installation support legs, which are attached to the stringer with dowels.

In all installation options, before attaching the risers to a wooden staircase, they are coated with glue to strengthen the connection of the elements and prevent creaking and loosening in the future. In general, there are three main types of riser mounting:

In the groove - the simplest and most common;
At the end with self-tapping screws;
Using a corner.

In all options, the height of the riser will be different and this should be taken into account when assembling the structure.

In our version of constructing a staircase with your own hands, the most convenient option is to attach the steps to the stringer at the top. This option for fastening steps, in turn, can also be divided into several fastening methods:

Fastening the step to the stringer, leaving the head of the hardware on the surface of the step, bolt-nut or bolt-thread connection in the stringer.
Attaching the step to the stringer with the hardware head partially recessed into the step. The connection is the same as in the first method.

If you choose the first method of attaching the steps to the staircase frame, then in this case it is necessary to purchase bolts with a decorative head and, preferably, a turnkey hexagon. When installing such bolts, the decorative cap will serve as an additional decoration for the staircase, and if during operation of the staircase the fastening of the steps becomes loose, then tightening or replacing the fastening material can be done without hindrance, because access to the bolt and nuts in this case is free and nothing interferes with the work. repair work.

When choosing the second method, when the head of the hardware is partially recessed into the step and the hole is closed from above with a wooden plug or putty. In this case, repairing the steps (replacing or tightening the fasteners) will be difficult, since we will have to drill out a wooden plug in order to get to the head of the hardware, and you will agree that this is not entirely convenient option for repairing steps or tightening fastenings.

Fastening the marching structure

Once the entire march is assembled and the glue has dried, it is time to secure the structure in place. Since there is only one flight, its support points are the floor of the lower floor and the platform of the upper one. Therefore, first the length of the bowstrings is measured and, if they protrude slightly beyond the overlap, the excess is sawed off.

A wall string can only be attached to a main wall with a thickness of at least 25 cm. It must be block, brick or concrete. Holes are made in it according to the markings that were made at the time of preparing the string for installing the steps. Then, by aligning the holes in the string and on the wall, the ladder is securely fastened with the help of anchors.

The staircase is attached to the landing of the second floor using a strip, which is hemmed between strings like a riser. Through this bar the ladder is secured to the landing with anchors. Another fastening option is possible - using corners or plates hemmed to the bowstring.

Installation procedure

To construct such a staircase, light materials are used, otherwise the structure will be too massive and heavy for the floors.

The metal frame has the appearance of a stepped structure. If you use paired stringers, you don’t have to strain too much and fasten the parts directly to them. To do this, you need to drill holes and use studs to attach the steps to the appropriate places. After that, they are tightened with nuts from the reverse side and fixed in place.

Steps can be easily secured to a metal stringer using nuts and bolts

If only one central stringer is used, it is better to install it by fixing the step on an additional platform. To do this, a sheet of metal is screwed to the support, or better yet, welded. You just need to place the part in correct position and screw it on the back side.

Let's look at another way - how to attach steps to a side string. In this case, the wooden parts can be attached to pre-prepared pins located on the bowstring itself. Or you can cut the grooves exactly according to the thickness of the step and fix it with glue.

Finishing a concrete staircase with wood starts from the bottom.

Installation of facing wooden material on a concrete staircase - a labor-intensive process:

Preparation. The height of each step is measured, then leveled to the highest one. For this purpose, self-leveling floor mixtures are used. If the difference in height is insignificant, a thin layer of the mixture smooths out unevenness in the concrete. If there is a high variation in the size of the steps, plywood formwork is made to the required height. It is attached to dowels.
Primer. After leveling, the surface is cleared of debris and dust. Then a layer of primer is applied, which increases adhesion between finishing materials. The mixture should be applied after the primer has completely dried.
Waterproofing. To protect against moisture, they are attached to the concrete. plywood sheets 10-15 cm thick. This layer is treated with a primer.
Wood cladding. You can make steps from natural wood with your own hands, choose finished goods, order an individual form. For fastening, three bolts with a diameter of 0.6 cm are used. They are screwed into the lower part of the riser so that their heads protrude slightly. Then the caps are cut off, and the risers are aligned with the steps. Holes are drilled along the marks made, then filled epoxy resin. Liquid nails are applied to the plywood, and the cladding is attached on top. Holes are made in the abutting riser for attachment to the second riser. The next plywood layer and holes are treated with glue. At this stage on concrete base the first wooden step is laid. You can measure the correctness of the masonry using a building level. This is how the entire staircase is finished.

If, after facing work, gaps have formed between one step and the second, as well as on the sides, they are treated with putty or foam.

Fastening a ladder with a turntable

If the design includes an interfloor platform, then first install support pillars made of 100x100 mm timber. Not everyone knows how to secure the support post of a wooden staircase, but in fact there is nothing difficult about it. The number of support pillars may vary. If the platform is adjacent to the corner of the room, then there is only one support post and then it is attached to the floor using self-tapping screws and wood glue. The other two sides of the platform are mounted to the walls forming an angle.

For greater stability, two to four pillars can be connected with bars or boards along the perimeter at the bottom and top. The platform will rest on this strong parallelepiped and be drilled to it using self-tapping screws and corners. The beams, in turn, are attached to the floor with long self-tapping screws.

The lower section of the march is attached simultaneously to the platform and the support post; if it is adjacent to the wall, it is also attached to a vertical surface. On support pillar a cut is made vertically, the size matching the width and thickness of the bowstring. During assembly, the free bowstring is inserted into a slot pre-lubricated with glue and secured with a pin. The march is attached to the platform using anchors and a horizontal strip located between the strings.

The installation of the upper flight follows the same pattern as the lower one. It is fixed to the second floor landing and to the intermediate one. If the ladder runs along the wall, it is attached to it.

The finishing of the stairs and the floor should be combined.

In order to obtain a high-quality result, it is recommended to pay attention to some tips:

Color design floors and stairs should be combined in style and shades.
The strength characteristics of the stairs should be comparable to the same indicator flooring. It is better to use wood of the same type.
The facing layer should be more than 3 cm. A thinner coating has a shorter service life.
Wood finishing should be carried out only after leveling and complete cleaning of the concrete base.
The size of the gap between the handrails and the marches should vary between 7.5-15 cm. This is enough for the passage of a fire hose.
The height of the steps should be the same. Otherwise, alignment difficulties may occur. Moreover, it is not recommended to use glue and putty for these purposes. The maximum permissible difference in height is 1 cm. When leveling heights, it is recommended to use concrete solutions with reinforcement of steps with reinforcing mesh.
It is unacceptable to use low-quality wooden cladding, as such a staircase will not last long.
Crossbars, balusters. railing It is better to perform the steps in the same style and color. It is permissible to combine wooden stairs and, for example, wrought iron railings.
Cladding should be carried out after major repair work.
To carry out the work, it is necessary to attract specialists with a certain work skill.

Covering concrete stairs with wood provides the following advantages:

compliance with fire safety standards;
increased service life of the ladder;
strength and rigidity of the finished product.

A staircase with wood cladding will decorate the interior, and a concrete base will ensure the reliability and durability of the structure. If you have the skills and knowledge of the technology of covering stairs with wood, you can do the work yourself.

Otherwise, it is better to involve professionals, otherwise mistakes made may lead to additional costs.

Workflow organization

All work is divided into two the most important stages– preparation of the base and fastening of the main elements. Let's look at each of them in detail, because finishing a concrete staircase with wood with your own hands is a very difficult and very responsible process (See also the article “Type of wood - general information, classification and regulatory requirements for lumber").

Preparation

Work should begin with the preparation of everything necessary, so make sure in advance that all materials and equipment are at hand.

The sequence of events is as follows:

First of all, the height of all steps in the structure is measured, this is necessary in order to determine the difference in parameters. Minor differences do not need to be corrected, but it is still advisable to fill the plane with a liquid solution to obtain an ideal plane. If the difference is noticeable, you need to prepare to fill the steps; this will require the construction of formwork.
The formwork is attached so that its upper edge serves as a guide for pouring the mortar. Can be used to construct a structure edged board or plywood with a thickness of at least 10 mm, the frame must be neat so that the geometry of the steps is not disturbed.

If the staircase was built from blocks, you will have to make formwork for all steps, and it is important to initially establish a uniform slope so that you do not have to carry out additional work later

Next, you should clean the surface from dust and dirt and treat it with a primer that will reduce the absorption of the base and improve adhesion adhesive composition. All the features of preparing and using the soil will be indicated by the instructions on the package; be sure to study it, because you may have a concentrated solution, which must be diluted with water.

You can prime the surface before installing the formwork.

Do-it-yourself cladding of a concrete staircase with wood should not be done directly onto the concrete; plywood, cut into pieces, is first attached required configuration. First of all, the sheets are placed on the surface and checked for level; if necessary, chips or slats are placed under them. Next, the surface is covered with mastic and plywood is laid on it; for additional reliability, we recommend using quick-installation dowels.

It is important to choose a high-quality adhesive so that it provides the best joint strength

Main stage

Now let's look at how to cover a concrete staircase with wood with your own hands. Work should begin after the adhesive composition under the plywood has dried, usually this period is about a day.

First of all, steps are cut out of wood for a concrete staircase of the desired configuration. The risers are also prepared, which are most often made of the same material as the main elements. If the product configuration is complex, it is better to order this work from specialists with the appropriate equipment.
The diagram below shows the entire workflow very clearly and easily. The installation of wooden steps on a concrete staircase starts from the bottom; first, 3 holes with a diameter of 5 mm and a depth of 15 mm are drilled in the lower end of the riser on the sides and in the middle, pieces of a threaded rod with a diameter of 6 mm and a length of 25 mm are hammered into them, that is, 10 mm will stick out outside. At the location of these elements, holes are drilled in the concrete, filled with epoxy resin, and the riser is put in place.

This is what the connection diagram of the structural elements looks like

Now let's look at how to attach wooden steps to a concrete staircase, or rather to a plywood base. A groove is cut out at the bottom of the element for the protruding riser, and the next element, which will be located under the step above, is also attached with self-tapping screws. The bases are coated with mastic, after which the finished structure is placed on them, everything is done carefully with constant level checking.

Important! Sometimes, in order to fix a step in the desired position, you need to place a heavy object on it.

Two weights will do the job quite well.

Further covering of concrete stairs with wood is carried out in a similar manner. A riser is attached to the step, and the element is glued to the base. It is important to do the work carefully and efficiently, without unnecessary haste.
If cracks and voids have formed in the end parts, then the easiest way is to seal them with polyurethane polyurethane foam with a small expansion coefficient.

How to attach steps to the string of a staircase?

The installation of railings must be taken very seriously. They must be cut at the same angle, which creates difficulties when sawing by hand, as there is a possibility of error. In this regard, the cut is made on a special machine. Fence posts are secured to the floor with hardware.

To attach the handrail, a recess with a smaller diameter than the rod is drilled in the string, balusters and in the handrail itself. Then the structure is installed on the pins and secured with self-tapping screws. To ensure stability of the fence, the lower end of the handrail is attached to a post, and the upper end is attached to a wall or a wooden post. The fastening must be strong, since a large load occurs in these places.

Before installing the baluster, you need to accurately adjust it to the angle of the bowstring. Trimming at the base is done using a special tool and setting the angle. Then the fastening is carried out in the same way as on the tread. Installation on a bowstring is possible if it is thick enough.

If you plan to build a staircase with mortise steps, then the grooves are made from the inside. Their depth should be between 1.5 and 2 centimeters. After this, risers and treads are carefully inserted into the grooves. When working on your own, remember that the bowstring must have cutouts with smooth edges and the same depth.

Be careful about marking the relative position of the grooves on the two support beams. If it is uneven, then unexpected distortion of the staircase structure may occur in the future.

In such cases, experts recommend making special templates cut from a thin sheet of plywood. To prevent the string from turning into a stringer, the guides should be attached at a distance of 50 millimeters from a pre-marked line.

The markings for the grooves are as follows. Longitudinal lines are drawn on the inside of the beam. They should retreat 50 millimeters from the edges of the beam. If such a need arises, this distance can be reduced to 30 millimeters. Next, the finished template is carefully moved along the edge using guides. The location of the steps is marked with a pencil.

Remember that when applying markings to the string of one ladder structure, the location of the grooves must be completely mirror-like.

The lower and upper parts of the support beams must completely coincide with the floor levels. But whether this coincidence will be vertical or horizontal depends directly on the type of structure.

Experts who know all the features of fastening and marking do not advise quickly sawing off the excess ends. It is quite possible that they will be needed for insertion into a special support beam during final installation.

In order to get a reliable and very durable ladder on bowstrings, fastening the side elements is best done using rods. This can be a wooden tie on bolts or wedges, or a metal tie on nuts. Strands are installed at both edges of the staircase and in its central part.

Step mounting options

From the outside it may seem that ladders on bowstrings look monotonous and uncomplicated. But this is far from true. There are a huge number of options for their design.

In order to select the optimal installation option, you should study possible ways installation of steps:

Sliding steps are not simply inserted into pre-made grooves, but are carefully pushed into them. The cut-out recess should not only have an entrance for the steps, but also an exit to the outside. In these structures, the treads can be dismantled without dismantling the entire staircase structure.
Mortise steps are a standard method of connecting treads and risers. A hole is pre-cut in the bowstring, into which a step is then hammered. To make the grooves, you should use a hand router. If you don’t have a router, you can take a chisel and a hammer. But this method takes a lot of time. After the steps are secured to one string, you should fill the second element from the other edge.
Application of corners. This method involves the use of additional elements. In order not to waste time cutting out corners, you can attach metal corners to the sides. Exactly for these additional elements In the future, treads will be attached.

Practical instructions

It's time to make wooden steps with your own hands. We will go through 3 stages: we will perform the calculation, make the steps, and then install them.

Determine the height of the structure, its dimensions and the number of steps. To make a bowstring, take a wooden stick of the required thickness. As noted above, cutting grooves should be done using templates.

When cutting grooves yourself, you should copy the marks from the template onto the workpiece. The wood is processed with a special milling cutter with a nozzle of the required diameter.

After this, fix the internal string at the construction site and connect all the elements of the steps. When the work is finished, press the elements of the steps on the other side with another string and carefully tamp them down. With the help of glue and nails you can make the structure more durable and reliable in use.

By installing tie rods, you can prevent unwanted loosening of the staircase structure. The rods are installed at the rate of one per 5 steps.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that constructing a string for a ladder with your own hands is not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. Before using the staircase structure for its intended purpose, you should ensure the strength of the fastenings.

If necessary, additional vertical support elements can be installed. Metal tubes or wooden beams are suitable for this purpose. The models of stairs that are mounted to the ceilings with the help of hangers look interesting.

As for the fences, they can be installed both on the string and on the steps themselves. It all depends on your aesthetic preferences. If you are not sure that you can handle the work yourself, even with the help of video instructions, then it is better to contact a specialist. The Ladder Master company employs craftsmen who will complete all tasks assigned to them not only quickly, but also efficiently. Such a string for stairs is guaranteed to be reliable, durable and aesthetically attractive.

How to install a railing on a wooden staircase

The railing is the final element that ensures the safety of movement and secures the balusters at the top. They can be made from:

Metal;
Stone;
Polymer materials;
Tempered glass;
Wood.

Finished wooden railings are attached to balusters using:

Self-tapping screws;
Shurupov;
Shipov;
Brackets.

The railings can be fixed both to the staircase structure and to the wall. In this case, the handrail is placed at a distance of 90 cm from the crest of the step and is located parallel to the bowstring or stringer, maintaining the angle of inclination of the staircase structure.

When installing wooden handrails on wooden balusters, the latter are cut at an angle at the top. The angle is equal to the steepness of the march installation. To cut off the top part exactly, you need to make a mark with a thread stretched through all the balusters from top to bottom. Mark a straight line with a pencil and saw off the excess part along it.

Before trimming, a mark is made on the handrail support in the middle of the part and a hole is drilled for a pin or dowel. On flat surface this is easier to do, since the hole must run vertically.

After trimming, the pins are screwed into the holes. The corresponding holes must also be made on the handrail. In order not to make a mistake, you need to combine the handrail with the balusters on which the pins are already inserted, and lightly tap them along the entire length. There will be marks on the inside of the railing, and holes need to be drilled in this place. Before installing the connection point, for reliability, you need to coat it with glue.

Another option for installing railings to balusters is using a support rail, as the auxiliary strip is called. It is made with a spike and repeats the configuration of the handrail recess. The plank is applied to the sawn surface of the balusters, secured with self-tapping screws and then inserted into the recess; it is first coated with glue.

Fastening with spikes is used. They are cut out at the top of the baluster. The tenon configuration can be any, but it must match the shape of the recess on the handrail. The height of the tenon is up to 25 mm, with a handrail thickness of 45 mm.

If pillars are installed at the beginning of the stairs, then the railings are connected to the side edge of the pillar. For connection, a zip bolt is used, which is inserted into the technological hole. This hole is located at the bottom of the handrail.

Sellers often post assembly instruction videos on their websites. It is very comfortable. Our company, taking care of customers, also placed detailed instructions on the YouTube channel and on your own website. The craftsmen tell you how to properly assemble the entire structure and how to attach a wooden staircase to the surface of the floor and wall.

Making strings for stairs is a complex process, since when large sizes design requires high precision. Often these load-bearing elements, which are the basis for fastening the steps, have a complex configuration, therefore, in carpentry workshops, to cut out parts, they most often work on modern machines with numerical control.

Wooden ladders on bowstrings are durable and worthy decoration spaces of the house. They can be done in classic style and become a good addition to a loft interior.

How to make a staircase on bowstrings, how to attach steps and balusters to it, is described in detail in this article.

Ways to make a ladder on bowstrings with your own hands

There are several ways to install a ladder on strings. The most popular are free-standing and wall-mounted stair bows. A wall string for a staircase can only be seen from one side of the staircase, but a free string, otherwise called a light string, is visible from all sides.

It is these properties that need to be taken into account before making a ladder on a bowstring with your own hands and choosing any specific type of wood, as well as when processing the surface of wooden blanks.

Assembling a ladder on strings differs from installing a structure on stringers in the method of fastening. The steps of such stairs are inserted into the grooves of the supporting beams, which are called bowstrings. Sometimes only one string is used in a design. In this case, the second side of the steps is installed into the wall.

Stairs on bowstrings can be open or closed. Stairs open type they look lighter, and when creating closed structures, risers are used, thanks to which the staircase visually appears massive.

The most convenient and simplest to create are staircases on bowstrings with a straight flight, in which the steps are fastened between two straight beams - bowstrings. Such staircases can be single-flight or double-flight - depending on the size and design of the room. In addition, bowstring structures can be designed with an intermediate platform or winder steps. The shape of the landings (rectangular, square or rounded) directly depends on the chosen structure design.

One of the requirements for installing a ladder on a bowstring is the availability of free space. This factor, as well as the distance between floors, determines the design. Depending on this, the type of fencing will be selected.

One of the most simple designs Staircases made of wood on bowstrings, as well as stairs on stringers, which are suitable for novice craftsmen, are considered attached (single-flight straight). The angle of inclination of the flight of stairs will depend on the amount of free space for the structure and on the height of the floor.

If there is not enough space, then it is recommended to build a two-flight straight staircase with winder steps or an intermediate platform. Thanks to this, you can save useful floor space. In addition, such a ladder is very convenient to use.

You can make your own bowstring stairs with risers, although the latter are rarely used in this type of structure. Due to the absence of these elements, the stairs look lighter and less massive.

As for the decor, in the stairs to the second floor, mounted on bowstrings, load-bearing beams, as well as stringers, may well act as decorative elements.

If desired, they can be designed, for example, using artistic carving on wood. Nice decoration is a metal forging that is attached to a bowstring made of wood.

Fences play an important role in the design concept of a flight of stairs. They can be made of wood or wood with forging elements, of stainless steel. The railings are usually light, so the staircase looks even more “transparent”.

Another distinctive feature of the design of staircases on bowstrings is the ability to place balusters in any order and at any frequency, which is problematic to do in staircases on stringers, where the order is more limited.

Do-it-yourself wooden ladders on bowstrings are reliable and easy to use. They are safe and durable, since, despite their apparent lightness, they are able to withstand significant loads.

The basic principles of constructing a staircase structure on bowstrings do not differ from constructing a staircase on stringers. Openings supporting bowstrings on the lower and upper beams are built according to the same principles as when installing stairs on stringers.

The main difference is in the way the steps are supported. In staircases on stringers, the steps rest on the boards on top, and in staircases on bowstrings, the steps are located between the boards (strings). When a vertical load is applied to a step, the tread bends down and then straightens. At the same time, a spacer is formed at its ends. To prevent the bowstrings from moving apart, it is recommended to connect them with a metal rod with a diameter of 8-12 mm with threads at the ends and nuts. You can also use cords of other designs.

One of the common designs is a staircase with mortise steps. When erecting it, cutouts are made in the bowstring - grooves 15-20 mm deep into which treads and risers will be inserted. For a tight fit of the tread, the grooves of the bowstring must have even planes and the same depth.

Watch the video “String Ladder”, which shows various ways installation of such structures:

How to correctly mark and secure the string of a ladder

To prevent distortion of the structure, special attention should be paid to the accuracy of marking the grooves. Before marking the string of the stairs, prepare a template, almost similar to the template for stringers, made from a sheet of plywood. The only difference is that in this case the wooden planks must be nailed down, maintaining a 50 mm offset. Otherwise, the string will be cut to the very edge of the board, and it will thus become a stringer. The offset can be 40, 30 or 20 mm. During the marking process, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the bowstrings are not identical elements, but are mirror images of each other.

Correct marking of treads and risers is carried out by moving the template along the edge of the string. To do this, a reference line is drawn along the long edge of the bowstring at a distance of 50 mm from the edge of the board (or at a selected distance). When moving the template along the string, use a pencil to mark a line of steps, the vertices of which should lie on the reference line of the string. At the ends of the string, the extended tread marking line will correspond to the floor level, and on the other side, the perpendicular to the top of the riser line will correspond to the floor level of the second floor or interfloor area. It is sometimes advised to saw off these ends immediately, but it is still better to try on the bowstring in place. It is likely that the ends of the strings will be used for cutting into the ceilings. You can make grooves for treads yourself using hand tool, but it is advisable to use a manual milling machine.

Regardless of the material used to make the string (solid board or modified wood), the grooves for the steps must be selected obliquely to the direction of the grain. To make a high-quality groove, it is recommended to use a power tool and mill the strings using a plywood stencil.

How to secure the string of a staircase, which, for example, consists of 18 rises without intermediate platforms for attaching treads? To do this, use 3-4 tension bolts passing through both strings. Their shortened versions are also installed directly into the tread.

Using tension bolts in treads is a task for professionals, but if all the rules are followed, even a beginner can cope with it.

Making a stencil for marking the string of stairs

When making a stencil for marking the string of a staircase, you should nail two bars to a rectangular piece of plywood parallel to the edges of the string so that the distance between them is equal to the width of the string. Next, you need to place the stencil on the string and draw a reference line on it. Then you should remove the slats from the step template and place it on the groove stencil so that the reference lines coincide. It is necessary to draw lines that will correspond to the sides of the step. The tread must be placed on the stencil to the tread line and circled around it. If the need arises, you can widen the hole by a distance equal to the gap between the cutter and the round flange of the milling machine.

To make a tread, use a drill and jigsaw to make an enlarged hole in the stencil. The bowstring should be placed on the sawhorse and a stencil should be placed on it. Then the line of the first tread must be aligned with the tread line of the stencil and temporarily nail the stencil to the string. After this, you should go through the string with a cutter to a depth of 15-20 mm in several passes. When the work is finished, it is recommended to trim the corners of the grooves with a chisel.

Immediately before assembling the staircase on strings, the end of the step and the groove should be coated with glue. Exists a large number of varieties of adhesives for wooden surfaces. In this case, almost any will do; the main thing is to carefully read the instructions before using it.

When installing the connection on wedges, the grooves of the bowstring should be widened with a slope towards the rear so that they acquire a trapezoidal shape.

Installation of stairs: ways to attach steps to the string

The tread, inserted into the grooves, is subject to wedging from below using wooden wedges, which press it to the upper side of the recess. To increase the strength of the connection, the tread must be additionally attached to the bowstring with screws that are attached from the outside.

The heads of the screws should be recessed into the wood of the bowstring and filled with putty. You can also screw screws deep into the wood, seal the holes with wooden plugs and sand them. There are other ways to attach steps to strings. So, for example, treads are attached to them using square and triangular bars, using hammers or using steel fasteners. In such cases, the strings of the stairs should be made of planed boards, smooth, without grooves. Short bars or pegs are usually attached to them from the inside with screws, and the steps are mounted directly to them.

Fastening treads and risers to each other in a wooden staircase on bowstrings can be done in several ways, similar to fastening stairs along stringers.

The next section of the article is devoted to how to attach balusters to the string of a staircase.

Correct fastening of balusters to the string of a wooden staircase to the second floor

When arranging stair turns on strings that do not have interfloor platforms, you can use a central support post or connect the strings to the balusters of the fence. Insert swivel fittings are also permitted.

Proper joining of staircase strings on balusters not only provides a strong and reliable connection, but is also a beautiful and elegant construction solution.

When attaching balusters to the string of stairs, the stresses that usually appear on load-bearing elements structures (at the bottom of the stairs) are transferred to the fences (at the top of the structure).

Thus, the entire structure works under the load when using the stairs; bowstrings, balusters and fencing. A single rigid spatial system is formed.

The articulation of strings on swivel fittings is technically more complex. It allows you not to limit the design of a staircase to one type of fencing. This knot itself is a truncated semblance of a joint on balusters, without an upper power belt. The rotating baluster on which the bowstrings were joined was replaced here with short pieces of bowstrings. But the requirements for such units are increased: especially for the quality of the inserts and the material of the bowstrings.

Double-flight staircase on bowstrings: assembly and installation of the structure

Strengthening the strings of two-flight stairs can be done in a similar way. It is necessary to attach a central support baluster to the landing beam, into which the internal strings of the ascending and descending flights will be inserted.

The bowstrings can also be secured with bolts to its side faces. And then the wall strings must be fastened with nails to the wall.

The second option involves attaching two racks of reduced cross-section to a platform beam. In one of them you need to insert a bowstring of an ascending march with a spike, and into the other - a bowstring of a descending march.

Most often, modified wood (laminated boards) is used to create bowstrings, and all inserts are made using glue.

It must be taken into account that the staircase nodes on wooden connections can lead to creaking and gradual loosening of components. Therefore, if the craftsman does not have sufficient experience in carpentry, it is recommended to use metal fastening products to connect the bowstrings, which are capable of fixing the joints for the entire life of the structure.

A staircase with strings is a type of construction that involves installing treads into the grooves of the string to a depth of 20-25 mm. The cutting of these grooves is usually done by gouging, notching, or using a router bit.

The following types of steps are distinguished:

mortise,
inserted into grooves;
inserted into through grooves previously hollowed out in the bowstring. They can be with or without risers.

The connection between the string and the steps occurs using tension bolts. Threaded rods with a diameter of 10-14 mm can also be used. As a general rule, the tension screws should be located in the middle of the string, directly below the tread.

When installing a curved staircase, the tension bolts, which are located on the line of its bend, should also be bent. Thus, they will be parallel to the front edge of the tread. In this case, the bolt nut will be located perpendicular to the string of the ladder. As a result, the nut will cut into stair string, and the hole on the other string can be disguised using a decorative insert.

The video “Making stairs on bowstrings” will help you better cope with this task:

Quite often people install wooden stairs in their homes. This design is characterized by a long service life, reliability and high strength characteristics. Don't forget about aesthetic beauty.

Installing a staircase requires accurate calculation of design parameters and compliance with all installation rules.

At first glance, installing stairs of this type may seem like a simple task. There are no special parts or mechanisms here. Simple railings and the steps themselves are combined into a single design. However, installing it is actually quite difficult, since during the installation process you have to deal with numerous nuances that must be taken into account. So, let's look at how to install a ladder.

Scheme of a wooden staircase.

But first, about the necessary supplies for work:

roulette;
hacksaw;
square;
grinder;
perforator;
hammer;
level and others.

Installation of wooden stairs

Even behind such a simple design there is a very complex technological process. It is best if such work is entrusted to specialists. They will decorate the house with the highest quality and in the shortest possible time. However, in this situation, numerous unforeseen expenses may arise. Installing a wooden staircase for your home yourself is the best solution to the problem.

A lot depends on how well the wooden staircase is installed near the house. First of all, this concerns the operation and reliability of the design. If the installation is carried out incorrectly, that is, a person does not adhere to the technology, this can lead to a change in the aesthetic appearance, as well as damage.

When installing a wooden staircase for your home, you must adhere to the following rules:

Table showing proper design of stair treads.

It is best to carry out the installation by specialists who work for an organization that designs stairs. In this case, they will be responsible for their construction.
The installation of the structure is carried out in the place that was originally described in the contract, since all structural elements are made for it.
The ladder must be transported to its destination disassembled. In this case, the likelihood of damage to its structural elements is reduced. In this case, the installation of the structure is made from ready-made components.
If a person applies for work to a company that makes ready-made flights of stairs, then he will definitely first need to make grooves in the mounting beams for their installation.
Only after the railings have been finally adjusted to the floor level can you begin to install the flights of stairs. When adjusting the lower string, it is imperative to take into account the fact that flooring can be laid on the floor.
Before you begin installing a flight of stairs, you must make a fence. Only after it is perfectly matched to the future design can further work be continued.
To obtain durable and reliable design It is imperative to screw the marches onto self-tapping screws. This makes the structure more durable and rigid. They are fastened in several places around the perimeter, connected through a support post and through a bowstring to the wall.

Methods of fastening structural parts

Options for attaching steps to the string.

Let's look at how the main elements of the staircase are fastened. Any structure that is installed at home or near it has the same structure.

Moreover, we are not necessarily talking about a wooden staircase. There are always inclined parts and steps here. Another way to call them flights of stairs and platforms. Depending on how the spans are organized, the structures can be single-flight, double-flight or three-flight. There are several different methods for attaching steps:

they can rest on the bowstrings at both ends;
one end is attached to the stringer, and the other to the wall;
one end is embedded in the wall, and the other hangs freely; this method cannot always be used; it is only appropriate if the thickness of the wall is very large.

Methods of attaching steps to a stringer.

Before final assembly staircases for the home must take into account the fact that it must withstand all the loads that await it. After all, not only do people walk on such structures, but also loads move. Rigidity is very important. All grooves that are intended for fastening structural elements with bowstrings must be made in such a way that the elements fit into them with tension, that is, as tightly as possible. Their depth must be the same, and the grooves themselves must have a flat plane. This is true for all cases, including when using glue to attach structural elements. It will evenly fill the grooves, giving them the required rigidity and strength. If another fastening method is used, then it is worth using the wedging method.

In this situation, the grooves are made in the form of a trapezoid. Its top will be in front of the bowstring. After installation, the process of wedging begins. After everything is thoroughly coated with glue, we can say that the result is quite strong and powerful design. You can always use nails or screws as additional fasteners.

However, in this case, the appearance of the stairs may deteriorate. To prevent this from happening, the caps must be buried in the wood and then covered with special covers. Now the aesthetics will be at their best. The appearance of the entire structure will not be spoiled. To increase the strength of the ladder, several nails or screws are used for fastening.

Installation of stairs: features

Scheme of fastening the railing posts, lower and upper.

So, let's consider installing the stairs yourself. This is done quite simply. Moreover, all components of the structure are supplied ready-made, but disassembled. Here you need to be extremely careful to comply with all the nuances of the technology.

The first stage is the preparation of the upper and lower marches. The side parts must strictly comply with the parameters of the opening. Markings must first be applied, according to which preparation is carried out. If it is not made by the manufacturer, then you need to do it yourself.

Now we need to move on to preparing the upper support post. Grooves are cut into it, which will serve for fastening top bar span.

For marking, you can use a regular pencil.

With its help, a horizontal line is applied on the lower edge of the groove. Then you need to measure the distance from the ceiling to the floor and draw another line. It should be equal to this distance. Risers are installed in all grooves, and then their lower part is sawn to size.

The assembly of modern stairs for the home is carried out using glue. Only high quality material is used. All structural elements must be glued in the following sequence:

the upper support post is connected to the side structural elements;
then fencing and railings are added;
connect the lower ends of the railing and the lower support post;
The side parts of the structure and the lower stand are glued together.

Only in this sequence should it be done correct installation stairs. Wooden spikes are driven into those parts of the rack that are used for connection. After all the elements are prepared, be sure to give them time to dry completely.

Now you can proceed to assembling the structure. One person cannot cope with this. You definitely need to get help. At least three additional people must be involved in assistance. One of them is located at the top, and the rest are at the bottom.

Next, the ladder itself is installed on the floor and then leveled using a level. Special marks are made on the floor that will serve as markings for future pillars. Holes are made in these places using a drill. They should also be in the pillars, and the same size as on the floor. Fastening is carried out using special bolts. The gait is attached to cross beam two nails.

The single side part is attached to the wall using self-tapping screws or bolts. Quite a lot of them must be used so that the connection is very strong and durable. If necessary, you can do additional cladding on the stairs. This is done using sheets of drywall or other material. Wood can also be used in a similar situation. For example, lining or tongue and groove board. In this case, the wooden staircase will not lose its original beauty and aesthetics.

Summarizing

Thus, the process of installing stairs for the house is completed. There is nothing complicated about it. The main thing is to strictly follow the instructions given above. This is the only way to achieve the desired result. When performing work, be sure to use only high-quality glue. With its help you can get a truly durable and reliable structure.

When performing work, be sure to call help. Only with their help can you achieve high-quality results. Wooden stairs are quite heavy structural element. It needs to be mounted and installed only through the efforts of several people. To achieve the required result, when installing outdoors, you can use specialized equipment.